TY - JOUR A1 - Genheimer, Hannah A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Asan, Esther A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Reinstatement of contextual conditioned anxiety in virtual reality and the effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Since exposure therapy for anxiety disorders incorporates extinction of contextual anxiety, relapses may be due to reinstatement processes. Animal research demonstrated more stable extinction memory and less anxiety relapse due to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). We report a valid human three-day context conditioning, extinction and return of anxiety protocol, which we used to examine effects of transcutaneous VNS (tVNS). Seventy-five healthy participants received electric stimuli (unconditioned stimuli, US) during acquisition (Day1) when guided through one virtual office (anxiety context, CTX+) but never in another (safety context, CTX−). During extinction (Day2), participants received tVNS, sham, or no stimulation and revisited both contexts without US delivery. On Day3, participants received three USs for reinstatement followed by a test phase. Successful acquisition, i.e. startle potentiation, lower valence, higher arousal, anxiety and contingency ratings in CTX+ versus CTX−, the disappearance of these effects during extinction, and successful reinstatement indicate validity of this paradigm. Interestingly, we found generalized reinstatement in startle responses and differential reinstatement in valence ratings. Altogether, our protocol serves as valid conditioning paradigm. Reinstatement effects indicate different anxiety networks underlying physiological versus verbal responses. However, tVNS did neither affect extinction nor reinstatement, which asks for validation and improvement of the stimulation protocol. KW - psychology KW - vagus nerve stimulation KW - contextual anxiety KW - fear conditioning KW - extinction Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169892 VL - 7 IS - 17886 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Platte, Petra T1 - Attentional bias toward high-calorie food-cues and trait motor impulsivity interactively predict weight gain JF - Health Psychology Open N2 - Strong bottom-up impulses and weak top-down control may interactively lead to overeating and, consequently, weight gain. In the present study, female university freshmen were tested at the start of the first semester and again at the start of the second semester. Attentional bias toward high- or low-calorie food-cues was assessed using a dot-probe paradigm and participants completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Attentional bias and motor impulsivity interactively predicted change in body mass index: motor impulsivity positively predicted weight gain only when participants showed an attentional bias toward high-calorie food-cues. Attentional and non-planning impulsivity were unrelated to weight change. Results support findings showing that weight gain is prospectively predicted by a combination of weak top-down control (i.e. high impulsivity) and strong bottom-up impulses (i.e. high automatic motivational drive toward high-calorie food stimuli). They also highlight the fact that only specific aspects of impulsivity are relevant in eating and weight regulation. KW - attentional bias KW - Barratt Impulsiveness Scale KW - body mass index KW - calorie content KW - dot probe KW - energy density KW - food-cues KW - impulsivity KW - prospective study KW - weight gain Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168504 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried A1 - Görs, Marijke T1 - Information integration of Kohlbergian thoughts about consensual sex JF - Universitas Psychologica N2 - The unification of two major approaches to moral judgment is the purpose of the present approach. Kohlberg's well-known stage theory assumes a sequence of discrete stages that underlie all moral judgment. Stage theory recognizes the problem of integrating considerations but gives no way to solve such integration, even with information from any one stage. And, of course, the stage concept denies any significant integration from different stages. Thus, research on moral judgment needs to study the integration problem which can be tested within Anderson's theory of information integration. The main purpose of the present study was to extend this unificationist approach to the issue of sexual morality. A novel task presents information from two very different stages. The results showed that in contrast to discreteness the stage informers were positively correlated in punishment judgments of both genders about consensual sex of juveniles. Furthermore, the subjects integrated considerations from those very different stages also in contrast to the hypothesis that only a single stage was operative at any time. KW - Information Integration Theory KW - Kohlberg KW - moral judgment KW - cognition development Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168487 VL - 15 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Acqualagna, Laura A1 - Botrel, Loic A1 - Vidaurre, Carmen A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Blankertz, Benjamin T1 - Large-Scale Assessment of a Fully Automatic Co-Adaptive Motor Imagery-Based Brain Computer Interface JF - PLoS ONE N2 - In the last years Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology has benefited from the development of sophisticated machine leaning methods that let the user operate the BCI after a few trials of calibration. One remarkable example is the recent development of co-adaptive techniques that proved to extend the use of BCIs also to people not able to achieve successful control with the standard BCI procedure. Especially for BCIs based on the modulation of the Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR) these improvements are essential, since a not negligible percentage of users is unable to operate SMR-BCIs efficiently. In this study we evaluated for the first time a fully automatic co-adaptive BCI system on a large scale. A pool of 168 participants naive to BCIs operated the co-adaptive SMR-BCI in one single session. Different psychological interventions were performed prior the BCI session in order to investigate how motor coordination training and relaxation could influence BCI performance. A neurophysiological indicator based on the Power Spectral Density (PSD) was extracted by the recording of few minutes of resting state brain activity and tested as predictor of BCI performances. Results show that high accuracies in operating the BCI could be reached by the majority of the participants before the end of the session. BCI performances could be significantly predicted by the neurophysiological indicator, consolidating the validity of the model previously developed. Anyway, we still found about 22% of users with performance significantly lower than the threshold of efficient BCI control at the end of the session. Being the inter-subject variability still the major problem of BCI technology, we pointed out crucial issues for those who did not achieve sufficient control. Finally, we propose valid developments to move a step forward to the applicability of the promising co-adaptive methods. KW - large-scale assessment KW - Brain Computer Interface KW - machine leaning KW - fully automatic KW - co-adaptive Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167230 VL - 11 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Akakpo, Martin Gameli T1 - The influence of learner characteristics on interactions to seek and share information in e-learning: A media psychology perspective T1 - Der Einfluss von Lernendenmerkmale auf die Interaktionen zur Suche und zum Austausch von Informationen im E-Learning: Eine medienpsychologische Perspektive N2 - Research on the deployment and use of technology to assist learning has seen a significant rise over the last decades (Aparicio et al., 2017). The focus on course quality, technology, learning outcome and learner satisfaction in e-learning has led to insufficient attention by researchers to individual characteristics of learners (Cidral et al., 2017 ; Hsu et al., 2013). The current work aims to bridge this gap by investigating characteristics identified by previous works and backed by theory as influential individual differences in e-learning. These learner characteristics have been suggested as motivational factors (Edmunds et al., 2012) in decisions by learners to interact and exchange information (Luo et al., 2017). In this work e-learning is defined as interaction dependent information seeking and sharing enabled by technology. This is primarily approached from a media psychology perspective. The role of learner characteristics namely, beliefs about the source of knowledge (Schommer, 1990), learning styles (Felder & Silverman, 1988), need for affect (Maio & Esses, 2001), need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) and power distance (Hofstede, 1980) on interactions to seek and share information in e-learning are investigated. These investigations were shaped by theory and empirical lessons as briefly mentioned in the next paragraphs. Theoretical support for investigations is derived from the technology acceptance model(TAM) by psychologist Davis (1989) and the hyper-personal model by communication scientist Walther (1996). The TAM was used to describe the influence of learner characteristics on decisions to use e-learning systems (Stantchev et al., 2014). The hyper-personal model described why computer-mediated communication thrives in e-learning (Kaye et al., 2016) and how learners interpret messages exchanged online (Hansen et al., 2015). This theoretical framework was followed by empirical reviews which justified the use of interaction and information seeking-sharing as key components of e-learning as well as the selection of learner characteristics. The reviews provided suggestions for the measurement of variables (Kühl et al., 2014) and the investigation design (Dascalau et al., 2015). Investigations were designed and implemented through surveys and quasi experiments which were used for three preliminary studies and two main studies. Samples were selected from Germany and Ghana with same variables tested in both countries. Hypotheses were tested with interaction and information seeking-sharing as dependent variables while beliefs about the source of knowledge, learning styles, need for affect, need for cognition and power distance were independent variables. Firstly, using analyses of variance, the influence of beliefs about the source of knowledge on interaction choices of learners was supported. Secondly, the role of need for cognition on interaction choices of learners was supported by results from a logistic regression. Thirdly, results from multiple linear regressions backed the influence of need for cognition and power distance on information seeking-sharing behaviour of learners. Fourthly, the relationship between need for affect and need for cognition was supported. The findings may have implications for media psychology research, theories used in this work, research on e-learning, measurement of learner characteristics and the design of e-learning platforms. The findings suggest that, the beliefs learners have about the source of knowledge, their need for cognition and their power distance can influence decisions to interact and seek or share information. The outlook from reviews and findings in this work predicts more research on learner characteristics and a corresponding intensity in the use of e-learning by individuals. It is suggested that future studies investigate the relationship between learner autonomy and power distance. Studies on inter-cultural similarities amongst e-learners in different populations are also suggested. N2 - Forschungsbemühungen zur Bereitstellung und die Nutzung von Technologien zur Unterstützung des Lernens nahm in den letzten Jahrzehnten erheblich zu (Aparicio et al., 2017). Der Fokus auf Kursqualität, Technologie, Lernergebnisse und Zufriedenheit der Lernenden im E-Learning führte dazu, dass die Forschenden den individuellen Eigenschaften der Lernenden nicht genügend Aufmerksamkeit schenkten (Cidral et al., 2017; Hsu et al., 2013). Die vorliegende Arbeit ist bestrebt, diese Lücke zu schließen. Sie untersucht Lernendenmerkmale, die in früheren Arbeiten identifiziert und theoretisch als einflussreiche individuelle Unterschiede beim E-Learning unterstrichen wurden. Diese Eigenschaften des Lernenden wurden als Motivationsfaktoren (Edmunds et al., 2012) in Entscheidungen des Lernenden bei Interaktion mit und zum Austausch von Informationen vorgeschlagen (Luo et al., 2017). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird E-Learning definiert als Informationssuche und -austausch, der durch Technologie ermöglicht wird und auf Interaktionen basiert. Diese Ideen werden vor allem aus medienpsychologischer Sicht angegangen. Die Rolle der Merkmale des Lernenden, nämlich seine jeweiligen Überzeugungen über die Quelle des Wissens (Schommer, 1990), Lernstile (Felder & Silverman, 1988), Bedürfnis nach Zuwendung (Maio & Esses, 2001), Erkenntnisdrang (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) und Machtdistanz (Hofstede, 1980) werden bzgl. der Interaktionen, die zur Suche und zum Austausch von Informationen dienen, untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen berücksichtigen theoretische Annahmen und empirische Erkenntnisse, die hier kurz skizziert werden. Das ‚Technology Acceptance Model‘ (TAM) des Psychologen Davis (1989) und das ‚Hyper-Personal Model‘ des Kommunikationswissenschaftlers Walther (1996) liegen den durchgeführten Untersuchungen zugrunde. Mit dem TAM wurde der Einfluss der Eigenschaften eines Lernenden auf Entscheidungen zur Verwendung von E-Learning-Systemen erklärt (Stantchev et al., 2014). Das ‚Hyper-Personal Model‘ skizzierte Ursachen, warum computervermittelte Kommunikation im E-Learning gelingt (Kaye et al., 2016) und wie Lernende online ausgetauschte Nachrichten interpretieren (Hansen et al., 2015). Diesem theoretischen Rahmen folgend, werden empirische Arbeiten umrissen, die die Verwendung von Interaktion, zur Suche und zum Austausch von Informationen als Schlüsselkomponenten des E-Learning beschreiben sowie die Auswahl der zu untersuchenden Eigenschaften der Lernenden rechtfertigten. Aus diesen Arbeiten wurden Ideen für die Messung der Variablen (Kühl et al., 2014) und das Untersuchungsdesign (Dascalau et al., 2015) abgeleitet. Umfragen und Quasi-Experimente wurden hierzu durchgeführt. Diese Instrumente wurden für drei Vorstudien und zwei Hauptstudien verwendet. Probanden wurden aus Deutschland und Ghana ausgewählt, wobei in beiden Ländern die gleichen Variablen getestet wurden. Die Hypothesentestung berücksichtigte Interaktion und Informationssuche und -austausch als abhängige Variablen, während die Überzeugungen bzgl. der Quellen des Wissens, Lernstile, Bedürfnis nach Zuwendung, Erkenntnisdrang und Machtdistanz als unabhängige Variablen dienten. Durchgeführte Varianzanalysen (1.) belegen die Annahme, dass Überzeugungen über die Wissensquelle Einfluss auf die Interaktionswahl der Lernenden haben. Zudem konnte ein Effekt (2.) des Erkenntnisdrangs auf die Wahlentscheidung der Lernenden durch die Ergebnisse einer logistischen Regression unterstützt werden. Des Weiteren (3.) unterstützten die Ergebnisse mehrerer linearer Regressionen den Einfluss des Erkenntnisdrangs und der Machtdistanz auf das Verhalten der Lernenden bezüglich Informationssuche und -austausch. Schließlich (4.) wurde die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Bedürfnis nach Zuwendung und Erkenntnisdrang unterstützt. Die Ergebnisse sind relevant für die medienpsychologische Forschung, Theorien, die in dieser Arbeit verwendet werden, die Untersuchung von E-Learning, die Messung der Merkmale der Lernenden, sowie für die Gestaltung von E-Learning-Plattformen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Überzeugungen der Lernenden über die Wissensquelle, ihr Erkenntnisdrang (NfC) und ihre Machtdistanz, die Entscheidungen, wie sie interagieren und Informationen suchen oder sie auszutauschen, beeinflussen können. Schlußfolgerungen aus der erarbeiteten Theorie und Empirie sowie aus dieser Arbeit befürworten eine stärkere Erforschung der Eigenschaften der Lernenden. Es erscheint darüber hinaus ratsam, dass zukünftige Studien den Zusammenhang zwischen der Autonomie der Lernenden und der Machtdistanz untersuchen. Es werden außerdem weitere Studien zu interkulturellen Ähnlichkeiten zwischen E-Learning-Lernenden in verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen vorgeschlagen. KW - e-learning KW - Individualität KW - E-Learning KW - Media Psychology KW - Interactions KW - Information seeking and sharing KW - information sharing KW - learner characteristics Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-185934 ER - TY - THES A1 - Huestegge, Sujata Maya T1 - Cognitive mechanisms of voice processing T1 - Kognitive Verarbeitung von Stimminformation N2 - The present thesis addresses cognitive processing of voice information. Based on general theoretical concepts regarding mental processes it will differentiate between modular, abstract information processing approaches to cognition and interactive, embodied ideas of mental processing. These general concepts will then be transferred to the context of processing voice-related information in the context of parallel face-related processing streams. One central issue here is whether and to what extent cognitive voice processing can occur independently, that is, encapsulated from the simultaneous processing of visual person-related information (and vice versa). In Study 1 (Huestegge & Raettig, in press), participants are presented with audio-visual stimuli displaying faces uttering digits. Audiovisual gender congruency was manipulated: There were male and female faces, each uttering digits with either a male or female voice (all stimuli were AV- synchronized). Participants were asked to categorize the gender of either the face or the voice by pressing one of two keys in each trial. A central result was that audio-visual gender congruency affected performance: Incongruent stimuli were categorized slower and more error-prone, suggesting a strong cross-modal interaction of the underlying visual and auditory processing routes. Additionally, the effect of incongruent visual information on auditory classification was stronger than the effect of incongruent auditory information on visual categorization, suggesting visual dominance over auditory processing in the context of gender classification. A gender congruency effect was also present under high cognitive load. Study 2 (Huestegge, Raettig, & Huestegge, in press) utilized the same (gender-congruent and -incongruent) stimuli, but different tasks for the participants, namely categorizing the spoken digits (into odd/even or smaller/larger than 5). This should effectively direct attention away from gender information, which was no longer task-relevant. Nevertheless, congruency effects were still observed in this study. This suggests a relatively automatic processing of cross-modal gender information, which eventually affects basic speech-based information processing. Study 3 (Huestegge, subm.) focused on the ability of participants to match unfamiliar voices to (either static or dynamic) faces. One result was that participants were indeed able to match voices to faces. Moreover, there was no evidence for any performance increase when dynamic (vs. mere static) faces had to be matched to concurrent voices. The results support the idea that common person-related source information affects both vocal and facial features, and implicit corresponding knowledge appears to be used by participants to successfully complete face-voice matching. Taken together, the three studies (Huestegge, subm.; Huestegge & Raettig, in press; Huestegge et al., in press) provided information to further develop current theories of voice processing (in the context of face processing). On a general level, the results of all three studies are not in line with an abstract, modular view of cognition, but rather lend further support to interactive, embodied accounts of mental processing. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation thematisiert die kognitive Verarbeitung von Stimminformation. Basierend auf allgemeinen theoretischen Vorstellungen zu mentalen Prozessen wird zunächst unterschieden in modulare, abstrakte Informationsverarbeitungsansätze und interaktive, verkörperte Vorstellungen kognitiver Prozesse. Diese allgemeinen Vorstellungen werden dann am Beispiel der Verarbeitung von Stimminformation im Kontext der parallel dazu ablaufenden Gesichterverarbeitung konkretisiert. Es geht also u.a. darum, inwiefern kognitive Stimmverarbeitung unbeeinflusst von der gleichzeitigen Verarbeitung von visueller Personeninformation ablaufen kann (und umgekehrt). In Studie 1 (Huestegge & Raettig, in press) werden Probanden audiovisuelle Stimuli dargeboten, bei denen Gesichter Ziffern aussprechen. Manipuliert wird die Geschlechtskongruenz der Stimuli: Es gibt männliche und weibliche Gesichter, die je entweder mit einer männlichen oder weiblichen Stimme synchronisiert wurden. Probanden sollen entweder nur auf die Stimme oder nur auf das visuelle Gesicht achten und jeweils das Geschlecht per Tastendruck kategorisieren. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass es für die Kategorisierungsleistung eine Rolle spielt, ob es sich um geschlechts-kongruente oder –inkongruente Stimuli handelt: Letztere wurden langsamer bzw. mit höherer Fehleranfälligkeit kategorisiert, was für eine starke cross-modale Interaktion der zugrundeliegenden visuellen und akustischen Verarbeitungsrouten spricht. Dabei wirkte sich inkongruente visuelle Information stärker auf die Stimmbeurteilung aus als inkongruente Stimminformation auf die visuelle Beurteilung, was auf eine Dominanz visueller gegenüber akustischer Informationsverarbeitung hindeutet. Unter starker kognitiver Belastung konnte ebenfalls ein Kongruenzeffekt nachgewiesen werden. In Studie 2 (Huestegge, Raettig, & Huestegge, in press) wurde dasselbe Stimulusmaterial verwendet, aber kategorisiert werden sollten nun die gesprochenen Ziffern (z.B. in gerade/ungerade oder größer/kleiner 5). Damit ist in der Instruktion die Aufmerksamkeit von der Geschlechtsdimension weggelenkt. Dennoch fanden sich auch hier Geschlechtskongruenzeffekte auf die Ziffernkategorisierung, was für eine relativ automatische Verarbeitung von cross-modaler Geschlechtsinformation spricht, die sich dann auch auf die Sprachverarbeitung auswirken kann. In Studie 3 (Huestegge, subm.) wurde die Fähigkeit von Probanden untersucht, von einer Stimme auf das zugehörige (statisch oder dynamisch) dargebotene Gesicht zu schließen. Dies gelang den Probanden in überzufälliger Weise. Weiterhin konnte keine Evidenz dafür gefunden werden, dass bewegte (dynamische) Gesichter besser den Stimmen zugeordnet werden konnten als statische Gesichter. Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass gemeinsame Quellinformation sich sowohl auf Stimme wie Gesichtsmerkmale auswirkt, und dass implizites Wissen hierüber von den Probanden genutzt wird, um Stimmen Gesichtern zuzuordnen. Insgesamt konnten die Ergebnisse der drei Studien (Huestegge, subm.; Huestegge & Raettig, in press; Huestegge et al., in press) dazu beitragen, bestehende Theorien der Stimm- und Gesichterverarbeitung entscheidend weiterzuentwickeln. Die Ergebnisse sind allgemein eher im Einklang mit einer stark interaktiven, verkörperten Sicht auf kognitive Prozesse, weniger mit einer modular-abstrakten Informationsverarbeitungsperspektive. KW - Stimme KW - Gesicht KW - Voice Processing KW - Stimmverarbeitung KW - Face Voice Matching KW - Informationsverarbeitung KW - Kognition Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186086 ER - TY - THES A1 - Flechsenhar, Aleya Felicia T1 - The Ubiquity of Social Attention – a Detailed Investigation of the Underlying Mechanisms T1 - Die Allgegenwärtigkeit Sozialer Aufmerksamkeit – eine Detaillierte Erforschung Zugrundeliegender Mechanismen N2 - This dissertation highlights various aspects of basic social attention by choosing versatile approaches to disentangle the precise mechanisms underlying the preference to focus on other human beings. The progressive examination of different social processes contrasted with aspects of previously adopted principles of general attention. Recent research investigating eye movements during free exploration revealed a clear and robust social bias, especially for the faces of depicted human beings in a naturalistic scene. However, free viewing implies a combination of mechanisms, namely automatic attention (bottom-up), goal-driven allocation (top-down), or contextual cues and inquires consideration of overt (open exploration using the eyes) as well as covert orienting (peripheral attention without eye movement). Within the scope of this dissertation, all of these aspects have been disentangled in three studies to provide a thorough investigation of different influences on social attention mechanisms. In the first study (section 2.1), we implemented top-down manipulations targeting non-social features in a social scene to test competing resources. Interestingly, attention towards social aspects prevailed, even though this was detrimental to completing the requirements. Furthermore, the tendency of this bias was evident for overall fixation patterns, as well as fixations occurring directly after stimulus onset, suggesting sustained as well as early preferential processing of social features. Although the introduction of tasks generally changes gaze patterns, our results imply only subtle variance when stimuli are social. Concluding, this experiment indicates that attention towards social aspects remains preferential even in light of top-down demands. The second study (section 2.2) comprised of two separate experiments, one in which we investigated reflexive covert attention and another in which we tested reflexive as well as sustained overt attention for images in which a human being was unilaterally located on either the left or right half of the scene. The first experiment consisted of a modified dot-probe paradigm, in which peripheral probes were presented either congruently on the side of the social aspect, or incongruently on the non-social side. This was based on the assumption that social features would act similar to cues in traditional spatial cueing paradigms, thereby facilitating reaction times for probes presented on the social half as opposed to the non-social half. Indeed, results reflected such congruency effect. The second experiment investigated these reflexive mechanisms by monitoring eye movements and specifying the location of saccades and fixations for short as well as long presentation times. Again, we found the majority of initial saccades to be congruently directed to the social side of the stimulus. Furthermore, we replicated findings for sustained attention processes with highest fixation densities for the head region of the displayed human being. The third study (section 2.3), tackled the other mechanism proposed in the attention dichotomy, the bottom-up influence. Specifically, we reduced the available contextual information of a scene by using a gaze-contingent display, in which only the currently fixated regions would be visible to the viewer, while the remaining image would remain masked. Thereby, participants had to voluntarily change their gaze in order to explore the stimulus. First, results revealed a replication of a social bias in free-viewing displays. Second, the preference to select social features was also evident in gaze-contingent displays. Third, we find higher recurrent gaze patterns for social images compared to non-social ones for both viewing modalities. Taken together, these findings imply a top-down driven preference for social features largely independent of contextual information. Importantly, for all experiments, we took saliency predictions of different computational algorithms into consideration to ensure that the observed social bias was not a result of high physical saliency within these areas. For our second experiment, we even reduced the stimulus set to those images, which yielded lower mean and peak saliency for the side of the stimulus containing the social information, while considering algorithms based on low-level features, as well as pre-trained high-level features incorporated in deep learning algorithms. Our experiments offer new insights into single attentional mechanisms with regard to static social naturalistic scenes and enable a further understanding of basic social processing, contrasting from that of non-social attention. The replicability and consistency of our findings across experiments speaks for a robust effect, attributing social attention an exceptional role within the general attention construct, not only behaviorally, but potentially also on a neuronal level and further allowing implications for clinical populations with impaired social functioning. N2 - Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten grundlegender sozialer Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse. Insbesondere werden durch vielseitige Herangehensweisen einzelne Mechanismen untersucht, die der bevorzugten Betrachtung von Menschen zugrunde liegen. Die progressive Untersuchung unterschiedlicher sozialer Vorgänge widerspricht einiger zuvor angenommener Grundlagen allgemeiner Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse. So zeigen beispielsweise Probanden bei freier Betrachtung naturalistischer Bilder eine klare Präferenz für abgebildete Menschen, v.a. deren Gesichter. Allerdings beinhaltet die freie Betrachtung eine Kombination aus mehreren Vorgängen, wie automatische (engl. bottom-up) und zielorientierte, willentliche Aufmerksamkeitslenkung (engl. top-down), als auch den Einfluss von Kontextzusammenhängen. Dies bedingt weiter die Berücksichtigung offener (engl. overt; Exploration mittels Augenbewegungen), als auch verdeckter Aufmerksamkeit (engl. covert; periphere Erkundung ohne Augenbewegungen). Im Rahmen der Dissertation werden alle genannten Aspekte anhand von drei Studien behandelt, wodurch eine sorgfältige Untersuchung verschiedener Einflüsse sozialer Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse erfolgt. In der ersten Studie (Abschnitt 2.1) wurden zielgerichtete Manipulationen in Form von Aufgabenstellungen vorgenommen, welche die Aufmerksamkeit innerhalb einer sozialen Szene spezifisch auf nicht-soziale Reize lenken sollten, um kompetitive Ressourcen von sozialer und zielgerichteter Aufmerksamkeit zu untersuchen. Interessanterweise überwog die Tendenz, soziale Aspekte zu betrachten, obwohl dies nachteilig für das Lösen der Aufgaben war. Diese Neigung erwies sich für die allgemeine Fixationsverteilung als auch für Fixationen, die unmittelbar nach Erscheinen der Stimuli auftraten. Dieser Befund impliziert, dass soziale Reize sowohl bei dauerhaften als auch frühen Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen bevorzugt werden. Obwohl es einen allgemeinen Konsens gibt, dass eine Implementierung von Aufgaben zu verändertem Blickverhalten führt, deuten unsere Ergebnisse lediglich auf subtile Abweichungen hin, wenn die Stimuli sozialer Natur sind. Abschließend indiziert dieses Experiment, dass auch mit steigender Bedeutung anderer top-down Modulationen bevorzugt soziale Aspekte betrachtet werden. Die zweite Studie (Abschnitt 2.2) bestand aus zwei separaten Experimenten, welche verdeckte und offene Aufmerksamkeit auf soziale Reize untersuchten. Hierfür wurden in beiden Studien dieselben Bilder verwendet, in denen ein Mensch unilateral, entweder auf der rechten oder linken Hälfte abgebildet war. Das erste Experiment bestand aus einer modifizierten Variante des Dot-Probe Paradigmas, bei dem periphere Zielreize entweder kongruent auf der Seite des sozialen Stimulus erschienen, oder inkongruent auf der nicht sozialen Seite präsentiert wurden. Diese Zuteilung basierte auf der Annahme, dass soziale Merkmale auf ähnliche Weise fungieren wie Hinweisreize in traditionellen Spatial-Cueing-Paradigmen, indem sie Reaktionszeiten auf Zielobjekte, die auf der sozialen Seite präsentiert werden, beschleunigen. Tatsächlich wiesen unsere Ergebnisse einen solchen Kongruenzeffekt auf. Das zweite Experiment überprüfte die reflexiven Vorgänge durch die Messung von Augenbewegungen mittels Spezifizierung der Sakkadenrichtung und Fixationsdichte für kurze als auch lange Präsentationszeiten. Wiederum stellte sich heraus, dass die Mehrzahl der initialen Sakkaden kongruent zum sozialen Reiz gerichtet waren. Darüber hinaus wurden die Ergebnisse für kontinuierliche Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse durch eine erhöhte Fixationsdichte auf Kopfregionen der abgebildeten Menschen repliziert. Die dritte Studie (Abschnitt 2.3) behandelte den umgekehrten Mechanismus der Aufmerksamkeitsdichotomie, nämlich den bottom-up Einfluss. Durch die Verwendung eines blickkongruenten Paradigmas, konnte der kontextuelle Informationsgehalt der Szenen so reduziert werden, dass nur noch der aktuell betrachtete Bereich sichtbar war, während der Rest des Bildes maskiert blieb. Somit mussten die Teilnehmer willentlich ihren Blick verändern, um die Szene zu erkunden. Erstens zeigten die Ergebnisse eine Replikation des sozialen Bias bei freier Betrachtung. Zweitens scheint die Präferenz, soziale Aspekte zu selektieren, in der blickkongruenten Darstellung bestehen zu bleiben. Drittens zeigte sich ein erhöhtes wiederkehrendes Blickmuster bei sozialen im Vergleich zu nicht sozialen Bildern für beide Betrachtungsmodalitäten. Zusammenfassend implizieren diese Ergebnisse eine zielgerichtete Präferenz für soziale Reize, welche größtenteils kontextunabhängig ist. Hervorzuheben ist auch, dass bei allen Experimenten Salienzprädiktoren verschiedener Algorithmen in Betracht gezogen wurden, um sicher zu stellen, dass die Tendenz soziale Reize zu bevorzugen nicht alleine durch hohe physikalische Salienz in diesen Bereichen bedingt wurde. Insbesondere für die zweite Studie (Abschnitt 2.2) wurden Algorithmen verwendet, die sowohl untergeordnete Merkmale als Prädiktoren integrierten als auch Deep Learning Algorithmen, welche vortrainierte, übergeordnete Merkmale definieren, um Vorhersagen zu treffen. So wurde das verwendete Stimulusmaterial reduziert, so dass nur Bilder mit niedriger mittlerer als auch maximaler Salienz auf der nicht-sozialen Seite analysiert wurden. Diese Experimente geben Aufschluss auf einzelne Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse bei der Betrachtung von statischen, sozialen, naturalistischen Szenen und ermöglichen ein tiefergehendes Verständnis für grundlegende soziale Verarbeitung, welche sich von nicht-sozialer Aufmerksamkeit abhebt. Die Replizierbarkeit und Konsistenz der Experimente implizieren einen robusten Effekt und suggerieren eine gesonderte Rolle der sozialen Aufmerksamkeit innerhalb des allgemeinen Aufmerksamkeitskonstrukts. Dies basiert nicht nur auf Verhaltensparametern, sondern potentiell auch auf neuronaler Ebene und enthält darüber hinaus auch Implikationen für klinische Populationen mit beeinträchtigten sozialen Funktionen. KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Soziale Wahrnehmung KW - Mechanisms of Social Attention Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-184528 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Holtfrerich, Sarah K. C. A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. A1 - Sprenger, Christian A1 - Reimers, Luise A1 - Diekhof, Esther K. T1 - Endogenous Testosterone and Exogenous Oxytocin Modulate Attentional Processing of Infant Faces JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Evidence indicates that hormones modulate the intensity of maternal care. Oxytocin is known for its positive influence on maternal behavior and its important role for childbirth. In contrast, testosterone promotes egocentric choices and reduces empathy. Further, testosterone decreases during parenthood which could be an adaptation to increased parental investment. The present study investigated the interaction between testosterone and oxytocin in attentional control and their influence on attention to baby schema in women. Higher endogenous testosterone was expected to decrease selective attention to child portraits in a face-in-the-crowd-paradigm, while oxytocin was expected to counteract this effect. As predicted, women with higher salivary testosterone were slower in orienting attention to infant targets in the context of adult distractors. Interestingly, reaction times to infant and adult stimuli decreased after oxytocin administration, but only in women with high endogenous testosterone. These results suggest that oxytocin may counteract the adverse effects of testosterone on a central aspect of social behavior and maternal caretaking. KW - maternal behavior KW - oxytocin KW - testosterone KW - attention KW - infant faces Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166783 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, C. A1 - Richter, J. A1 - Mahr, M. A1 - Gajewska, A. A1 - Schiele, M.A. A1 - Gehrmann, A. A1 - Schmidt, B. A1 - Lesch, K.-P. A1 - Lang, T. A1 - Helbig-Lang, S. A1 - Pauli, P. A1 - Kircher, T. A1 - Reif, A. A1 - Rief, W. A1 - Vossbeck-Elsebusch, A.N. A1 - Arolt, V. A1 - Wittchen, H.-U. A1 - Hamm, A.O. A1 - Deckert, J. A1 - Domschke, K. T1 - MAOA gene hypomethylation in panic disorder-reversibility of an epigenetic risk pattern by psychotherapy JF - Translational Psychiatry N2 - Epigenetic signatures such as methylation of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene have been found to be altered in panic disorder (PD). Hypothesizing temporal plasticity of epigenetic processes as a mechanism of successful fear extinction, the present psychotherapy-epigenetic study for we believe the first time investigated MAOA methylation changes during the course of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in PD. MAOA methylation was compared between N=28 female Caucasian PD patients (discovery sample) and N=28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls via direct sequencing of sodium bisulfite-treated DNA extracted from blood cells. MAOA methylation was furthermore analyzed at baseline (T0) and after a 6-week CBT (T1) in the discovery sample parallelized by a waiting time in healthy controls, as well as in an independent sample of female PD patients (N=20). Patients exhibited lower MAOA methylation than healthy controls (P<0.001), and baseline PD severity correlated negatively with MAOA methylation (P=0.01). In the discovery sample, MAOA methylation increased up to the level of healthy controls along with CBT response (number of panic attacks; T0-T1: +3.37±2.17%), while non-responders further decreased in methylation (-2.00±1.28%; P=0.001). In the replication sample, increases in MAOA methylation correlated with agoraphobic symptom reduction after CBT (P=0.02-0.03). The present results support previous evidence for MAOA hypomethylation as a PD risk marker and suggest reversibility of MAOA hypomethylation as a potential epigenetic correlate of response to CBT. The emerging notion of epigenetic signatures as a mechanism of action of psychotherapeutic interventions may promote epigenetic patterns as biomarkers of lasting extinction effects. KW - Adult KW - Case-Control Studies KW - Cognitive Therapy KW - DNA Methylation KW - Epigenesis KW - Genetic KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Monoamine Oxidase/genetics KW - Panic Disorder/genetics KW - Panic Disorder/therapy KW - Sequence Analysis KW - DNA Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164422 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stoeckel, M. Cornelia A1 - Esser, Roland W. A1 - Gamer, Matthias A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - von Leupoldt, Andreas T1 - Brain Responses during the Anticipation of Dyspnea JF - Neural Plasticity N2 - Dyspnea is common in many cardiorespiratory diseases. Already the anticipation of this aversive symptom elicits fear in many patients resulting in unfavorable health behaviors such as activity avoidance and sedentary lifestyle. This study investigated brain mechanisms underlying these anticipatory processes. We induced dyspnea using resistive-load breathing in healthy subjects during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Blocks of severe and mild dyspnea alternated, each preceded by anticipation periods. Severe dyspnea activated a network of sensorimotor, cerebellar, and limbic areas. The left insular, parietal opercular, and cerebellar cortices showed increased activation already during dyspnea anticipation. Left insular and parietal opercular cortex showed increased connectivity with right insular and anterior cingulate cortex when severe dyspnea was anticipated, while the cerebellum showed increased connectivity with the amygdala. Notably, insular activation during dyspnea perception was positively correlated with midbrain activation during anticipation. Moreover, anticipatory fear was positively correlated with anticipatory activation in right insular and anterior cingulate cortex. The results demonstrate that dyspnea anticipation activates brain areas involved in dyspnea perception. The involvement of emotion-related areas such as insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala during dyspnea anticipation most likely reflects anticipatory fear and might underlie the development of unfavorable health behaviors in patients suffering from dyspnea. KW - brain response KW - dyspnea KW - cardiorespiratory disease KW - anticipation Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166238 VL - 2016 IS - 6434987 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suchotzki, Kristina A1 - Kakavand, Aileen A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Validity of the reaction time concealed information test in a prison sample JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - Detecting whether a suspect possesses incriminating (e.g., crime-related) information can provide valuable decision aids in court. To this means, the Concealed Information Test (CIT) has been developed and is currently applied on a regular basis in Japan. But whereas research has revealed a high validity of the CIT in student and normal populations, research investigating its validity in forensic samples in scarce. This applies even more to the reaction time-based CIT (RT-CIT), where no such research is available so far. The current study tested the application of the RT-CIT for an imaginary mock crime scenario both in a sample of prisoners (n = 27) and a matched control group (n = 25). Results revealed a high validity of the RT-CIT for discriminating between crime-related and crime-unrelated information, visible in medium to very high effect sizes for error rates and reaction times. Interestingly, in accordance with theories that criminal offenders may have worse response inhibition capacities and that response inhibition plays a crucial role in the RT-CIT, CIT-effects in the error rates were even elevated in the prisoners compared to the control group. No support for this hypothesis could, however, be found in reaction time CIT-effects. Also, performance in a standard Stroop task, that was conducted to measure executive functioning, did not differ between both groups and no correlation was found between Stroop task performance and performance in the RT-CIT. Despite frequently raised concerns that the RT-CIT may not be applicable in non-student and forensic populations, our results thereby do suggest that such a use may be possible and that effects seem to be quite large. Future research should build up on these findings by increasing the realism of the crime and interrogation situation and by further investigating the replicability and the theoretical substantiation of increased effects in non-student and forensic samples. KW - concealed information test KW - deception KW - lying KW - reaction times KW - inmates KW - forensic sample Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177714 VL - 9 IS - 745 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grossheinrich, Nicola A1 - Firk, Christine A1 - Schulte-Rüther, Martin A1 - von Leupoldt, Andreas A1 - Konrad, Kerstin A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Looking while unhappy: a mood-congruent attention bias toward sad adult faces in children JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A negative mood-congruent attention bias has been consistently observed, for example, in clinical studies on major depression. This bias is assumed to be dysfunctional in that it supports maintaining a sad mood, whereas a potentially adaptive role has largely been neglected. Previous experiments involving sad mood induction techniques found a negative mood-congruent attention bias specifically for young individuals, explained by an adaptive need for information transfer in the service of mood regulation. In the present study we investigated the attentional bias in typically developing children (aged 6–12 years) when happy and sad moods were induced. Crucially, we manipulated the age (adult vs. child) of the displayed pairs of facial expressions depicting sadness, anger, fear and happiness. The results indicate that sad children indeed exhibited a mood specific attention bias toward sad facial expressions. Additionally, this bias was more pronounced for adult faces. Results are discussed in the context of an information gain which should be stronger when looking at adult faces due to their more expansive life experience. These findings bear implications for both research methods and future interventions. KW - eye tracking KW - emotion regulation KW - mood induction KW - attention bias KW - major depression KW - adaptive role Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177688 VL - 9 IS - 2577 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Nagowski, Natalie A1 - Mussel, Patrick A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - Altruistic punishment is connected to trait anger, not trait altruism, if compensation is available JF - Heliyon N2 - Altruistic punishment and altruistic compensation are important concepts that are used to investigate altruism. However, altruistic punishment has been found to be correlated with anger. We were interested whether altruistic punishment and altruistic compensation are both driven by trait altruism and trait anger or whether the influence of those two traits is more specific to one of the behavioral options. We found that if the participants were able to apply altruistic compensation and altruistic punishment together in one paradigm, trait anger only predicts altruistic punishment and trait altruism only predicts altruistic compensation. Interestingly, these relations are disguised in classical altruistic punishment and altruistic compensation paradigms where participants can either only punish or compensate. Hence altruistic punishment and altruistic compensation paradigms should be merged together if one is interested in trait altruism without the confounding influence of trait anger. KW - psychology KW - altruism KW - altruistic punishment KW - altruistic compensation KW - anger Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177669 VL - 4 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. T1 - Should we pre-date the beginning of scientific psychology to 1787? JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - No abstract available. KW - psychology KW - history Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177641 VL - 9 IS - 2481 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Peter, Sebastian M. T1 - Questionable research practices in student final theses – prevalence, attitudes, and the role of the supervisor’s perceived attitudes JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Although questionable research practices (QRPs) and p-hacking have received attention in recent years, little research has focused on their prevalence and acceptance in students. Students are the researchers of the future and will represent the field in the future. Therefore, they should not be learning to use and accept QRPs, which would reduce their ability to produce and evaluate meaningful research. 207 psychology students and fresh graduates provided self-report data on the prevalence and predictors of QRPs. Attitudes towards QRPs, belief that significant results constitute better science or lead to better grades, motivation, and stress levels were predictors. Furthermore, we assessed perceived supervisor attitudes towards QRPs as an important predictive factor. The results were in line with estimates of QRP prevalence from academia. The best predictor of QRP use was students’ QRP attitudes. Perceived supervisor attitudes exerted both a direct and indirect effect via student attitudes. Motivation to write a good thesis was a protective factor, whereas stress had no effect. Students in this sample did not subscribe to beliefs that significant results were better for science or their grades. Such beliefs further did not impact QRP attitudes or use in this sample. Finally, students engaged in more QRPs pertaining to reporting and analysis than those pertaining to study design. We conclude that supervisors have an important function in shaping students’ attitudes towards QRPs and can improve their research practices by motivating them well. Furthermore, this research provides some impetus towards identifying predictors of QRP use in academia. KW - supervisors KW - psychology KW - human learning KW - learning KW - careers KW - scientists KW - psychometrics KW - psychologists Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177296 VL - 13 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reuss, Heiko A1 - Pohl, Carsten A1 - Kiesel, Andrea A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Follow the sign! Top-down contingent attentional capture of masked arrow cues JF - Advances in Cognitive Psychology N2 - Arrow cues and other overlearned spatial symbols automatically orient attention according to their spatial meaning. This renders them similar to exogenous cues that occur at stimulus location. Exogenous cues trigger shifts of attention even when they are presented subliminally. Here, we investigate to what extent the mechanisms underlying the orienting of attention by exogenous cues and by arrow cues are comparable by analyzing the effects of visible and masked arrow cues on attention. In Experiment 1, we presented arrow cues with overall 50% validity. Visible cues, but not masked cues, lead to shifts of attention. In Experiment 2, the arrow cues had an overall validity of 80%. Now both visible and masked arrows lead to shifts of attention. This is in line with findings that subliminal exogenous cues capture attention only in a top-down contingent manner, that is, when the cues fit the observer’s intentions. KW - Attention KW - arrow cues KW - spatial cuing KW - masked priming KW - contingent capture Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140030 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Dogs Cannot Bark: Event-Related Brain Responses to True and False Negated Statements as Indicators of Higher-Order Conscious Processing JF - PLoS ONE N2 - The present study investigated event-related brain potentials elicited by true and false negated statements to evaluate if discrimination of the truth value of negated information relies on conscious processing and requires higher-order cognitive processing in healthy subjects across different levels of stimulus complexity. The stimulus material consisted of true and false negated sentences (sentence level) and prime-target expressions (word level). Stimuli were presented acoustically and no overt behavioral response of the participants was required. Event-related brain potentials to target words preceded by true and false negated expressions were analyzed both within group and at the single subject level. Across the different processing conditions (word pairs and sentences), target words elicited a frontal negativity and a late positivity in the time window from 600-1000 msec post target word onset. Amplitudes of both brain potentials varied as a function of the truth value of the negated expressions. Results were confirmed at the single-subject level. In sum, our results support recent suggestions according to which evaluation of the truth value of a negated expression is a time-and cognitively demanding process that cannot be solved automatically, and thus requires conscious processing. Our paradigm provides insight into higher-order processing related to language comprehension and reasoning in healthy subjects. Future studies are needed to evaluate if our paradigm also proves sensitive for the detection of consciousness in non-responsive patients. KW - Locked-in syndrome KW - Vegetative state KW - Own-name KW - Language comprehension KW - Sentence comprehension KW - Text information KW - Time-course KW - Verification KW - Potentials KW - Activation Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135165 VL - 6 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Crutzen, Rik A1 - Göritz, Anja S. T1 - Does social desirability compromise self-reports of physical activity in web-based research? JF - International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity N2 - Background: This study investigated the relation between social desirability and self-reported physical activity in web-based research. Findings: A longitudinal study (N = 5,495, 54% women) was conducted on a representative sample of the Dutch population using the Marlowe-Crowne Scale as social desirability measure and the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Social desirability was not associated with self-reported physical activity (in MET-minutes/week), nor with its sub-behaviors (i.e., walking, moderate-intensity activity, vigorous-intensity activity, and sedentary behavior). Socio-demographics (i.e., age, sex, income, and education) did not moderate the effect of social desirability on self-reported physical activity and its sub-behaviors. Conclusions: This study does not throw doubt on the usefulness of the Internet as a medium to collect self-reports on physical activity. KW - Question format KW - Internet KW - Physical Activity KW - Sedentary Behavior KW - Social Desirability KW - International Physical Activity Questionnaire KW - Total Physical Activity Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135156 VL - 8 IS - 31 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suchotzki, Kristina A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Alcohol facilitates detection of concealed identity information JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a well-validated means to detect whether someone possesses certain (e.g., crime-relevant) information. The current study investigated whether alcohol intoxication during CIT administration influences reaction time (RT) CIT-effects. Two opposing predictions can be made. First, by decreasing attention to critical information, alcohol intoxication could diminish CIT-effects. Second, by hampering the inhibition of truthful responses, alcohol intoxication could increase CIT-effects. A correlational field design was employed. Participants (n = 42) were recruited and tested at a bar, where alcohol consumption was voluntary and incidental. Participants completed a CIT, in which they were instructed to hide knowledge of their true identity. BAC was estimated via breath alcohol ratio. Results revealed that higher BAC levels were correlated with higher CIT-effects. Our results demonstrate that robust CIT effects can be obtained even when testing conditions differ from typical laboratory settings and strengthen the idea that response inhibition contributes to the RT-CIT effect. KW - drug regulation KW - human behaviour KW - alcohol KW - Concealed Information Test KW - reaction time Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176662 VL - 8 IS - 7825 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bilalic, Merim A1 - Kiesel, Andrea A1 - Pohl, Carsten A1 - Erb, Michael A1 - Grodd, Wolfgang T1 - It Takes Two–Skilled Recognition of Objects Engages Lateral Areas in Both Hemispheres JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Our object recognition abilities, a direct product of our experience with objects, are fine-tuned to perfection. Left temporal and lateral areas along the dorsal, action related stream, as well as left infero-temporal areas along the ventral, object related stream are engaged in object recognition. Here we show that expertise modulates the activity of dorsal areas in the recognition of man-made objects with clearly specified functions. Expert chess players were faster than chess novices in identifying chess objects and their functional relations. Experts’ advantage was domain-specific as there were no differences between groups in a control task featuring geometrical shapes. The pattern of eye movements supported the notion that experts’ extensive knowledge about domain objects and their functions enabled superior recognition even when experts were not directly fixating the objects of interest. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) related exclusively the areas along the dorsal stream to chess specific object recognition. Besides the commonly involved left temporal and parietal lateral brain areas, we found that only in experts homologous areas on the right hemisphere were also engaged in chess specific object recognition. Based on these results, we discuss whether skilled object recognition does not only involve a more efficient version of the processes found in non-skilled recognition, but also qualitatively different cognitive processes which engage additional brain areas KW - Expert chess players KW - Anterior inferotemporal cortex KW - Deliberate practice KW - Neural basis KW - Function knowledge KW - Parietal cortex KW - Macaque monkey KW - Temporal areas KW - Memory KW - Task Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176935 VL - 6 IS - 1 ER -