TY - JOUR A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Lead expansion and virtual screening of Indinavir derivate HIV-1 protease inhibitors using pharmacophoric - shape similarity scoring function N2 - Indinavir (Crivaxan®) is a potent inhibitor of the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) protease. This enzyme has an important role in viral replication and is considered to be very attractive target for new antiretroviral drugs. However, it becomes less effective due to highly resistant new viral strains of HIV, which have multiple mutations in their proteases. For this reason, we used a lead expansion method to create a new set of compounds with a new mode of action to protease binding site. 1300 compounds chemically diverse from the initial hit were generated and screened to determine their ability to interact with protease and establish their QSAR properties. Further computational analyses revealed one unique compound with different protease binding ability from the initial hit and its role for possible new class of protease inhibitors is discussed in this report. KW - Proteasen KW - protease; Indinavir; lead expansion; docking; pharmacophore Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67824 ER - TY - THES A1 - Shityakov, Sergey T1 - Molecular modelling and simulation of retroviral proteins and nanobiocomposites T1 - Simulationen und Interaktionen viraler Proteine sowie von Kohlenstoffenanoröhren mit Membranen und Proteinen N2 - Molecular modelling and simulation are powerful methods in providing important in-formation on different biological systems to elucidate their structural and functional proper-ties, which cannot be determined in experiment. These methods are applied to analyse versa-tile biological systems: lipid membrane bilayers stabilized by an intercalated single wall carbon nanotube and retroviral proteins such as HIV protease and integrase. HIV-1 integrase has nuclear localization signals (NLS) which play a crucial role in nuclear import of viral preintegration complex (PIC). However, the detailed mechanisms of PIC formation and its nuclear transport are not known. Previously it was shown that NLSs bind to the cell transport machinery e.g. proteins of nuclear pore complex such as transportins. I investigated the interaction of this viral protein HIV-1 integrase with proteins of the nuclear pore complex such as transportin-SR2 (Shityakov et al., 2010). I showed that the transportin-SR2 in nuclear import is required due to its interaction with the HIV-1 integrase. I analyzed key domain interaction, and hydrogen bond formation in transportin-SR2. These results were discussed in comparison to other retroviral species such as foamy viruses to better understand this specific and efficient retroviral trafficking route. The retroviral nuclear import was next analyzed in experiments regarding the retroviral ability to infect nondividing cells. To accomplish the gene transfer task successfully, ret-roviruses must efficiently transduce different cell cultures at different phases of cell cycle. However, promising and safe foamy viral vectors used for gene transfer are unable to effi-ciently infect quiescent cells. This drawback was due to their inability to create a preintegra-tion complex (PIC) for nuclear import of retroviral DNA. On the contrary, the lentiviral vec-tors are not dependant on cell cycle. In the course of reverse transcription the polypurine tract (PPT) is believed to be crucial for PIC formation. In this thesis, I compared the transduction frequencies of PPT modified FV vectors with lentiviral vectors in nondividing and dividing alveolar basal epithelial cells from human adenocarcinoma (A549) by using molecular cloning, transfection and transduction techniques and several other methods. In contrast to lentiviral vectors, FV vectors were not able to effi-ciently transduce nondividing cell (Shityakov and Rethwilm, unpublished data). Despite the findings, which support the use of FV vectors as a safe and efficient alternative to lentiviral vectors, major limitation in terms of foamy-based retroviral vector gene transfer in quiescent cells still remains. Many attempts have been made recently to search for the potential molecules as pos-sible drug candidates to treat HIV infection for over decades now. These molecules can be retrieved from chemical libraries or can be designed on a computer screen and then synthe-sized in a laboratory. Most notably, one could use the computerized structure as a reference to determine the types of molecules that might block the enzyme. Such structure-based drug design strategies have the potential to save off years and millions of dollars compared to a more traditional trial-and-error drug development process. After the crystal structure of the HIV-encoded protease enzyme had been elucidated, computer-aided drug design played a pivotal role in the development of new compounds that inhibit this enzyme which is responsible for HIV maturation and infectivity. Promising repre-sentatives of these compounds have recently found their way to patients. Protease inhibitors show a powerful sustained suppression of HIV-1 replication, especially when used in combi-nation therapy regimens. However, these drugs are becoming less effective to more resistant HIV strains due to multiple mutations in the retroviral proteases. In computational drug design I used molecular modelling methods such as lead ex-pansion algorithm (Tripos®) to create a virtual library of compounds with different binding affinities to protease binding site. In addition, I heavily applied computer assisted combinato-rial chemistry approaches to design and optimize virtual libraries of protease inhibitors and performed in silico screening and pharmacophore-similarity scoring of these drug candidates. Further computational analyses revealed one unique compound with different protease bind-ing ability from the initial hit and its role for possible new class of protease inhibitors is dis-cussed (Shityakov and Dandekar, 2009). A number of atomistic models were developed to elucidate the nanotube behaviour in lipid bilayers. However, none of them provided useful information for CNT effect upon the lipid membrane bilayer for implementing all-atom models that will allow us to calculate the deviations of lipid molecules from CNT with atomistic precision. Unfortunately, the direct experimental investigation of nanotube behaviour in lipid bilayer remains quite a tricky prob-lem opening the door before the molecular simulation techniques. In this regard, more de-tailed multi-scale simulations are needed to clearly understand the stabilization characteristics of CNTs in hydrophobic environment. The phenomenon of an intercalated single-wall carbon nanotube in the center of lipid membrane was extensively studied and analyzed. The root mean square deviation and root mean square fluctuation functions were calculated in order to measure stability of lipid mem-branes. The results indicated that an intercalated carbon nanotube restrains the conformational freedom of adjacent lipids and hence has an impact on the membrane stabilization dynamics (Shityakov and Dandekar, 2011). On the other hand, different lipid membranes may have dissimilarities due to the differing abilities to create a bridge formation between the adherent lipid molecules. The results derived from this thesis will help to develop stable nanobiocom-posites for construction of novel biomaterials and delivery of various biomolecules for medi-cine and biology. N2 - Molekulare Modellierung und Simulationen sind leistungsstarke Methoden, um wich-tige Informationen von verschiedenen biologischen Systemen, welche nicht durch Experi-mente erschlossen werden können, darzustellen, und deren strukturelle und funktionelle Ei-genschaften aufzuklären. Diese Arbeit untersucht in Simulationen Interaktionen viraler Proteinen sowie von Kohlenstoffenanoröhren mit Membranen und Proteinen. Die HIV-1 Integrase besitzt Kernlokalisierungssignale („nuclear localization signals [NLS]“), welche eine entscheidende Rolle beim Import des viralen Präintegrationskomplexes („preintegration complex [PIC]“) in den Zellkern spielen. Die Ausbildung des PIC und sein Import in den Zellkern sind im Detail noch nicht bekannt. Es wurde bereits gezeigt, dass die NLS an Moleküle des Zelltransportsystems binden, wie z.B. an Transportinkernporen. Im Rahmen meiner Arbeit untersuchte ich die Interaktionen der viralen HIV-1 Integrase mit Proteinen der Kernporen wie dem Transportin-SR2 Protein (Shityakov et al., 2010). Hierbei wurden die möglichen Interaktionen des Transportin-SR2 Protein mit der HIV-1-Integrase und die Bedeutung dieser Interaktionen mit dem Import in den Kern aufgezeigt. Zudem wur-den die Interaktionen der Schlüsseldomänen und die Ausbildung von Wasserstoffbrücken-bindungen im dem Transportin-SR2 Protein untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Protein-komplexen andere retroviralen Spezies, wie z.B. dem humanen Spumaretrovirus („human foamy virus [HFV]“), verglichen, um diesen spezifischen und sehr effizienten retroviralen Transportweg in die Wirtszelle zu entschlüsseln. Der experimentelle Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigte sich damit, den retroviralen Kern-import zu untersuchen, um die Fähigkeit des Retrovirus, nicht teilende Zellen zu infizieren, besser zu verstehen verstanden wird. Um dies zu bewerkstelligen, müssen Retroviren Zellkul-turen in verschiedenen Stadien des Zellzyklus effizient transduzieren. Vielversprechende und sichere- HFV- Vektoren, welche in der Gentherapie eingesetzt werden könnten, sind nicht in der Lage, diese Effizienz bei ruhenden Zellen zu gewährleisten. Dies rührte daher, dass diese nicht in der Lage waren, einen PIC für den Transport der retroviralen DNA auszubilden. Lentivirale Vektoren sind dagegen nicht auf einen bestimmten Zellzyklus angewiesen. Für die reverse Transkription ist der Polypurinteil („polypurine tract [PPT]“) essentiell für die Ausbildung der PIC. In dieser Doktorarbeit vergleiche ich die Transduktionsfrequenz von PPT-modifizierten HFV-Vektoren mit denen von lentiviralen Vektoren in nichtteilenden und tei-lenden Lungenkarzinomepithelzellen. Hierbei wurden Methoden wie Klonierung, Transfektion, und Transduktion (wie auch weitere Methoden) angewendet. Im Gegensatz zu lentiviralen Vektoren konnten HFV-Vektoren sich nicht teilende Zellen in meinen Versuchen nicht effizient transduzieren (Shityakov und Rethwiln, unveröffentlicht). Trotz der Befunde, dass HFV-Vektoren sichere und effiziente Alternativen zu lentiviralen Vektoren darstellen, bestehen immer noch große Einschränkungen, diese HFV-basierten, retroviralen Vektoren für Gentherapien bei ruhenden Zellen einzusetzen. Viele Versuche wurden unternommen, um mögliche, vielversprechende Moleküle, welche als Wirkstoffe für eine HIV-Therapie eingesetzt werden könnten, zu finden. Diese Moleküle können aus chemischen Substanzbibliotheken bezogen werden oder am Computer in silico entworfen und dann synthetisiert werden. Digitalisierte Strukturen können als Refe-renzen benutzt werden, um besser herauszufinden, wie diese Moleküle Typen diverse Enzy-me blokieren könnten. Strukturbasiertes Wirkstoffdesign hat das Potential, viele Jahre und Geld an Entwicklungskosten einzusparen. Nachdem die Kristallstruktur der HIV-kodierten Proteasen aufgeklärt war, spielte das computergestützte Wirkstoffdesign eine zentrale Rolle bei der Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe gegen die Protease. Vielversprechende Vertreter dieser Wirkstoffklasse werden seit kurzem nun auch für die Behandlung von Patienten eingesetzt. Proteaseinhibitoren zeigen eine wir-kungsvolle und langanhaltende Inhibition der HIV-1-Replikation; besonders dann, wenn sie in Kombinationstherapien eingesetzt werden. Aber diese Wirkstoffe werden immer weniger effektiv, je resistenter die HIV-Stämme durch Mutationen in den retroviralen Proteasen wer-den. Im Rahmen meiner Arbeit mit computergestütztem Wirkstoffdesign nutzte ich Model-lierungsmethoden wie den „lead expansion algorithm“ (Tripos®) um virtuelle Wirkstoffbibli-otheken mit verschiedenen Affinitäten zur Proteasebindungsstelle zu erstellen. Zusätzlich wandte ich Verfahren der computergestützten, kombinatorischen Chemie an, um virtuelle Bibliotheken von Proteaseinhibitoren zu designen, und zu verbessern. Parallel dazu wurde eine in silico Selektion sowie eine Einteilung nach Pharmakophorähnlichkeiten für diese Kandidaten vorgenommen. Weiterführende computergestützte Analysen förderten einen ein-zigartigen Wirkstoff zu Tage, welcher neuartige Proteasebindungseigenschaften aufweist, und dessen Rolle für eine potentiell neuartige Klasse von Proteaseinhibitoren schon beschrieben wurde (Shityakov und Dandekar, 2009). Eine Reihe von Modellen mit atomarer Auflösung wurden bereits entwickelt, um das Verhalten von Nanoröhren in Lipid-Doppelschichten aufzuklären. Die Auswirkungen auf die molekular Dynamik einer einschichtigen Karbonnanoröhre, welche in das Zentrum einer Lipid-Doppelschicht eingefügt wurde, wurden intensiv studiert und analysiert. Die Normalabweichung und Fluktuationen wurden berechnet, um eine Aussage über die Stabilität der Lipid-Doppelschichten treffen zu können. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass eine eingefügte Karbonnanoröhre die Freiheit für Konformationsänderungen bei nahegelegenen Lipiden einschränkt und dadurch einen Einfluss auf die Membranstabilität hat (Shityakov und Dandekar, 2011). Es kann aber außer-dem sein, dass verschiedene Lipid-Doppelschichten Unterschiede in ihrer Fähigkeit, Brücken zwischen benachbarten Lipiden auszubilden, aufweisen. Viren und Karbonnanoröhren werden damit in verschiedenen dynamischen Simulati-onen untersucht, um mehr über ihre Interaktionen mit Proteinen und Membranen zu erfahren. KW - Kohlenstoff KW - Nanoröhre KW - Retroviren KW - Proteine KW - virale Proteine KW - retroviral proteins KW - nanobiocomposites Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56960 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Förster, Carola A1 - Rethwilm, Axel A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Evaluation and Prediction of the HIV-1 Central Polypurine Tract Influence on Foamy Viral Vectors to Transduce Dividing and Growth-Arrested Cells N2 - Retroviral vectors are potent tools for gene delivery and various biomedical applications. To accomplish a gene transfer task successfully, retroviral vectors must effectively transduce diverse cell cultures at different phases of a cell cycle. However, very promising retroviral vectors based on the foamy viral (FV) backbone lack the capacity to efficiently transduce quiescent cells. It is hypothesized that this phenomenon might be explained as the inability of foamy viruses to form a pre-integration complex (PIC) with nuclear import activity in growth-arrested cells, which is the characteristic for lentiviruses (HIV-1). In this process, the HIV-1 central polypurine tract (cPPT) serves as a primer for plus-strand synthesis to produce a “flap” element and is believed to be crucial for the subsequent double-stranded cDNA formation of all retroviral RNA genomes. In this study, the effects of the lentiviral cPPT element on the FV transduction potential in dividing and growth-arrested (G1/S phase) adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) cells are investigated by experimental and theoretical methods. The results indicated that the HIV-1 cPPT element in a foamy viral vector background will lead to a significant reduction of the FV transduction and viral titre in growth-arrested cells due to the absence of PICs with nuclear import activity. KW - Evaluation KW - Prognose KW - HIV KW - Spumaviren KW - Einfluss Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112763 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Förster, Carola T1 - Gene expression profiles and protein-protein interaction network analysis in AIDS patients with HIV-associated encephalitis and dementia JF - HIV/AIDS: Research and Palliative Care N2 - Central nervous system dysfunction is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and acquired immunodeficiency virus syndrome (AIDS). Patients with AIDS are usually affected by HIV-associated encephalitis (HIVE) with viral replication limited to cells of monocyte origin. To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying HIVE-induced dementia, the GSE4755 Affymetrix data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the samples from AIDS patients with and without apparent features of HIVE-induced dementia were identified. In addition, protein–protein interaction networks were constructed by mapping DEGs into protein–protein interaction data to identify the pathways that these DEGs are involved in. The results revealed that the expression of 1,528 DEGs is mainly involved in the immune response, regulation of cell proliferation, cellular response to inflammation, signal transduction, and viral replication cycle. Heat-shock protein alpha, class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), and fibronectin 1 were detected as hub nodes with degree values >130. In conclusion, the results indicate that HSP90A and fibronectin 1 play important roles in HIVE pathogenesis. KW - microarray KW - differentially expressed genes KW - protein-protein interaction network KW - gene ontology KW - encephalitis dementia KW - human immunodeficiency virus Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149494 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarukhanyan, Edita A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - In silico designed Axl receptor blocking drug candidates against Zika virus infection JF - ACS Omega N2 - After a large outbreak in Brazil, novel drugs against Zika virus became extremely necessary. Evaluation of virus-based pharmacological strategies concerning essential host factors brought us to the idea that targeting the Axl receptor by blocking its dimerization function could be critical for virus entry. Starting from experimentally validated compounds, such as RU-301, RU-302, warfarin, and R428, we identified a novel compound 2′ (R428 derivative) to be the most potent for this task amongst a number of alternative compounds and leads. The improved affinity of compound 2′ was confirmed by molecular docking as well as molecular dynamics simulation techniques using implicit solvation models. The current study summarizes a new possibility for inhibition of the Axl function as a potential target for future antiviral therapies. KW - free energy KW - molecular docking KW - molecular dynamics KW - simulation KW - pharmacology KW - proteins KW - structure-activity relationship KW - viruses KW - Zika virus Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176739 VL - 3 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Isaacs, Darren A1 - Mikasi, Sello Given A1 - Obasa, Adetayo Emmanuel A1 - Ikomey, George Mondinde A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Cloete, Ruben A1 - Jacobs, Graeme Brendon T1 - Structural comparison of diverse HIV-1 subtypes using molecular modelling and docking analyses of integrase inhibitors JF - Viruses N2 - The process of viral integration into the host genome is an essential step of the HIV-1 life cycle. The viral integrase (IN) enzyme catalyzes integration. IN is an ideal therapeutic enzyme targeted by several drugs; raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG), dolutegravir (DTG), and bictegravir (BIC) having been approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Due to high HIV-1 diversity, it is not well understood how specific naturally occurring polymorphisms (NOPs) in IN may affect the structure/function and binding affinity of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). We applied computational methods of molecular modelling and docking to analyze the effect of NOPs on the full-length IN structure and INSTI binding. We identified 13 NOPs within the Cameroonian-derived CRF02_AG IN sequences and further identified 17 NOPs within HIV-1C South African sequences. The NOPs in the IN structures did not show any differences in INSTI binding affinity. However, linear regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between the Ki and EC50 values for DTG and BIC as strong inhibitors of HIV-1 IN subtypes. All INSTIs are clinically effective against diverse HIV-1 strains from INSTI treatment-naïve populations. This study supports the use of second-generation INSTIs such as DTG and BIC as part of first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens, due to a stronger genetic barrier to the emergence of drug resistance. KW - integrase KW - naturally occurring polymorphisms KW - HIV-1 KW - molecular modelling KW - molecular docking KW - diversity Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211170 SN - 1999-4915 VL - 12 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Bencurova, Elena A1 - Förster, Carola A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Modeling of shotgun sequencing of DNA plasmids using experimental and theoretical approaches JF - BMC Bioinformatics N2 - Background Processing and analysis of DNA sequences obtained from next-generation sequencing (NGS) face some difficulties in terms of the correct prediction of DNA sequencing outcomes without the implementation of bioinformatics approaches. However, algorithms based on NGS perform inefficiently due to the generation of long DNA fragments, the difficulty of assembling them and the complexity of the used genomes. On the other hand, the Sanger DNA sequencing method is still considered to be the most reliable; it is a reliable choice for virtual modeling to build all possible consensus sequences from smaller DNA fragments. Results In silico and in vitro experiments were conducted: (1) to implement and test our novel sequencing algorithm, using the standard cloning vectors of different length and (2) to validate experimentally virtual shotgun sequencing using the PCR technique with the number of cycles from 1 to 9 for each reaction. Conclusions We applied a novel algorithm based on Sanger methodology to correctly predict and emphasize the performance of DNA sequencing techniques as well as in de novo DNA sequencing and its further application in synthetic biology. We demonstrate the statistical significance of our results. KW - Shotgun method KW - Sanger sequencing KW - Virtual sequencing KW - Polymerase chain reaction KW - Gene expression vectors KW - Synthetic biology Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-229169 VL - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarukhanyan, Edita A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Rational drug design of Axl tyrosine kinase type I inhibitors as promising candidates against cancer JF - Frontiers in Chemistry N2 - The high level of Axl tyrosine kinase expression in various cancer cell lines makes it an attractive target for the development of anti-cancer drugs. In this study, we carried out several sets of in silico screening for the ATP-competitive Axl kinase inhibitors based on different molecular docking protocols. The best drug-like candidates were identified, after parental structure modifications, by their highest affinity to the target protein. We found that our newly designed compound R5, a derivative of the R428 patented analog, is the most promising inhibitor of the Axl kinase according to the three molecular docking algorithms applied in the study. The molecular docking results are in agreement with the molecular dynamics simulations using the MM-PBSA/GBSA implicit solvation models, which confirm the high affinity of R5 toward the protein receptor. Additionally, the selectivity test against other kinases also reveals a high affinity of R5 toward ABL1 and Tyro3 kinases, emphasizing its promising potential for the treatment of malignant tumors. KW - Axl tyrosine kinase KW - anti-cancer drug-like molecules KW - rational drug design KW - molecular docking KW - molecular dynamics Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-199505 SN - 2296-2646 VL - 7 IS - 920 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Skorb, Ekaterina V. A1 - Förster, Carola Y. A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Scaffold Searching of FDA and EMA-Approved Drugs Identifies Lead Candidates for Drug Repurposing in Alzheimer’s Disease JF - Frontiers in Chemistry N2 - Clinical trials of novel therapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) have consumed a significant amount of time and resources with largely negative results. Repurposing drugs already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), or Worldwide for another indication is a more rapid and less expensive option. Therefore, we apply the scaffold searching approach based on known amyloid-beta (Aβ) inhibitor tramiprosate to screen the DrugCentral database (n = 4,642) of clinically tested drugs. As a result, menadione bisulfite and camphotamide substances with protrombogenic and neurostimulation/cardioprotection effects were identified as promising Aβ inhibitors with an improved binding affinity (ΔGbind) and blood-brain barrier permeation (logBB). Finally, the data was also confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations using implicit solvation, in particular as Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) model. Overall, the proposed in silico pipeline can be implemented through the early stage rational drug design to nominate some lead candidates for AD, which will be further validated in vitro and in vivo, and, finally, in a clinical trial. KW - scaffold search KW - approved drugs KW - drug repurposing KW - alzheimer's disease KW - chemical similarity KW - molecular modeling Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248703 SN - 2296-2646 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bencurova, Elena A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Schaack, Dominik A1 - Kaltdorf, Martin A1 - Sarukhanyan, Edita A1 - Hilgarth, Alexander A1 - Rath, Christin A1 - Montenegro, Sergio A1 - Roth, Günter A1 - Lopez, Daniel A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Nanocellulose composites as smart devices with chassis, light-directed DNA Storage, engineered electronic properties, and chip integration JF - Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology N2 - The rapid development of green and sustainable materials opens up new possibilities in the field of applied research. Such materials include nanocellulose composites that can integrate many components into composites and provide a good chassis for smart devices. In our study, we evaluate four approaches for turning a nanocellulose composite into an information storage or processing device: 1) nanocellulose can be a suitable carrier material and protect information stored in DNA. 2) Nucleotide-processing enzymes (polymerase and exonuclease) can be controlled by light after fusing them with light-gating domains; nucleotide substrate specificity can be changed by mutation or pH change (read-in and read-out of the information). 3) Semiconductors and electronic capabilities can be achieved: we show that nanocellulose is rendered electronic by iodine treatment replacing silicon including microstructures. Nanocellulose semiconductor properties are measured, and the resulting potential including single-electron transistors (SET) and their properties are modeled. Electric current can also be transported by DNA through G-quadruplex DNA molecules; these as well as classical silicon semiconductors can easily be integrated into the nanocellulose composite. 4) To elaborate upon miniaturization and integration for a smart nanocellulose chip device, we demonstrate pH-sensitive dyes in nanocellulose, nanopore creation, and kinase micropatterning on bacterial membranes as well as digital PCR micro-wells. Future application potential includes nano-3D printing and fast molecular processors (e.g., SETs) integrated with DNA storage and conventional electronics. This would also lead to environment-friendly nanocellulose chips for information processing as well as smart nanocellulose composites for biomedical applications and nano-factories. KW - nanocellulose KW - DNA storage KW - light-gated proteins KW - single-electron transistors KW - protein chip Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-283033 SN - 2296-4185 VL - 10 ER -