TY - JOUR A1 - Herzog, Katharina A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Schneider, Kristina A1 - Schiele, Miriam A. A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Reducing Generalization of Conditioned Fear: Beneficial Impact of Fear Relevance and Feedback in Discrimination Training JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Anxiety patients over-generalize fear, possibly because of an incapacity to discriminate threat and safety signals. Discrimination trainings are promising approaches for reducing such fear over-generalization. Here we investigated the efficacy of a fear-relevant vs. a fear-irrelevant discrimination training on fear generalization and whether the effects are increased with feedback during training. Eighty participants underwent two fear acquisition blocks, during which one face (conditioned stimulus, CS+), but not another face (CS−), was associated with a female scream (unconditioned stimulus, US). During two generalization blocks, both CSs plus four morphs (generalization stimuli, GS1–GS4) were presented. Between these generalization blocks, half of the participants underwent a fear-relevant discrimination training (discrimination between CS+ and the other faces) with or without feedback and the other half a fear-irrelevant discrimination training (discrimination between the width of lines) with or without feedback. US expectancy, arousal, valence ratings, and skin conductance responses (SCR) indicated successful fear acquisition. Importantly, fear-relevant vs. fear-irrelevant discrimination trainings and feedback vs. no feedback reduced generalization as reflected in US expectancy ratings independently from one another. No effects of training condition were found for arousal and valence ratings or SCR. In summary, this is a first indication that fear-relevant discrimination training and feedback can improve the discrimination between threat and safety signals in healthy individuals, at least for learning-related evaluations, but not evaluations of valence or (physiological) arousal. KW - fear generalization KW - feedback KW - discrimination training KW - fear-relevant training KW - classical conditioning Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239970 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Hewig, Johannes A1 - Allen, John J. B. T1 - EPOS: EEG Processing Open-Source Scripts JF - Frontiers in Neuroscience N2 - Background: Since the replication crisis, standardization has become even more important in psychological science and neuroscience. As a result, many methods are being reconsidered, and researchers’ degrees of freedom in these methods are being discussed as a potential source of inconsistencies across studies. New Method: With the aim of addressing these subjectivity issues, we have been working on a tutorial-like EEG (pre-)processing pipeline to achieve an automated method based on the semi-automated analysis proposed by Delorme and Makeig. Results: Two scripts are presented and explained step-by-step to perform basic, informed ERP and frequency-domain analyses, including data export to statistical programs and visual representations of the data. The open-source software EEGlab in MATLAB is used as the data handling platform, but scripts based on code provided by Mike Cohen (2014) are also included. Comparison with existing methods: This accompanying tutorial-like article explains and shows how the processing of our automated pipeline affects the data and addresses, especially beginners in EEG-analysis, as other (pre)-processing chains are mostly targeting rather informed users in specialized areas or only parts of a complete procedure. In this context, we compared our pipeline with a selection of existing approaches. Conclusion: The need for standardization and replication is evident, yet it is equally important to control the plausibility of the suggested solution by data exploration. Here, we provide the community with a tool to enhance the understanding and capability of EEG-analysis. We aim to contribute to comprehensive and reliable analyses for neuro-scientific research. KW - EEG KW - electroencephalography KW - event-related potentials-ERP KW - EEG processing KW - EEG preprocessing KW - EEG frequency band analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240221 SN - 1662-453X VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Paelecke, Marko A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - In Your Face(t) — Personality Traits Interact With Prototypical Personality Faces in Economic Decision Making JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In everyday life, assumptions about our peers' as well as our own personality shape social interactions. We investigated whether self-rated personality and inferences drawn from partners' faces influence economic decisions. Participants (N = 285) played the trust game in the role of the trustor as well as the ultimatum game in the role of the proposer and interacted with trustees and receivers represented by prototypical personality faces. Participants also evaluated both their own traits and the personality of the faces. In the trust game, trustees represented by faces rated higher on agreeableness yielded higher transferred amounts. This effect was more pronounced for trustors low on dispositional trust, whereas trustors high on dispositional trust did not relate their decisions to the faces. Trustees represented by faces rated higher on conscientiousness yielded higher transferred amounts only for trustors high on dispositional anxiety. In the ultimatum game, receivers represented by faces rated higher on conscientiousness yielded lower offers only for proposers high on dispositional assertiveness. These results extend previous findings on the inferences drawn from facial features and the influence of personality on decision making. They highlight the importance of considering the personality of both interaction partner, as well as potential interactions of players' traits. KW - big five KW - personality KW - trust game KW - personality faceaurus KW - ultimatum game Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237051 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brych, Mareike A1 - Murali, Supriya A1 - Händel, Barbara T1 - The Role of Blinks, Microsaccades and their Retinal Consequences in Bistable Motion Perception JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Eye-related movements such as blinks and microsaccades are modulated during bistable perceptual tasks. However, if they play an active role during internal perceptual switches is not known. We conducted two experiments involving an ambiguous plaid stimulus, wherein participants were asked to continuously report their percept, which could consist of either unidirectional coherent or bidirectional component movement. Our main results show that blinks and microsaccades did not facilitate perceptual switches. On the contrary, a reduction in eye movements preceded the perceptual switch. Blanks, on the other hand, thought to mimic the retinal consequences of a blink, consistently led to a switch. Through the timing of the blank-introduced perceptual change, we were able to estimate the delay between the internal switch and the response. This delay further allowed us to evaluate that the reduction in blink probability co-occurred with the internal perceptual switch. Additionally, our results indicate that distinct internal processes underlie the switch to coherent vs. component percept. Blanks exclusively facilitated a switch to the coherent percept, and only the switch to coherent percept was followed by an increase in blink rate. In a second study, we largely replicated the findings and included a microsaccade analysis. Microsaccades only showed a weak relation with perceptual switches, but their direction was correlated with the perceived motion direction. Nevertheless, our data suggests an interaction between microsaccades and blinks by showing that microsaccades were differently modulated around blinks compared with blanks. This study shows that a reduction in eye movements precedes internal perceptual switches indicating that the rate of blinks can set the stage for a reinterpretation of sensory input. While a perceptual switch based on changed sensory input usually leads to an increase in blink rate, such an increase was only present after the perceptual switch to coherent motion but absent after the switch to component percept. This provides evidence of different underlying mechanism or internal consequence of the two perceptual switches and suggests that blinks can uncover differences in internal percept-related processes that are not evident from the percept itself. KW - eye movements KW - spontaneous eye blink KW - microsaccade rate KW - microsaccade direction KW - bistable perception KW - ambiguous plaid 4 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235217 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Farmer, Adam D. A1 - Strzelczyk, Adam A1 - Finisguerra, Alessandra A1 - Gourine, Alexander V. A1 - Gharabaghi, Alireza A1 - Hasan, Alkomiet A1 - Burger, Andreas M. A1 - Jaramillo, Andrés M. A1 - Mertens, Ann A1 - Majid, Arshad A1 - Verkuil, Bart A1 - Badran, Bashar W. A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Gaul, Charly A1 - Beste, Christian A1 - Warren, Christopher M. A1 - Quintana, Daniel S. A1 - Hämmerer, Dorothea A1 - Freri, Elena A1 - Frangos, Eleni A1 - Tobaldini, Eleonora A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Rosenow, Felix A1 - Capone, Fioravante A1 - Panetsos, Fivos A1 - Ackland, Gareth L. A1 - Kaithwas, Gaurav A1 - O'Leary, Georgia H. A1 - Genheimer, Hannah A1 - Jacobs, Heidi I. L. A1 - Van Diest, Ilse A1 - Schoenen, Jean A1 - Redgrave, Jessica A1 - Fang, Jiliang A1 - Deuchars, Jim A1 - Széles, Jozsef C. A1 - Thayer, Julian F. A1 - More, Kaushik A1 - Vonck, Kristl A1 - Steenbergen, Laura A1 - Vianna, Lauro C. A1 - McTeague, Lisa M. A1 - Ludwig, Mareike A1 - Veldhuizen, Maria G. A1 - De Couck, Marijke A1 - Casazza, Marina A1 - Keute, Marius A1 - Bikson, Marom A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - D'Agostini, Martina A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Betts, Matthew A1 - Prigge, Matthias A1 - Kaess, Michael A1 - Roden, Michael A1 - Thai, Michelle A1 - Schuster, Nathaniel M. A1 - Montano, Nicola A1 - Hansen, Niels A1 - Kroemer, Nils B. A1 - Rong, Peijing A1 - Fischer, Rico A1 - Howland, Robert H. A1 - Sclocco, Roberta A1 - Sellaro, Roberta A1 - Garcia, Ronald G. A1 - Bauer, Sebastian A1 - Gancheva, Sofiya A1 - Stavrakis, Stavros A1 - Kampusch, Stefan A1 - Deuchars, Susan A. A1 - Wehner, Sven A1 - Laborde, Sylvain A1 - Usichenko, Taras A1 - Polak, Thomas A1 - Zaehle, Tino A1 - Borges, Uirassu A1 - Teckentrup, Vanessa A1 - Jandackova, Vera K. A1 - Napadow, Vitaly A1 - Koenig, Julian T1 - International Consensus Based Review and Recommendations for Minimum Reporting Standards in Research on Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Version 2020) JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. KW - transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation KW - minimum reporting standards KW - guidelines & recommendations KW - transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation KW - transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234346 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muñoz Centifanti, Luna C. A1 - Stickle, Timothy R. A1 - Thomas, Jamila A1 - Falcón, Amanda A1 - Thomson, Nicholas D. A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Reflexive Gaze Shifts and Fear Recognition Deficits in Children with Callous-Unemotional Traits and Impulsivity/Conduct Problems JF - Brain Sciences N2 - The ability to efficiently recognize the emotions on others’ faces is something that most of us take for granted. Children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits and impulsivity/conduct problems (ICP), such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, have been previously described as being “fear blind”. This is also associated with looking less at the eye regions of fearful faces, which are highly diagnostic. Previous attempts to intervene into emotion recognition strategies have not had lasting effects on participants’ fear recognition abilities. Here we present both (a) additional evidence that there is a two-part causal chain, from personality traits to face recognition strategies using the eyes, then from strategies to rates of recognizing fear in others; and (b) a pilot intervention that had persistent effects for weeks after the end of instruction. Further, the intervention led to more change in those with the highest CU traits. This both clarifies the specific mechanisms linking personality to emotion recognition and shows that the process is fundamentally malleable. It is possible that such training could promote empathy and reduce the rates of antisocial behavior in specific populations in the future. KW - callous-unemotional traits KW - eye-tracking KW - emotions KW - conduct problems KW - emotion recognition Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248536 SN - 2076-3425 VL - 11 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Georg C. A1 - Ehlis, Ann-Christine A1 - Weber, Heike A1 - Vitale, Maria Rosaria A1 - Zöller, Johanna E. M. A1 - Ku, Hsing-Ping A1 - Schiele, Miriam A. A1 - Kürbitz, Laura I. A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Kalisch, Raffael A1 - Zwanzger, Peter A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter T1 - A Common CDH13 Variant is Associated with Low Agreeableness and Neural Responses to Working Memory Tasks in ADHD JF - Genes N2 - The cell—cell signaling gene CDH13 is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and major depression. CDH13 regulates axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, substantiating its relevance for neurodevelopmental processes. Several studies support the influence of CDH13 on personality traits, behavior, and executive functions. However, evidence for functional effects of common gene variation in the CDH13 gene in humans is sparse. Therefore, we tested for association of a functional intronic CDH13 SNP rs2199430 with ADHD in a sample of 998 adult patients and 884 healthy controls. The Big Five personality traits were assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Assuming that altered neural correlates of working memory and cognitive response inhibition show genotype-dependent alterations, task performance and electroencephalographic event-related potentials were measured by n-back and continuous performance (Go/NoGo) tasks. The rs2199430 genotype was not associated with adult ADHD on the categorical diagnosis level. However, rs2199430 was significantly associated with agreeableness, with minor G allele homozygotes scoring lower than A allele carriers. Whereas task performance was not affected by genotype, a significant heterosis effect limited to the ADHD group was identified for the n-back task. Heterozygotes (AG) exhibited significantly higher N200 amplitudes during both the 1-back and 2-back condition in the central electrode position Cz. Consequently, the common genetic variation of CDH13 is associated with personality traits and impacts neural processing during working memory tasks. Thus, CDH13 might contribute to symptomatic core dysfunctions of social and cognitive impairment in ADHD. KW - ADHD KW - CDH13 KW - neurodevelopment KW - executive functions KW - working memory KW - Big Five KW - agreeableness Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245220 SN - 2073-4425 VL - 12 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seibel, Sebastian A1 - Volmer, Judith T1 - A Diary Study on Anticipated Leisure Time, Morning Recovery, and Employees’ Work Engagement JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Recovery during yesterday’s leisure time is beneficial for morning recovery, and morning recovery fosters employees’ work engagement, a positive, motivational state associated with job performance. We extended existing research by assuming that both, morning recovery (considered a resource) and anticipated leisure time (considered an anticipated resource gain), relate to work engagement. Anticipated leisure time comprises two constructs: general anticipation of leisure time, which refers to employees’ cognitive evaluation of their entire upcoming leisure time, and pleasant anticipation of a planned leisure activity, which describes a positive affective reaction because of one specific, upcoming leisure activity. We suggested that employees with high pleasant anticipation generate more thoughts of a planned leisure activity (ToPLA), which may distract them from their work, reducing their work engagement. A diary study over five days showed that morning recovery and general anticipation of leisure time were positively related to work engagement. Furthermore, employees with higher pleasant anticipation of a planned leisure activity reported more ToPLA. In contrast to our expectations, neither pleasant anticipation nor ToPLA was related to work engagement. In sum, this study introduced anticipated leisure time as a novel antecedent of work engagement and demonstrated that anticipated resource gains are important for high work engagement. KW - morning recovery KW - leisure time KW - pleasant anticipation KW - work engagement KW - thoughts of a planned leisure activity KW - diary study Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246090 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Postema, Merel C. A1 - Hoogman, Martine A1 - Ambrosino, Sara A1 - Asherson, Philip A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Bandeira, Cibele E. A1 - Baranov, Alexandr A1 - Bau, Claiton H.D. A1 - Baumeister, Sarah A1 - Baur‐Streubel, Ramona A1 - Bellgrove, Mark A. A1 - Biederman, Joseph A1 - Bralten, Janita A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Brem, Silvia A1 - Buitelaar, Jan K. A1 - Busatto, Geraldo F. A1 - Castellanos, Francisco X. A1 - Cercignani, Mara A1 - Chaim‐Avancini, Tiffany M. A1 - Chantiluke, Kaylita C. A1 - Christakou, Anastasia A1 - Coghill, David A1 - Conzelmann, Annette A1 - Cubillo, Ana I. A1 - Cupertino, Renata B. A1 - de Zeeuw, Patrick A1 - Doyle, Alysa E. A1 - Durston, Sarah A1 - Earl, Eric A. A1 - Epstein, Jeffery N. A1 - Ethofer, Thomas A1 - Fair, Damien A. A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Faraone, Stephen V. A1 - Frodl, Thomas A1 - Gabel, Matt C. A1 - Gogberashvili, Tinatin A1 - Grevet, Eugenio H. A1 - Haavik, Jan A1 - Harrison, Neil A. A1 - Hartman, Catharina A. A1 - Heslenfeld, Dirk J. A1 - Hoekstra, Pieter J. A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Høvik, Marie F. A1 - Jernigan, Terry L. A1 - Kardatzki, Bernd A1 - Karkashadze, Georgii A1 - Kelly, Clare A1 - Kohls, Gregor A1 - Konrad, Kerstin A1 - Kuntsi, Jonna A1 - Lazaro, Luisa A1 - Lera‐Miguel, Sara A1 - Lesch, Klaus‐Peter A1 - Louza, Mario R. A1 - Lundervold, Astri J. A1 - Malpas, Charles B A1 - Mattos, Paulo A1 - McCarthy, Hazel A1 - Namazova‐Baranova, Leyla A1 - Nicolau, Rosa A1 - Nigg, Joel T. A1 - Novotny, Stephanie E. A1 - Oberwelland Weiss, Eileen A1 - O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L. A1 - Oosterlaan, Jaap A1 - Oranje, Bob A1 - Paloyelis, Yannis A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Picon, Felipe A. A1 - Plessen, Kerstin J. A1 - Ramos‐Quiroga, J. Antoni A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Reneman, Liesbeth A1 - Rosa, Pedro G.P. A1 - Rubia, Katya A1 - Schrantee, Anouk A1 - Schweren, Lizanne J.S. A1 - Seitz, Jochen A1 - Shaw, Philip A1 - Silk, Tim J. A1 - Skokauskas, Norbert A1 - Soliva Vila, Juan C. A1 - Stevens, Michael C. A1 - Sudre, Gustavo A1 - Tamm, Leanne A1 - Tovar‐Moll, Fernanda A1 - van Erp, Theo G.M. A1 - Vance, Alasdair A1 - Vilarroya, Oscar A1 - Vives‐Gilabert, Yolanda A1 - von Polier, Georg G. A1 - Walitza, Susanne A1 - Yoncheva, Yuliya N. A1 - Zanetti, Marcus V. A1 - Ziegler, Georg C. A1 - Glahn, David C. A1 - Jahanshad, Neda A1 - Medland, Sarah E. A1 - Thompson, Paul M. A1 - Fisher, Simon E. A1 - Franke, Barbara A1 - Francks, Clyde T1 - Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets JF - Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry N2 - Objective Some studies have suggested alterations of structural brain asymmetry in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings have been contradictory and based on small samples. Here, we performed the largest ever analysis of brain left‐right asymmetry in ADHD, using 39 datasets of the ENIGMA consortium. Methods We analyzed asymmetry of subcortical and cerebral cortical structures in up to 1,933 people with ADHD and 1,829 unaffected controls. Asymmetry Indexes (AIs) were calculated per participant for each bilaterally paired measure, and linear mixed effects modeling was applied separately in children, adolescents, adults, and the total sample, to test exhaustively for potential associations of ADHD with structural brain asymmetries. Results There was no evidence for altered caudate nucleus asymmetry in ADHD, in contrast to prior literature. In children, there was less rightward asymmetry of the total hemispheric surface area compared to controls (t = 2.1, p = .04). Lower rightward asymmetry of medial orbitofrontal cortex surface area in ADHD (t = 2.7, p = .01) was similar to a recent finding for autism spectrum disorder. There were also some differences in cortical thickness asymmetry across age groups. In adults with ADHD, globus pallidus asymmetry was altered compared to those without ADHD. However, all effects were small (Cohen’s d from −0.18 to 0.18) and would not survive study‐wide correction for multiple testing. Conclusion Prior studies of altered structural brain asymmetry in ADHD were likely underpowered to detect the small effects reported here. Altered structural asymmetry is unlikely to provide a useful biomarker for ADHD, but may provide neurobiological insights into the trait. KW - attention‐deficit KW - hyperactivity disorder KW - brain asymmetry KW - brain laterality KW - structural MRI KW - large‐scale data Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239968 VL - 62 IS - 10 SP - 1202 EP - 1219 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zetzl, Teresa Margarete T1 - Cancer-related fatigue intervention T1 - Interventionen gegen krebsbedingte Fatigue N2 - The incidence of cancer cases is rising steadily, while improved early detection and new cancer-specific therapies are reducing the mortality rate. In addition to curing cancer or prolonging life, increasing the quality of life is thus an important goal of oncology, which is why the burdens of cancer and treatment are becoming more important. A common side effect of cancer and its therapy is cancer-related fatigue, a tiredness that manifests itself on physical, emotional and cognitive levels and is not in proportion to previous physical efforts. Since the etiology of fatigue has not yet been fully clarified, symptom-oriented therapy is preferable to cause-specific therapy. In addition to activity management, sleep hygiene, and cognitive behavioral therapy, mind-body interventions such as yoga are recommended for reducing fatigue. Previous studies with small sample sizes were able to examine the efficacy of yoga regarding fatigue predominantly in patients with breast cancer. Long-term effects of yoga have rarely been studied and there have been no attempts to increase long-term effects through interventions such as reminder e-mails. This dissertation takes a closer look at these mentioned aspects of the study sample and long-term effects. An 8-week randomized controlled yoga intervention was conducted, including patients with different cancer types reporting mild to severe fatigue. Following the 8-week yoga therapy, a randomized group of participants received weekly reminder e-mails for 6 months for regular yoga practice, whereas the control group did not receive reminder e-mails. The first paper is a protocol article, which addresses the design and planned implementation of the research project this dissertation is based upon. This serves to ensure better replicability and comparability with other yoga studies. Due to a very low consent rate of patients in the pilot phase, it was necessary to deviate from the protocol article in the actual implementation and the planned inclusion criterion of fatigue >5 was reduced to fatigue >1. The second paper examines the efficacy of the eight-week yoga intervention. Patients in the intervention group who participated in the yoga classes seven times or more showed a significantly greater reduction in general and physical fatigue than those who participated less often. The efficacy of yoga was related to the number of attended yoga sessions. Women with breast cancer who participated in yoga reported greater reductions in fatigue than women with other cancer types. There was also an improvement for depression and quality of life after eight weeks of yoga therapy compared to no yoga therapy. These results imply that yoga is helpful in reducing depression and cancer-related fatigue, especially in terms of physical aspects and improving quality of life. The third paper focuses on the efficacy of reminder e-mails in terms of fatigue and practice frequency. Patients who received reminder e-mails reported greater reductions in general and emotional fatigue, as well as significant increases in practice frequency, compared to patients who did not receive reminder e-mails. Compared to fatigue scores before yoga, significantly lower fatigue and depression scores and higher quality of life were reported after yoga therapy and at follow-up six months later. Weekly e-mail reminders after yoga therapy may have positive effects on general and emotional fatigue and help cancer patients with fatigue establish a regular yoga practice at home. However, higher practice frequency did not lead to higher improvement in physical fatigue as found in Paper 2. This may indicate other factors that influence the efficacy of yoga practice on physical fatigue, such as mindfulness or side effects of therapy. This research project provides insight into the efficacy of yoga therapy for oncology patients with fatigue. It is important that such interventions be offered early, while fatigue symptoms are not too severe. Regular guided yoga practice can reduce physical fatigue, but subsequent yoga practice at home does not further reduce physical fatigue. Reminder emails after completed yoga therapy could only reduce patients' emotional fatigue. It may be that physical fatigue was reduced as much as possible by the previous yoga therapy and that there was a floor effect, or it may be that reminder emails are not suitable as an intervention to reduce physical fatigue at all. Further research is needed to examine the mechanisms of the different interventions in more detail and to find appropriate interventions that reduce all levels of fatigue equally. N2 - Die Anzahl der Krebs-Neuerkrankungen steigt stetig, während durch verbesserte Früherkennung und neue krebsspezifische Therapien die Sterberate sinkt. Neben der Heilung von Krebs oder Verlängerung der Lebenszeit ist somit eine Erhöhung der Lebensqualität wichtige Aufgabe der Onkologie, weshalb Nebenwirkungen der Krebsbehandlung näher betrachtet werden müssen. Eine häufige Folge von Krebserkrankungen und deren Therapie ist die krebsbedingte Fatigue, eine Müdigkeit, die sich auf physischer, emotionaler und kognitiver Ebene zeigt und nicht im Verhältnis zu vorhergehenden Anstrengungen steht. Da die Ätiologie der Fatigue bisher nicht vollständig geklärt ist, ist eine symptomorientierte Therapie der ursachenspezifischen Therapie vorzuziehen. Neben Aktivitätsmanagement, Schlafhygiene und kognitiver Umstrukturierung werden Mind-Body-Interventionen wie Yoga zur Reduktion von krebsbedingter Fatigue empfohlen. Bisherige Studien mit geringer Stichprobengröße konnten die Wirksamkeit von Yoga hinsichtlich Fatigue überwiegend bei Brustkrebspatientinnen überprüfen. Langfristige Effekte von Yoga wurden nur selten überprüft. Es gibt bisher keine Interventionen, wie beispielsweise Erinnerungs-E-Mails, die darauf zielen, derartige langfristige Effekte zu erhöhen. In dieser Dissertation werden auf die Aspekte Stichprobe und langfristige Effekte, näher eingegangen. Es wurde eine achtwöchige randomisierte, kontrollierte Yoga-Intervention durchgeführt, die in die Stichprobe alle PatientInnen mit onkologischen Erkrankungen einschloss, die leichte bis schwere Fatigue berichteten. Im Anschluss an die achtwöchige Yogatherapie erhielt eine randomisierte Gruppe der Teilnehmenden für sechs Monate wöchentliche Erinnerungs-E-Mails für die regelmäßige Yogapraxis, die die Kontrollgruppe nicht erhielt. Das erste Paper befasst sich als Protokollartikel genauer mit dem Aufbau und der geplanten Durchführung des gesamten Forschungsprojekts. Dies dient der Sicherung einer besseren Replizierbarkeit und Vergleichbarkeit mit anderen Yogastudien. Aufgrund einer sehr geringen Zustimmungsrate der PatientInnen in der Pilotphase musste vom Protokollartikel abgewichen werden und das geplante Einschlusskriterium der Fatigue >5 auf Fatigue >1 gesetzt werden. Das zweite Paper beschäftigt sich mit der Wirksamkeit der achtwöchigen Yoga-Intervention. PatientInnen in der Interventionsgruppe, die sieben Mal oder häufiger an der Yogaintervention teilgenommen haben, zeigten eine signifikant stärkere Reduktion der allgemeinen und physischen Fatigue als die PatientInnen der Kontrollgruppe. Die Wirksamkeit der Yoga-Intervention stand im Zusammenhang mit der Anzahl der teilgenommenen Yogastunden. Frauen mit Brustkrebs, die am Yoga teilnahmen, berichteten eine stärkere Reduktion der Fatigue als Frauen mit anderen Krebsarten. Auch für Depression und Lebensqualität konnte durch die achtwöchige Yogatherapie eine Verbesserung erzielt werden. Diese Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Yoga hilfreich ist, krebsbedingte Fatigue zu reduzieren, vor allem hinsichtlich physischer Aspekte. Das dritte Paper beschäftigt sich mit der Wirksamkeit von Erinnerungs-E-Mails hinsichtlich der Fatigue und Übungshäufigkeit. PatientInnen, die Erinnerungs-E-Mails erhielten, berichteten von einer stärkeren Reduktion der allgemeinen und emotionalen Fatigue, sowie einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Übungshäufigkeit. Im Vergleich zu den Werten vor der Yogatherapie wurden nach Yogatherapie und im Follow-Up sechs Monate später signifikant geringere Fatigue und Depressionswerte sowie eine höhere Lebensqualität berichtet. Wöchentliche Erinnerungs-E-Mails nach einer Yogatherapie können positive Effekte auf die allgemeine und emotionale Fatigue haben und KrebspatientInnen mit Fatigue helfen, eine regelmäßige Yogapraxis zu Hause zu etablieren. Eine höhere Übungshäufigkeit führte jedoch nicht zu einer höheren Verbesserung der physischen Fatigue, wie es in Paper 2 zu finden war. Dies kann auf andere Faktoren hindeuten, die die Wirksamkeit der Yogapraxis auf die physische Fatigue beeinflussen, wie Achtsamkeit oder Nebenwirkungen der Therapie. Dieses Forschungsprojekt gibt Aufschluss über die Wirksamkeit der Yogatherapie bei onkologischen PatientInnen mit Fatigue. Wichtig ist, dass derartige Interventionen früh angeboten werden, solange die Fatigue-Symptomatik nicht stark ausgeprägt ist. Regelmäßige geleitete Yogapraxis kann die physische Fatigue verringern, anschließend mehr Yogapraxis zu Hause reduzierte jedoch die physische Fatigue in diesem Forschungsprojekt nicht mehr weiter. Erinnerungs-E-Mails nach abgeschlossener Yogatherapie wirkten sich nur positiv auf die emotionale Fatigue der PatientInnen aus. Dies kann daran liegen, dass physische Fatigue durch die vorhergehende Yogatherapie bereits so stark wie möglich reduziert wurde und ein Boden-Effekt vorlag oder auch daran, dass die Erinnerungs-E-Mails als Intervention zur Reduktion von physischer Fatigue nicht ausreichend geeignet sind. Weitere Forschung ist notwendig, um die Mechanismen der verschiedenen Interventionen genauer zu überprüfen und geeignete Interventionen zu entwickeln, die alle Ebenen der Müdigkeit gleichermaßen reduzieren. KW - Ermüdungssyndrom KW - Krebs KW - yoga KW - cancer-related fatigue KW - cancer KW - fatigue KW - e-mail Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251662 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Händel, Barbara A1 - Schölvinck, Marieke T1 - The brain during free movement – what can we learn from the animal model T2 - Brain Research N2 - Animals, just like humans, can freely move. They do so for various important reasons, such as finding food and escaping predators. Observing these behaviors can inform us about the underlying cognitive processes. In addition, while humans can convey complicated information easily through speaking, animals need to move their bodies to communicate. This has prompted many creative solutions by animal neuroscientists to enable studying the brain during movement. In this review, we first summarize how animal researchers record from the brain while an animal is moving, by describing the most common neural recording techniques in animals and how they were adapted to record during movement. We further discuss the challenge of controlling or monitoring sensory input during free movement. However, not only is free movement a necessity to reflect the outcome of certain internal cognitive processes in animals, it is also a fascinating field of research since certain crucial behavioral patterns can only be observed and studied during free movement. Therefore, in a second part of the review, we focus on some key findings in animal research that specifically address the interaction between free movement and brain activity. First, focusing on walking as a fundamental form of free movement, we discuss how important such intentional movements are for understanding processes as diverse as spatial navigation, active sensing, and complex motor planning. Second, we propose the idea of regarding free movement as the expression of a behavioral state. This view can help to understand the general influence of movement on brain function. Together, the technological advancements towards recording from the brain during movement, and the scientific questions asked about the brain engaged in movement, make animal research highly valuable to research into the human “moving brain”. KW - free movement KW - animal research KW - virtual reality KW - recording methods KW - brain activity Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251406 ET - accepted manuscript ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brych, Mareike A1 - Händel, Barbara F. A1 - Riechelmann, Eva A1 - Pieczykolan, Aleksandra A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Effects of vocal demands on pupil dilation JF - Psychophysiology N2 - Pupil dilation is known to be affected by a variety of factors, including physical (e.g., light) and cognitive sources of influence (e.g., mental load due to working memory demands, stimulus/response competition etc.). In the present experiment, we tested the extent to which vocal demands (speaking) can affect pupil dilation. Based on corresponding preliminary evidence found in a reanalysis of an existing data set from our lab, we setup a new experiment that systematically investigated vocal response‐related effects compared to mere jaw/lip movement and button press responses. Conditions changed on a trial‐by‐trial basis while participants were instructed to keep fixating a central cross on a screen throughout. In line with our prediction (and previous observation), speaking caused the pupils to dilate strongest, followed by nonvocal movements and finally a baseline condition without any vocal or muscular demands. An additional analysis of blink rates showed no difference in blink frequency between vocal and baseline conditions, but different blink dynamics. Finally, simultaneously recorded electromyographic activity showed that muscle activity may contribute to some (but not all) aspects of the observed effects on pupil size. The results are discussed in the context of other recent research indicating effects of perceived (instead of executed) vocal action on pupil dynamics. KW - blink rate KW - eye movements KW - movement interaction KW - pupil dilation KW - vocal responses Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224425 VL - 58 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schindler, Julia A1 - Richter, Tobias A1 - Mar, Raymond T1 - Does generation benefit learning for narrative and expository texts? A direct replication attempt JF - Applied Cognitive Psychology N2 - Generated information is better recognized and recalled than information that is read. This so‐called generation effect has been replicated several times for different types of material, including texts. Perhaps the most influential demonstration was by McDaniel et al. (1986, Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 645–656; henceforth MEDC). This group tested whether the generation effect occurs only if the generation task stimulates cognitive processes not already stimulated by the text. Numerous studies, however, report difficulties replicating this text by generation‐task interaction, which suggests that the effect might only be found under conditions closer to the original method of MEDC. To test this assumption, we will closely replicate MEDC's Experiment 2 in German and English‐speaking samples. Replicating the effect would suggest that it can be reproduced, at least under limited conditions, which will provide the necessary foundation for future investigations into the boundary conditions of this effect, with an eye towards its utility in applied contexts. KW - expository texts KW - generation effect KW - learning KW - narrative texts KW - replication Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224496 VL - 35 IS - 2 SP - 559 EP - 564 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Endlich, Darius A1 - Richter, Tobias A1 - Marx, Peter A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang A1 - Moll, Kristina A1 - Witzel, Björn A1 - Schulte-Körne, Gerd T1 - Spelling Error Detection : A Valid and Economical Task for Assessing Spelling Skills in Elementary-School Children JF - Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie N2 - The ability to spell words correctly is a key competence for educational and professional achievement. Economical procedures are essential to identifying children with spelling problems as early as possible. Given the strong evidence showing that reading and spelling are based on the same orthographic knowledge, error-detection tasks (EDTs) could be considered such an economical procedure. Although EDTs are widely used in English-speaking countries, the few studies in German-speaking countries investigated only pupils in secondary school. The present study investigated N = 1,513 children in elementary school. We predicted spelling competencies (measured by dictation or gap-fill dictation) based on an EDT via linear regression. Error-detection abilities significantly predicted spelling competencies (R² between .509 and .679), indicating a strong connection. Predictive values in identifying children with poor spelling abilities with an EDT proved to be sufficient. Error detection for the assessment of spelling skills is therefore a valid instrument for transparent languages as well. N2 - Rechtschreibung zählt zu den Schlüsselkompetenzen für schulischen und beruflichen Erfolg. Um Kinder mit Rechtschreibproblemen adäquat zu unterstützen, ist eine frühe, möglichst niederschwellige Diagnostik essenziell. Aufgaben, in denen Rechtschreibfehler in präsentierten Texten zu identifizieren sind, könnten derartige ökonomische Verfahren darstellen. Obgleich Fehleridentifikationstests im angloamerikanischen Sprachraum weit verbreitet sind, haben sich die wenigen Studien im deutschsprachigen Raum bisher ausschließlich mit Kindern der Sekundarstufe beschäftigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte in vier unabhängigen Studien N = 1.513 Grundschulkinder. Mittels linearer Regressionen wurden Rechtschreibkompetenzen (erhoben durch Fließ- und Lückendiktate) durch Leistungen in Fehleridentifikationstests vorhergesagt. Leistungen im Fehleridentifikationstest sagten Rechtschreibkompetenzen in allen Studien signifikant voraus (R² zwischen .509 und .679), was eine starke Assoziation der beiden Maße belegt. Prädiktive Werte zur Identifikation von Kindern mit schwachen Rechtschreibleistungen durch den Fehleridentifikationstest waren gut. Fehleridentifikation als Maß für Rechtschreibkompetenzen ist damit ein valides Instrument nicht nur für den angloamerikanischen Sprachraum, sondern auch für transparente Sprachen. T2 - Fehleridentifikation: Ein valides und ökonomisches Verfahren zur Erfassung von Rechtschreibkompetenzen in der Grundschule KW - spelling KW - dictation KW - error detection KW - developmental dyslexia KW - diagnosis KW - Rechtschreibung KW - Diktat KW - Fehleridentifikation KW - Lese-Rechtschreibstörung KW - Diagnose Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244665 SN - 0049-8637 SN - 2190-6262 VL - 52 IS - 1-2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seeger, Jennifer A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang A1 - Wisniewski, Katrin T1 - Metakognitives Strategiewissen in sprachbezogenen Situationen : Interne Struktur und Validität des ScenEx JF - Diagnostica N2 - Studieren stellt hohe Anforderungen an selbstregulatorische Fähigkeiten und eigenverantwortlichen Umgang mit schwierigen Situationen. Aus den zusätzlichen sprachlichen Barrieren für ausländische Studierende erwachsen spezifische selbstregulatorische Aufgaben, wie der Umgang mit Verständnisproblemen in Vorlesungen. Da hierfür bisher kaum geeignete Erhebungsinstrumente existieren, versucht ScenEx diese Lücke zu schließen. Der Test erfasst das metakognitive Strategiewissen in sprachlich herausfordernden Situationen im Studienalltag. Anhand einer Stichprobe von 290 ausländischen Studierenden im ersten Fachsemester wird die psychometrische Qualität und interne Struktur des Instruments überprüft. ScenEx zeigt eine zufriedenstellende interne Konsistenz und gute Itemfit-Kennwerte, erwartungskonform liegen lokale stochastische Abhängigkeiten der Aufgaben innerhalb der Szenarien vor. Eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse bestätigt die Grobstruktur der Szenarien und des Gesamtscores des Tests. Das Verfahren ist für die weitere Entwicklung der Sprachkompetenz über die anfängliche Sprachfähigkeit hinaus prädiktiv. ScenEx erweist sich insgesamt als ein reliables und valides Instrument zur Erfassung des Strategiewissens in schwierigen Situationen im Studium. N2 - Studying at a university requires a high degree of self-reliance. Self-regulatory skills and the ability to independently handle difficult situations are important for successfully completing a degree. In addition, foreign students are faced with language-based challenges demanding specific self-regulatory skills, such as dealing with comprehension problems in lectures. To date, assessing these skills has been difficult because of a lack of suitable instruments. The ScenEx Questionnaire purports to close this gap by measuring metacognitive strategic knowledge in everyday study situations by posing language-based challenges, presented as scenarios. Using a sample of 290 foreign students in their first semester, we assessed the psychometric quality of ScenEx. ScenEx shows a satisfactory internal consistency and good item fit. A confirmatory factor analysis confirms the structure of the scenarios and the overall score of the test. The procedure predicts the further development of language competence beyond the initial stage. ScenEx is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing strategic knowledge regarding linguistically difficult situations at the university. T2 - Metacognitive Strategic Knowledge in Language-Related Situations KW - Selbstregulation KW - Strategiewissen KW - Bildungsausländer KW - Studienerfolg KW - Deutsch als Fremdsprache KW - self-regulation KW - strategic knowledge KW - foreign students KW - academic success Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242375 SN - 0012-1924 SN - 2190-622X VL - 67 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böckler, Anne A1 - Rennert, Annika A1 - Raettig, Tim T1 - Stranger, Lover, Friend? BT - The Pain of Rejection Does Not Depend JF - Social Psychology N2 - Social exclusion, even from minimal game-based interactions, induces negative consequences. We investigated whether the nature of the relationship with the excluder modulates the effects of ostracism. Participants played a virtual ball-tossing game with a stranger and a friend (friend condition) or a stranger and their romantic partner (partner condition) while being fully included, fully excluded, excluded only by the stranger, or excluded only by their close other. Replicating previous findings, full exclusion impaired participants’ basic-need satisfaction and relationship evaluation most severely. While the degree of exclusion mattered, the relationship to the excluder did not: Classic null hypothesis testing and Bayesian statistics showed no modulation of ostracism effects depending on whether participants were excluded by a stranger, a friend, or their partner. KW - interpersonal relationships KW - ostracism KW - rejection KW - social exclusion KW - social interaction Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-238721 SN - 1864-9335 SN - 2151-2590 VL - 52 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittkowski, Joachim A1 - Scheuchenpflug, Rainer T1 - Evidence on the Conceptual Distinctness of Normal Grief From Depression BT - A Multi-Faceted Analysis of Differential Validity JF - European Journal of Health Psychology N2 - Background: The distinctness of grief from depression has been the subject of a long scholarly debate, even influencing definitions of diagnostic criteria. Aims: This study aims at clarifying the issue by a multifaceted analysis of data from a large German sample. Method: A community sample of 406 bereaved persons answered the Wuerzburg Grief Inventory (WGI), a multidimensional grief questionnaire designed to measure normal grief in the German language, and the General Depression Scale – Short Version (GDS-S), a self-report depression scale. Data were analyzed by factor analysis to identify structural (dis-)similarities of the constructs, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the influence of the factors relationship to the deceased, type of death, and time since loss on grief measures and depression scores. Results: Factor analysis clustered items referring to grief-related impairments and depression into one factor, items referring to other dimensions of grief on separate factors, however. Relationship to the deceased influenced the grief measures impairments and nearness to the deceased, but not depression scores if controlled for impairments. Type of death showed specific effects on grief scores, but not on depression scores. Time since loss influenced grief scores, but not depression scores. Limitations: The analysis is based on a self-selected community sample of grieving persons, self-report measures, and in part, on cross-sectional data. Conclusion: Factor analysis and objective data show a clear distinction of dimensions of grief and depression. The human experience of grief contains a sense of nearness to the lost person, feelings of guilt, and positive aspects of the loss experience in addition to components resembling depression. KW - depression KW - grief KW - time since loss KW - type of death KW - Wuerzburg Grief Inventory (WGI) Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236531 SN - 2512-8442 SN - 2512-8450 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 101-110 ER - TY - THES A1 - Riechelmann [verh. Steinbacher], Eva Katharina T1 - Gaze interaction: Cognitive mechanisms of oculomotor action control T1 - Blickinteraktion: Kognitive Mechanismen der okulomotorischen Handlungskontrolle N2 - Humans use their eyes not only as visual input devices to perceive the environment, but also as an action tool in order to generate intended effects in their environment. For instance, glances are used to direct someone else's attention to a place of interest, indicating that gaze control is an important part of social communication. Previous research on gaze control in a social context mainly focused on the gaze recipient by asking how humans respond to perceived gaze (gaze cueing). So far, this perspective has hardly considered the actor’s point of view by neglecting to investigate what mental processes are involved when actors decide to perform an eye movement to trigger a gaze response in another person. Furthermore, eye movements are also used to affect the non-social environment, for instance when unlocking the smartphone with the help of the eyes. This and other observations demonstrate the necessity to consider gaze control in contexts other than social communication whilst at the same time focusing on commonalities and differences inherent to the nature of a social (vs. non-social) action context. Thus, the present work explores the cognitive mechanisms that control such goal-oriented eye movements in both social and non-social contexts. The experiments presented throughout this work are built on pre-established paradigms from both the oculomotor research domain and from basic cognitive psychology. These paradigms are based on the principle of ideomotor action control, which provides an explanatory framework for understanding how goal-oriented, intentional actions come into being. The ideomotor idea suggests that humans acquire associations between their actions and the resulting effects, which can be accessed in a bi-directional manner: Actions can trigger anticipations of their effects, but the anticipated resulting effects can also trigger the associated actions. According to ideomotor theory, action generation involves the mental anticipation of the intended effect (i.e., the action goal) to activate the associated motor pattern. The present experiments involve situations where participants control the gaze of a virtual face via their eye movements. The triggered gaze responses of the virtual face are consistent to the participant’s eye movements, representing visual action effects. Experimental situations are varied with respect to determinants of action-effect learning (e.g., contingency, contiguity, action mode during acquisition) in order to unravel the underlying dynamics of oculomotor control in these situations. In addition to faces, conditions involving changes in non-social objects were included to address the question of whether mechanisms underlying gaze control differ for social versus non-social context situations. The results of the present work can be summarized into three major findings. 1. My data suggest that humans indeed acquire bi-directional associations between their eye movements and the subsequently perceived gaze response of another person, which in turn affect oculomotor action control via the anticipation of the intended effects. The observed results show for the first time that eye movements in a gaze-interaction scenario are represented in terms of their gaze response in others. This observation is in line with the ideomotor theory of action control. 2. The present series of experiments confirms and extends pioneering results of Huestegge and Kreutzfeldt (2012) with respect to the significant influence of action effects in gaze control. I have shown that the results of Huestegge and Kreutzfeldt (2012) can be replicated across different contexts with different stimulus material given that the perceived action effects were sufficiently salient. 3. Furthermore, I could show that mechanisms of gaze control in a social gaze-interaction context do not appear to be qualitatively different from those in a non-social context. All in all, the results support recent theoretical claims emphasizing the role of anticipation-based action control in social interaction. Moreover, my results suggest that anticipation-based gaze control in a social context is based on the same general psychological mechanisms as ideomotor gaze control, and thus should be considered as an integral part rather than as a special form of ideomotor gaze control. N2 - Der Mensch nutzt die Augen nicht nur zur Wahrnehmung seiner Umwelt, sondern auch als Handlungsinstrument, um intendierte Effekte in seiner Umwelt zu erzeugen. So werden Blicke beispielsweise dazu verwendet, die Aufmerksamkeit eines anderen auf einen bestimmten Ort zu lenken. Dies weist darauf hin, dass Blickkontrolle einen wichtigen Bestandteil in der sozialen Kommunikation darstellt. Die Forschung zu Blickkontrolle im sozialen Kontext hat sich bisher hauptsächlich auf den Blick-Empfänger konzentriert, um die Frage zu beantworten, wie Menschen auf wahrgenommene Blicke reagieren (Gaze Cueing). Dieser Ansatz hat dementsprechend bisher kaum den Standpunkt des Blick-Senders berücksichtigt. So wurde beispielsweise noch nicht untersucht, welche mentalen Prozesse der Ausübung einer Augenbewegung zugrunde liegen, die zum Ziel hat, bei einer anderen Person eine bestimmte Blickreaktion auszulösen. Darüber hinaus werden zielgerichtete Augenbewegungen auch im nicht-sozialen Kontext eingesetzt, beispielsweise beim Entsperren des Smartphones mithilfe der Augen. Diese und andere Beobachtungen zeigen allerdings klar die Notwendigkeit, Blickkontrolle sowohl in der sozialen Kommunikation als auch in anderen, nicht-sozialen Kontexten zu berücksichtigen und dabei gleichzeitig auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zu achten, die der Natur eines sozialen (vs. nicht-sozialen) Handlungskontextes innewohnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht daher die kognitiven Mechanismen, die solchen zielgerichteten Blickbewegungen in sozialen wie in nicht-sozialen Kontexten zugrunde liegen. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellten Experimente bauen auf bereits etablierten Paradigmen aus der Forschung zu Okulomotorik und zu basalen kognitiven Prozessen auf. Diese Paradigmen basieren auf dem Prinzip der ideomotorischen Handlungskontrolle, das eine Erklärung für die Entstehung zielgerichteter und beabsichtigter Handlungen liefert. Der ideomotorische Gedanke legt nahe, dass Menschen Assoziationen zwischen ihren Handlungen und den daraus resultierenden Effekten erwerben, die in zwei Richtungen wirken können: Eine Handlung kann die Antizipation ihrer Effekte auslösen, aber die aktive Antizipation eines Handlungseffektes kann auch die damit verbundene Handlung auslösen. Nach der ideomotorischen Theorie beinhaltet Handlungsgenerierung die mentale Antizipation des beabsichtigten Handlungseffektes, um das zugehörige motorische Muster zu aktivieren. Die vorliegenden Experimente beinhalten Situationen, in denen die Probanden den Blick eines virtuellen Gesichts mithilfe ihre eigenen Augenbewegungen steuern. Die im virtuellen Gesicht ausgelösten Blickreaktionen repräsentieren die visuellen Handlungseffekte. Die Situationen werden in Bezug auf die Determinanten von Handlungs-Effekt-Lernen (Kontingenz, Kontiguität, Handlungsmodus während des Lernens) variiert, um die zugrundeliegende Dynamik der okulomotorischen Handlungskontrolle in diesen Situationen zu verstehen. Zusätzlich zu den Gesichtern wurden Handlungseffekte in nicht-sozialen Objekten untersucht, um die Frage zu klären, ob sich die der Blickkontrolle zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen für soziale und nicht-soziale Kontextsituationen unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit lassen sich in drei Hauptergebnisse zusammenfassen. 1. Meine Resultate legen nahe, dass Menschen bi-direktionale Assoziationen zwischen ihren Augenbewegungen und der darauf folgenden Blickreaktion einer anderen Person erwerben, was über die Antizipation der beabsichtigten Effekte die okulomotorische Handlungssteuerung beeinflusst. Die beobachteten Ergebnisse zeigen zum ersten Mal, dass Augenbewegungen in einem Blickinteraktionsszenario in Form einer bei der anderen Person ausgelösten Blickreaktion repräsentiert werden. Diese Beobachtung steht im Einklang mit dem ideomotorischen Prinzip der Handlungskontrolle. 2. Die vorliegende Versuchsreihe belegt und erweitert die wegweisenden Ergebnisse von Huestegge und Kreutzfeldt (2012) in Bezug auf den bedeutenden Einfluss von Handlungseffekten in der okulomotorischen Handlungskontrolle. Ich konnte zeigen, dass sich die Ergebnisse von Huestegge und Kreutzfeldt (2012) über verschiedene Kontexte mit unterschiedlichem Stimulus-Material replizieren lassen unter der Bedingung, dass die wahrgenommenen Handlungseffekte ausreichend stark ausgeprägt waren. 3. Zudem konnte ich zeigen, dass sich Mechanismen der Blickkontrolle in einem sozialen Blickinteraktionskontext vermutlich nicht qualitativ von denen in einem nicht-sozialen Kontext unterscheiden. Zusammenfassend unterstützen die Ergebnisse die jüngsten theoretischen Überlegungen, die die Rolle von antizipativen Prozessen in der Handlungssteuerung in sozialen Interaktionskontexten betonen. Darüber hinaus legen meine Ergebnisse nahe, dass antizipationsbasierte Blickkontrolle im sozialen Kontext auf den gleichen allgemeinen psychologischen Mechanismen wie ideomotorische Blickkontrolle basiert und somit als integraler Bestandteil, und nicht als eine spezielle Form der ideomotorischen Blickkontrolle, betrachtet werden sollte. KW - Verhaltenskontrolle KW - Blickbewegung KW - Kognition KW - Ideomotorische Blickkontrolle KW - Soziomotorische Blickkontrolle KW - Blickinteraktion KW - Soziale Handlungseffekte KW - Effektantizipation KW - Ideomotor gaze control KW - Sociomotor gaze control KW - Gaze interaction KW - Social action effects KW - Effect anticipation KW - Ideomotorik Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215279 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Brych, Mareike A1 - Händel, Barbara T1 - Disentangling top-down and bottom-up influences on blinks in the visual and auditory domain T2 - International Journal of Psychophysiology N2 - Sensory input as well as cognitive factors can drive the modulation of blinking. Our aim was to dissociate sensory driven bottom-up from cognitive top-down influences on blinking behavior and compare these influences between the auditory and the visual domain. Using an oddball paradigm, we found a significant pre-stimulus decrease in blink probability for visual input compared to auditory input. Sensory input further led to an early post-stimulus blink increase in both modalities if a task demanded attention to the input. Only visual input caused a pronounced early increase without a task. In case of a target or the omission of a stimulus (as compared to standard input), an additional late increase in blink rate was found in the auditory and visual domain. This suggests that blink modulation must be based on the interpretation of the input, but does not need any sensory input at all to occur. Our results show a complex modulation of blinking based on top-down factors such as prediction and attention in addition to sensory-based influences. The magnitude of the modulation is mainly influenced by general attentional demands, while the latency of this modulation allows to dissociate general from specific top-down influences that are independent of the sensory domain. KW - eye blinks KW - attention KW - auditory KW - visual KW - visual domain KW - auditory domain KW - oddball Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246590 SN - 1872-7697 SN - 0167-8760 N1 - accepted version ER - TY - THES A1 - Seger, Benedikt Thomas T1 - Children's Comprehension of Illustrated Narrative Text: The Role of Tripartite Representations and Perceptual Simulation T1 - Verständnis illustrierter narrativer Texte bei Kindern: Die Rolle von drei Repräsentationsebenen und perzeptueller Simulation N2 - This doctoral thesis is part of a research project on the development of the cognitive compre-hension of film at Würzburg University that was funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) between 2013 and 2019 and awarded to Gerhild Nied-ing. That project examined children’s comprehension of narrative text and its development in illustrated versus non-illustrated formats. For this purpose, van Dijk and Kintsch’s (1983) tri-partite model was used, according to which text recipients form text surface and textbase rep-resentations and construct a situation model. In particular, predictions referring to the influ-ence of illustrations on these three levels of text representation were derived from the inte-grated model of text and picture comprehension (ITPC; Schnotz, 2014), which holds that text-picture units are processed on both text-based (descriptive) and picture-based (depictive) paths. Accordingly, illustrations support the construction of a situation model. Moreover, in line with the embodied cognition account (e.g., Barsalou, 1999), it was assumed that the situa-tion model is grounded in perception and action; text recipients mentally simulate the situation addressed in the text through their neural systems related to perception (perceptual simulation) and action (motor resonance). Therefore, the thesis also examines whether perceptual simula-tion takes place during story reception, whether it improves the comprehension of illustrated stories, and whether motor resonance is related to the comprehension of text accompanied by dynamic illustrations. Finally, predictions concerning the development of comprehending illus-trated text were made in line with Springer’s (2001) hypotheses according to which younger children, compared with older children and adults, focus more on illustrations during text comprehension (perceptual boundedness) and use illustrations for the development of cogni-tive skills (perceptual support). The first research question sought to validate the tripartite model in the context of children’s comprehension of narrative text, so Hypothesis 1 predicted that children yield representations of the text surface, the textbase, and the situation model during text reception. The second research question comprised the assumptions regarding the impact of illustrations on text comprehension. Accordingly, it was expected that illustrations improve the situation model (Hypothesis 2a), especially when they are processed before their corresponding text passages (Hypothesis 2b). Both hypotheses were derived from the ITPC and the assumption that per-ceptual simulation supports the situation model. It was further predicted that dynamic illustra-tions evoke more accurate situation models than static ones (Hypothesis 2c); this followed from the assumption that motor resonance supports the situation model. In line with the ITPC, it was assumed that illustrations impair the textbase (Hypothesis 2d), especially when they are presented after their corresponding text passages (Hypothesis 2e). In accordance with earlier results, it was posited that illustrations have a beneficial effect for the text surface (Hypothesis 2f). The third research question addressed the embodied approach to the situation model. Here, it was assumed that perceptual simulation takes place during text reception (Hypothesis 3a) and that it is more pronounced in illustrated than in non-illustrated text (Hypothesis 3b); the latter hypothesis was related to a necessary premise of the assumption that perceptual sim-ulation improves the comprehension of illustrated text. The fourth research question was relat-ed to perceptual boundedness and perceptual support and predicted age-related differences; younger children were expected to benefit more from illustrations regarding the situation model (Hypothesis 4a) and to simulate vertical object movements in a more pronounced fash-ion (Hypothesis 4b) than older children. In addition, Hypothesis 4c held that perceptual simu-lation is more pronounced in younger children particularly when illustrations are present. Three experiments were conducted to investigate these hypotheses. Experiment 1 (Seger, Wannagat, & Nieding, submitted).compared the tripartite representations of written text without illustrations, with illustrations presented first, and with illustrations presented after their corresponding sentences. Students between 7 and 13 years old (N = 146) took part. Ex-periment 2 (Seger, Wannagat, & Nieding, 2019) investigated the tripartite representations of auditory text, audiovisual text with static illustrations, and audiovisual text with dynamic il-lustrations among children in the same age range (N = 108). In both experiments, a sentence recognition method similar to that introduced by Schmalhofer and Glavanov (1986) was em-ployed. This method enables the simultaneous measurement of all three text representations. Experiment 3 (Seger, Hauf, & Nieding, 2020) determined the perceptual simulation of vertical object movements during the reception of auditory and audiovisual narrative text among chil-dren between 5 and 11 years old and among adults (N = 190). For this experiment, a picture verification task based on Stanfield and Zwaan’s (2001) paradigm and adapted from Hauf (2016) was used. The first two experiments confirmed Hypothesis 1, indicating that the tripartite model is appli-cable to the comprehension of auditory and written narrative text among children. A benefi-cial effect of illustrations to the situation model was observed when they were presented syn-chronously with auditory text (Hypotheses 2a), but not when presented asynchronously with written text (Hypothesis 2b), so the ITPC is partly supported on this point. Hypothesis 2c was rejected, indicating that motor resonance does not make an additional contribution to the comprehension of narrative text with dynamic illustrations. Regarding the textbase, a general negative effect of illustrations was not observed (Hypothesis 2d), but a specific negative effect of illustrations that follow their corresponding text passages was seen (Hypothesis 2e); the latter result is also in line with the ITPC. The text surface (Hypothesis 2f) appears to benefit from illustrations in auditory but not written text. The results obtained in Experiment 3 sug-gest that children and adults perceptually simulate vertical object movements (Hypothesis 3a), but there appears to be no difference between auditory and audiovisual text (Hypothesis 3b), so there is no support for a functional relationship between perceptual simulation and the situ-ation model in illustrated text. Hypotheses 4a–4c were investigated in all three experiments and did not receive support in any of them, which indicates that representations of illustrated and non-illustrated narrative text remain stable within the age range examined here. N2 - Die vorliegende Doktorthesis ist Teil eines Forschungsprojektes zur Entwicklung des kogni-tiven Filmverständnisses an der Universität Würzburg, das von der Deutschen Forschungs-gemeinschaft im Zeitraum 2013 – 2019 als Zuwendung an Gerhild Nieding finanziert wurde. In diesem Projekt wurde das Verständnis narrativer Texte mit und ohne Illustrationen bei Kindern sowie dessen Entwicklung untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde van Dijk und Kintschs (1983) Drei-Ebenen-Modell verwendet, demzufolge Textrezipient*innen eine Re-präsentation der Textoberfläche und der Textbasis bilden sowie ein Situationsmodell kon-struieren. Im Speziellen wurden Vorhersagen in Bezug auf den Einfluss von Illustrationen auf diese drei Textrepräsentationsebenen vom integrierten Modell des Text- und Bildver-ständnisses (ITPC; Schnotz, 2014) abgeleitet; dieses nimmt an, dass Text-Bild-Einheiten sowohl auf einem textbasierten (deskriptiven) als auch auf einem bildbasierten (depiktiven) Pfad verarbeitet werden. Demzufolge unterstützen Illustrationen den Aufbau eines Situati-onsmodells. Darüber hinaus wurde mit Bezug auf den Ansatz der verkörperten Kognition (z.B. Barsalou, 1999) angenommen, dass das Situationsmodell im Wahrnehmen und Han-deln begründet ist; Textrezipient*innen simulieren demnach die im Text dargestellte Situati-on durch die neuronalen Systeme, die mit Wahrnehmung (perzeptuelle Simulation) und Handlung (motorische Resonanz) in Verbindung stehen. Deshalb untersucht diese Thesis auch, ob perzeptuelle Simulation während der Textrezeption stattfindet, ob diese das Verste-hen illustrierter Geschichten verbessert und ob motorische Resonanz einen Bezug zum Ver-stehen von Texten mit dynamischen Illustrationen aufweist. Schließlich wurden Vorhersagen bezüglich der Entwicklung des Verständnisses illustrierter Texte anhand von Springers (2001) Hypothesen getroffen, wonach jüngere Kinder während des Textverstehens stärker auf Illustrationen fokussieren als ältere Kinder und Erwachsene (perzeptuelle Gebundenheit) und wonach sie Illustrationen für die Entwicklung kognitiver Fertigkeiten nutzen (perzeptu-elle Unterstützung). Die erste Forschungsfrage zielte darauf ab, das Drei-Ebenen-Modell im Zusammenhang mit dem Verständnis narrativer Texte bei Kindern zu validieren, daher sagte Hypothese 1 voraus, dass Kinder während der Textrezeption Repräsentationen der Textoberfläche, der Textbasis und des Situationsmodells aufweisen. Die zweite Forschungsfrage umfasste Annahmen be-züglich des Einflusses von Illustrationen auf das Textverständnis. Demnach wurde erwartet, dass Illustrationen das Situationsmodell verbessern (Hypothese 2a), vor allem, wenn diese vor den ihr jeweils zugeordneten Textpassagen verarbeitet werden (Hypothese 2b). Beide Hypothesen wurden hergeleitet aus dem ITPC sowie aus der Annahme, dass perzeptuelle Simulation das Situationsmodell unterstützt. Es wurde ferner vorhergesagt, dass dynamische Illustrationen genauere Situationsmodelle hervorrufen als statische (Hypothese 2c); dies folg-te aus der Annahme, dass motorische Resonanz das Situationsmodell unterstützt. In Überein-stimmung mit dem ITPC wurde angenommen, dass Illustrationen die Textbasis beeinträchti-gen (Hypothese 2d), vor allem, wenn diese nach den ihnen zugeordneten Textpassagen prä-sentiert werden (Hypothese 2e). Basierend auf früheren Ergebnissen wurde für die Textober-fläche die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Illustrationen sich günstig auswirken (Hypothese 2f). Die dritte Forschungsfrage nahm Bezug auf den verkörperten Ansatz des Situationsmodells. Hierbei wurde postuliert, dass perzeptuelle Simulationen während der Textrezeption stattfin-den (Hypothese 3a) und dass diese stärker ausgeprägt sind bei illustriertem im Gegensatz zu nicht-illustriertem Text (Hypothese 3b); letztere Hypothese stand in Zusammenhang mit ei-ner notwendigen Voraussetzung der Annahme, dass perzeptuelle Simulation das Verständnis illustrierter Texte erhöht. Die vierte Forschungsfrage stand im Kontext der Annahmen perzeptueller Gebundenheit und perzeptueller Unterstützung und sagte Altersunterschiede voraus; es wurde erwartet, dass jüngere im Gegensatz älteren Kindern in Bezug auf das Situa-tionsmodell mehr von Illustrationen profitieren (Hypothese 4a) und vertikale Objektbewe-gungen stärker simulieren (Hypothese 4b). Zudem nahm Hypothese 4c an, dass die perzeptu-elle Simulation bei jüngeren Kindern vor allem dann stärker ausgeprägt ist, wenn Illustratio-nen gezeigt werden. Zur Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen wurden drei Experimente durchgeführt. Experiment 1 (Seger, Wannagat & Nieding, eingereicht) verglich die drei Repräsentationsebenen bei schriftlichem Text ohne Illustrationen, schriftlichem Text mit Illustrationen, die vor dem jeweiligen Text erschienen und schriftlichem Text mit Illustrationen, die danach erschienen. Schüler*innen im Alter von 7 bis 13 Jahren (N = 146) nahmen daran teil. Experiment 2 (Se-ger, Wannagat & Nieding, 2019) erforschte die drei Repräsentationsebenen bei auditivem Text, audiovisuellem Text mit statischen Illustrationen und audiovisuellem Text mit dyna-mischen Illustrationen in einer Stichprobe von Kindern desselben Alters (N = 108). In bei-den Experimenten wurde eine Satzrekognitionsmethode ähnlich der von Schmalhofer und Glavanov (1986) angewendet. Diese Methode ermöglicht die simultane Messung aller drei Repräsentationsebenen. Experiment 3 (Seger, Hauf & Nieding, 2020) untersuchte die perzep-tuelle Simulation von vertikalen Objektbewegungen bei der Rezeption auditiver und audio-visueller narrativer Texte bei Kindern im Alter von 5 bis 11 Jahren sowie bei Erwachsenen (N = 190). Hierbei wurde eine Bildverifikationsaufgabe verwendet, die auf Stanfield und Zwaans (2001) Paradigma aufbaut und von Hauf (2016) adaptiert wurde. Die ersten beiden Experimente bestätigen Hypothese 1, was darauf hindeutet, dass das Drei-Ebenen-Modell auf den Kontext des Verständnisses auditiver und schriftlicher narrativer Texte bei Kindern angewendet werden kann. Eine günstige Auswirkung von Illustrationen auf das Situationsmodell wurde beobachtet, wenn diese synchron mit auditivem Text (Hypo-these 2a), jedoch nicht wenn diese asynchron mit schriftlichem Text präsentiert wurden (Hy-pothese 2b); dies stellt eine partielle Bestätigung der ITPC in diesem Punkt dar. Hypothese 2c wurde verworfen, demnach trägt motorische Resonanz nicht zusätzlich zum Verständnis narrativer Texte mit dynamischen Illustrationen bei. Im Hinblick auf die Textbasis wurde kein genereller negativer Effekt von Illustrationen beobachtet (Hypothese 2d), jedoch ein spezifischer negativer Effekt wenn diese der ihnen jeweils zugeordneten Textpassage folgten (Hypothese 2e); letzteres Ergebnis steht ebenfalls im Einklang mit der ITPC. Die Textober-fläche (Hypothese 2f) scheint von Illustrationen bei auditivem, jedoch nicht bei schriftlichem Text zu profitieren. Die Ergebnisse von Experiment 3 legen nahe, dass Kinder und Erwach-sene vertikale Objektbewegungen perzeptuell simulieren (Hypothese 3a), es scheint jedoch diesbezüglich keinen Unterschied zwischen auditivem und audiovisuellem Text zu geben (Hypothese 3b); folglich wird die Annahme nicht unterstützt, dass perzeptuelle Simulationen beim Aufbau des Situationsmodells bei illustrierten Texten eine funktionale Rolle spielen. Die Hypothesen 4a–4c wurden in allen drei Experimenten untersucht und in keinem davon bestätigt; daraus folgt, dass Repräsentationen illustrierter und nicht illustrierter narrativer Texte innerhalb des untersuchten Altersbereichs stabil bleiben. KW - Textverstehen KW - Grundschulkind KW - Audiovisuelle Medien KW - Illustration KW - text comprehension KW - situation model KW - narrative text KW - perceptual simulation KW - perceptual support KW - Illustration Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242280 ER -