TY - THES A1 - Muth, Felicitas Vanessa T1 - Step by step: Sense of agency for complex action-event sequences T1 - Schritt für Schritt: Sense of Agency in komplexen Handlungs-Effekt Sequenzen N2 - From simply ringing a bell to preparing a five-course menu, human behavior commonly causes changes in the environment. Such episodes where an agent acts, thereby causing changes in their environment constitute the sense of agency. In this thesis four series of experi-ments elucidate how the sense of agency is represented in complex action-event sequences, thereby bridging a gap between basic cognitive research and real-life practice. It builds upon extensive research on the sense of agency in unequivocal sequences consisting of single ac-tions and distinct, predominantly auditory, outcomes. Employing implicit as well as explicit measures, the scope is opened up to multi-step sequences. The experiments show that it is worthwhile devoting more research to complex action-event sequences. With a newly introduced auditory measure (Chapter II), common phenomena such as temporal binding and a decrease in agency ratings following distorted feedback were replicated in multi-step sequences. However, diverging results between traditional implicit and explicit measures call for further inspection. Multisensory integration appears to gain more weight when multiple actions have to be performed to attain a goal leading to more accurate representations of the own actions (Chapter III). Additionally, freedom of choice (Chapter III) as well as early spatial ambiguity altered the perceived timing of outcomes, while late spatial ambi-guity (Chapter IV) and the outcome’s self-relevance did not (Chapter V). The data suggests that the cognitive system is capable of representing multi-step action-event sequences implicitly and explicitly. Actions and sensory events show a temporal attraction stemming from a bias in the perception of outcomes. Explicit knowledge about causing an event-sequence facilitates neither feelings of control nor taking authorship. The results corroborate current theorizing on the un-derpinnings of temporal binding and the divergence between traditional implicit and explicit measures of the sense of agency. Promising avenues for further research include structured analyses of how much inferred causality contributes to implicit and explicit measures of agency as well as finding alternative measures to capture conceptual as well as non-conceptual facets of the agency experience with one method. N2 - Vom Läuten einer Klingel bis hin zum Kochen eines Fünf-Gänge Menüs – menschliches Handeln verändert die Umwelt. Situationen, in denen eine Person handelt und so Veränderungen in ihrer Umgebung bewirkt, konstituieren den Sense of Agency. Diese Arbeit präsentiert vier Experimentalreihen, die die Repräsentation des Sense of Agency in komplexen Handlungs-Ereignis-Sequenzen erforschen und so eine Brücke zwischen kognitiver Grundla-genforschung und Alltagspraxis schlagen. Aufbauend auf umfangreicher Forschung zum Sense of Agency in Sequenzen aus einzelnen Handlungen und eindeutigen, vorwiegend auditiven Handlungseffekten wird der Forschungsbereich durch Einsatz impliziter sowie expliziter Maße auf mehrschrittige Sequenzen erweitert. Mittels eines neuen auditiven Maßes (Kapitel II) wurden gängige Phänomene wie Temporal Binding und die Abnahme von Agency Ratings nach verfremdetem Feedback in mehrschrittigen Sequenzen repliziert. Müssen mehrere Handlungen ausgeführt werden, um ein Ziel zu erreichen, scheint multisensorische Integration stärker ins Gewicht zu fallen, was zu genaueren Repräsentationen der eigenen Handlungen führt (Kapitel III). Darüber hinaus veränderten Wahl-freiheit (Kapitel III) und frühe räumliche Ambiguität das wahrgenommene Timing von Hand-lungseffekten, späte räumliche Ambiguität (Kapitel IV) sowie Selbstrelevanz des Handlungsef-fekts taten dies nicht (Kapitel V). Die Daten deuten darauf hin, dass das kognitive System mehrschrittige Handlungs-Ereignis-Sequenzen sowohl implizit als auch explizit repräsentieren kann. Die zeitliche Kompression von Handlungs-Ereignis-Sequenzen ist auf eine Verzerrung der Wahrnehmung von Handlungseffekten zurückzuführen. Explizites Wissen über die Verursa-chung von Ereignis-Folgen fördert weder Kontrollerleben noch das Gefühl eigener Autoren-schaft. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen den derzeitigen Diskurs über die Grundlagen von Temporal Binding und die Divergenz zwischen den traditionellen impliziten und expliziten Maßen des Sense of Agency. Strukturierte Analysen zum Beitrag von Kausalität zu Sense of Agency sowie die Ent-wicklung alternativer Methoden zur Erfassung konzeptueller wie nicht-konzeptueller Facetten des Sense of Agency mit einem Maß würden zur Weiterentwicklung des Forschungsbereichs beitragen. KW - Psychologie KW - Experimentelle Psychologie KW - Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation KW - Sense of agency KW - Temporal binding KW - Feelings of agency KW - Judgements of agency KW - Multisensory integration KW - Causality KW - Handlungserleben KW - Cognitive control KW - Kognitive Psychologie KW - Handlungsregulation KW - Kognitionspsychologie KW - Handlungssteuerung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-307569 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rudloff, Jan Philipp T1 - Post-Truth Epistemic Beliefs Rooted in the Dark Factor of Personality Predict Irrational Cognition and Behavior T1 - Postfaktische epistemische Überzeugungen und der Dunkle Faktor der Persönlichkeit sagen irrationale Kognitionen und Verhaltensweisen vorher N2 - Conspiracy theories and fake news are receiving wide media coverage and their proliferation has motivated academic research on the driving factors irrational cognition and behavior. This dissertation focuses on individuals' beliefs about knowledge and knowing, which are commonly referred to as epistemic beliefs. The term post-truth epistemic beliefs is proposed and defined as a strong trust in one’s intuition, a low need to align opinions with evidence, and the strong conviction that truth is a matter of power. Across six online studies, a mediation model is proposed and tested. It includes the core of all dark traits, the Dark Factor of Personality (D), as an antecedent of post-truth epistemic beliefs, and irrational cognition and behavior as consequences. Manuscript #1 comprises four studies showing that post-truth epistemic beliefs are rooted in D and predict increased endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy theories as well as less engagement in health-protective behavior against COVID-19. Manuscript #2 includes a US nationally representative study suggesting that post-truth epistemic beliefs and D predict a lower probability of having been vaccinated against COVID-19. Manuscript #3 presents a repeated measures experiment indicating that the nexus of D and post-truth epistemic beliefs also predicts less discernment between fake and accurate news. These findings highlight a major insight and a serious challenge for rational communication: Some individuals deliberately disregard (scientific) evidence and rational decision-making. Against this background, the need to foster the epistemological development of students and educators is emphasized. N2 - Verschwörungstheorien und Fake News werden in den Medien lebhaft diskutiert und haben zu einem verstärkten Interesse wissenschaftlicher Forschung an den Risikofaktoren für irrationale Überzeugungen und irrationales Verhalten beigetragen. Die vorliegende Dissertation konzentriert sich in diesem Zusammenhang auf individuelle Überzeugungen darüber, was Wissen ist und wie es entsteht, welche als epistemische Überzeugungen bezeichnet werden. In dieser Arbeit wird der Begriff der postfaktischen epistemischen Überzeugungen verwendet – für ein starkes Vertrauen in die eigene Intuition, ein geringes Bedürfnis, Meinungen mit Beweisen abzugleichen und die Überzeugung, dass Wahrheit eine Frage von Macht ist. Ein Mediationsmodell wird über sechs Online-Studien hinweg vorgeschlagen und getestet. Es enthält den Kern aller dunklen Persönlichkeitsmerkmale, den Dunklen Faktor der Persönlichkeit (D), als Prädiktor von postfaktischen epistemischen Überzeugungen und irrationale Überzeugungen und irrationales Verhalten als deren Folgen. Manuskript 1 umfasst vier Studien, die zeigen, dass postfaktische epistemische Überzeugungen mit D verbunden sind und eine verstärkte Befürwortung von COVID-19-Verschwörungstheorien sowie ein verringertes Schutzverhalten bezüglich COVID-19 vorhersagen. Manuskript 2 enthält eine für die USA repräsentative Studie, die zeigt, dass postfaktische epistemische Überzeugungen und D vorhersagen, dass mit geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit eine COVID-19-Schutzimpfung in Anspruch genommen wurde. Manuskript 3 enthält ein Experiment mit Messwiederholung, das zeigt, dass der Nexus aus D und postfaktischen epistemischen Überzeugungen vorhersagt, dass Menschen weniger zwischen falschen und wahren Nachrichten unterscheiden. Diese Ergebnisse liefern eine wichtige Erkenntnis, die eine ernsthafte Herausforderung für rationale Kommunikation aufzeigt: Einige Menschen lehnen bewusst (wissenschaftliche) Beweise und rationale Entscheidungen ab. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Notwendigkeit verdeutlicht, die epistemologische Entwicklung von Lernenden und Lehrenden verstärkt zu fördern. KW - Verschwörungstheorie KW - Desinformation KW - Falschmeldung KW - Fake News KW - Epistemische Überzeugungen KW - Dunkle Persönlichkeitsmerkmale Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-344782 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rinn, Robin T1 - The Subjective Construction of Wealth and the Perception of Wealthy People. The Role of the Social Sample, Social Comparisons, and Mental Representations T1 - Die subjektive Konstruktion von Reichtum und die Wahrnehmung wohlhabender Personen. Die Rolle der sozialen Stichprobe, sozialer Vergleiche und mentaler Repräsentationen N2 - Although the concept of wealth is a topic that ancient philosophers have dealt with, relatively little attention is paid to it in psychology. This work sheds light on cognitive processes on how individuals derive a judgment about whether someone is rich and whether certain cues serve as subjective indicators of wealth. Based on three chapters that describe K = 11 observational and experimental studies (N = 2,315), three research questions shall be answered: First, to what extent do individuals differ when defining wealth? Secondly, are there universal cues of wealth that individuals use to identify rich people? And if yes, in what sense do these cues depend on the situation or context? Furthermore, it will be asked whether there are situational boundaries under which those cues do not apply. The present research shows that individuals differ in defining wealth and that they take their personal life circumstances and situational cues into account to define wealth. Moreover, evidence for a coherent wealth cue model was found that describes cues that are used by individuals to identify the rich (i.e., particularly wealthy people), whereby the validity of these cues depends on several contextual (e.g., cultural) factors. Lastly, it was found that by isolating individual wealth cues and looking at core mental representations of these cues, they may not be perceived as indicative for rich people anymore. The conclusions reported here set a foundation for further research on the perceptions of wealth which may be particularly relevant for the political discourse N2 - Obwohl „Reichtum“ ein Thema ist, mit dem sich schon die Philosophen der Antike beschäftigt haben, wird ihm in der Psychologie relativ wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Diese Arbeit beleuchtet die kognitiven Prozesse, wie Individuen ein Urteil darüber fällen, ob jemand reich ist, und ob bestimmte Anhaltspunkte als subjektive Indikatoren für Reichtum dienen. In drei Kapiteln, die k = 11 Beobachtungs- und experimentelle Studien (N = 2.315) beschreiben, sollen drei Forschungsfragen beantwortet werden. Erstens: Inwieweit unterscheiden sich Individuen, wenn sie Reichtum definieren sollen? Zweitens: Gibt es universelle Hinweisreize für Reichtum, die Individuen verwenden, um reiche Menschen zu identifizieren? Und wenn ja, inwieweit sind diese Hinweisreize kontextabhängig? Darüber hinaus wird die Frage beantwortet, ob es situative Grenzen gibt, unter denen diese Hinweisreize nicht gelten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich Individuen bei der Definition von Reichtum inter-individuell unterscheiden und dass Personen bei der Definition von Reichtum ihre Lebensumstände und situativ verfügbare Anhaltspunkte in Betracht ziehen. Darüber hinaus wurden Belege für ein kohärentes Modell von Reichtumshinweisen gefunden, das Hinweisreize beschreibt, die von Individuen verwendet werden, um reiche Personen (d.h. besonders wohlhabende Menschen) zu identifizieren, wobei die Gültigkeit dieser Merkmale von verschiedenen kontextuellen (z.B. kulturellen) Faktoren abhängt. Schließlich wurde festgestellt, dass durch die Isolierung einzelner Reichtumshinweise der mentalen Repräsentation dieser Merkmale diese möglicherweise nicht mehr als Indikator für reiche Menschen wahrgenommen werden. Aus den Schlussfolgerungen ergeben sich Grundlagen für weitere Forschungen über die Wahrnehmung von Reichtum, die insbesondere für den politischen Diskurs von Bedeutung sein können KW - Milieu KW - Kultur KW - Repräsentation KW - Social Circle KW - Mental Representations KW - Soziales Umfeld KW - Wahrgenommener Reichtum KW - Perceived Wealth KW - Referenzrahmen Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-327894 ER - TY - THES A1 - Murali, Supriya T1 - Understanding the function of spontaneous blinks by investigating internally and externally directed processes T1 - Eine Untersuchung zur Funktion spontaner Lidschläge durch die Differenzierung von extern und intern gerichteten Prozessen N2 - Humans spontaneously blink several times a minute. These blinks are strongly modulated during various cognitive task. However, the precise function of blinking and the reason for their modulation has not been fully understood. In the present work, I investigated the function of spontaneous blinks through various perceptual and cognitive tasks. Previous research has revealed that blinks rates decrease during some tasks but increase during others. When trying to understand these seemingly contradictory results, I observed that blink reduction occurs when one engages with an external input. For instance, a decrease has been observed due to the onset of a stimulus, sensory input processing and attention towards sensory input. However, for activities that do not involve such an engagement, e.g. imagination, daydreaming or creativity, the blink rate has been shown to increase. To follow up on the proposed hypothesis, I distinguished tasks that involve the processing of an external stimulus and tasks that involve disengagement. In the first part of the project, I explored blinking during stimulus engagement. If the probability of blinking is low when engaging with the stimulus, then one should find a reduction in blinks specifically during the time period of processing but not during sensory input per se. To this end, in study 1, I tested the influence of task-relevant information duration on blink timing and additionally manipulated the overall sensory input using a visual and an auditory temporal simultaneity judgement task. The results showed that blinks were suppressed longer for longer periods of relevant information or in other words, blinks occurred at the end of relevant information processing for both the visual and the auditory modality. Since relevance is mediated through top-down processes, I argue that the reduction in blinks is a top-down driven suppression. In studies 2 and 3, I again investigated stimulus processing, but in this case, processing was triggered internally and not based on specific changes in the external input. To this end, I used bistable stimuli, in which the actual physical stimulus remains constant but their perception switches between different interpretations. Studies on the involvement of attention in such bistable perceptual changes indicate that the sensory input is reprocessed before the perceptual switch. The results revealed a reduction in eye blink rates before the report of perceptual switches. Importantly, I was able to decipher that the decrease was not caused by the perceptual switch or the behavioral response but likely started before the internal switch. Additionally, periods between a blink and a switch were longer than interblink intervals, indicating that blinks were followed by a period of stable percept. To conclude, the first part of the project revealed that there is a top-down driven blink suppression during the processing of an external stimulus. In the second part of the project, I extended the idea of blinks marking the disengagement from external processing and tested if blinking is associated with better performance during internally directed processes. Specifically, I investigated divergent thinking, an aspect of creativity, and the link between performance and blink rates as well as the effect of motor restriction. While I could show that motor restriction was the main factor influencing divergent thinking, the relationship between eye blink rates and creative output also depended on restriction. Results showed that higher blink rates were associated with better performance during free movement, but only between subjects. In other words, subjects who had overall higher blink rates scored better in the task, but when they were allowed to sit or walk freely. Within a single subject, trial with higher blink rates were not associated with better performance. Therefore, possibly, people who are able to disengage easily, as indicated by an overall high blink rate, perform better in divergent thinking tasks. However, the link between blink rate and internal tasks is not clear at this point. Indeed, a more complex measurement of blink behavior might be necessary to understand the relationship. In the final part of the project, I aimed to further understand the function of blinks through their neural correlates. I extracted the blink-related neural activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) of existing recordings of three rhesus monkeys during different sensory processing states. I analyzed spike related multi-unit responses, frequency dependent power changes, local field potentials and laminar distribution of activity while the animal watched a movie compared to when it was shown a blank screen. The results showed a difference in blink-related neural activity dependent on the processing state. This difference suggests a state dependent function of blinks. Taken altogether, the work presented in this thesis suggests that eye blinks have an important function during cognitive and perceptual processes. Blinks seem to facilitate a disengagement from the external world and are therefore suppressed during intended processing of external stimuli. N2 - Menschen blinzeln spontan mehrmals pro Minute. Während verschiedener kognitiver Aufgaben ist die Häufigkeit dieser Lidschläge sehr unterschiedlich. Jedoch ist die genaue Funktion des spontanen Lidschlags und der Grund für deren Modulation noch nicht vollständig verstanden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich die Funktion des spontanen Lidschlags durch verschiedene Aufgaben im Bereich der Wahrnehmung und Kognition untersucht. Frühere Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Häufigkeit der Lidschläge bei einigen Aufgaben abnimmt, bei anderen jedoch zunimmt. Bei der Prüfung dieser scheinbar widersprüchlichen Ergebnisse beobachtete ich, dass die Reduzierung der Lidschlaghäufigkeit scheinbar immer bei der Beschäftigung mit externem Input auftritt. Zum Beispiel wurde eine Abnahme aufgrund des Beginns eines sensorischen Reizes, der Verarbeitung sensorischen Inputs und von Aufmerksamkeit auf sensorischen Input beschrieben. Für Aktivitäten ohne solch externes Engagement, z.B. Fantasie, Tagträume oder Kreativität, nimmt die Häufigkeit der Lidschläge zu. Um die vorgeschlagene Hypothese zu überprüfen, untersuchte ich explizit solche Aufgaben mit Verarbeitung eines externen Reizes und solchen mit einer Abgrenzung von externem Input. Im ersten Teil des Projekts untersuchte ich die Lidschläge während der Präsentation von externen Reizen. Falls die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Lidschläge an eine Reizverarbeitung gekoppelt ist, sollte man eine Verringerung der Lidschläge während des Verarbeitungszeitraums feststellen aber nicht während sensorischen Inputs an sich. Zu diesem Zweck habe ich in Studie 1 den Einfluss der aufgabenrelevanten Informationsdauer unabhängig vom gesamten sensorischen Input auf den Zeitpunkt des Lidschlags getestet. Dies geschah mit einer visuellen und einer auditiven Aufgabe zur zeitlichen Gleichzeitigkeitsbeurteilung. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Lidschläge während Zeitfenster mit relevanten Informationen unterdrückt wurden, oder anders gesagt, Lidschläge traten am Ende der Informationsverarbeitung sowohl in der visuellen als auch auditorischen Modalität auf. Weil Relevanz durch Top-Down-Prozesse vermittelt wird, behaupte ich, dass die Verringerung der Lidschläge eine Top-Down-gesteuerte Unterdrückung ist. In den Studien 2 und 3 habe ich die Reizverarbeitung erneut untersucht, aber jetzt wurde die Verarbeitung intern ausgelöst und nicht auf Basis von spezifischen Änderungen im externen Input. Dazu habe ich bistabile Reize verwendet, bei denen der physikalische Reiz selber konstant bleibt, aber die Wahrnehmung zwischen verschiedenen Interpretationen wechselt. Studien über die Rolle der Aufmerksamkeit bei bistabilen Wahrnehmungsveränderungen zeigen, dass der sensorische Input vor dem Wahrnehmungswechsel erneut verarbeitet wird. Die Ergebnisse deckten eine Verringerung in der Häufigkeit der Lidschläge vor der Mitteilung über Wahrnehmungswechsel auf. Eine wichtige Erkenntnis hierbei war, dass diese Verringerung nicht durch den Wahrnehmungswechsel oder die Verhaltensreaktion verursacht wurde, sondern mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit schon vor dem internen Wechsel anfing. Außerdem waren die Perioden zwischen einem Lidschlag und einem Wahrnehmungswechsel länger als die Intervalle zwischen den Lidschlägen, was darauf hinweist, dass einem Lidschlag eine Zeit stabiler Wahrnehmung folgt. Zusammenfassend zeigte der erste Teil des Projekts die Existenz einer Top-Down-gesteuerten Lidschlag-Unterdrückung während der Verarbeitung eines externen Stimulus. Die Idee dass Lidschläge eine Abgrenzung von der Verarbeitung externer Signale markieren habe ich im zweiten Teil des Projekts erweitert und getestet, ob blinzeln mit einer besseren Leistung während intern gesteuerter Prozesse verbunden ist. Insbesondere untersuchte ich divergentes Denken, ein Aspekt der Kreativität, und den Zusammenhang zwischen kreativer Leistung und Häufigkeit der Lidschläge sowie die Wirkung von motorischer Einschränkung. Ich konnte den Einfluss von motorischer Einschränkung auf divergentes Denken aufzeigen, jedoch auch dass die Beziehung zwischen Häufigkeit der Lidschläge und kreativem Output von der motorischen Einschränkung abhängig ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine Verbindung zwischen höherer Lidschlaghäufigkeit und besseren Leistung bei freier Bewegung, jedoch nur innerhalb der Gruppe. Anders gesagt, Probanden mit insgesamt höherer Häufigkeit der Lidschläge erzielten bei der Aufgabe besser Resultate, aber nur wenn sie sich frei bewegen durften. Innerhalb eines Probanden waren Versuche mit höherer Häufigkeit der Lidschläge nicht mit einer besseren Leistung verbunden. Eine mögliche Interpretation ist, dass Menschen die sich insgesamt leichter von sensorischem Input abgrenzen, was möglicherweise durch eine insgesamt hohe Häufigkeit der Lidschläge angezeigt wird, bei divergenten Denkaufgaben besser abschneiden. Allerdings ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Häufigkeit der Lidschläge und internen Aufgaben an dieser Stelle noch nicht klar. Tatsächlich könnte eine komplexere Messung des Lidschlagverhaltens notwendig sein, um die Beziehung zu verstehen. Im letzten Teil des Projekts wollte ich die Funktion von Lidschlägen über ihre neuronalen Korrelate besser verstehen. Ich habe die lidschlagbezogene neuronale Aktivität im primären visuellen Kortex (V1) aus bestehenden Aufzeichnungen von drei Rhesusaffen bei verschiedenen Aufmerksamkeitsverarbeitungszuständen extrahiert. Die lidschlagbezogene Rate der Aktionspotentiale, die Multi-Unit-Aktivität, frequenzabhängige Aktivität, lokale Feldpotentiale und laminare Aktivitätsverteilung habe ich während zwei Versuchsbedingungen analysiert, das Anschauen eines Films und einer Pause vor einem leeren Bildschirm. Die Ergebnisse zeigten einen Unterschied in der lidschlagbezogenen neuronalen Aktivität in Abhängigkeit von der Versuchsbedingung und somit dem Verarbeitungszustand. Dieser Unterschied deutet eine zustandsabhängige Funktion der Lidschläge an. Insgesamt legt die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellte Arbeit nahe, dass Lidschläge eine wichtige Funktion in Kognition und Wahrnehmungsprozessen hat. Lidschläge scheinen eine Abgrenzung von der Außenwelt zu erleichtern und werden daher bei beabsichtigter Verarbeitung externer Reize unterdrückt. KW - Lidschlag KW - Kognition KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Wahrnehmung KW - spontaneous blinks KW - attention KW - perception Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287473 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Mussel, Patrick A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - On second thought … the influence of a second stage in the ultimatum game on decision behavior, electro-cortical correlates and their trait interrelation JF - Psychophysiology N2 - Previous EEG research only investigated one stage ultimatum games (UGs). We investigated the influence of a second bargaining stage in an UG concerning behavioral responses, electro-cortical correlates and their moderations by the traits altruism, anger, anxiety, and greed in 92 participants. We found that an additional stage led to more rejection in the 2-stage UG (2SUG) and that increasing offers in the second stage compared to the first stage led to more acceptance. The FRN during a trial was linked to expectance evaluation concerning the fairness of the offers, while midfrontal theta was a marker for the needed cognitive control to overcome the respective default behavioral pattern. The FRN responses to unfair offers were more negative for either low or high altruism in the UG, while high trait anxiety led to more negative FRN responses in the first stage of 2SUG, indicating higher sensitivity to unfairness. Accordingly, the mean FRN response, representing the trait-like general electrocortical reactivity to unfairness, predicted rejection in the first stage of 2SUG. Additionally, we found that high trait anger led to more rejections for unfair offer in 2SUG in general, while trait altruism led to more rejection of unimproving unfair offers in the second stage of 2SUG. In contrast, trait anxiety led to more acceptance in the second stage of 2SUG, while trait greed even led to more acceptance if the offer was worse than in the stage before. These findings suggest, that 2SUG creates a trait activation situation compared to the UG. KW - bargaining behavior KW - two-stage ultimatum game KW - reward positivity/FRN/MFN/N2 KW - trait activation in two-stage ultimatum game, KW - midfrontal theta KW - fairness evaluation vs. cognitive effort KW - EEG Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318983 VL - 59 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haberstumpf, Sophia A1 - Forster, André A1 - Leinweber, Jonas A1 - Rauskolb, Stefanie A1 - Hewig, Johannes A1 - Sendtner, Michael A1 - Lauer, Martin A1 - Polak, Thomas A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. T1 - Measurement invariance testing of longitudinal neuropsychiatric test scores distinguishes pathological from normative cognitive decline and highlights its potential in early detection research JF - Journal of Neuropsychology N2 - Objective Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing challenge worldwide, which is why the search for early-onset predictors must be focused as soon as possible. Longitudinal studies that investigate courses of neuropsychological and other variables screen for such predictors correlated to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, one often neglected issue in analyses of such studies is measurement invariance (MI), which is often assumed but not tested for. This study uses the absence of MI (non-MI) and latent factor scores instead of composite variables to assess properties of cognitive domains, compensation mechanisms, and their predictability to establish a method for a more comprehensive understanding of pathological cognitive decline. Methods An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a set of increasingly restricted confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were conducted to find latent factors, compared them with the composite approach, and to test for longitudinal (partial-)MI in a neuropsychiatric test battery, consisting of 14 test variables. A total of 330 elderly (mean age: 73.78 ± 1.52 years at baseline) were analyzed two times (3 years apart). Results EFA revealed a four-factor model representing declarative memory, attention, working memory, and visual–spatial processing. Based on CFA, an accurate model was estimated across both measurement timepoints. Partial non-MI was found for parameters such as loadings, test- and latent factor intercepts as well as latent factor variances. The latent factor approach was preferable to the composite approach. Conclusion The overall assessment of non-MI latent factors may pose a possible target for this field of research. Hence, the non-MI of variances indicated variables that are especially suited for the prediction of pathological cognitive decline, while non-MI of intercepts indicated general aging-related decline. As a result, the sole assessment of MI may help distinguish pathological from normative aging processes and additionally may reveal compensatory neuropsychological mechanisms. KW - Alzheimer’s disease KW - early-onset predictors KW - mild cognitive impairment Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-318932 VL - 16 IS - 2 SP - 324 EP - 352 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gary, Sebastian A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang A1 - Lenhard, Alexandra T1 - Modelling norm scores with the cNORM package in R JF - Psych N2 - In this article, we explain and demonstrate how to model norm scores with the cNORM package in R. This package is designed specifically to determine norm scores when the latent ability to be measured covaries with age or other explanatory variables such as grade level. The mathematical method used in this package draws on polynomial regression to model a three-dimensional hyperplane that smoothly and continuously captures the relation between raw scores, norm scores and the explanatory variable. By doing so, it overcomes the typical problems of classical norming methods, such as overly large age intervals, missing norm scores, large amounts of sampling error in the subsamples or huge requirements with regard to the sample size. After a brief introduction to the mathematics of the model, we describe the individual methods of the package. We close the article with a practical example using data from a real reading comprehension test. KW - regression-based norming KW - continuous norming KW - inferential norming KW - data smoothing KW - curve fitting KW - percentile estimation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284143 SN - 2624-8611 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 501 EP - 521 ER - TY - THES A1 - Breil, Christina T1 - Look at me and I will feel you: eye contact and social understandig T1 - Schau mich an und ich sehe dich: Blickkontakt und Sozialverstehen N2 - One of the features that defines humans as extraordinarily social beings is their striking susceptibility to the gaze of others. The research reported in this dissertation was undertaken to advance our understanding of the role of gaze cues in low-level attentional and higher-order cognitive processes. In particular, effects of gaze were examined with regard to three aspects of human cognition: (1) social attention, (2) social interaction and (3) social understanding. Chapter 1 consists of three manuscripts that investigate the boundary conditions of attention capture by direct gaze and how gaze direction is integrated with facial context information. Manuscript 1 and 2 suggest two necessary requirements for attention capture by direct gaze: a meaningful holistic facial context and sharp foveal vision, respectively. Manuscript 3 shows approach/avoidance-congruency effects between gaze direction and emotion expression on attention. Chapter 2 of this dissertation explores the role of gaze in more naturalistic social scenarios. Manuscript 4 demonstrates that gaze behavior during a conversation shapes our perception of another person. Manuscript 5 builds on these findings by showing that these perceptions define our willingness to act in a prosocial way towards our interaction partner. Finally, chapter 3 adopts a broader perspective on social cognition research with a special focus on methodological aspects. Manuscript 6 is a review highlighting the significance of methodological aspects in social cognition research and stressing the importance of sophisticated decisions on task and stimulus materials. Manuscript 7 introduces a new instrument for the assessment of social understanding in adolescents. Initial application in a young sample group indicates that an understanding of another person’s mental states is a capacity that is still developing throughout adolescence. Both manuscripts of this final chapter include eye tracking data that suggest a relationship between gaze behavior and social understanding, a finding that further emphasizes the complex and multifaceted nature of social cognition. I conclude from the findings of this dissertation that research can benefit from adopting a broad view in terms of methodological as well as temporal aspects in order to capture human social cognition in its entirety. N2 - Die herausragend soziale Natur des Menschen zeigt sich insbesondere in der sensiblen Reaktion auf die Blicke anderer. Ziel der in dieser Dissertation berichteten Forschung ist ein umfassendes Verständnis der Rolle von Blickreizen auf kognitive Prozesse niederer und höherer Verarbeitungsstufen. Im Einzelnen wurden Blickeffekte im Hinblick auf drei Aspekte menschlicher Kognition untersucht: (1) Soziale Aufmerksamkeit, (2) soziale Interaktion und (3) Sozialverstehen. In Kapitel 1 werden drei Studien beschrieben, die sich mit den Grenzbedingungen von Aufmerksamkeitsanziehung durch direkten Blickkontakt beschäftigen und die untersuchen, wie Effekte der Blickrichtung mit anderen Reizen interagieren. Manuskript 1 und 2 deuten auf zwei notwendige Voraussetzungen für den direkten Blickeffekt hin: ein holistisch bedeutsamer Gesichtskontext sowie scharfe, foveale Wahrnehmung. Manuskript 3 findet aufmerksamkeitsbezogene Annäherungs-/Vermeidungskongruenzeffekte zwischen Blickrichtung und emotionalem Gesichtsausdruck. Kapitel 2 dieser Dissertation untersucht die Rolle von Blicken in naturalistischeren sozialen Situationen. Manuskript 4 demonstriert, dass Blickverhalten in Gesprächen unsere Wahrnehmung anderer Personen beeinflusst. Manuskript 5 erweitert diesen Befund, indem es verdeutlicht, dass diese Eindrücke unsere Bereitschaft zu prosozialem Verhalten gegenüber unseren Interaktionspartner*innen bestimmen. Schließlich wird im 3. Kapitel eine breitere Sicht auf sozialkognitive Forschung eingenommen. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt dabei auf methodischen Aspekten. Manuskript 6 ist ein Review, das die Tragweite methodischer Aspekte in sozialkognitiven Untersuchungen herausarbeitet und auf die Bedeutung gut informierter und durchdachter Entscheidungen bezüglich der verwendeten Versuchsmaterialien hinweist. In Manuskript 7 wird ein neues Instrument zur Erfassung sozialen Verstehens in jugendlichen Stichproben beschrieben. Eine erste Anwendung dieser neuen Methode deutet darauf hin, dass sich das Verständnis der mentalen Zustände anderer Menschen im Jugendalter noch in der Entwicklung befindet. Beide Manuskripte dieses letzten Kapitels enthalten Eye-Trackingdaten, die auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen Blickbewegungen und Sozialverstehen hindeuten. Dieser Befund verdeutlicht, dass soziale Kognition ein komplexes und breitgefächertes Konstrukt ist. Ich schließe aus den Ergebnissen dieser Dissertation, dass die Wissenschaft sowohl im Hinblick auf methodische als auch auf zeitliche Aspekte von einer umfassenden Sichtweise auf soziale Kognition profitieren könnte, da nur diese es ermöglicht, das Konstrukt in Gänze zu erfassen. KW - eye contact KW - social understanding KW - Blick KW - Kognition KW - Einfühlung KW - Theory of Mind KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Interaktion Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-278021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stegmann, Yannik A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Keil, Andreas A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. T1 - Investigating sustained attention in contextual threat using steady‐state VEPs evoked by flickering video stimuli JF - Psychophysiology N2 - Anxiety is characterized by anxious anticipation and heightened vigilance to uncertain threat. However, if threat is not reliably indicated by a specific cue, the context in which threat was previously experienced becomes its best predictor, leading to anxiety. A suitable means to induce anxiety experimentally is context conditioning: In one context (CTX+), an unpredictable aversive stimulus (US) is repeatedly presented, in contrast to a second context (CTX−), in which no US is ever presented. In this EEG study, we investigated attentional mechanisms during acquisition and extinction learning in 38 participants, who underwent a context conditioning protocol. Flickering video stimuli (32 s clips depicting virtual offices representing CTX+/−) were used to evoke steady‐state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) as an index of visuocortical engagement with the contexts. Analyses of the electrocortical responses suggest a successful induction of the ssVEP signal by video presentation in flicker mode. Furthermore, we found clear indices of context conditioning and extinction learning on a subjective level, while cortical processing of the CTX+ was unexpectedly reduced during video presentation. The differences between CTX+ and CTX− diminished during extinction learning. Together, these results indicate that the dynamic sensory input of the video presentation leads to disruptions in the ssVEP signal, which is greater for motivationally significant, threatening contexts. KW - anxiety KW - EEG KW - oscillation KW - threat KW - time frequency analyses KW - visual processes Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312430 VL - 60 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stegmann, Yannik A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. T1 - The effect of inherently threatening contexts on visuocortical engagement to conditioned threat JF - Psychophysiology N2 - Fear and anxiety are crucial for adaptive responding in life‐threatening situations. Whereas fear is a phasic response to an acute threat accompanied by selective attention, anxiety is characterized by a sustained feeling of apprehension and hypervigilance during situations of potential threat. In the current literature, fear and anxiety are usually considered mutually exclusive, with partially separated neural underpinnings. However, there is accumulating evidence that challenges this distinction between fear and anxiety, and simultaneous activation of fear and anxiety networks has been reported. Therefore, the current study experimentally tested potential interactions between fear and anxiety. Fifty‐two healthy participants completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm followed by a test phase in which the conditioned stimuli were presented in front of threatening or neutral contextual images. To capture defense system activation, we recorded subjective (threat, US‐expectancy), physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) and visuocortical (steady‐state visual evoked potentials) responses to the conditioned stimuli as a function of contextual threat. Results demonstrated successful fear conditioning in all measures. In addition, threat and US‐expectancy ratings, cardiac deceleration, and visuocortical activity were enhanced for fear cues presented in threatening compared with neutral contexts. These results are in line with an additive or interactive rather than an exclusive model of fear and anxiety, indicating facilitated defensive behavior to imminent danger in situations of potential threat. KW - anxiety KW - EEG KW - emotion KW - fear KW - heart rate KW - ssVEP Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312465 VL - 60 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - klein Selle, Nathalie A1 - Suchotzki, Kristina A1 - Pertzov, Yoni A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Orienting versus inhibition: The theory behind the ocular‐based Concealed Information Test JF - Psychophysiology N2 - When trying to conceal one's knowledge, various ocular changes occur. However, which cognitive mechanisms drive these changes? Do orienting or inhibition—two processes previously associated with autonomic changes—play a role? To answer this question, we used a Concealed Information Test (CIT) in which participants were either motivated to conceal (orienting + inhibition) or reveal (orienting only) their knowledge. While pupil size increased in both motivational conditions, the fixation and blink CIT effects were confined to the conceal condition. These results were mirrored in autonomic changes, with skin conductance increasing in both conditions while heart rate decreased solely under motivation to conceal. Thus, different cognitive mechanisms seem to drive ocular responses. Pupil size appears to be linked to the orienting of attention (akin to skin conductance changes), while fixations and blinks rather seem to reflect arousal inhibition (comparable to heart rate changes). This knowledge strengthens CIT theory and illuminates the relationship between ocular and autonomic activity. KW - arousal inhibition KW - autonomic KW - Concealed Information Test (CIT) KW - oculomotor KW - orienting response KW - response fractionation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312626 VL - 60 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ludwig, Jonas A1 - Strack, Fritz T1 - Asymmetrical friendships? People are willing to risk COVID‐19 infection from friends but are reluctant to pass it on to them JF - Journal of Applied Social Psychology N2 - Although most protective behaviors related to the COVID‐19 pandemic come with personal costs, they will produce the largest benefit if everybody cooperates. This study explores two interacting factors that drive cooperation in this tension between private and collective interests. A preregistered experiment (N = 299) examined (a) how the quality of the relation among interacting partners (social proximity), and (b) how focusing on the risk of self‐infection versus onward transmission affected intentions to engage in protective behaviors. The results suggested that risk focus was an important moderator of the relation between social proximity and protection intentions. Specifically, participants were more willing to accept the risk of self‐infection from close others than from strangers, resulting in less caution toward a friend than toward a distant other. However, when onward transmission was the primary concern, participants were more reluctant to effect transmission to close others, resulting in more caution toward friends than strangers. These findings inform the debate about effective nonclinical measures against the pandemic. Practical implications for risk communication are discussed. KW - Covid-19 KW - protective behavior KW - cooperation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312411 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 79 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rinn, Robin A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Deutsch, Roland T1 - The psychology of income wealth threshold estimations: A registered report JF - British Journal of Social Psychology N2 - How do people estimate the income that is needed to be rich? Two correlative survey studies (Study 1 and 2, N = 568) and one registered experimental study (Study 3, N = 500) examined the cognitive mechanisms that are used to derive an answer to this question. We tested whether individuals use their personal income (PI) as a self‐generated anchor to derive an estimate of the income needed to be rich (= income wealth threshold estimation, IWTE). On a bivariate level, we found the expected positive relationship between one's PI and IWTE and, in line with previous findings, we found that people do not consider themselves rich. Furthermore, we predicted that individuals additionally use information about their social status within their social circles to make an IWTE. The findings from study 2 support this notion and show that only self‐reported high‐income individuals show different IWTEs depending on relative social status: Individuals in this group who self‐reported a high status produced higher IWTEs than individuals who self‐reported low status. The registered experimental study could not replicate this pattern robustly, although the results trended non‐significantly in the same direction. Together, the findings revealed that the income of individuals as well as the social environment are used as sources of information to make IWTE judgements, although they are likely not the only important predictors. KW - affluence KW - anchoring KW - heuristics KW - income wealth threshold estimations KW - social comparisons KW - subjective perception of wealth KW - the rich KW - wealth estimation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311847 VL - 62 IS - 1 SP - 630 EP - 650 ER - TY - THES A1 - Forster, André T1 - Targeting Temporally Stable Vulnerability Factors in the Prediction of Long-Term Courses of Depression: Diagnostic Considerations and Therapeutic Protocols Based on Transcranial Ultrasonic Neuromodulation of Endophenotypes T1 - Untersuchung Zeitlich Stabiler Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren für die Vorhersage Langfristiger Depressionsverläufe: Diagnostische Erwägungen und Therapeutische Protokolle auf der Grundlage Transkranieller Ultraschall-Neuromodulation von Endophänotypen N2 - Depressive disorders represent one of the main sources for the loss of healthy years of life. One of the reasons for this circumstance is the recurrent course of these disorders, which can be interrupted by current therapeutic approaches, especially in the shortterm, but seem to be maintained at least in part in the long-term. Subsequently, on one hand, this thesis deals with methodological measurement issues in the longitudinal prediction of depressive courses. On the other hand, it addresses two currently discussed neuroscience-based treatment approaches, which are investigated experimentally in a basic-psychological manner and reviewed in the light of their potential to translate results to the application in patient care. These two approaches each address potential mechanisms that may negatively impact long-term disease trajectories: First, stable endophenotypes for vulnerability factors that could regain control over the organism and reactivate maladaptive experiences, or behaviors with increasing temporal distance from therapeutic methods are focused on. In the studies presented, these were influenced by a recently rediscovered method of neuromodulation (transcranial low-intensity focused ultrasound) which is discussed in light of its unique capability to address even deepest, subcortical regions at a high spatial resolution. Lastly, as a second approach, an experimental design for the use of reconsolidation interference is presented, which could provide a first insight into the applicability of corresponding protocols in the field of depressive disorders and thus contribute to the modification, instead of inhibition, of already mentioned endophenotypes. In sum, methodological considerations for monitoring and predicting long-term courses of depression are deducted before two approaches are discussed that could potentially exert positive influences on the recurrent nature of depressive symptoms on their own, in combination with each other, or as augmentation for existing therapeutic procedures. N2 - Depressive Erkrankungen stellen eine der Hauptquellen für das Einbußen gesunder Lebensjahre dar. Einer der Gründe für diesen Umstand liegt im rezidivierenden Verlauf dieser Erkrankungen, der auch durch bisherige Therapieansätze vor allem kurzfristig unterbrochen werden kann, jedoch langfristig zumindest in Teilen erhalten zu bleiben scheint. Daran anschließend befasst sich die hier vorgelegte Thesis zum einen mit der Messproblematik longitudinaler Vorhersagen depressiver Verläufe und zum anderen mit zwei aktuell diskutierten neurowissenschaftlich begründeten Behandlungsansätzen, die experimentellgrundlagenpsychologisch aufgearbeitet und im Lichte eines translationalen Ansatz hin zur Anwendung in realen Patientensituationen erörtert werden. Die beiden genannten Ansätze adressieren dabei jeweils Mechanismen, die sich negativ auf langfristige Krankheitsverläufe auswirken können: Zunächst werden hier stabile Endophänotypen für Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren, die mit zunehmendem zeitlichem Abstand zu Therapiemethoden erneut Kontrolle über den Organismus gewinnen und maladaptives Erleben und Verhalten reaktivieren könnten, in den Fokus gestellt. Diese wurden in den hier vorgestellten Studien mit einer vor wenigen Jahren wiederentdeckten Methode der Neuromodulation (transkranieller, niedrigintensiver, fokussierter Ultraschall) beeinflusst und vor dem Hintergrund der einzigartigen Möglichkeit dieser Technik, auch tiefste, subkortikale Regionen bei hoher räumlicher Auflösungsfähigkeit adressieren zu können, diskutiert. Zuletzt wird ergänzend, als zweiter Ansatz, ein experimentelles Design zur Nutzung der Rekonsolidierungsbeeinflussung vorgestellt, das erste Informationen über die Anwendbarkeit entsprechender Protokolle im Bereich der depressiven Erkrankungen liefern und somit zur Veränderung, Anstelle von Inhibition bereits genannter Endophänotypen beitragen könnte. Zusammengenommen ergeben sich hieraus zunächst allgemeine methodische Überlegungen für das Überwachen und Vorhersagen langfristiger Verläufe der Depressionen, aber auch zwei Ansätze, die für sich genommen, in Kombination miteinander oder auch als Augmentation für bestehende Therapieverfahren, potentiell positive Einflüsse auf die rezidivierende Natur dieser Diagnosegruppe haben könnten. KW - Depression KW - Diagnostik KW - Nervenstimulation KW - Verwundbarkeit KW - Ultraschall KW - Neuromodulation KW - Endophänotypen KW - Rekonsolidierung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-279065 ER - TY - CHAP ED - Neumann, Isabel ED - Gado, Sabrina ED - Käthner, Ivo ED - Hildebrandt, Lea ED - Andreatta, Marta T1 - Abstracts of the Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 T1 - Abstracts des Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 N2 - The Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 was initiated to bring together researchers from many fields who use VR/AR/XR. There was a focus on applied XR and social VR. In this conference band, you can find the abstracts of the two keynotes, the 34 posters and poster pitches, the 29 talks and the four workshops. KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - Virtual Reality KW - Augmented Reality KW - Extended Reality KW - Social VR Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317203 ET - korrigierte Auflage ER - TY - CHAP ED - Neumann, Isabel ED - Gado, Sabrina ED - Käthner, Ivo ED - Hildebrandt, Lea ED - Andreatta, Marta T1 - Abstracts of the Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 T1 - Abstracts des Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 N2 - The Wuertual Reality XR Meeting 2023 was initiated to bring together researchers from many fields who use VR/AR/XR. There was a focus on applied XR and social VR. In this conference band, you can find the abstracts of the two keynotes, the 34 posters and poster pitches, the 29 talks and the four workshops. KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - Virtual Reality KW - Augmented Reality KW - Extended Reality KW - Social VR Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-315285 N1 - Der Zugriff auf dieses Dokument wurde aus urheberrechtlichen Gründen gesperrt. Eine neue Fassung finden Sie unter https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-31720. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grapp, Miriam A1 - Ell, Johanna A1 - Kiermeier, Senta A1 - Haun, Markus W. A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Friederich, Hans-Christoph A1 - Maatouk, Imad T1 - Feasibility study of a self-guided internet-based intervention for family caregivers of patients with cancer (OAse) JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Despite high levels of distress, family caregivers of patients with cancer rarely seek psychosocial support and Internet-based interventions (IBIs) are a promising approach to reduce some access barriers. Therefore, we developed a self-guided IBI for family caregivers of patients with cancer (OAse), which, in addition to patients' spouses, also addresses other family members (e.g., adult children, parents). This study aimed to determine the feasibility of OAse (recruitment, dropout, adherence, participant satisfaction). Secondary outcomes were caregivers’ self-efficacy, emotional state, and supportive care needs. N = 41 family caregivers participated in the study (female: 65%), mostly spouses (71%), followed by children (20%), parents (7%), and friends (2%). Recruitment (47%), retention (68%), and adherence rates (76% completed at least 4 of 6 lessons) support the feasibility of OAse. Overall, the results showed a high degree of overall participant satisfaction (96%). There were no significant pre-post differences in secondary outcome criteria, but a trend toward improvement in managing difficult interactions/emotions (p = .06) and depression/anxiety (p = .06). Although the efficacy of the intervention remains to be investigated, our results suggest that OAse can be well implemented in caregivers’ daily lives and has the potential to improve family caregivers’ coping strategies. KW - cancer KW - oncology KW - psychology Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300537 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zyberaj, Jetmir A1 - Seibel, Sebastian A1 - Schowalter, Annika F. A1 - Pötz, Lennart A1 - Richter-Killenberg, Stefanie A1 - Volmer, Judith T1 - Developing sustainable careers during a pandemic: the role of psychological capital and career adaptability JF - Sustainability N2 - The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only had negative effects on employees' health, but also on their prospects to gain and maintain employment. Using a longitudinal research design with two measurement points, we investigated the ramifications of various psychological and organizational resources on employees' careers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, in a sample of German employees (N = 305), we investigated the role of psychological capital (PsyCap) for four career-related outcomes: career satisfaction, career engagement, coping with changes in career due to COVID-19, and career-related COVID-19 worries. We also employed leader–member exchange (LMX) as a moderator and career adaptability as a mediating variable in these relationships. Results from path analyses revealed a positive association between PsyCap and career satisfaction and career coping. Furthermore, PsyCap was indirectly related to career engagement through career adaptability. However, moderation analysis showed no moderating role of LMX on the link between PsyCap and career adaptability. Our study contributes to the systematic research concerning the role of psychological and organizational resources for employees' careers and well-being, especially for crisis contexts. KW - psychological capital KW - career adaptability KW - LMX KW - career engagement KW - career satisfaction KW - career coping KW - COVID-19 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267286 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 14 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiele, Jonas A. A1 - Richter, Aylin A1 - Hilger, Kirsten T1 - Multimodal brain signal complexity predicts human intelligence JF - eNeuro N2 - Spontaneous brain activity builds the foundation for human cognitive processing during external demands. Neuroimaging studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified specific characteristics of spontaneous (intrinsic) brain dynamics to be associated with individual differences in general cognitive ability, i.e., intelligence. However, fMRI research is inherently limited by low temporal resolution, thus, preventing conclusions about neural fluctuations within the range of milliseconds. Here, we used resting-state electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings from 144 healthy adults to test whether individual differences in intelligence (Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices scores) can be predicted from the complexity of temporally highly resolved intrinsic brain signals. We compared different operationalizations of brain signal complexity (multiscale entropy, Shannon entropy, Fuzzy entropy, and specific characteristics of microstates) regarding their relation to intelligence. The results indicate that associations between brain signal complexity measures and intelligence are of small effect sizes (r ∼ 0.20) and vary across different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, higher intelligence scores were associated with lower complexity in local aspects of neural processing, and less activity in task-negative brain regions belonging to the default-mode network. Finally, we combined multiple measures of brain signal complexity to show that individual intelligence scores can be significantly predicted with a multimodal model within the sample (10-fold cross-validation) as well as in an independent sample (external replication, N = 57). In sum, our results highlight the temporal and spatial dependency of associations between intelligence and intrinsic brain dynamics, proposing multimodal approaches as promising means for future neuroscientific research on complex human traits. KW - brain signal complexity KW - cognitive ability KW - EEG KW - intelligence KW - microstates KW - resting-state Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312949 VL - 10 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - Big Five personality factors in relation to coping with contact restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a small sample study JF - Social Sciences N2 - To slow down the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, countries worldwide severely restricted public and social life. In addition to the physical threat posed by the viral disease (COVID-19), the pandemic also has implications for psychological well-being. Using a small sample (N = 51), we examined how Big Five personality traits relate to coping with contact restrictions during three consecutive weeks in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We showed that extraversion was associated with suffering from severe contact restrictions and with benefiting from their relaxation. Individuals with high neuroticism did not show a change in their relatively poor coping with the restrictions over time, whereas conscientious individuals seemed to experience no discomfort and even positive feelings during the period of contact restrictions. Our results support the assumption that neuroticism is a vulnerability factor in relation to psychological wellbeing but also show an influence of contact restrictions on extraverted individuals. KW - Big Five KW - coping KW - COVID-19 KW - positive affect KW - negative affect Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290556 SN - 2076-0760 VL - 11 IS - 10 ER -