TY - JOUR A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Mitschke, Vanessa A1 - Eder, Andreas B. T1 - Self-reported mask-related worrying reduces relative avoidance bias toward unmasked faces in individuals with low Covid19 anxiety syndrome JF - Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications N2 - Facial masks have become and may remain ubiquitous. Though important for preventing infection, they may also serve as a reminder of the risks of disease. Thus, they may either act as cues for threat, priming avoidance-related behavior, or as cues for a safe interaction, priming social approach. To distinguish between these possibilities, we assessed implicit and explicit evaluations of masked individuals as well as avoidance bias toward relatively unsafe interactions with unmasked individuals in an approach-avoidance task in an online study. We further assessed Covid19 anxiety and specific attitudes toward mask-wearing, including mask effectiveness and desirability, hindrance of communication from masks, aesthetic appeal of masks, and mask-related worrying. Across one sample of younger (18–35 years, N = 147) and one of older adults (60+ years, N = 150), we found neither an average approach nor avoidance bias toward mask-wearing compared to unmasked individuals in the indirect behavior measurement task. However, across the combined sample, self-reported mask-related worrying correlated with reduced avoidance tendencies toward unmasked individuals when Covid19 anxiety was low, but not when it was high. This relationship was specific to avoidance tendencies and was not observed in respect to explicit or implicit preference for mask-wearing individuals. We conclude that unsafe interaction styles may be reduced by targeting mask-related worrying with public interventions, in particular for populations that otherwise have low generalized Covid19 anxiety. KW - approach-avoidance KW - Covid19 KW - masks KW - anxiety Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265720 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cao, Liyu A1 - Steinborn, Michael B. A1 - Haendel, Barbara F. T1 - Delusional thinking and action binding in healthy individuals JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Action binding is the effect that the perceived time of an action is shifted towards the action related feedback. A much larger action binding effect in schizophrenia compared to normal controls has been shown, which might be due to positive symptoms like delusions. Here we investigated the relationship between delusional thinking and action binding in healthy individuals, predicting a positive correlation between them. The action binding effect was evaluated by comparing the perceived time of a keypress between an operant (keypress triggering a sound) and a baseline condition (keypress alone), with a novel testing method that massively improved the precision of the subjective timing measurement. A positive correlation was found between the tendency of delusional thinking (measured by the 21-item Peters et al. delusions inventory) and action binding across participants after controlling for the effect of testing order between operant and baseline conditions. The results indicate that delusional thinking in particular influences action time perception and support the notion of a continuous distribution of schizotypal traits with normal controls at one end and clinical patients at the other end. KW - cognitive neuroscience KW - psychology Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-264707 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Ried, Sophia A1 - Meixner, Marie T1 - State-trait interactions in regulatory focus determine impulse buying behavior JF - PLoS One N2 - Little research has focused on motivational state-trait interactions to explain impulse buying. Although the trait chronic regulatory focus has been linked to impulse buying, no evidence yet exists for an effect of situational regulatory focus and no research has examined whether the fit of chronic and situational regulatory focus can influence impulse buying with actual consumptive consequences rather than purchase intentions. Two laboratory experiments (total N = 250) manipulated situational regulatory focus before providing opportunities for impulse buying. In addition, cognitive constraint was manipulated as a potential boundary condition for regulatory focus effects. Situational promotion focus increased impulse buying relative to situational prevention focus in participants with strong chronic promotion, consistent with regulatory fit theory and independently of cognitive constraint. Surprisingly, situational promotion focus also increased impulse buying in participants with strong chronic prevention, but only under low cognitive constraint. These results may be explained by diverging mediating cognitive processes for promotion vs. prevention focus' effect on impulse buying. Future research must focus more on combining relevant states and traits in predicting consumer behavior. Marketing implications are discussed. KW - behavior KW - cognition KW - cognitive psychology KW - motivation KW - open science KW - emotions KW - marketing KW - owls Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261206 VL - 16 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tibken, Catharina A1 - Richter, Tobias A1 - Linden, Nicole von der A1 - Schmiedeler, Sandra A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang T1 - The role of metacognitive competences in the development of school achievement among gifted adolescents JF - Child Development N2 - Gifted underachievers perform worse in school than would be expected based on their high intelligence. Possible causes for underachievement are low motivational dispositions (need for cognition) and metacognitive competences. This study tested the interplay of these variables longitudinally with gifted and non-gifted students from Germany (N = 341, 137 females) in Grades 6 (M = 12.02 years at t1) and 8 (M = 14.07 years). Declarative and procedural metacognitive competences were assessed in the domain of reading comprehension. Path analyses showed incremental effects of procedural metacognition over and above intelligence on the development of school achievement in gifted students (β = .139). Moreover, declarative metacognition and need for cognition interactively predicted procedural metacognition (β = .169), which mediated their effect on school achievement. KW - metacognitive competences KW - high intelligence KW - school Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258376 VL - 93 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirschmann, Nicole A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang A1 - Suggate, Sebastian T1 - Influences from working memory, word and sentence reading on passage comprehension and teacher ratings JF - Journal of Research in Reading N2 - Reading fluency is a major determinant of reading comprehension but depends on moderating factors such as auditory working memory (AWM), word recognition and sentence reading skills. We investigated how word and sentence reading skills relate to reading comprehension differentially across the first 6 years of schooling and tested which reading variable best predicted teacher judgements. We conducted our research in a rather transparent language, namely, German, drawing on two different data sets. The first was derived from the normative sample of a reading comprehension test (ELFE-II), including 2056 first to sixth graders with readings tests at the word, sentence and text level. The second sample included 114 students from second to fourth grade. The latter completed a series of tests that measured word and sentence reading fluency, pseudoword reading, AWM, reading comprehension, self-concept and teacher ratings. We analysed the data via hierarchical regression analyses to predict reading comprehension and teacher judgements. The impact of reading fluency was strongest in second and third grade, afterwards superseded by sentence comprehension. AWM significantly contributed to reading comprehension independently of reading fluency, whereas basic decoding skills disappeared after considering fluency. Students' AWM and reading comprehension predicted teacher judgements on reading fluency. Reading comprehension judgements depended both on the students' self-concept and reading comprehension. Our results underline that the role of word reading accuracy for reading comprehension quickly diminishes during elementary school and that teachers base their assessments mainly on the current reading comprehension skill. KW - word recognition KW - reading skills KW - reading comprehension KW - teacher assessments KW - passage comprehension Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258043 VL - 44 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stegmann, Yannik A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. T1 - Associative learning shapes visual discrimination in a web-based classical conditioning task JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Threat detection plays a vital role in adapting behavior to changing environments. A fundamental function to improve threat detection is learning to differentiate between stimuli predicting danger and safety. Accordingly, aversive learning should lead to enhanced sensory discrimination of danger and safety cues. However, studies investigating the psychophysics of visual and auditory perception after aversive learning show divergent findings, and both enhanced and impaired discrimination after aversive learning have been reported. Therefore, the aim of this web-based study is to examine the impact of aversive learning on a continuous measure of visual discrimination. To this end, 205 participants underwent a differential fear conditioning paradigm before and after completing a visual discrimination task using differently oriented grating stimuli. Participants saw either unpleasant or neutral pictures as unconditioned stimuli (US). Results demonstrated sharpened visual discrimination for the US-associated stimulus (CS+), but not for the unpaired conditioned stimuli (CS-). Importantly, this finding was irrespective of the US's valence. These findings suggest that associative learning results in increased stimulus salience, which facilitates perceptual discrimination in order to prioritize attentional deployment. KW - classical conditioning KW - fear conditioning KW - psychology KW - sensory processing KW - visual system Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260480 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mitschke, Vanessa A1 - Eder, Andreas B. T1 - Facing the enemy: Spontaneous facial reactions towards suffering opponents JF - Psychophysiology N2 - The suffering of an opponent is an important social affective cue that modulates how aggressive interactions progress. To investigate the affective consequences of opponent suffering on a revenge seeking individual, two experiments (total N = 82) recorded facial muscle activity while participants observed the reaction of a provoking opponent to a (retaliatory) sound punishment in a laboratory aggression task. Opponents reacted via prerecorded videos either with facial displays of pain, sadness, or neutrality. Results indicate that participants enjoyed seeing the provocateur suffer: indexed by a coordinated muscle response featuring an increase in zygomaticus major (and orbicularis oculi muscle) activation accompanied by a decrease in corrugator supercilii activation. This positive facial reaction was only shown while a provoking opponent expressed pain. Expressions of sadness, and administration of sound blasts to nonprovoking opponents, did not modulate facial activity. Overall, the results suggest that revenge-seeking individuals enjoy observing the offender suffer, which could represent schadenfreude or satisfaction of having succeeded in the retaliation goal. KW - suffering KW - facial electromyography KW - facial expression KW - reactive aggression KW - revenge Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259672 VL - 58 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleih-Dahms, Sonja Christina A1 - Botrel, Loic A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - The influence of motivation and emotion on sensorimotor rhythm-based brain-computer interface performance JF - Psychophysiology N2 - While decades of research have investigated and technically improved brain–computer interface (BCI)-controlled applications, relatively little is known about the psychological aspects of brain–computer interfacing. In 35 healthy students, we investigated whether extrinsic motivation manipulated via monetary reward and emotional state manipulated via video and music would influence behavioral and psychophysiological measures of performance with a sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-based BCI. We found increased task-related brain activity in extrinsically motivated (rewarded) as compared with nonmotivated participants but no clear effect of emotional state manipulation. Our experiment investigated the short-term effect of motivation and emotion manipulation in a group of young healthy subjects, and thus, the significance for patients in the locked-in state, who may be in need of a BCI, remains to be investigated. KW - brain-computer interface KW - sensorimotor rhythm KW - psychological variables KW - motivation KW - emotional state KW - electroencephalogram Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259664 VL - 58 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gromer, Daniel A1 - Kiser, Dominik P. A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Thigmotaxis in a virtual human open field test JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Animal models are used to study neurobiological mechanisms in mental disorders. Although there has been significant progress in the understanding of neurobiological underpinnings of threat-related behaviors and anxiety, little progress was made with regard to new or improved treatments for mental disorders. A possible reason for this lack of success is the unknown predictive and cross-species translational validity of animal models used in preclinical studies. Re-translational approaches, therefore, seek to establish cross-species translational validity by identifying behavioral operations shared across species. To this end, we implemented a human open field test in virtual reality and measured behavioral indices derived from animal studies in three experiments (N=31, N=30, and N=80). In addition, we investigated the associations between anxious traits and such behaviors. Results indicated a strong similarity in behavior across species, i.e., participants in our study-like rodents in animal studies-preferred to stay in the outer region of the open field, as indexed by multiple behavioral parameters. However, correlational analyses did not clearly indicate that these behaviors were a function of anxious traits of participants. We conclude that the realized virtual open field test is able to elicit thigmotaxis and thus demonstrates cross-species validity of this aspect of the test. Modulatory effects of anxiety on human open field behavior should be examined further by incorporating possible threats in the virtual scenario and/or by examining participants with higher anxiety levels or anxiety disorder patients. KW - anxiety KW - human behavior KW - anciety-like behavior KW - approach-avoidance conflict KW - elevated plus-maze KW - spatial navigation KW - mental disorders KW - fear KW - threat KW - circuits KW - reality KW - metaanalysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259850 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berti, Stefan A1 - Vossel, Gerhard A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - The orienting response in healthy aging: Novelty P3 indicates no general decline but reduced efficacy for fast stimulation rates JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Automatic orienting to unexpected changes in the environment is a pre-requisite for adaptive behavior. One prominent mechanism of automatic attentional control is the Orienting Response (OR). Despite the fundamental significance of the OR in everyday life, only little is known about how the OR is affected by healthy aging. We tested this question in two age groups (19–38 and 55–72 years) and measured skin-conductance responses (SCRs) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to novels (i.e., short environmental sounds presented only once in the experiment; 10% of the trials) compared to standard sounds (600 Hz sinusoidal tones with 200 ms duration; 90% of the trials). Novel and standard stimuli were presented in four conditions differing in the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) with a mean ISI of either 10, 3, 1, or 0.5 s (blocked presentation). In both age groups, pronounced SCRs were elicited by novels in the 10 s ISI condition, suggesting the elicitation of stable ORs. These effects were accompanied by pronounced N1 and frontal P3 amplitudes in the ERP, suggesting that automatic novelty processing and orientation of attention are effective in both age groups. Furthermore, the SCR and ERP effects declined with decreasing ISI length. In addition, differences between the two groups were observable with the fastest presentation rates (i.e., 1 and 0.5 s ISI length). The most prominent difference was a shift of the peak of the frontal positivity from around 300 to 200 ms in the 19–38 years group while in the 55–72 years group the amplitude of the frontal P3 decreased linearly with decreasing ISI length. Taken together, this pattern of results does not suggest a general decline in processing efficacy with healthy aging. At least with very rare changes (here, the novels in the 10 s ISI condition) the OR is as effective in healthy older adults as in younger adults. With faster presentation rates, however, the efficacy of the OR decreases. This seems to result in a switch from novelty to deviant processing in younger adults, but less so in the group of older adults. KW - psychology KW - attention KW - change detection KW - auditory system KW - novelty processing KW - event-related potential (ERP) KW - P300 KW - skin conductance response (SCR) Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173651 VL - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - Großekathöfer, Jonas David T1 - Virtually Valid? On the Importance of Ecological Validity and Virtual Reality for Social Attention Research T1 - Praktischerweise Valide? Über die Bedeutung von ökologischer Validität und virtueller Realität in der sozialen Aufmerksamkeitsforschung N2 - Gazes are of central relevance for people. They are crucial for navigating the world and communicating with others. Nevertheless, research in recent years shows that many findings from experimental research on gaze behavior cannot be transferred from the laboratory to everyday behavior. For example, the frequency with which conspecifics are looked at is considerably higher in experimental contexts than what can be observed in daily behavior. In short: findings from laboratories cannot be generalized into general statements. This thesis is dedicated to this matter. The dissertation describes and documents the current state of research on social attention through a literature review, including a meta-analysis on the /gaze cueing/ paradigm and an empirical study on the robustness of gaze following behavior. In addition, virtual reality was used in one of the first studies in this research field. Virtual reality has the potential to significantly improve the transferability of experimental laboratory studies to everyday behavior. This is because the technology enables a high degree of experimental control in naturalistic research designs. As such, it has the potential to transform empirical research in the same way that the introduction of computers to psychological research did some 50 years ago. The general literature review on social attention is extended to the classic /gaze cueing/ paradigm through a systematic review of publications and a meta-analytic evaluation (Study 1). The cumulative evidence supported the findings of primary studies: Covert spatial attention is directed by faces. However, the experimental factors included do not explain the surprisingly large variance in the published results. Thus, there seem to be further, not well-understood variables influencing these social processes. Moreover, classic /gaze cueing/ studies have limited ecological validity. This is discussed as a central reason for the lack of generalisability. Ecological validity describes the correspondence between experimental factors and realistic situations. A stimulus or an experimental design can have high and low ecological validity on different dimensions and have different influences on behavior. Empirical research on gaze following behavior showed that the /gaze cueing/ effect also occurs with contextually embedded stimuli (Study 2). The contextual integration of the directional cue contrasted classical /gaze cueing/ studies, which usually show heads in isolation. The research results can thus be transferred /within/ laboratory studies to higher ecologically valid research paradigms. However, research shows that the lack of ecological validity in experimental designs significantly limits the transferability of experimental findings to complex situations /outside/ the laboratory. This seems to be particularly the case when social interactions and norms are investigated. However, ecological validity is also often limited in these studies for other factors, such as contextual embedding /of participants/, free exploration behavior (and, thus, attentional control), or multimodality. In a first study, such high ecological validity was achieved for these factors with virtual reality, which could not be achieved in the laboratory so far (Study 3). Notably, the observed fixation patterns showed differences even under /most similar/ conditions in the laboratory and natural environments. Interestingly, these were similar to findings also derived from comparisons of eye movement in the laboratory and field investigations. These findings, which previously came from hardly comparable groups, were thus confirmed by the present Study 3 (which did not have this limitation). Overall, /virtual reality/ is a new technical approach to contemporary social attention research that pushes the boundaries of previous experimental research. The traditional trade-off between ecological validity and experimental control thus becomes obsolete, and laboratory studies can closely inherit an excellent approximation of reality. Finally, the present work describes and discusses the possibilities of this technology and its practical implementation. Within this context, the extent to which this development can still guarantee a constructive classification of different laboratory tests in the future is examined. N2 - Blicke sind für Menschen von zentraler Relevanz. Sie sind entscheidend für die Navigation in der Welt und für die Kommunikation mit Mitmenschen. Dennoch zeigt die Forschung der letzten Jahre, dass sich Erkenntnisse aus der experimentellen Forschung zu Blickverhalten vom Labor nicht in alltägliches Verhalten übertragen lassen. So ist beispielsweise die Häufigkeit, mit der Mitmenschen angeschaut werden, erheblich höher in experimentellen Kontexten als das beobachtbare alltägliche Verhalten. Kurz: Erkenntnisse aus Laboren lassen sich nicht zu allgemeinen Aussagen generalisieren. Diesem Spannungsfeld ist die hier vorliegende Arbeit gewidmet. Diese Doktorarbeit beschreibt und dokumentiert den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur sozialen Aufmerksamkeit anhand einer Literaturübersicht inklusive einer Metaanalyse zum /gaze cueing/ Paradigma sowie einer empirischen Untersuchung zur Robustheit des Blickfolgeverhaltens. Zudem wird in einer der ersten Studien in diesem Forschungsfeld virtuelle Realität eingesetzt. Virtuelle Realität hat das Potenzial, die Übertragbarkeit zwischen experimentellen Laboruntersuchungen auf alltägliches Verhalten deutlich zu verbessern. Denn die Technologie ermöglicht eine hohe experimentelle Kontrolle in naturalistischen Forschungdesigns. Damit kann sie die empirische Forschung ebenso stark verändern wie die Einführung des Computers für psychologische Forschung vor rund 50 Jahren. Die Literaturübersicht über soziale Aufmerksamkeit wurde durch eine systematische Begutachtung der Publikationen und einer meta-analystische Auswertung zum klassischen /gaze cueing/ Paradigma erweitert (Studie 1). Die kumulierte Evidenz unterstützt die Befunde primärer Studien: Verdeckte räumliche Aufmerksamkeit wird durch Gesichter gelenkt. Allerdings zeigte sich eine überraschend große Varianz in den publizierten Ergebnissen, die durch die untersuchten experimentellen Faktoren nicht erklärt werden konnte. Es scheint also noch Weitere, nicht gut verstandene Einflussgrößen auf diesen sozial-kognitiven Prozess zugeben. Klassische /gaze cueing/ Studien besitzen zudem eine eingeschränkte ökologische Validität. Diese wird als ein zentraler Grund für die fehlende Generalisierbarkeit diskutiert. Ökologische Validität beschreibt die Übereinstimmung von experimentellen Faktoren mit realistischen Situationen. Ein Stimulus oder ein experimentelles Design kann auf verschiedenen Dimensionen hohe und niedrige ökologische Validität aufweisen. Dies kann auf verschiedene Verhaltensbereiche unterschiedlichen Einfluss haben. Die empirischen Untersuchungen zum Blickfolgeverhalten zeigten, dass der /gaze cueing/ Effekt auch bei kontextuell eingebundenen Stimuli auftritt (Studie 2). Die kontextuelle Einbindung des Richtungscues stellte dabei einen Kontrast zu klassichen /gaze cueing/ Studien dar, die in der Regel Köpfe in Isolation zeigen. Die Forschungsergebnisse lassen sich also /innerhalb/ von kontrollierten Laboruntersuchungen auch auf ökologisch validere Forschungsparadigmen übertragen. Forschungsarbeiten zeigen allerdings, dass die mangelnde ökologische Validität in experimentellen Designs die Übertragbarkeit von experimentellen Befunden auf komplexe Situationen /außerhalb/ des Labors erheblich einschränken. Dies scheint insbesondere der Fall zu sein, wenn soziale Interaktionen und Normen untersucht werden. Die ökologische Validität ist in diesen Studien aber auch für weitere Faktoren häufig eingeschränkt, wie beispielsweise die kontextuelle Einbettung /von Versuchspersonen/, freies Explorationsverhalten (und damit Aufmerksamkeitssteuerung) oder Multimodalität. In einer ersten Arbeit in diesem Forschungsfeld wurde für diese Faktoren mit virtueller Realität eine hohe ökologische Validität erreicht, die so bisher nicht im Labor zu erreichen war (Studie 3). Spannenderweise zeigten sich selbst unter /ähnlichsten/ Bedingungen im Labor und in der natürlichen Umgebung Unterschiede in den beobachteten Fixationsmustern. Interessanterweise sind diese ähnlich zu Befunden, die ebenfalls aus Vergleichen von Augenbewegung im Labor und Felduntersuchung stammten. Diese Befunde, die bisher auf wenig vergleichbare Untersuchungsgruppen beruhen, wurden durch die vorliegende Studie 3 (die diese Einschränkung nicht besitzt) bestätigt. Insgesamt steht der heutigen sozialen Aufmerksamkeitsforschung mit /virtueller Realität/ ein neuer technischer Ansatz zur Verfügung, der die Grenzen bisheriger experimenteller Forschung verschiebt. Die traditionelle Abwägung zwischen ökologische Validität und experimenteller Kontrolle wird damit hinfällig und in Laboruntersuchungen kann die Realität extrem nah nachgebildet werden. Abschließend werden in dieser Arbeit die Möglichkeiten und die praktische Umsetzung dieser Technologie beschrieben und diskutiert. Dabei wird auch kritisch beleuchtet, inwiefern mit dieser Entwicklung auch in Zukunft noch eine konstruktive Einordnung von verschiedenen Laboruntersuchungen gewährleistet werden kann. KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Validität KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - social attention KW - ecological validity KW - virtual reality KW - eye tracking Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260417 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pittig, Andre A1 - Heinig, Ingmar A1 - Goerigk, Stephan A1 - Thiel, Freya A1 - Hummel, Katrin A1 - Scholl, Lucie A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Lueken, Ulrike A1 - Fydrich, Thomas A1 - Fehm, Lydia A1 - Plag, Jens A1 - Ströhle, Andreas A1 - Kircher, Tilo A1 - Straube, Benjamin A1 - Rief, Winfried A1 - Koelkebeck, Katja A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Dannlowski, Udo A1 - Margraf, Jürgen A1 - Totzeck, Christina A1 - Schneider, Silvia A1 - Neudeck, Peter A1 - Craske, Michelle G. A1 - Hollandt, Maike A1 - Richter, Jan A1 - Hamm, Alfons A1 - Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich T1 - Efficacy of temporally intensified exposure for anxiety disorders: A multicenter randomized clinical trial JF - Depression and Anxiety N2 - Background The need to optimize exposure treatments for anxiety disorders may be addressed by temporally intensified exposure sessions. Effects on symptom reduction and public health benefits should be examined across different anxiety disorders with comorbid conditions. Methods This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared two variants of prediction error-based exposure therapy (PeEx) in various anxiety disorders (both 12 sessions + 2 booster sessions, 100 min/session): temporally intensified exposure (PeEx-I) with exposure sessions condensed to 2 weeks (n = 358) and standard nonintensified exposure (PeEx-S) with weekly exposure sessions (n = 368). Primary outcomes were anxiety symptoms (pre, post, and 6-months follow-up). Secondary outcomes were global severity (across sessions), quality of life, disability days, and comorbid depression. Results Both treatments resulted in substantial improvements at post (PeEx-I: d\(_{within}\) = 1.50, PeEx-S: d\(_{within}\) = 1.78) and follow-up (PeEx-I: d\(_{within}\) = 2.34; PeEx-S: d\(_{within}\) = 2.03). Both groups showed formally equivalent symptom reduction at post and follow-up. However, time until response during treatment was 32% shorter in PeEx-I (median = 68 days) than PeEx-S (108 days; TR\(_{PeEx-I}\)-I = 0.68). Interestingly, drop-out rates were lower during intensified exposure. PeEx-I was also superior in reducing disability days and improving quality of life at follow-up without increasing relapse. Conclusions Both treatment variants focusing on the transdiagnostic exposure-based violation of threat beliefs were effective in reducing symptom severity and disability in severe anxiety disorders. Temporally intensified exposure resulted in faster treatment response with substantial public health benefits and lower drop-out during the exposure phase, without higher relapse. Clinicians can expect better or at least comparable outcomes when delivering exposure in a temporally intensified manner. KW - randomized controlled trial KW - anxiety disorders KW - exposure therapy KW - intensified treatment KW - public health Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257331 VL - 38 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muth, Felicitas V. A1 - Heilig, Michael A1 - Marquardt, Dorothea A1 - Mittelberg, Linda A1 - Sebald, Albrecht A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Lightness perception of structured surfaces JF - Color Research and Application N2 - Visual perception of surfaces is of utmost importance in everyday life. Therefore, it comes naturally, that different surface structures evoke different visual impressions in the viewer even if the material underlying these surface structures is the same. This topic is especially virulent for manufacturing processes in which more than one stakeholder is involved, but where the final product needs to meet certain criteria. A common practice to address such slight but perceivable differences in the visual appearance of structured surfaces is that trained evaluators assess the samples and assign a pass or fail. However, this process is both time consuming and cost intensive. Thus, we conducted two studies to analyze the relationship between physical surface structure parameters and participants visual assessment of the samples. With the first experiment, we aimed at uncovering a relationship between physical roughness parameters and visual lightness perception while the second experiment was designed to test participants' discrimination sensitivity across the range of stimuli. Perceived lightness and the measured surface roughness were nonlinearly related to the surface structure. Additionally, we found a linear relationship between the engraving parameter and physical brightness. Surface structure was an ideal predictor for perceived lightness and participants discriminated equally well across the entire range of surface structures. KW - surface structure KW - appearance KW - color perception KW - maximum likelihood difference scaling KW - psychophysics Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257314 VL - 47 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmitt, Nadine J. B. T1 - What is integrity and how do we use it? – Enhancing the validity of integrity by reviewing integrity tests, expanding the nomological network, and reducing faking T1 - Was ist Integrität und wie nutzen wir sie? – Verbesserung der Validität von Integrität durch Überprüfung von Integritätstests, Erweiterung des nomologischen Netzwerkes und Reduzierung von Faking N2 - This dissertation focuses on the construct and criterion validity of integrity tests and aims to enhance both. To accomplish this goal, three approaches were adopted: First, an overview and systematic comparison of integrity tests was conducted with reference to the construction and application of the tests. Second, the nomological network of integrity tests was expanded with reference to honesty-humility and organizational citizenship behavior at their factor and facet level. Third, two promising methods to reduce faking on integrity tests were tested: the double rating method (Hui, 2001) and the indirect questioning technique. In line with previous research, the results of the overview and comparison of integrity measures confirmed that integrity tests are multidimensional and heterogenous. A clear definition of integrity is urgently needed. The personality trait of honesty-humility and its facets of fairness, and modesty revealed the most significant relationships to integrity. Moreover, organizational citizenship behavior and its facets of altruism, conscientiousness, and sportsmanship were found to significantly relate to integrity. Furthermore, integrity tests were able not only to predict organizational citizenship behavior but also to incrementally predict job performance and organizational citizenship behavior beyond the factor and facet level of the personality traits of conscientiousness and honesty-humility. In contrast to the indirect questioning technique, the double rating method, which includes an other rating and a self rating, was shown to be able to significantly reduce faking on integrity tests in an anonymous survey setting. This dissertation makes an important contribution to better explain the construct and nomological network of integrity, provide a more detailed view on integrity tests and their protection against faking, and expand the predictive and incremental validity of these tests. The implications for future research and practice are further discussed. N2 - Der Fokus dieser Dissertation liegt sowohl auf der Konstrukt- als auch auf der Kriteriumsvalidität von Integritätstests und deren Erhöhung mit Hilfe von drei Ansätzen: (a) Ein Überblick und systematischer Vergleich von Integritätstests mit Bezug auf deren Konstruktion und Anwendung wird erstellt. (b) Das nomologische Netzwerk von Integrität wird erweitert mit Bezug auf Honesty-Humility und freiwilligem Arbeitsverhalten sowohl auf Faktoren- als auch Facettenebene. (c) Zwei vielversprechende Ansätze, um Faking in Integritätstests zu reduzieren, werden getestet: die Doppelte Fragemethode (Hui, 2001) und indirektes Fragen. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass die Multidimensionalität und Heterogenität von Integritätstests bestätigt wurde. Eine klare Definition von Integrität ist dringend notwendig. Mit Blick auf das nomologische Netzwerk zeigte Honesty-Humility und deren Facetten Fairness und Bescheidenheit die höchsten signifikanten Korrelationen mit Integrität. Beim freiwilligen Arbeitsverhalten und deren Facetten Altruismus, Gewissenhaftigkeit und Unkompliziertheit wurden ebenfalls signifikante Zusammenhänge gefunden. Des Weiteren zeigte sich, dass Integritätstests inkrementelle Validität besitzen über die Faktoren und Facetten von Gewissenhaftigkeit und Honesty-Humility hinaus bei der Vorhersage von beruflicher Leistung und bei der Vorhersage von freiwilligem Arbeitsverhalten. Im Hinblick auf die Reduzierung von Faking zeigte nur die Doppelte Fragemethode (d.h. Fremd- und Selbsteinschätzung der Items) in der anonymen Forschungssituation eine signifikante Reduzierung. Diese Dissertation leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Konstruktes und nomologischen Netzwerkes der Integrität, bietet einen detaillierten Einblick in Integritätstests sowie deren Schutz vor Faking und verbessert die prognostische und inkrementelle Validität von Integritätstests. Die Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung und Praxis werden weiterführend diskutiert. KW - Integrität KW - Integrity KW - Integrity tests KW - Validity KW - Honesty-humility KW - OCB KW - Integrität KW - Integritätstests KW - Validität KW - Honesty-Humility KW - Freiwilliges Arbeitsverhalten KW - Psychologie Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260468 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghafoor, Hina A1 - Nordbeck, Peter A1 - Ritter, Oliver A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Schulz, Stefan M. T1 - Can Religiosity and Social Support Explain Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Cross-Cultural Study JF - Journal of Religion and Health N2 - Religion and social support along with trait emotional intelligence (EI) help individuals to reduce stress caused by difficult situations. Their implications may vary across cultures in reference to predicting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A convenience sample of N = 200 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients was recruited at cardiology centers in Germany (n = 100) and Pakistan (n = 100). Results indicated that trait-EI predicted better mental component of HRQoL in Pakistani and German CHF patients. Friends as social support appeared relevant for German patients only. Qualitative data indicate an internal locus of control in German as compared to Pakistani patients. Strengthening the beneficial role of social support in Pakistani patients is one example of how the current findings may inspire culture-specific treatment to empower patients dealing with the detrimental effects of CHF. KW - cross-cultural comparison KW - chronic heart failure KW - religion KW - social support KW - trait emotional intelligence KW - health-related quality of life Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-232823 SN - 0022-4197 VL - 61 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Madeira, Octavia A1 - Gromer, Daniel A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Effects of Acrophobic Fear and Trait Anxiety on Human Behavior in a Virtual Elevated Plus-Maze JF - Frontiers in Virtual Reality N2 - The Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) is a well-established apparatus to measure anxiety in rodents, i.e., animals exhibiting an increased relative time spent in the closed vs. the open arms are considered anxious. To examine whether such anxiety-modulated behaviors are conserved in humans, we re-translated this paradigm to a human setting using virtual reality in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) system. In two studies, we examined whether the EPM exploration behavior of humans is modulated by their trait anxiety and also assessed the individuals’ levels of acrophobia (fear of height), claustrophobia (fear of confined spaces), sensation seeking, and the reported anxiety when on the maze. First, we constructed an exact virtual copy of the animal EPM adjusted to human proportions. In analogy to animal EPM studies, participants (N = 30) freely explored the EPM for 5 min. In the second study (N = 61), we redesigned the EPM to make it more human-adapted and to differentiate influences of trait anxiety and acrophobia by introducing various floor textures and lower walls of closed arms to the height of standard handrails. In the first experiment, hierarchical regression analyses of exploration behavior revealed the expected association between open arm avoidance and Trait Anxiety, an even stronger association with acrophobic fear. In the second study, results revealed that acrophobia was associated with avoidance of open arms with mesh-floor texture, whereas for trait anxiety, claustrophobia, and sensation seeking, no effect was detected. Also, subjects’ fear rating was moderated by all psychometrics but trait anxiety. In sum, both studies consistently indicate that humans show no general open arm avoidance analogous to rodents and that human EPM behavior is modulated strongest by acrophobic fear, whereas trait anxiety plays a subordinate role. Thus, we conclude that the criteria for cross-species validity are met insufficiently in this case. Despite the exploratory nature, our studies provide in-depth insights into human exploration behavior on the virtual EPM. KW - elevated plus-maze KW - EPM KW - anxiety KW - virtual reality KW - translational neuroscience KW - acrophobia KW - trait anxiety Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258709 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winter, Carla A1 - Kern, Florian A1 - Gall, Dominik A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Käthner, Ivo T1 - Immersive virtual reality during gait rehabilitation increases walking speed and motivation: a usability evaluation with healthy participants and individuals with multiple sclerosis and stroke JF - Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation N2 - Background: The rehabilitation of gait disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke is often based on conventional treadmill training. Virtual reality (VR)-based treadmill training can increase motivation and improve therapy outcomes. The present study evaluated an immersive virtual reality application (using a head-mounted display, HMD) for gait rehabilitation with patients to (1) demonstrate its feasibility and acceptance and to (2) compare its short-term effects to a semi-immersive presentation (using a monitor) and a conventional treadmill training without VR to assess the usability of both systems and estimate the effects on walking speed and motivation. Methods: In a within-subjects study design, 36 healthy participants and 14 persons with MS or stroke participated in each of the three experimental conditions (VR via HMD, VR via monitor, treadmill training without VR). Results: For both groups, the walking speed in the HMD condition was higher than in treadmill training without VR and in the monitor condition. Healthy participants reported a higher motivation after the HMD condition as compared with the other conditions. Importantly, no side effects in the sense of simulator sickness occurred and usability ratings were high. No increases in heart rate were observed following the VR conditions. Presence ratings were higher for the HMD condition compared with the monitor condition for both user groups. Most of the healthy study participants (89%) and patients (71%) preferred the HMD-based training among the three conditions and most patients could imagine using it more frequently. Conclusions For the first time, the present study evaluated the usability of an immersive VR system for gait rehabilitation in a direct comparison with a semi-immersive system and a conventional training without VR with healthy participants and patients. The study demonstrated the feasibility of combining a treadmill training with immersive VR. Due to its high usability and low side effects, it might be particularly suited for patients to improve training motivation and training outcome e. g. the walking speed compared with treadmill training using no or only semi-immersive VR. Immersive VR systems still require specific technical setup procedures. This should be taken into account for specific clinical use-cases during a cost-benefit assessment. KW - rehabilitation KW - gait disorder KW - virtual reality KW - multiple sclerosis KW - stroke KW - head-mounted display KW - motivation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258698 SN - 1743-0003 VL - 18 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Klinke, Christopher Matthias T1 - Experimental investigation of the effect of distal stress induction on threat conditioning in humans T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchung des Effektes von distaler Stressinduktion auf Threat-Konditionierung beim Menschen N2 - Stress constitutes a major risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders, such as PTSD and anxiety disorders, by shifting the brain into a state of sensitization and makes it more vulnerable when being exposed to further aversive events. This was experimentally in-vestigated in rodents by examining the effect of a distal stress induction on threat conditioning, where stress impaired extinction learning and caused spontaneous recovery. However, this effect has never been experimentally investigated in humans, so far. Thus, the aim of this dissertation was to investigate the effect of distal stress on threat conditioning in humans. Therefore, two subsequent studies were conducted. For both studies, the threat conditioning paradigm comprised threat acquisition, extinction learning, and re-extinction. In the threat acquisition phase, two geometrical shapes were used as conditioned stimulus (CS), from which one (CS+) was paired with a painful electric stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US), but not the other one (CS-). During extinction learning 24 h later and re-extinction seventeen days later, CSs were again presented but without any US delivery. In Study 1, 69 participants underwent either a stress (socially evaluated cold pressor test; SECPT) or sham protocol 10 days prior to threat conditioning. Furthermore, context effects were examined by placing the stress protocol in the same context (context-A stress, and sham group) or a different context (context-B stress group) than conditioning. Results revealed that the context-A, but not context-B, stress group displayed impaired safety learning (i.e. potenti-ation towards CS-) for startle response during threat acquisition. Moreover, the same stress group showed impaired threat extinction, evident in sustained CS discrimination in valence and arousal ratings during extinction learning, and memory recall. In sum, distal stress on the one hand impaired safety learning during threat conditioning on a level of startle response. On the other hand, stress impaired threat extinction on a level of ratings. Noteworthy, the effect of distal stress was only found when the stressor was placed in the same context as later threat learning. Hence, suggesting that the combination of stressor and stressor-associated context exerted the effect on threat extinction. In Study 2, it was examined if distal stress induction could also have an impact on threat and extinction processes without the necessity of context association. Therefore, the same stress (n = 45) or sham protocol (n = 44) as in Study 1 was conducted in a different context than and 24 h prior to a threat conditioning paradigm. Similar to Study 1, weakened extinction learning was found in fear ratings for the stress (vs. sham) group, which was indicated by persistent CS+/CS- differentiation after the first block of extinction trials. Alterations in safety learning towards the CS- during threat acquisition were only supported by significant correlations between stress measures on the stress day and conditioned startle response of the CS- during acquisition. Taken together, in two subsequent studies this dissertation provided first evidence of impaired threat extinction after distal stress induction in humans. Furthermore, impairments in safety learning, as can be observed in PTSD, were additionally demonstrated. Interestingly, the effects were boosted and more profound when associating the stressor to the later learning context. These results have clinical implications as they can be translated to the notion that prior stress exposure makes an individual more vulnerable for later aversive events. N2 - Stress stellt einen Hauptrisikofaktor für die Entstehung einer psychiatrischen Erkrankung, insbesondere PTSD und Angststörungen, dar. Dieser Prozess wird vermittelt über einen Wechsel des Gehirns in einen Zustand der Sensibilisierung, welcher das Individuum vulnerabler bei der Exposition eines weiteren aversiven Ereignisses macht. Experimentell ließ sich dies in Tierstudien durch Untersuchungen des Effektes von distalem Stress auf Threat-Konditionierung nachweisen. Die Ergebnisse der Studien weisen auf ein verschlechtertes Extinktionslernen und dessen Abruf aufgrund der Stressinduktion hin. Experimentelle Untersuchungen dieses Effektes beim Menschen fehlen jedoch bislang. Daher hat sich diese Dissertation das Ziel gesetzt, eben diesen Effekt von distalem Stress auf Threat-Konditionierung im Menschen zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden zwei aufeinander aufbauende Studien durchgeführt. In beiden Studien wurden differenzielle Threat-Konditionierungsparadigmen verwendet, welche aus den Phasen der Threat-Akquisition, des Extinktionslernens und der Re-Extinktion bestanden. In der Threat-Akquisitionsphase wurden zwei geometrische Figuren als konditionierte Stimuli (CS) verwendet. Eine dieser Figuren (CS+) wurde mit einem leicht schmerzhaften elektrischen Stromreiz (unkonditionierter Stimulus, US) gekoppelt, wohingegen solch eine Paarung mit der anderen Figur (CS-) ausblieb. Während des Extinktionslernens und der Re-Extinktion, welche jeweils 24 h und 17 Tage nach der Akquisition stattfanden, wurden beide CSs ohne US-Paarung wiederholt präsentiert. In der ersten Studie durchliefen 69 Probanden entweder ein Stress- (Sozial-evaluativer Cold Pressor Test, SECPT) oder ein Sham-Kontrollprotokoll, welches zehn Tage vor dem Threat-Konditionierungsparadigma stattfand. Darüber hinaus wurden Kontexteffekte untersucht. Dieses wurde durch die Platzierung des Stressprotokolls, entweder im gleichen (Kontext-A Stress & Shamgruppe) oder in einem anderen Kontext (Kontext-B Stressgruppe) als das Lernparadigma, realisiert. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren für die Kontext-A Stressgruppe im Gegensatz zur Kontext-B Stressgruppe während der Akquisitionsphase ein verschlechtertes Sicherheitslernen (d.h. eine Potenzierung der konditionierten Reaktionen des CS-) in der Startle-Reaktion. Darüber hinaus demonstrierte dieselbe Stressgruppe verschlechterte Extinktion, was sich in persistierender CS-Diskrimination in Valenz- und Arousalratings während des Extinktionslernens und des Gedächtnisabrufes äußerte. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass distaler Stress einerseits das Sicherheitslernen während der Akquisitionsphase auf der Ebene der Startle-Reaktion verschlechterte. Andererseits verschlechterte Stress die Extinktion und verstärkte die Furchtrückkehr auf der Ebene der subjektiven Ratings. Allerdings ist wichtig zu erwähnen, dass diese Effekte des distalen Stresses nur gefunden wurden, wenn der Stressor im gleichen Kontext wie das Konditionierungsparadigma appliziert wurde. Dieses lässt vermuten, dass die Kombination aus Stressor und stressor-assoziiertem Kontext den verschlechternden Effekt auf die Extinktion ausübten. In der zweiten Studie wurde darauf aufbauend untersucht, ob distale Stressinduktion einen Einfluss auf Threat- und Extinktionsprozesse, auch ohne die Notwendigkeit der Kontextassoziation, haben kann. Hierfür wurden das gleiche Stress- (n = 45) und Sham-Kontrollprotokoll (n = 44) wie in Studie 1 durchlaufen. In diesem Fall jedoch in einem anderen Kontext und 24 h vor dem Konditionierungsparadigma. Vergleichbar mit Studie 1 konnte abgeschwächtes Extinktionslernen für die Stress- im Vergleich zur Shamgruppe festgestellt werden. Es zeigte sich nur für die Stressgruppe eine anhaltende CS+/CS- Differenzierung in den Furchtratings nach dem ersten Block des Extinktionslernens. Unterschiede im Sicherheitslernen bezüglich des CS- während der Akquisitionsphase ließen sich nicht finden. Jedoch deuten signifikante Korrelation zwischen Stressmaßen am Stresstag und der konditionierten Startle-Reaktion auf den CS- während der Akquisition auf einen Einfluss von Stress auf das Sicherheitslernen hin. Zusammengefasst liefern die Studien dieser Dissertation erste Evidenzen für verschlechterte Extinktionsprozesse nach distaler Stressinduktion beim Menschen. Darüber hinaus konnten Einbußen im Sicherheitslernen aufgrund des Stressors verzeichnet werden. Hervorzuheben ist, dass der Stresseffekt durch die Assoziation zwischen Stressor und Konditionierungskontext verstärkt wurde. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation haben klinische Relevanz, da sie erste experimentelle Evidenzen am Menschen für die Annahme liefern, dass vorherige Stresserfahrungen ein Individuum vulnerabler für späteres aversives Lernen machen. KW - Stress KW - Stress KW - Lernen KW - threat conditioning KW - learning and memory KW - Furcht KW - Assoziatives Lernen Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225562 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liesner, Marvin A1 - Hinz, Nina-Alisa A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - How Action Shapes Body Ownership Momentarily and Throughout the Lifespan JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Objects which a human agent controls by efferent activities (such as real or virtual tools) can be perceived by the agent as belonging to his or her body. This suggests that what an agent counts as “body” is plastic, depending on what she or he controls. Yet there are possible limitations for such momentary plasticity. One of these limitations is that sensations stemming from the body (e.g., proprioception) and sensations stemming from objects outside the body (e.g., vision) are not integrated if they do not sufficiently “match”. What “matches” and what does not is conceivably determined by long–term experience with the perceptual changes that body movements typically produce. Children have accumulated less sensorimotor experience than adults have. Consequently, they express higher flexibility to integrate body-internal and body-external signals, independent of their “match” as suggested by rubber hand illusion studies. However, children’s motor performance in tool use is more affected by mismatching body-internal and body-external action effects than that of adults, possibly because of less developed means to overcome such mismatches. We review research on perception-action interactions, multisensory integration, and developmental psychology to build bridges between these research fields. By doing so, we account for the flexibility of the sense of body ownership for actively controlled events and its development through ontogeny. This gives us the opportunity to validate the suggested mechanisms for generating ownership by investigating their effects in still developing and incomplete stages in children. We suggest testable predictions for future studies investigating both body ownership and motor skills throughout the lifespan. KW - body ownership KW - attentional reweighting KW - children KW - haptic neglect KW - ideomotor theory KW - ontogeny KW - perception and action Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241869 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greving, Carla Elisabeth A1 - Richter, Tobias T1 - Beyond the Distributed Practice Effect: Is Distributed Learning Also Effective for Learning With Non-repeated Text Materials? JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Distributed learning is often recommended as a general learning strategy, but previous research has established its benefits mainly for learning with repeated materials. In two experiments, we investigated distributed learning with complementary text materials. 77 (Experiment 1) and 130 (Experiment 2) seventh graders read two texts, massed vs. distributed, by 1 week (Experiment 1) or 15 min (Experiment 2). Learning outcomes were measured immediately and 1 week later and metacognitive judgments of learning were assessed. In Experiment 1, distributed learning was perceived as more difficult than massed learning. In both experiments, massed learning led to better outcomes immediately after learning but learning outcomes were lower after 1 week. No such decrease occurred for distributed learning, yielding similar outcomes for massed and distributed learning after 1 week. In sum, no benefits of distributed learning vs. massed learning were found, but distributed learning might lower the decrease in learning outcomes over time. KW - distributed practice KW - learning from text KW - retention interval KW - spacing effect KW - reading Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-247944 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER -