TY - JOUR A1 - Sponsler, Douglas A1 - Kallnik, Katharina A1 - Requier, Fabrice A1 - Classen, Alice A1 - Maihoff, A. Fabienne A1 - Sieger, Johanna A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf T1 - Floral preferences of mountain bumble bees are constrained by functional traits but flexible through elevation and season JF - Oikos N2 - Patterns of resource use by animals can clarify how ecological communities have assembled in the past, how they currently function and how they are likely to respond to future perturbations. Bumble bees (Hymentoptera: Bombus spp.) and their floral hosts provide a diverse yet tractable system in which to explore resource selection in the context of plant–pollinator networks. Under conditions of resource limitation, the ability of bumble bees species to coexist should depend on dietary niche overlap. In this study, we report patterns and dynamics of floral morphotype preferences in a mountain bumble bee community based on ~13 000 observations of bumble bee floral visits recorded along a 1400 m elevation gradient. We found that bumble bees are highly selective generalists, rarely visiting floral morphotypes at the rates predicted by their relative abundances. Preferences also differed markedly across bumble bee species, and these differences were well-explained by variation in bumble bee tongue length, generating patterns of preference similarity that should be expected to predict competition under conditions of resource limitation. Within species, though, morphotype preferences varied by elevation and season, possibly representing adaptive flexibility in response to the high elevational and seasonal turnover of mountain floral communities. Patterns of resource partitioning among bumble bee communities may determine which species can coexist under the altered distributions of bumble bees and their floral hosts caused by climate and land use change. KW - resource selection KW - coexistence KW - competition KW - foraging KW - niche KW - pollinator Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259653 VL - 2022 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruedenauer, Fabian A. A1 - Wöhrle, Christine A1 - Spaethe, Johannes A1 - Leonhardt, Sara D. T1 - Do honeybees (Apis mellifera) differentiate between different pollen types? JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Bees receive nectar and pollen as reward for pollinating plants. Pollen of different plant species varies widely in nutritional composition. In order to select pollen of appropriate nutritional quality, bees would benefit if they could distinguish different pollen types. Whether they rely on visual, olfactory and/or chemotactile cues to distinguish between different pollen types, has however been little studied. In this study, we examined whether and how Apis mellifera workers differentiate between almond and apple pollen. We used differential proboscis extension response conditioning with olfactory and chemotactile stimulation, in light and darkness, and in summer and winter bees. We found that honeybees were only able to differentiate between different pollen types, when they could use both chemotactile and olfactory cues. Visual cues further improved learning performance. Summer bees learned faster than winter bees. Our results thus highlight the importance of multisensory information for pollen discrimination. KW - pollen KW - bees KW - honey bees KW - conditioned response KW - behavioral conditioning KW - foraging KW - nutrients KW - sensory cues Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177537 VL - 13 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peters, Birte A1 - Keller, Alexander A1 - Leonhardt, Sara Diana T1 - Diets maintained in a changing world: Does land-use intensification alter wild bee communities by selecting for flexible generalists? JF - Ecology and evolution N2 - Biodiversity loss, as often found in intensively managed agricultural landscapes, correlates with reduced ecosystem functioning, for example, pollination by insects, and with altered plant composition, diversity, and abundance. But how does this change in floral resource diversity and composition relate to occurrence and resource use patterns of trap-nesting solitary bees? To better understand the impact of land-use intensification on communities of trap-nesting solitary bees in managed grasslands, we investigated their pollen foraging, reproductive fitness, and the nutritional quality of larval food along a land-use intensity gradient in Germany. We found bee species diversity to decrease with increasing land-use intensity irrespective of region-specific community compositions and interaction networks. Land use also strongly affected the diversity and composition of pollen collected by bees. Lack of suitable pollen sources likely explains the absence of several bee species at sites of high land-use intensity. The only species present throughout, Osmia bicornis (red mason bee), foraged on largely different pollen sources across sites. In doing so, it maintained a relatively stable, albeit variable nutritional quality of larval diets (i.e., protein to lipid (P:L) ratio). The observed changes in bee–plant pollen interaction patterns indicate that only the flexible generalists, such as O. bicornis, may be able to compensate the strong alterations in floral resource landscapes and to obtain food of sufficient quality through readily shifting to alternative plant sources. In contrast, other, less flexible, bee species disappear. KW - bee decline KW - biodiversity exploratories KW - foraging KW - metabarcoding KW - pollen nutrients KW - solitary bees Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312786 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 12 IS - 5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Röschard, Jacqueline T1 - Cutter, carriers and bucket brigades ... T1 - Fouragierentscheidungen der grasschneidenden Ameise Atta vollenweideri N2 - This study investigates the foraging behaviour of grass-cutting ants, Atta vollenweideri, with specific consideration of the following issues: (a) cutting behaviour and the determination of fragment size, (b) the effect of load size on transport economics, (c) division of labour and task-partitioning. Grass-cutting ants, Atta vollenweideri, harvest grass fragments that serve as substrate for the cultivation of a symbiotic fungus. Foragers were observed to cut grass fragments across the blade, thus resulting in longish, rectangular-shaped fragments in contrast to the semicircular fragments of leaf-cutting ants. Cutting was very time-consuming: In tough grasses like the typical grassland species Paspallum intermedium and Cyperus entrerrianus, cutting times lasted up to more than 20 minutes per fragment and roughly half of all initiated cutting attempts were given up by the ants. Foragers harvesting the softer grass Leersia hexandra were smaller than those foraging on the hard grasses. Fragment size determination and the extent of size-matching between ant body size and fragment size was investigated regarding possible effects of tissue toughness on decision-making and as a function of the distance from the nest. Tissue toughness affected decision-making such that fragment width correlated with ant body mass for the hard grass but not for the soft one, suggesting that when cutting is difficult, larger ants tend to select wider grasses to initiate cutting. The length of the fragments cut out of the two grass species differed statistically, but showed a large overlap in their distribution. Distance from the nest affected load size as well as the extent of size-matching: Fragments collected directly after cutting were significantly larger than those carried on the trail. This indicates that fragments were cut once again on their way to the nest. Size-matching depended on the trail sector considered, and was stronger in ants sampled closer to the nest, suggesting that carriers either cut fragments in sizes corresponding to their body mass prior transport, or transferred them to nestmates of different size after a short carrying distance. During transport, a worker takes a fragment with its mandibles at one end and carries it in a more or less vertical position. Thus, load length might particularly affect maneuverability, because of the marked displacement of the gravitational center. Conversely, based on the energetic of cutting, workers might maximise their individual harvesting rate by cutting long grass fragments, since the longer a grass fragment, the larger is the amount of material harvested per unit cutting effort. I therefore investigated the economics of load transport by focusing on the effects of load size (mass and length) on gross material transport rate to the nest. When controlling for fragment mass, both running speed of foragers and gross material transport rate was observed to be higher for short fragments. In contrast, if fragment mass was doubled and length maintained, running speed differed according to the mass of the loads, with the heavier fragments being transported at the lower pace. For the sizes tested, heavy fragments yielded a higher transport rate in spite of the lower speed of transport, as they did not slow down foragers so much that it counterbalanced the positive effects of fragment mass on material transport rate. The sizes of the fragments cut by grass-cutting ants under natural conditions therefore may represent the outcome of an evolutionary trade-off between maximising harvesting rate at the cutting site and minimising the effects of fragment size on material transport rates. I investigated division of labour and task partitioning during foraging by recording the behaviour of marked ants while cutting, and by monitoring the transport of fragments from the cutting until they reached the nest. A. vollenweideri foragers showed division of labour between cutting and carrying, with larger workers cutting the fragments, and smaller ones transporting them. This division was absent for food sources very close to the nest, when no physical trail was present. Along the trail, the transport of fragment was a partitioned task, i.e., workers formed bucket brigades composed of 2 to 5 carriers. This sequential load transport occurred more often on long than on short trails. The first carriers of a bucket brigade covered only short distances before dropping their fragments, turned back and continued foraging at the same food source. The last carriers covered the longest distance. There was no particular location on the trail for load dropping , i.e., fragments were not cached. I tested the predictions of two hypotheses about the causes of bucket brigades: First, bucket brigades might occur because of load-carriage effects: A load that is too big for an ant to be carried is dropped and carried further by nestmates. Second, fragments carried by bucket brigades might reach the nest quicker than if they are transported by a single carrier. Third, bucket brigades might enhance information flow among foragers: By transferring the load a worker may return earlier back to the foraging site and be able to reinforce the chemical trail, thus recruitment. In addition, the dropped fragment itself may contain information for unladen foragers about currently harvested sources and may enable them to choose between sources of different quality. I investigated load-carriage effects and possible time-saving by presenting ants with fragments of different but defined sizes. Load size did not affect frequency of load dropping nor the distance the first carrier covered before dropping, and transport time by bucket brigades was significantly longer than by single carriers. In order to study the information transfer hypothesis, I presented ants with fragments of different attractivity but constant size. Ants carrying high-quality fragments would be expected to drop them more often than workers transporting low-quality fragments, thus increasing the frequency of bucket brigades. My results show that increasing load quality increased the frequency of bucket brigades as well as it decreased the carrying distance of the first carrier. In other words, more attractive loads were dropped more frequently and after a shorter distance than less attractive ones with the first carriers returning to the foraging site to continue foraging. Summing up, neither load-carriage effects nor time-saving caused the occurrence of bucket brigades. Rather, the benefit might be found at colony level in an enhanced information flow. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht das Sammelverhalten der grasschneidenden Ameise Atta vollenweideri, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der folgenden Themen: (a) das Schneideverhalten und die Wahl der Fragmentgröße, (b) der Effekt der Fragmentgröße auf den Transport und (c) die Arbeitsteilung während des Sammelns. Die Grasschneiderameise Atta vollenweideri sammelt Grasfragmente, die im Nest zerkleinert werden, um darauf einen symbiotischen Pilz zu züchten. Die Sammlerinnen schnitten ihre Fragmente quer über die Halmbreite, so dass längliche, rechteckige Fragmente entstehen, im Gegensatz zu den halbkreisförmigen Fragmenten der Blattschneiderameisen. Das Schneiden war ein sehr zeitaufwendiger Prozess: Bei harten Gräsern wie die für die Savanne typischen Paspallum intermedium und Cyperus entrerrianus betrug die Schneidezeit pro Fragment bis zu 20 Minuten oder länger. Etwa die Hälfte aller begonnenen Schnitte wurde von den Ameisen aufgegeben. Sammlerinnen, die das weichere Gras Leersia hexandra ernteten, waren kleiner als diejenigen, die die harten Gräser schnitten. Ich untersuchte, inwiefern die Härte des geschnittenen Materials und die Entfernung vom Nest einen Einfluss auf die Wahl der Fragmentgröße und auf die Stärke der Korrelation zwischen Ameisen- und Fragmentgröße hat. Die Länge „harter“ und „weicher“ Fragmente unterschied sich zwar statistisch, zeigte aber eine starke Überlappung. Die Korrelation zwischen Ameisen- und Fragmentgröße existierte bei dem harten Gras, nicht jedoch bei dem weichen Gras. Das heißt, dann wenn das Schneiden schwierig wird, suchen sich größere Tiere breitere Halme zum Schneiden (bzw. kleinere Tiere schmalere Halme). Sowohl Fragmentgröße als auch die Stärke der Korrelation zwischen Fragment- und Ameisengewicht hing von der Entfernung zum Nest ab: Fragmente, die ich direkt nach dem Schneiden sammelte, waren signifikant größer als solche, die ich auf dem Trail sammelte. Dies bedeutet, dass die Fragmente auf ihrem Weg zum Nest ein zweites Mal geschnitten wurden. Die Korrelation zwischen Fragment- und Ameisengewicht war um so stärker, je näher am Nest die Tiere gesammelt wurden, was bedeutet, dass die Trägerinnen entweder die Fragmente vor dem Transport entsprechend ihrer eigenen Körpergröße geschnitten hatten, oder aber dass die Fragmente nach einer kurzen Strecke an Nestgenossinnen anderer Körpergröße übergeben wurden. Um ein Fragment zu transportieren, packen A. vollenweideri-Arbeiterinnen das Fragment mit den Mandibeln an einem Ende und halten es mehr oder weniger senkrecht. Daher ist zu vermuten, dass lange Fragmente schwieriger zu manövrieren sind, da sich der Schwerpunkt mit zunehmender Länge nach oben verschiebt. Lange Fragmente haben jedoch den Vorteil, dass die Menge an geerntetem Material pro Schneideversuch größer ist als bei kurzen; Arbeiterinnen könnten also ihre Sammelrate jedoch dadurch maximieren, dass sie möglichst lange Fragmente schneiden. Im Hinblick auf die Schneidekosten wären dann also lange Fragmente vorteilhaft, im Hinblick auf den Transport hingegen kurze. Ich untersuchte daher den Effekt der Fragmentgröße (Länge und Gewicht) auf den Transport. Waren die Fragmente gleich schwer aber unterschiedlich lang, war die Laufgeschwindigkeit der Arbeiterinnen und damit auch die Eintragsrate bei den kurzen Fragmenten höher. Wenn hingegen das Fragmentgewicht verdoppelt und die Länge konstant gehalten wurde, unterschied sich die Laufgeschwindigkeit entsprechend dem Gewicht der Fragmente: Schwere Fragmente wurden langsamer getragen als leichte. Die Transportrate hingegen war für die schwereren Fragmente höher, da der höhere Eintrag aufgrund des zusätzlichen Gewichts die langsamere Laufgeschwindigkeit aufwog. Die Fragmentgrößen, die Grasschneiderameisen unter natürlichen Bedingungen schneiden, könnten daher im Laufe der Evolution aufgrund des Kompromisses entstanden sein, einerseits die Ernterate am Schneideort zu maximieren und andrerseits die negativen Effekten der Fragmentgröße auf den Transport möglichst gering zu halten. Ich untersuchte die Arbeitsteilung während des Sammelns, indem ich das Verhalten schneidender Tiere beobachtete und indem ich den Fragmenttransport vom Schneideplatz bis zum Nest verfolgte. Schneiden und Tragen von Fragmenten wurde von unterschiedlichen Arbeiterinnengruppen durchgeführt, wobei größere Sammlerinnen die Fragmente schnitten und kleinere sie transportierten. Diese Arbeitsteilung existierte nicht, wenn die Futterquelle sehr nah war, wenn also kein sichtbarer Trail vorhanden war. Der Transport selbst war ebenfalls unterteilt: Die Trägerinnen bildeten Arbeitsketten, die aus zwei bis fünf Trägerinnen bestanden. Diese Arbeitsketten kamen häufiger auf langen als auf kurzen Trails vor. Die ersten Trägerinnen einer solchen Arbeitskette legten nur eine kurze Strecke zurück, bevor sie das Fragment ablegten oder an eine Nestgenossin abgaben. Sie kehrten dann zur gleichen Futterquelle zurück und sammelten weiter. Die letzten Trägerinnen einer Arbeitskette transportierten die Fragmente über die größte Strecke. Es gab keine speziellen Orte auf dem Trail, an denen die Fragmente abgelegt wurden. Ich testete die Voraussagen zweier Hypothesen über den Entstehungsgrund von Arbeitsketten: Nach der ersten Hypothese könnten Arbeitsketten aufgrund von Transporteffekten entstehen, wenn z. B. ein Fragment für eine Ameise zu groß ist, daher abgelegt und von Nestgenossinnen weitergetragen wird. Fragmente könnten auch durch Arbeitsketten schneller transportiert werden, als wenn ein Tier die ganze Strecke bis zum Nest läuft. Nach der zweiten Hypothese könnten Arbeitsketten den Informationsfluss unter den Sammlerinnen erhöhen: Indem sie ein Fragment abgibt, kann eine Sammlerin früher zum Ernteort zurückkehren, sie kann so die Trailmarkierung verstärken und Nestgenossinnen rekrutieren. Zudem könnten unbeladene Arbeiterinnen durch das abgelegte Fragment selbst darüber informiert werden, was gerade geerntet wird. Dies könnte den Sammlerinnen die Möglichkeit geben, zwischen Futterquellen unterschiedlicher Attraktivität zu wählen. Ich untersuchte die Transporteffekte und die mögliche Zeitersparnis, indem ich Ameisen Fragmente unterschiedlicher, jedoch definierter Größe sammeln ließ. Die Fragmentgröße hatte weder einen Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass ein Fragment abgegeben wurde, noch auf die Strecke, die es vor der Abgabe getragen wurde. Die Transportzeiten waren höher für Fragmente, die durch Arbeitsketten transportiert wurden, als für solche, die ein Tier die ganze Strecke trug. Um die Informationsfluss-Hypothese zu untersuchen, ließ ich die Ameisen Fragmente sammeln, die gleich groß jedoch unterschiedlicher Attraktivität waren. Nach dieser Hypothese würde man erwarten, dass Ameisen ihre Fragmente eher ablegen, wenn sie attraktiv sind, um dann an den Ernteort zurückzukehren, so dass Arbeitsketten häufiger bei attraktiven Fragmenten auftreten sollten als bei weniger attraktiven. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Anstieg in der Attraktivität der Fragmente die Häufigkeit der Arbeitsketten erhöhte und dass die Strecke, die die erste Trägerin zurücklegte, kürzer war als bei weniger attraktiven Fragmenten. Anders ausgedrückt, attraktivere Fragmente wurden häufiger und nach kürzeren Strecken abgelegt als weniger attraktive. Das bedeutet also, dass die Ursache für das Vorkommen von Arbeitsketten weder in Transporteffekten noch in einer Zeitersparnis beim Transport zu suchen ist. Es scheint vielmehr, dass der Vorteil auf Kolonieebene liegt, indem der Informationsfluss unter den Sammlerinnen erhöht wird. KW - Atta KW - Nahrungserwerb KW - Verhalten KW - Grasschneiderameise KW - Atta vollenweideri KW - Sammeln KW - Fouragieren KW - Entscheidungen KW - Arbeitsketten KW - Information KW - Fragmentgröße KW - gras-cutting ants KW - Atta vollenweideri KW - foraging KW - decision-making KW - bucket brigades KW - task-partitioning KW - load size KW - size-matching KW - information Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2240 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hesselbach, Hannah A1 - Seeger, Johannes A1 - Schilcher, Felix A1 - Ankenbrand, Markus A1 - Scheiner, Ricarda T1 - Chronic exposure to the pesticide flupyradifurone can lead to premature onset of foraging in honeybees Apis mellifera JF - Journal of Applied Ecology N2 - 1.Honeybees Apis mellifera and other pollinating insects suffer from pesticides in agricultural landscapes. Flupyradifurone is the active ingredient of a novel pesticide by the name of ‘Sivanto’, introduced by Bayer AG (Crop Science Division, Monheim am Rhein, Germany). It is recommended against sucking insects and marketed as ‘harmless’ to honeybees. Flupyradifurone binds to nicotinergic acetylcholine receptors like neonicotinoids, but it has a different mode of action. So far, little is known on how sublethal flupyradifurone doses affect honeybees. 2. We chronically applied a sublethal and field‐realistic concentration of flupyradifurone to test for long‐term effects on flight behaviour using radio‐frequency identification. We examined haematoxylin/eosin‐stained brains of flupyradifurone‐treated bees to investigate possible changes in brain morphology and brain damage. 3. A field‐realistic flupyradifurone dose of approximately 1.0 μg/bee/day significantly increased mortality. Pesticide‐treated bees initiated foraging earlier than control bees. No morphological damage in the brain was observed. 4. Synthesis and applications. The early onset of foraging induced by a chronical application of flupyradifurone could be disadvantageous for honeybee colonies, reducing the period of in‐hive tasks and life expectancy of individuals. Radio‐frequency identification technology is a valuable tool for studying pesticide effects on lifetime foraging behaviour of insects. KW - radiofrequency identification KW - flight behaviour KW - flupyradifurone KW - foraging KW - histology KW - honeybee KW - insecticide KW - mortality Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212769 VL - 57 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ruedenauer, Fabian A. A1 - Raubenheimer, David A1 - Kessner-Beierlein, Daniela A1 - Grund-Mueller, Nils A1 - Noack, Lisa A1 - Spaethe, Johannes A1 - Leonhardt, Sara D. T1 - Best be(e) on low fat: linking nutrient perception, regulation and fitness JF - Ecology Letters N2 - Preventing malnutrition through consuming nutritionally appropriate resources represents a challenge for foraging animals. This is due to often high variation in the nutritional quality of available resources. Foragers consequently need to evaluate different food sources. However, even the same food source can provide a plethora of nutritional and non‐nutritional cues, which could serve for quality assessment. We show that bumblebees, Bombus terrestris , overcome this challenge by relying on lipids as nutritional cue when selecting pollen. The bees ‘prioritised’ lipid perception in learning experiments and avoided lipid consumption in feeding experiments, which supported survival and reproduction. In contrast, survival and reproduction were severely reduced by increased lipid contents. Our study highlights the importance of fat regulation for pollen foraging bumblebees. It also reveals that nutrient perception, nutrient regulation and reproductive fitness can be linked, which represents an effective strategy enabling quick foraging decisions that prevent malnutrition and maximise fitness. KW - bee decline KW - foraging KW - nutrition KW - plant-insect interactions KW - pollen quality KW - PER KW - resource use Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208709 VL - 23 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arenas, Andrés A1 - Roces, Flavio T1 - Avoidance of plants unsuitable for the symbiotic fungus in leaf-cutting ants: Learning can take place entirely at the colony dump JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Plants initially accepted by foraging leaf-cutting ants are later avoided if they prove unsuitable for their symbiotic fungus. Plant avoidance is mediated by the waste produced in the fungus garden soon after the incorporation of the unsuitable leaves, as foragers can learn plant odors and cues from the damaged fungus that are both present in the recently produced waste particles. We asked whether avoidance learning of plants unsuitable for the symbiotic fungus can take place entirely at the colony dump. In order to investigate whether cues available in the waste chamber induce plant avoidance in naïve subcolonies, we exchanged the waste produced by subcolonies fed either fungicide-treated privet leaves or untreated leaves and measured the acceptance of untreated privet leaves before and after the exchange of waste. Second, we evaluated whether foragers could perceive the avoidance cues directly at the dump by quantifying the visits of labeled foragers to the waste chamber. Finally, we asked whether foragers learn to specifically avoid untreated leaves of a plant after a confinement over 3 hours in the dump of subcolonies that were previously fed fungicide-treated leaves of that species. After the exchange of the waste chambers, workers from subcolonies that had access to waste from fungicide-treated privet leaves learned to avoid that plant. One-third of the labeled foragers visited the dump. Furthermore, naïve foragers learned to avoid a specific, previously unsuitable plant if exposed solely to cues of the dump during confinement. We suggest that cues at the dump enable foragers to predict the unsuitable effects of plants even if they had never been experienced in the fungus garden. KW - leaves KW - ants KW - fungi KW - foraging KW - animal sociality KW - social systems KW - learning KW - symbiosis Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157559 VL - 12 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grund-Mueller, Nils A1 - Ruedenauer, Fabian A. A1 - Spaethe, Johannes A1 - Leonhardt, Sara D. T1 - Adding amino acids to a sucrose diet is not sufficient to support longevity of adult bumble bees JF - Insects N2 - Dietary macro-nutrients (i.e., carbohydrates, protein, and fat) are important for bee larval development and, thus, colony health and fitness. To which extent different diets (varying in macro-nutrient composition) affect adult bees and whether they can thrive on nectar as the sole amino acid source has, however, been little investigated. We investigated how diets varying in protein concentration and overall nutrient composition affected consumption, longevity, and breeding behavior of the buff-tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Queenless micro-colonies were fed either natural nutrient sources (pollen), nearly pure protein (i.e., the milk protein casein), or sucrose solutions with low and with high essential amino acid content in concentrations as can be found in nectar. We observed micro-colonies for 110 days. We found that longevity was highest for pure pollen and lowest for pure sucrose solution and sucrose solution supplemented with amino acids in concentrations as found in the nectar of several plant species. Adding higher concentrations of amino acids to sucrose solution did only slightly increase longevity compared to sucrose alone. Consequently, sucrose solution with the applied concentrations and proportions of amino acids or other protein sources (e.g., casein) alone did not meet the nutritional needs of healthy adult bumble bees. In fact, longevity was highest and reproduction only successful in micro-colonies fed pollen. These results indicate that, in addition to carbohydrates and protein, adult bumble bees, like larvae, need further nutrients (e.g., lipids and micro-nutrients) for their well-being. An appropriate nutritional composition seemed to be best provided by floral pollen, suggesting that pollen is an essential dietary component not only for larvae but also for adult bees. KW - nutrition KW - nutrients KW - foraging KW - pollen KW - resources KW - adult bees Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203866 SN - 2075-4450 VL - 11 IS - 4 ER -