TY - JOUR A1 - Wieser, Mattias J. A1 - Brosch, Tobias T1 - Faces in context: A review and systematization of contextual influences on affective face processing N2 - Facial expressions are of eminent importance for social interaction as they convey information about other individuals’ emotions and social intentions. According to the predominant “basic emotion” approach, the perception of emotion in faces is based on the rapid, auto- matic categorization of prototypical, universal expressions. Consequently, the perception of facial expressions has typically been investigated using isolated, de-contextualized, static pictures of facial expressions that maximize the distinction between categories. However, in everyday life, an individual’s face is not perceived in isolation, but almost always appears within a situational context, which may arise from other people, the physical environment surrounding the face, as well as multichannel information from the sender. Furthermore, situational context may be provided by the perceiver, including already present social infor- mation gained from affective learning and implicit processing biases such as race bias.Thus, the perception of facial expressions is presumably always influenced by contextual vari- ables. In this comprehensive review, we aim at (1) systematizing the contextual variables that may influence the perception of facial expressions and (2) summarizing experimental paradigms and findings that have been used to investigate these influences. The studies reviewed here demonstrate that perception and neural processing of facial expressions are substantially modified by contextual information, including verbal, visual, and auditory information presented together with the face as well as knowledge or processing biases already present in the observer. These findings further challenge the assumption of auto- matic, hardwired categorical emotion extraction mechanisms predicted by basic emotion theories. Taking into account a recent model on face processing, we discuss where and when these different contextual influences may take place, thus outlining potential avenues in future research. KW - Psychologie KW - facial expression KW - face perception KW - emotion KW - context KW - “basic emotion” Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76351 ER - TY - THES A1 - Walter, Martina T1 - A new methodological approach to assess drug driving – The German Smartphone Survey T1 - Ein neuer methodischer Ansatz zur Erfassung von Drogenfahrten – Die Deutsche Smartphone-Studie N2 - The aim of the present piece of work was to give information about the frequency of psychoactive substances within the German driver population and to identify preventive and promotive circumstances of drug driving. Furthermore, a new methodological approach to gather and link data about the consumption of psychoactive substances and the mobility of drug users is shown. Traditionally, roadside surveys are conducted to estimate the prevalence of drug driving within a population. By the present study, an alternative method is introduced. In total, 195 drug users (mainly cannabis users) and 100 controls out of the normal driving population were queried for four weeks about their driving and drug consumption behaviour by a questionnaire that was deployed on smartphones. The prevalences of drug driving within the sample were extrapolated into representative values. Because the subjects reported all daily activities within the study-period, it was also possible to describe situations in which the subjects decided against driving under influence. Besides, relevant previous experiences, attitudes, the approval of legal regulations, other traffic-specific parameters, social influences and personality variables were queried. So, individual factors that are associated with drug driving can be specified. The results are integrated in a model that shows dependencies of different societal, behavioural and legal variables. They can serve as major input to the discussion on drug driving and can be of practical use for rehabilitation and prevention purposes. The results can be summarised as follows: - Compared to the results of a German roadside survey from 1994, the prevalences that are found within the present study seem pretty low. This finding is discussed and possible explanations for the described trend are lined out. Furthermore, the prevalences that were calculated in the present study are compared to current data from other European countries. - The results show differences between users and controls on several variables. The differences indicate that substance use impacts on the structuring of day-to-day life. Overall, the controls’ days proceed more along a daily working routine than the users’ (e.g. less mobility at night, more mobility at rush-hour, alcohol consumption mainly at nights out). - The individual extent to which drugs are consumed differs dependent on daytime, day of the week and kind of substance. Of course, these dependencies also influence the occurrence of drug driving. Other factors of influence on drug driving are the distance, the availability of alternative modes of transport as well as the presence of female companions. - Not everybody who uses drugs drives under the influence of drugs. A striking predictor for frequent drug driving and highly intoxicated driving is a high consumption, associated with risky consumption patterns and a low subjective feeling of impairment after drug consumption. - The subjects’ attitudes towards drug driving and their beliefs about social norms largely go in line with the behaviour they engage in. Drug users have rather liberal attitudes towards drug use and driving under influence. - A possible deterrence effect of sanctioning and police enforcement and its dependence on the acceptance and awareness of the measures is delineated. - Only small effects are found when examining the objective impairment that is caused by drug use by a computer-based test battery. This result is critically discussed with regards to the operationalisation of the study groups. - Except from driving under influence, there is no evidence to suggest that DUI offenders also show problematic behaviour according to other traffic-related measures. - Parents and peers may have an influence as role models on the development of problematic behaviour. A good relationship between parents and children may have a positive impact on the development of conventional values and behaviour. - Drug use is associated with some crucial personality dimensions and drugs are often used to solve personal problems. A less precise but similar difference was found for users who commit many drives under influence compared to users who never or only sometimes drive under influence. Moreover, users marginally more often have psychological problems compared to controls. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the new methodological approach of data collection are discussed as well as the challenges that are faced when implementing it. All in all, it has proved to be a promising method and should serve as a standard to which future studies should aspire. N2 - Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, Informationen über das Vorkommen von Fahrten unter Substanzeinfluss in Deutschland und über Prädiktoren für das Auftreten von Drogenfahrten bereitzustellen. Des Weiteren wird ein neuer methodischer Ansatz vorgestellt, mit dem sowohl Daten über den Konsum psychoaktiver Substanzen als auch Daten über das Mobilitätsverhalten von Drogenkonsumenten erhoben und somit verknüpft werden können. Ein herkömmlicher Ansatz zur Schätzung des Vorkommens von Drogenfahrten sind Roadside Surveys. Als alternative Methode wird eine Studie beschrieben, in der 195 Drogenkonsumenten (vorwiegend Cannabiskonsumenten) sowie 100 Kontrollpersonen vier Wochen lang täglich über ein Smartphone ihr Fahr- und Konsumverhalten protokollierten. Aus der Häufigkeit von Drogenfahrten innerhalb der Stichprobe wird über eine entsprechende Gewichtung auf den tatsächlichen Anteil in der Bevölkerung geschlossen. Da von den Probanden sämtliche Aktivitäten im Erhebungszeitraum protokolliert wurden, können auch solche Situationen beschrieben werden, in denen sich die Probanden gegen eine Drogenfahrt entschieden haben. Darüber hinaus wurden Informationen über die persönliche Vorgeschichte, relevante Einstellungen, die Akzeptanz gesetzlicher Regelungen, weitere verkehrsrelevante Auffälligkeiten, soziale Einflüsse sowie Informationen über Persönlichkeitsmerkmale eingeholt. Hierdurch können Umstände und Hintergründe, unter denen Drogenfahrten stattfinden, spezifiziert werden. Die Ergebnisse werden in ein Model integriert, das Abhängigkeiten zwischen gesellschaftlichen Variablen, Verhaltensparametern und gesetzlichen Gegebenheiten aufzeigt. Die Studie liefert aufschlussreiche Befunde, die sowohl die wissenschaftliche Diskussion um Drogenfahrten anregen als auch von praktischem Nutzen für Rehabilitations- und Präventionsmaßnahmen sein können. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: - Verglichen mit den Ergebnissen einer deutschen Roadside Survey aus dem Jahr 1994 fallen die hier kalkulierten Prävalenzen für Drogenfahrten in Deutschland recht gering aus. Der Befund wird diskutiert und es werden mögliche Gründe für den beschriebenen Trend aufgeführt. Außerdem werden die berechneten Werte mit aktuellen Vergleichsdaten aus anderen europäischen Ländern verglichen. - Der Konsum von Drogen hat gewisse Auswirkungen auf die Gestaltung des Alltags einer Person. Insgesamt scheinen Kontrollpersonen im Vergleich zu Drogenkonsumenten eher einem geregelten Arbeitsalltag nachzugehen (z. B. weniger Mobilität in der Nacht, mehr Mobilität zu Zeiten des allgemeinen Berufsverkehrs, Alkoholkonsum reduziert auf Ausgehzeiten). - Das Ausmaß des individuellen Drogenkonsums variiert in Abhängigkeit von Tageszeit, Wochentag und Art der Substanz. Natürlich wirken sich diese Abhängigkeiten ebenso auf das Auftreten von Drogenfahrten aus. Weitere situative Einflussfaktoren für Drogenfahrten sind die Länge der zurückzulegenden Strecke, die Verfügbarkeit alternativer Fortbewegungsmittel sowie weibliche Begleitpersonen. - Nicht jeder, der Drogen konsumiert, fährt auch unter Drogeneinfluss Auto. Als wesentlicher Prädiktor für häufige Drogenfahrten und hohe Substanzkonzentrationen im Blut während der Fahrt kann ein hoher Konsum genannt werden. Damit verbunden sind riskante Konsummuster sowie eine geringe subjektive Beeinträchtigung nach dem Konsum von Drogen. - Die Einstellung der Versuchspersonen zu Drogenfahrten sowie ihre Annahmen über soziale Normen stimmen zum großen Teil mit ihrem Verhalten überein. Drogenkonsumenten haben eher liberale Einstellungen zu Drogenkonsum und Drogenfahrten. - Eine mögliche abschreckende Wirkung von Sanktionen und polizeilichen Überwachungmaßnahmen und ihre Abhängigkeit von der Akzeptanz und der subjektiven Wahrnehmung der Maßnahmen wird beschrieben. - Eine objektive Leistungsbeeinträchtigung durch die Wirkung von Drogen mittels einer computerbasierten Testbatterie kann nur in geringem Maße nachgewiesen werden. Das Ergebnis wird hinsichtlich der Operationalisierung der untersuchten Gruppen kritisch diskutiert. - Es finden sich keine Hinweise dafür, dass Drogenfahrer, außer durch die Drogenfahrten an sich, auch sonst im Verkehr auffällig werden. - Eltern und Freunde scheinen als Rollenvorbilder Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Problemverhalten zu nehmen. Eine gute Eltern-Kind-Beziehung wirkt sich positiv auf die Entwicklung konventioneller Werte und Verhalten aus. - Drogenkonsum ist mit einigen wesentlichen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen assoziiert und Konsumenten weisen etwas häufiger psychische Probleme auf als Kontrollpersonen. Abschließend werden Stärken und Schwächen der neuen Methode diskutiert sowie besondere Anforderungen aufgeführt, die bei der Durchführung zu beachten sind. Insgesamt erwies sich die Methode als vielversprechend und sollte als Standard in künftigen Studien weiterentwickelt werden. KW - Verkehrspsychologie KW - Rauschgift KW - Alkohol KW - Fahren KW - Ambulantes Assessment KW - Ecological Momentary Assessment KW - Elektronisches Tagebuch KW - Drogen KW - Prävalenz KW - Prädiktor KW - Smartphone KW - Drugs KW - Alcohol KW - Driving KW - Prevalence KW - Predictors KW - Ambulatory Assessment KW - Ecological Momentary Assessment KW - Electronic diary KW - Mobile technology Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75283 ER - TY - THES A1 - Totzke, Ingo T1 - Einfluss des Lernprozesses auf den Umgang mit menügesteuerten Fahrerinformationssystemen T1 - Learnability of menu-driven Driver Information Systems N2 - Aufgabenstellung dieser Arbeit ist die Prozessdarstellung des Kompetenzerwerbs im Umgang mit menügesteuerten Informationssystemen (kurz: Menüsysteme) im Fahrzeug. Hierzu zählen die Darstellung des Lernverlaufs sowie der Bedeutung von förderlichen und hinderlichen Lernbedingungen. Als ein Schwerpunkt der Arbeit werden mentale Repräsentationen der Nutzer bezüglich des Menüsystems betrachtet. Zusätzlich wird die Kompatibilität des Kompetenzerwerbs für Menüsysteme mit der Fahrzeugführung geprüft. Aus diesen Analysen ergeben sich Methoden der Überprüfung des Lernaufwands, -verlaufs und -erfolgs. Zur empirischen Überprüfung werden prototypische Menüsysteme konstruiert. Anhand sog. Raumschiff-Systeme wird z.B. der Umgang des Nutzers mit einem begrifflich weitgehend eindeutigen Menüsystem eines Raumschiffs der Bedienung eines Menüsystems ohne bedeutungshaltige Informationen (sog. System sinnloser Silben) gegenübergestellt. Um die Auswirkungen des Kompetenzerwerbs für Menüsysteme auf die Fahrsicherheit zu untersuchen, werden fahrkontextnahe Systeme konzipiert. Diese werden sowohl unter Single-Task Bedingungen (z.B. an einem Bildschirmarbeitsplatz, im stehenden Fahrzeug) als auch unter Dual-Task Bedingungen (z.B. während der Fahrt) bedient. Zielsetzung weiterer Explorationsstudien ist die Analyse der zeitlichen Struktur einer Bedienhandlung in einem Menüsystem in Abhängigkeit des Kompetenzerwerbs. Insgesamt werden sechs Hauptstudien und fünf Explorationsstudien in dieser Arbeit berichtet. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Kompetenzerwerb für Menüsysteme dem sog. Potenzgesetz der Übung folgt: So findet sich zu Übungsbeginn ein starker Leistungsanstieg im Umgang mit einem Menüsystem unter Single-Task Bedingungen, in späteren Übungsphasen verringert sich dieser Leistungsanstieg. Das erzielte Leistungsniveau in der Menübedienung ist nach einer längeren Lernpause (von bis zu 12 Wochen) weitgehend stabil. Zu Übungsbeginn treten v.a. Orientierungs- und Bedienfehler auf, in späteren Übungsphasen vermehrt Flüchtigkeitsfehler. Diese Fehler stellen voneinander unabhängige Fehlerklassen dar. Zu Lernbeginn ist v.a. die Bediengenauigkeit von Bedeutung, mit zunehmender Übung die Bediengeschwindigkeit. Insbesondere antizipative Aspekte der Handlungsvorbereitung und -initiierung im Umgang mit Menüsystemen sind Lerneinflüssen zugänglich. Für exekutive Aspekte der Handlungsdurchführung und -kontrolle ist der Kompetenzerwerb von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Als Nutzermerkmale erweisen sich das bereichsspezifische Vorwissen, die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit und das Nutzeralter als bedeutsam: Diese Merkmale werden mit zunehmender Übung weniger wichtig für interindividuelle Leistungsunterschiede. Die realisierten Systemvariationen eines Menüsystems (Menüstruktur und Bedienmodell) wirken sich unabhängig vom Lernstatus auf das Bedienverhalten der Systemnutzer aus. Auf Nutzerseite werden im Umgang mit einem Menüsystem mentale Repräsentationen konstruiert: Zu Lernbeginn wird insbesondere begriffliches Wissen (sog. Inhaltsstruktur und begriffliche Unterbegriffs-Oberbegriffs-Relationen) angeeignet. Mit zunehmender Übung wird eine räumliche Repräsentation, in der die Positionen der einzelnen Menüinhalte abgebildet sind, aufgebaut. Eine motorische Repräsentation als Resultat einer Optimierung des Umgangs mit dem Bedienelement bis hin zu einer (Teil-)Automatisierung der motorischen Handlungssequenz wird erst nach umfangreicher Übung im Umgang mit einem Menüsystem erworben. Diese Repräsentationen beeinflussen wiederum die Bedienleistung: Zu Übungsbeginn ist z.B. das Erkennen der sog. Inhaltsstruktur für die starken Lernzuwächse verantwortlich. Die Kompatibilität von Vorwissen auf Nutzerseite und für die Bedienung notwendiges Systemwissen bestimmt den Lernaufwand und –verlauf. Die Veränderung räumlicher Positionen von Menüinhalten geht mit Einbußen in der Bedienleistung einher. Personen mit präzisem räumlichem Wissen können effizienter mit einem Menüsystem umgehen. Bedienfehler treten v.a. zu Übungsbeginn auf. Mit zunehmender Übung wird der sensumotorische Umgang mit dem Bedienelement optimiert. Diese Befunde führen zu folgenden Schlussfolgerungen: (1) Der Umgang mit Menüsystemen führt zu einer trialen Kodierung der für die Menübedienung notwendigen Informationen. (2) Das Potenzgesetz der Übung beschreibt den Kompetenzerwerb für Menüsysteme lediglich summativ und resultiert aus der Kombination der einzelnen Lernfunktionen der zu kodierenden Lerninhalte. Unter Dual-Task Bedingungen treten zu Übungsbeginn stärkere Interferenzen zwischen Fahrzeugführung und Menübedienung auf. Mit zunehmender Übung verringern sich diese Interferenzen v.a. auf Seiten der Menübedienung. Dies ist u.a. auf die Instruktion der Probanden zurückzuführen. Übungsbedingt schauen die Nutzer seltener bei vergleichbarer Blickdauer auf das Systemdisplay. Insbesondere ältere Nutzer haben Probleme mit einer Verschränkung von Fahrzeugführung und Menübedienung. Mit zunehmender Übung verringern sich diese Alterseffekte, werden aber nicht eliminiert. Wird ein Menüsystem parallel zur Fahrzeugführung bedient, werden zudem stärkere und präzisere begriffliche und räumliche Repräsentationen über das Menüsystem vom Nutzer konstruiert. Bei diesen Studien wird ein multimethodaler Messansatz verfolgt, in dem verschiedenartige Werkzeuge zur Bestimmung des Kompetenzerwerbs und seiner Wirkungen auf die Fahrsicherheit eingesetzt werden. Es kann dabei zu einer Dissoziation der Ergebnisse in verschiedenen Messmethoden kommen. Unter Single-Task Bedingungen gewonnene Ergebnisse können nicht ohne weiteres auf Dual-Task Bedingungen generalisiert werden. N2 - This work aims at describing the learning process of handling menu-driven information systems within the vehicle including facilitating and detrimental conditions of this learning process. For this means, the users’ mental representations of the so-called “menu systems” are considered. As one emphasis, the compatibility of learning these menu systems with driving a vehicle is under investigation. These works result in a set of methods for describing the effort, the process and the success of learning how to handle a menu system. Within the empirical studies prototypical menu systems are introduced: “Spaceship systems” (German: “Raumschiff-Systeme”) are used in contrast to a “System of meaningless syllables” (German: “System sinnloser Silben”) for evaluating how the users handle with semantically unambiguous menu systems. In order to examine possible dual-task effects (caused by handling a menu system while driving) prototypical menu-systems derived from realistic Driver Information Systems are investigated under single-task conditions (e.g. handling the menu system in a parked vehicle) as well as under dual-task conditions (e.g. while driving a vehicle). Furthermore, exploratory studies are conducted for evaluating the temporal structures of single actions while handling a menu system. In sum, six main studies and five exploratory studies are part of this work. It is shown that the learning process for handling a menu system follows the so-called “potency law of practice”: This law suggests that large learning effects particularly take place in early stages of a learning process. In later stages these learning effects diminish. If the user pauses after extensive practice (e.g. for 12 weeks), the achieved level of performance is maintained. Furthermore, “orientation errors” and “handling errors” while handling the menu system particularly arise in early stages of the learning process, whereas “slips” occur more often in later stages. These classes of errors are independent from each other. The accuracy of handling the menu system is of major importance in early stages of the learning process, whereas the speed is more important in later stages. Anticipatory aspects of preparing and initiating the user’s actions are especially susceptible to learning effects, whereas their executive aspects of maneuvering and controlling are not as important for the learning process. Prior knowledge of the user, his/her cognitive abilities as well as the user’s age are relevant aspects of the user for the learning process: These features are of importance for differences between individuals in early stages of the learning process. The variation of specific aspects of the menu systems (i.e. menu structure, concept of the control elements) are of importance independent from the learning process. While handling the menu system, mental representations are constructed by the user: In early stages of the learning process semantic representations (i.e. structure of the contents, semantic hyponym-hypernym relations) are acquired. With increasing practice, spatial representations come into play as the position of distinct menu contents are remembered by the user. Motor representations as a result of optimizing how to handle the control itself and of automating handling sequences are built up in later stages. These representations also influence the user’s performance while handling the menu system: As soon as the user realizes the semantic structure and content of the menu system, learning effects are made possible. If prior knowledge of the user is compatible with the required knowledge for handling the system, positive learning effects result. A sudden change of spatial positions of single menu contents goes along with negative effects on the learner’s performance while handling the menu system. Users with higher spatial abilities are more effective in learning the system. Operating errors particularly take place in early stages of the learning process. With growing practice, the sensu-motoric handling of the control is optimized. These results lead to the following conclusion: (1) Handling a menu system leads to a triple coding of the user’s knowledge which is of importance for learning process. (2) The “potency law of practice” solely describes the learning process of handling a menu system superficially and results from the combination of single learning curves for each of the mental representation. Large interference effects of handling a menu system while driving (“dual-task condition”) can be demonstrated in early stages of the learning process. With increasing practice these interferences diminish, particularly on the side of handling the menu system. It is discussed that these effects can be attributed to the participant’s instruction. In later stages of the learning process the user does not look as often onto the display as in earlier stages. However, the mean gaze duration remains constant. Additionally, handling a menu system while driving a vehicle leads to more precise semantic and spatial representations of the menu system compared to single-task conditions. Elderly users are of special interest in these analyses: They show larger interference effects in dual-task conditions than younger user, but these age-related effects diminish with growing practice. In all these studies, a multi-method approach is pursued in which different tools for describing the learning process and its consequences on driving are in use. It can be shown that the results of the different methods might dissociate from each other. For instance, results of single-task situations cannot be generalized to dual-task situations without restrictions. KW - Kraftfahrzeug KW - Kompetenzerwerb KW - Lernverlauf KW - Menüsystem KW - Fahrerinformationssysteme KW - Dual-Task Situation KW - Learnability KW - learning process KW - menu system KW - driver information system KW - dual-task situation KW - Fahrerassistenzsystem KW - Erlernbarkeit Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76869 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tobias, Kaufmann A1 - Völker, Stefan A1 - Gunesch, Laura A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Spelling is just a click away – a user-centered brain-computer interface including auto-calibration and predictive text entry N2 - Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) based on event-related potentials (ERP) allow for selection of characters from a visually presented character-matrix and thus provide a communica- tion channel for users with neurodegenerative disease. Although they have been topic of research for more than 20 years and were multiply proven to be a reliable communication method, BCIs are almost exclusively used in experimental settings, handled by qualified experts. This study investigates if ERP–BCIs can be handled independently by laymen without expert support, which is inevitable for establishing BCIs in end-user’s daily life situations. Furthermore we compared the classic character-by-character text entry against a predictive text entry (PTE) that directly incorporates predictive text into the character- matrix. N = 19 BCI novices handled a user-centered ERP–BCI application on their own without expert support. The software individually adjusted classifier weights and control parameters in the background, invisible to the user (auto-calibration). All participants were able to operate the software on their own and to twice correctly spell a sentence with the auto-calibrated classifier (once with PTE, once without). Our PTE increased spelling speed and, importantly, did not reduce accuracy. In sum, this study demonstrates feasi- bility of auto-calibrating ERP–BCI use, independently by laymen and the strong benefit of integrating predictive text directly into the character-matrix. KW - Psychologie KW - P300-Speller KW - ERP-BCI KW - brain–computerinterface KW - user-centered KW - auto-calibration KW - predictivetextentry KW - event-relatedpotentials KW - assisitvetechnology Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75739 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sütterlin, Stefan A1 - Paap, Muirne C. S. A1 - Babic, Stana A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Vögele, Claus T1 - Rumination and Age: Some Things Get Better JF - Journal of Aging Research N2 - Rumination has been defined as a mode of responding to distress that involves passively focusing one's attention on symptoms of distress without taking action. This dysfunctional response style intensifies depressed mood, impairs interpersonal problem solving, and leads to more pessimistic future perspectives and less social support. As most of these results were obtained from younger people, it remains unclear how age affects ruminative thinking. Three hundred members of the general public ranging in age from 15 to 87 years were asked about their ruminative styles using the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ), depression and satisfaction with life. A Mokken Scale analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the RSQ with brooding and reflective pondering as subcomponents of rumination. Older participants (63 years and older) reported less ruminative thinking than other age groups. Life satisfaction was associated with brooding and highest for the earlier and latest life stages investigated in this study. Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124356 VL - 2012 IS - 267327 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stippekohl, Bastian A1 - Winkler, Markus H. A1 - Walter, Bertram A1 - Kagerer, Sabine A1 - Mucha, Ronald F. A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Vaitl, Dieter A1 - Stark, Rudolf T1 - Neural Responses to Smoking Stimuli Are Influenced by Smokers' Attitudes towards Their Own Smoking Behaviour JF - PLoS One N2 - An important feature of addiction is the high drug craving that may promote the continuation of consumption. Environmental stimuli classically conditioned to drug-intake have a strong motivational power for addicts and can elicit craving. However, addicts differ in the attitudes towards their own consumption behavior: some are content with drug taking (consonant users) whereas others are discontent (dissonant users). Such differences may be important for clinical practice because the experience of dissonance might enhance the likelihood to consider treatment. This fMRI study investigated in smokers whether these different attitudes influence subjective and neural responses to smoking stimuli. Based on self-characterization, smokers were divided into consonant and dissonant smokers. These two groups were presented smoking stimuli and neutral stimuli. Former studies have suggested differences in the impact of smoking stimuli depending on the temporal stage of the smoking ritual they are associated with. Therefore, we used stimuli associated with the beginning (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) and stimuli associated with the terminal stage (END-smoking-stimuli) of the smoking ritual as distinct stimulus categories. Stimulus ratings did not differ between both groups. Brain data showed that BEGIN-smoking-stimuli led to enhanced mesolimbic responses (amygdala, hippocampus, insula) in dissonant compared to consonant smokers. In response to END-smoking-stimuli, dissonant smokers showed reduced mesocortical responses (orbitofrontal cortex, subcallosal cortex) compared to consonant smokers. These results suggest that smoking stimuli with a high incentive value (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) are more appetitive for dissonant than consonant smokers at least on the neural level. To the contrary, smoking stimuli with low incentive value (END-smoking-stimuli) seem to be less appetitive for dissonant smokers than consonant smokers. These differences might be one reason why dissonant smokers experience difficulties in translating their attitudes into an actual behavior change. KW - smoking habits KW - addiction KW - amygdala KW - behavioral addiction KW - addicts KW - nicotine addiction KW - drug research and development KW - drug addiction Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124393 VL - 7 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwerdtle, Barbara A1 - Kanis, Julia A1 - Kahl, Lena A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Schlarb, Angelika A. T1 - Children’s Sleep Comic: development of a new diagnostic tool for children with sleep disorders [original research] N2 - Background: A solid diagnosis of sleep disorders in children should include both self-ratings and parent ratings. However, there are few standardized self-assessment instruments to meet this need. The Children’s Sleep Comic is an adapted version of the unpublished German questionnaire “Freiburger Kinderschlafcomic” and provides pictures for items and responses. Because the drawings were outdated and allowed only for qualitative analysis, we revised the comic, tested its applicability in a target sample, and suggest a procedure for quantitative analysis. Methods: All items were updated and pictures were newly drawn. We used a sample of 201 children aged 5–10 years to test the applicability of the Children’s Sleep Comic in young children and to run a preliminary analysis. Results: The Children’s Sleep Comic comprises 37 items covering relevant aspects of sleep disorders in children. Application took on average 30 minutes. The procedure was well accepted by the children, as reflected by the absence of any dropouts. First comparisons with established questionnaires indicated moderate correlations. Conclusion: The Children’s Sleep Comic is appropriate for screening sleep behavior and sleep problems in children. The interactive procedure can foster a good relationship between the investigator and the child, and thus establish the basis for successful intervention if necessary. KW - Psychologie KW - children KW - sleep KW - sleep disorders KW - diagnostic KW - assessment KW - self-rating Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75722 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schubert, Lisa T1 - The Respective Impact of Stimulus Valence and Processing Fluency on Evaluative Judgments in Stereotype Disconfirmation T1 - Der relative Einfluss von Stimulusvalenz und Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit auf evaluative Urteile im Stereotypkontext N2 - Both specific stimulus valence and unspecific processing dynamics can influence evaluative responses. Eight experiments investigated their respective influence on evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. Valence of stereotypic information and consistency-driven fluency were manipulated in an impression formation paradigm. When information about the to-be-evaluated target person was strongly valenced, no effects of consistency-driven fluency were observed. Higher cognitive processes, valence of inconsistent attributes, processing priority of category information, and impression formation instructions were ruled out as possible factors responsible for the non-occurrence of fluency effects. However, consistency-driven fluency did influence the evaluative judgment, if the information about a target person was not strongly valenced. It is therefore concluded that both stimulus valence and consistency-driven processing fluency play a role in evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. The respective impact of stimulus valence is much stronger than the impact of unspecific processing dynamics, however. Implications for fluency research and the applied field of stereotype change are discussed. N2 - Sowohl Stimulusvalenz als auch unspezifische Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit können evaluative Urteile beeinflussen. In acht Experimenten wurde ihr relativer Einfluss im Stereotypkontext untersucht. Hierzu wurden in einem Eindrucksbildungsparadigma die Valenz von stereotypisierender Information und die konsistenzbasierte Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit manipuliert. Im Falle starker Stimulusvalenz der Information über die zu bewertende Person hatte konsistenzbasierte Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit keinen Einfluss auf das evaluative Urteil. Höhere kognitive Prozesse, Valenz der inkonsistenten Eigenschaften, Dominanz von kategorialer Information und Eindrucksbildungsinstruktionen konnten als mögliche Erklärungen für das Ausbleiben von Effekten der Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit ausgeschlossen werden. Konsistenzbasierte Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit hatte allerdings einen Einfluss auf evaluative Urteile, wenn Stimuli keine starke Wertigkeit aufwiesen. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass sowohl Stimulusvalenz als auch unspezifische Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit bei evaluativen Urteilen im Stereotypkontext eine Rolle spielen. Der relative Einfluss von Stimulusvalenz ist jedoch deutlich stärker als der Einfluss von Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit. Implikationen für Theorien der Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit und für die Anwendung im Bereich der Stereotypveränderung werden diskutiert. KW - Vorurteil KW - Eindrucksbildung KW - Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit KW - Stereotype KW - Psychology KW - Person Perception KW - Fluency KW - Stereotypes KW - Informationsverarbeitung KW - Psychologie Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77426 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roeser, Karolin A1 - Eichholz, Ruth A1 - Schwerdtle, Barbara A1 - Schlarb, Angelika A. A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Relationship of sleep quality and health-related quality of life in adolescents according to self- and proxy ratings: a questionnaire survey N2 - Introduction: Sleep disturbances are common in adolescents and adversely affect performance, social contact, and susceptibility to stress. We investigated the hypothesis of a relationship between sleep and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and applied self- and proxy ratings. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 92 adolescents aged 11–17 years. All participants and their parents completed a HRQoL measure and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC ). Children with SDSC T -scores above the normal range (above 60) were classified as poor sleepers. Results: According to self- and proxy ratings, good sleepers reported significantly higher HRQoL than poor sleep- ers. Sleep disturbances were significantly higher and HRQoL significantly lower in self- as compared to parental ratings. Parent-child agreement was higher for subscales measuring observable aspects. Girls experienced significantly stronger sleep disturbances and lower self-rated HRQoL than boys. Discussion: Our findings support the positive relationship of sleep and HRQoL. Furthermore, parents significantly underestimate sleep disturbances and overestimate HRQoL in their children. KW - Psychiatrie KW - quality of life KW - sleep KW - adolescence KW - parent-child agreement KW - sleep disorders Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75953 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ritz, Thomas A1 - Enlow, Michelle Bosquet A1 - Schulz, Stefan M. A1 - Kitts, Robert A1 - Staudenmayer, John A1 - Wright, Rosalind J. T1 - Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia as an Index of Vagal Activity during Stress in Infants: Respiratory Influences and Their Control JF - PLoS One N2 - Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is related to cardiac vagal outflow and the respiratory pattern. Prior infant studies have not systematically examined respiration rate and tidal volume influences on infant RSA or the extent to which infants' breathing is too fast to extract a valid RSA. We therefore monitored cardiac activity, respiration, and physical activity in 23 six-month old infants during a standardized laboratory stressor protocol. On average, 12.6% (range 0-58.2%) of analyzed breaths were too short for RSA extraction. Higher respiration rate was associated with lower RSA amplitude in most infants, and lower tidal volume was associated with lower RSA amplitude in some infants. RSA amplitude corrected for respiration rate and tidal volume influences showed theoretically expected strong reductions during stress, whereas performance of uncorrected RSA was less consistent. We conclude that stress-induced changes of peak-valley RSA and effects of variations in breathing patterns on RSA can be determined for a representative percentage of infant breaths. As expected, breathing substantially affects infant RSA and needs to be considered in studies of infant psychophysiology. KW - responses KW - heart-rate-variability KW - pulmonary gas-exchange KW - still-face KW - baroreflex mechanism KW - period variability KW - preterm infants KW - waking states KW - reactivity KW - attention Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135396 VL - 7 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reuss, Heiko A1 - Kiesel, Andrea A1 - Kunde, Wilfried A1 - Wühr, Peter T1 - A cue from the unconscious - masked symbols prompt spatial anticipation JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Anticipating where an event will occur enables us to instantaneously respond to events that occur at the expected location. Here we investigated if such spatial anticipations can be triggered by symbolic information that participants cannot consciously see. In two experiments involving a Posner cueing task and a visual search task, a central cue informed participants about the likely location of the next target stimulus. In half of the trials, this cue was rendered invisible by pattern masking. In both experiments, visible cues led to cueing effects, that is, faster responses after valid compared to invalid cues. Importantly, even masked cues caused cueing effects, though to a lesser extent. Additionally, we analyzed effects on attention that persist from one trial to the subsequent trial. We found that spatial anticipations are able to interfere with newly formed spatial anticipations and influence orienting of attention in the subsequent trial. When the preceding cue was visible, the corresponding spatial anticipation persisted to an extent that prevented a noticeable effect of masked cues. The effects of visible cues were likewise modulated by previous spatial anticipations, but were strong enough to also exert an impact on attention themselves. Altogether, the results suggest that spatial anticipations can be formed on the basis of unconscious stimuli, but that interfering influences like still active spatial anticipations can suppress this effect. KW - masked priming KW - unconscious processing KW - anticipation KW - endogenous shifts of attention KW - spatial cueing Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123971 VL - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Molitor, Sabine T1 - Motivationsentwicklung in Begabtenförderprogrammen N2 - Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, herauszufinden, wie sich die Motivation bei Schülerinnen und Schülern in speziellen homogenen Begabtenklassen verglichen mit regulären Schulklassen entwickelt. Dazu wurden im Rahmen des „Projekts zur Untersuchung des Lernens in der Sekundarstufe“ (PULSS-Projekt) zu vier Messzeitpunkten die Leistungs- und Lernzielorientierung sowie die intrinsische Motivation in Mathematik und Deutsch erfasst. Der Untersuchungszeitraum erstreckte sich vom Beginn der 5. Jahrgangsstufe bis zum Ende der 7. Klasse. Um eine größtmögliche Vergleichbarkeit der Begabten- und der Regelklässler zu gewährleisten, wurden die Stichproben anhand entscheidender Merkmale parallelisiert (Schule, Geschlecht, IQ, sozioökonomischer Status). Die statistische Auswertung bestätigte den Rückgang der Motivation aller Schülerinnen und Schüler über die vier Messzeitpunkte hinweg. Darüber hinaus zeigten sich keine bedeutsamen Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Klassentypen. Differenzierte man in den einzelnen Klassen nach Schülerinnen und Schülern unterschiedlicher Begabung, so zeigte sich, dass die Ausprägung der Intelligenz keinen Einfluss auf die Höhe der Motivation nimmt. Beim akademischen Selbstkonzept verhält es sich teilweise anders. Wurde neben dem Klassentyp zwischen Schülerinnen und Schülern mit hohem und solchen mit niedrigem akademischen Selbstkonzept unterschieden, so war bei einigen Kennwerten die Höhe der Motivation in den Begabtenklassen stärker vom Selbstkonzept beeinflusst als in den Regelklassen. Dies äußerte sich dahingehend, dass die Begabtenklässler mit hohem akademischem Selbstkonzept verhältnismäßig stark motiviert waren, wohingegen die Begabtenklässler mit niedrigem akademischem Selbstkonzept die geringste Motivation zeigten. Eine abschließende Bewertung dieser Entwicklung kann aufgrund der in vorliegender Arbeit gefundenen Ergebnisse jedoch nicht vorgenommen werden. Insgesamt konnte die Befürchtung eines ungünstigeren Entwicklungsverlaufs in begabungshomogenen Klassen widerlegt werden. Das Ausmaß, inwieweit einzelne Schülerinnen und Schüler von der Beschulung in Begabtenklassen profitieren, scheint hinsichtlich der motivationalen Entwicklung nicht so sehr von der Intelligenz, sondern vielmehr von nicht-kognitiven Persönlichkeitsfaktoren abzuhängen. So legen die Resultate nahe, die Ausprägung des akademischen Selbstkonzepts bei Auswahlverfahren stärker zu berücksichtigen. KW - Motivation KW - Hochbegabung KW - Intrinsische Motivation KW - Begabtenförderung KW - akademisches Selbstkonzept Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75884 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - The translation of substance dependence criteria to food-related behaviors: different views and interpretations. JF - Frontiers in psychiatry N2 - No abstract available. Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123092 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Likowski, Katja U. A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Gerdes, Antje B. M. A1 - Wieser, Mattias J. A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Weyers, Peter T1 - Facial mimicry and the mirror neuron system: simultaneous acquisition of facial electromyography and functional magnetic resonance imaging N2 - Numerous studies have shown that humans automatically react with congruent facial reactions, i.e., facial mimicry, when seeing a vis-á-vis’ facial expressions. The current experiment is the first investigating the neuronal structures responsible for differences in the occurrence of such facial mimicry reactions by simultaneously measuring BOLD and facial EMG in an MRI scanner. Therefore, 20 female students viewed emotional facial expressions (happy, sad, and angry) of male and female avatar characters. During picture presentation, the BOLD signal as well as M. zygomaticus major and M. corrugator supercilii activity were recorded simultaneously. Results show prototypical patterns of facial mimicry after correction for MR-related artifacts: enhanced M. zygomaticus major activity in response to happy and enhanced M. corrugator supercilii activity in response to sad and angry expressions. Regression analyses show that these congruent facial reactions correlate significantly with activations in the IFG, SMA, and cerebellum. Stronger zygomaticus reactions to happy faces were further associated to increased activities in the caudate, MTG, and PCC. Corrugator reactions to angry expressions were further correlated with the hippocampus, insula, and STS. Results are discussed in relation to core and extended models of the mirror neuron system (MNS). KW - Psychologie KW - mimicry KW - EMG KW - fMRI KW - mirrorneuronsystem Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75813 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klauke, Benedikt A1 - Winter, Bernward A1 - Gajewska, Agnes A1 - Zwanzger, Peter A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. A1 - Dlugos, Andrea A1 - Warrings, Bodo A1 - Jacob, Christian A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Domschke, Katharina T1 - Affect-Modulated Startle: Interactive Influence of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Genotype and Childhood Trauma JF - PLoS One N2 - The etiology of emotion-related disorders such as anxiety or affective disorders is considered to be complex with an interaction of biological and environmental factors. Particular evidence has accumulated for alterations in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic system - partly conferred by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene variation - for the adenosinergic system as well as for early life trauma to constitute risk factors for those conditions. Applying a multi-level approach, in a sample of 95 healthy adults, we investigated effects of the functional COMT Val158Met polymorphism, caffeine as an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist (300 mg in a placebo-controlled intervention design) and childhood maltreatment (CTQ) as well as their interaction on the affect-modulated startle response as a neurobiologically founded defensive reflex potentially related to fear- and distress-related disorders. COMT val/val genotype significantly increased startle magnitude in response to unpleasant stimuli, while met/met homozygotes showed a blunted startle response to aversive pictures. Furthermore, significant gene-environment interaction of COMT Val158Met genotype with CTQ was discerned with more maltreatment being associated with higher startle potentiation in val/val subjects but not in met carriers. No main effect of or interaction effects with caffeine were observed. Results indicate a main as well as a GxE effect of the COMT Val158Met variant and childhood maltreatment on the affect-modulated startle reflex, supporting a complex pathogenetic model of the affect-modulated startle reflex as a basic neurobiological defensive reflex potentially related to anxiety and affective disorders. KW - COMT VAL(158)MET polymorphism KW - serotonin transporter gene KW - life events KW - community sample KW - acoustic startle KW - prepulse inhibition KW - panic disorder KW - caffeine-induced anxiety KW - fear-potentiated startle KW - posttraumatic-stress-disorder Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-132184 VL - 7 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Herbort, Oliver A1 - Butz, Martin V. A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Influence of Motor Planning on Distance Perception within the Peripersonal Space N2 - We examined whether movement costs as defined by movement magnitude have an impact on distance perception in near space. In Experiment 1, participants were given a numerical cue regarding the amplitude of a hand movement to be carried out. Before the movement execution, the length of a visual distance had to be judged. These visual distances were judged to be larger, the larger the amplitude of the concurrently prepared hand movement was. In Experiment 2, in which numerical cues were merely memorized without concurrent movement planning, this general increase of distance with cue size was not observed. The results of these experiments indicate that visual perception of near space is specifically affected by the costs of planned hand movements. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75332 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kinateder, Max T1 - Social Influence in Emergency Situations – Studies in Virtual Reality T1 - Sozialer Einfluss in Notfallsituationen - Studien in virtueller Realität N2 - In 1999, a tragic catastrophe occurred in the Mont Blanc Tunnel, one of the most important transalpine road tunnels. Twenty-seven of the victims never left their vehicles as a result of which they were trapped in smoke and suffocated (Beard & Carvel, 2005). Immediate evacuation is crucial in tunnel fires, but still many tunnel users stay passive. During emergency situations people strongly influence each other’s behavior (e.g. Nilsson & Johansson, 2009a). So far, only few empirical experimental studies investigated the interaction of individuals during emergencies. Recent developments of advanced immersive virtual worlds, allow simulating emergency situations which makes analogue studies possible. In the present dissertation project, theoretical aspects of human behavior and SI in emergencies are addressed (Chapter 1). The question of Social Influence in emergency situations is investigated in five simulation studies during different relevant stages of the evacuation process from a simulated road tunnel fire (Chapter 2). In the last part, the results are discussed and criticized (Chapter 3). Using a virtual reality (VR) road tunnel scenario, study 1 (pilot study) and 2 investigated the effect of information about adequate behavior in tunnel emergencies as well as Social Influence (SI) on drivers’ behavior. Based on a classic study of Darley and Latané (1968) on bystander inhibition, the effect of passive bystanders on self-evacuation was analyzed. Sixty participants were confronted with an accident and smoke in a road tunnel. The presence of bystanders and information status was manipulated and consequently, participants were randomly assigned into four different groups. Informed participants read a brochure containing relevant information about safety behavior in emergency situations prior to the tunnel drives. In the bystander conditions, passive bystanders were situated in a car in front of the emergency situation. Participants who had received relevant information left the car more frequently than the other participants. Neither significant effect of bystanders nor interaction with information status on the participants’ behavior was observed. Study 3 (pilot study) examined a possible alternative explanation for weak SI in VR. Based on the Threshold Theory of Social Influence (Blascovich, 2002b) and the work of Guadagno et al. (2007), the perception of virtual humans as an avatar (a virtual representation of a real human being) or as an agent (a computer-controlled animated character) was manipulated. Subsequently, 32 participants experienced an accident similar to the one in study 1. However, they were co-drivers and a virtual agent (VA) was the driver. Participants reacted differently in avatar and agent condition. Consequently, the manipulation of the avatar condition was implemented in study 4. In study 4, SI within the vehicle was investigated, as drivers are mostly not alone in their car. In a tunnel scenario similar to the first study, 34 participants were confronted with an emergency situation either as drivers or co-drivers. In the driver group, participants drove themselves and a VA was sitting on the passenger seat. Correspondently, participants in the co-driver group were seated on the passenger seat and the VA drove the vehicle on a pre-recorded path. Like in study 1, the tunnel was blocked by an accident and smoke was coming from the accident in one drive. The VA initially stayed inactive after stopping the vehicle but started to evacuate after ca. 30 seconds. About one third of the sample left the vehicle during the situation. There were no significant differences between drivers and co-drivers regarding the frequency of leaving the vehicle. Co-drivers waited significantly longer than drivers before leaving the vehicle. Study 5 looked at the pre-movement and movement phase of the evacuation process. Forty participants were repeatedly confronted with an emergency situation in a virtual road tunnel filled with smoke. Four different experimental conditions systematically varied the presence and behavior of a VA. In all but one conditions a VA was present. Across all conditions at least 60% of the participants went to the emergency exit. If the VA went to the emergency exit, the ratio increased to 75%. If the VA went in the opposite direction of the exit, however, only 61% went there. If participants were confronted with a passive VA, they needed significantly longer until they started moving and reached the emergency exit. The main and most important finding across all studies is that SI is relevant for self-evacuation, but the degree of SI varies across the phases of evacuation and situation. In addition to the core findings, relevant theoretical and methodological questions regarding the general usefulness and limitations of VR as a research tool are discussed. Finally, a short summary and outlook on possible future studies is presented. N2 - In der Mont Blanc Tunnel Katastrophe im Jahr 1999 starben 39 Menschen, von denen 27 nicht versucht hatten rechtzeitig zu flüchten. In der Folge wurden diese Personen vom Rauch eingeschlossen und erstickten in ihren Fahrzeugen. Bisher gibt es nur vereinzelt empirische Studien, die sich mit Fragestellungen zu menschlichem Verhalten in Gefahrensituationen beschäftigen. Noch weniger Arbeiten beschäftigen sich mit der gegenseitigen Beeinflussung von Individuen in Gefahrensituationen. Die wohl wahrscheinlichste Erklärung ist, dass es bisher kaum möglich oder zu aufwändig war, Gefahrensituationen experimentalpsychologisch zu untersuchen. Die Entwicklung immersiver virtueller Welten erlaubt es allerdings, solche Situationen ökologisch valide zu simulieren. Erstes Ziel des Promotionsvorhabens war deshalb sozialen Einfluss in virtuell simulierten Gefahrensituationen mittels experimentalpsychologischer Studien zu untersuchen. Zweites Ziel war die Untersuchung methodischer Grundlagen zur Untersuchung von sozialem Einfluss in virtueller Realität. Die Dissertation gliedert sich in drei Teile: Kapitel 1 führt zunächst in die Themen menschliches Verhalten in Gefahrensituationen, Evakuierung und sozialer Einfluss während Notfällen ein. In Kapitel 2 werden die eigenen empirischen Arbeiten dargestellt. Dabei wurde sozialer Einfluss in verschiedenen kritischen Phasen des Evakuierungsprozesses während eines Tunnelbrandes untersucht. Insgesamt wurden fünf unabhängige Erhebungen mit insgesamt 194 Studienteilnehmern durchgeführt. Studie 1 (Vorstudie) und 2 untersuchte den sozialen Einfluss passiver virtueller Bystander sowie den Effekt von Informationen auf das Fluchtverhalten. Die Probanden wurden mit einem Unfall und sich ausbreitendem Rauch in einem Straßentunnel konfrontiert. In einer Probandengruppe befanden sich passive Bystander am Unfallort. Die Ergebnisse zeigten erstens, dass nur wenige uninformierte Probanden überhaupt das Fahrzeug verließen um aus sich zum Notausgang zu begeben. Zweitens, konnten Information das Verhalten während des Unfalls verbessern. Drittens fand sich nur ein schwacher Einfluss passiver virtueller Bystander auf das Verhalten der Probanden in der Notfallsituation. Studie 3 (Vorstudie) untersuchte eine mögliche alternative Erklärung für schwachen sozialen Einfluss in virtueller Realität. Hier wurde die Wahrnehmung virtueller Menschen als Avatar (eine von realen Menschen gesteuerte virtuelle Repräsentation) oder als Agent (vom Computer gesteuerte animierte Figuren) manipuliert. Anschließend erlebten die Probanden einen ähnlichen Unfall wie in Studie 1. Allerdings waren sie nun Beifahrer und erlebten den Unfall gemeinsam mit einem animierten virtuellen Menschen der das Fahrzeug lenkte. Probanden ließen sich eher von einer animierten Menschen beeinflussen, wenn sie überzeugt waren, dass es sich um einen Avatar handelt. Studie 4 untersuchte den Einfluss von anderen Personen im Fahrzeug auf das Verhalten in einer Notfallsituation. Dabei erlebten die Probanden die gleiche Gefahrensituation wie in Studie 1 entweder als Fahrer oder als Beifahrer. Gleichzeitig befand sich ein virtueller Agent im Fahrzeug, der sich zunächst passiv verhielt aber nach einer gewissen Zeit das Fahrzeug verließ. Es zeigte sich, dass Probanden zügiger dem Verhalten des virtuellen Agenten folgten, wenn der Agent Fahrer und die Probanden Beifahrer waren. In Studie 5 wurde das eigentliche Evakuierungsverhalten während eines simulierten Tunnelbrandes untersucht. Dabei befanden sich die Probanden wiederholt in einem stark verrauchten Tunnel und das Verhalten eines virtuellen Agenten wurde systematisch manipuliert. Die meisten Probanden suchten den Notausgang auf, jedoch zeigte sich, dass das Verhalten des virtuellen Agenten die Probanden beeinflusste: Ging der Agent in die entgegengesetzte Richtung des Notausgangs oder blieb dieser passiv, so gingen die Probanden seltener zum Notausgang und benötigten signifikant länger um diesen zu erreichen. Kapitel 3 enthält schließlich die Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Studien. Dabei werden die Ergebnisse der Arbeit in den aktuellen Stand der Forschung eingeordnet, praktische Implikationen abgeleitet und der weitere Forschungsbedarf beschrieben. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass sozialer Einfluss in Gefahrensituationen von Bedeutung ist, aber während verschiedener Phasen des Evakuierungsprozesses unterschiedlich stark ist. Abschließen werden die theoretischen und methodischen Kritikpunkte der Forschungsarbeiten genannt und erörtert. KW - Notfall KW - Sozialpsychologie KW - Sozialer Einfluss KW - Psychologische Sicherheitsforschung KW - Strassentunnel KW - Evakuierung KW - Virtuelle Realitaet KW - Social Influence KW - Tunnel emergencies KW - safety research KW - evacuation behavior KW - virtual reality Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76805 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jin, Jing A1 - Allison, Brendan Z. A1 - Kaufmann, Tobias A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Zhang, Yu A1 - Wang, Xingyu A1 - Cichocki, Andrzej T1 - The Changing Face of P300 BCIs: A Comparison of Stimulus Changes in a P300 BCI Involving Faces, Emotion, and Movement JF - PLoS One N2 - Background: One of the most common types of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) is called a P300 BCI, since it relies on the P300 and other event-related potentials (ERPs). In the canonical P300 BCI approach, items on a monitor flash briefly to elicit the necessary ERPs. Very recent work has shown that this approach may yield lower performance than alternate paradigms in which the items do not flash but instead change in other ways, such as moving, changing colour or changing to characters overlaid with faces. Methodology/Principal Findings: The present study sought to extend this research direction by parametrically comparing different ways to change items in a P300 BCI. Healthy subjects used a P300 BCI across six different conditions. Three conditions were similar to our prior work, providing the first direct comparison of characters flashing, moving, and changing to faces. Three new conditions also explored facial motion and emotional expression. The six conditions were compared across objective measures such as classification accuracy and bit rate as well as subjective measures such as perceived difficulty. In line with recent studies, our results indicated that the character flash condition resulted in the lowest accuracy and bit rate. All four face conditions (mean accuracy >91%) yielded significantly better performance than the flash condition (mean accuracy = 75%). Conclusions/Significance: Objective results reaffirmed that the face paradigm is superior to the canonical flash approach that has dominated P300 BCIs for over 20 years. The subjective reports indicated that the conditions that yielded better performance were not considered especially burdensome. Therefore, although further work is needed to identify which face paradigm is best, it is clear that the canonical flash approach should be replaced with a face paradigm when aiming at increasing bit rate. However, the face paradigm has to be further explored with practical applications particularly with locked-in patients. KW - ERPS KW - communication KW - TO-target interval KW - visual-evoked potentials KW - brain-computer-interface KW - recognition KW - amplitude KW - paradigm KW - systems Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134173 VL - 7 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Janczyk, Markus A1 - Heinemann, Alexander A1 - Pfister, Roland T1 - Instant attraction: Immediate action-effect bindings occur for both, stimulus- and goal-driven actions N2 - Flexible behavior is only possible if contingencies between own actions and following environmental effects are acquired as quickly as possible; and recent findings indeed point toward an immediate formation of action-effect bindings already after a single coupling of an action and its effect. The present study explored whether these short-term bindings occur for both, stimulus- and goal-driven actions (“forced-choice actions” vs. “free-choice actions”). Two experiments confirmed that immediate action-effect bindings are formed for both types of actions and affect upcoming behavior. These findings support the view that action-effect binding is a ubiquitous phenomenon which occurs for any type of action. KW - Psychologie KW - ideomotor theory KW - action planning KW - free-choice KW - forced-choice KW - action-effects KW - binding Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76203 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Lewand, Martin A1 - Ehrmann, Dominic T1 - Testing the moral algebra of two Kohlbergian informers JF - Psícologica N2 - This paper seeks to unify two major theories of moral judgment: Kohlberg's stage theory and Anderson's moral information integration theory. Subjects were told about thoughts of actors in Kohlberg's classic altruistic Heinz dilemma and in a new egoistical dilemma. These actors's thoughts represented Kohlberg's stages I (Personal Risk) and IV (Societal Risk) and had three levels, High, Medium, and Low. They were presented singly and in a 3 x 3 integration design. Subjects judged how many months of prison the actor deserved. The data supported the averaging model of moral integration theory, whereas Kohlberg's theory has no way to handle the integration problem. Following this, subjects ranked statements related to Kohlberg's first four stages in a procedure similar to that of Rest (1975). Higher score went with larger effect of Societal Risk as predicted by Kohlberg's theory. But contrary to Kohlberg's theory, no age trends were found. Also strongly contrary to Kohlberg's theory, effects of Personal Risk (Stage I) and Societal Risk (Stage IV) correlated positively. KW - integration KW - information KW - judgements KW - intent KW - damage KW - rules Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133917 VL - 33 IS - 3 ER -