TY - JOUR A1 - Scheiner, Ricarda A1 - Lim, Kayun A1 - Meixner, Marina D. A1 - Gabel, Martin S. T1 - Comparing the appetitive learning performance of six European honeybee subspecies in a common apiary JF - Insects N2 - The Western honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) is one of the most widespread insects with numerous subspecies in its native range. How far adaptation to local habitats has affected the cognitive skills of the different subspecies is an intriguing question that we investigate in this study. Naturally mated queens of the following five subspecies from different parts of Europe were transferred to Southern Germany: A. m. iberiensis from Portugal, A. m. mellifera from Belgium, A. m. macedonica from Greece, A. m. ligustica from Italy, and A. m. ruttneri from Malta. We also included the local subspecies A. m. carnica in our study. New colonies were built up in a common apiary where the respective queens were introduced. Worker offspring from the different subspecies were compared in classical olfactory learning performance using the proboscis extension response. Prior to conditioning, we measured individual sucrose responsiveness to investigate whether possible differences in learning performances were due to differential responsiveness to the sugar water reward. Most subspecies did not differ in their appetitive learning performance. However, foragers of the Iberian honeybee, A. m. iberiensis, performed significantly more poorly, despite having a similar sucrose responsiveness. We discuss possible causes for the poor performance of the Iberian honeybees, which may have been shaped by adaptation to the local habitat. KW - adaptation KW - Apis mellifera KW - olfactory learning KW - proboscis extension response KW - sucrose responsiveness KW - genetic diversity Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245180 SN - 2075-4450 VL - 12 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagner, Martin A1 - Slaghuis, Jörg A1 - Göbel, Werner A1 - Vázquez-Boland, José Antonio A1 - Rychli, Kathrin A1 - Schmitz-Esser, Stephan T1 - Virulence pattern analysis of three Listeria monocytogenes lineage I epidemic strains with distinct outbreak histories JF - Microorganisms N2 - Strains of the food-borne pathogen Listeria (L.) monocytogenes have diverse virulence potential. This study focused on the virulence of three outbreak strains: the CC1 strain PF49 (serovar 4b) from a cheese-associated outbreak in Switzerland, the clinical CC2 strain F80594 (serovar 4b), and strain G6006 (CC3, serovar 1/2a), responsible for a large gastroenteritis outbreak in the USA due to chocolate milk. We analysed the genomes and characterized the virulence in vitro and in vivo. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a high conservation of the major virulence genes. Minor deviations of the gene contents were found in the autolysins Ami, Auto, and IspC. Moreover, different ActA variants were present. Strain PF49 and F80594 showed prolonged survival in the liver of infected mice. Invasion and intracellular proliferation were similar for all strains, but the CC1 and CC2 strains showed increased spreading in intestinal epithelial Caco2 cells compared to strain G6006. Overall, this study revealed long-term survival of serovar 4b strains F80594 and PF49 in the liver of mice. Future work will be needed to determine the genes and molecular mechanism behind the long-term survival of L. monocytogenes strains in organs. KW - pathogenicity KW - whole-genome analysis KW - prolonged survival Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245093 SN - 2076-2607 VL - 9 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Isaacs, Darren A1 - Mikasi, Sello Given A1 - Obasa, Adetayo Emmanuel A1 - Ikomey, George Mondinde A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Cloete, Ruben A1 - Jacobs, Graeme Brendon T1 - Structural comparison of diverse HIV-1 subtypes using molecular modelling and docking analyses of integrase inhibitors JF - Viruses N2 - The process of viral integration into the host genome is an essential step of the HIV-1 life cycle. The viral integrase (IN) enzyme catalyzes integration. IN is an ideal therapeutic enzyme targeted by several drugs; raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG), dolutegravir (DTG), and bictegravir (BIC) having been approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Due to high HIV-1 diversity, it is not well understood how specific naturally occurring polymorphisms (NOPs) in IN may affect the structure/function and binding affinity of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). We applied computational methods of molecular modelling and docking to analyze the effect of NOPs on the full-length IN structure and INSTI binding. We identified 13 NOPs within the Cameroonian-derived CRF02_AG IN sequences and further identified 17 NOPs within HIV-1C South African sequences. The NOPs in the IN structures did not show any differences in INSTI binding affinity. However, linear regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between the Ki and EC50 values for DTG and BIC as strong inhibitors of HIV-1 IN subtypes. All INSTIs are clinically effective against diverse HIV-1 strains from INSTI treatment-naïve populations. This study supports the use of second-generation INSTIs such as DTG and BIC as part of first-line combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens, due to a stronger genetic barrier to the emergence of drug resistance. KW - integrase KW - naturally occurring polymorphisms KW - HIV-1 KW - molecular modelling KW - molecular docking KW - diversity Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211170 SN - 1999-4915 VL - 12 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ditzel, Pia A1 - König, Sebastian A1 - Musembi, Peter A1 - Peters, Marcell K. T1 - Correlation between coral reef condition and the diversity and abundance of fishes and sea urchins on an East African coral reef JF - Oceans N2 - Coral reefs are one of the most diverse marine ecosystems, providing numerous ecosystem services. This present study investigated the relationship between coral reef condition and the diversity and abundance of fishes, on a heavily fished East African coral reef at Gazi Bay, Kenya. Underwater visual censuses were conducted on thirty 50 × 5 m belt transects to assess the abundance and diversity of fishes. In parallel, a 25-m length of each of the same transects was recorded with photo-quadrats to assess coral community structure and benthic characteristics. For statistical analyses, multi-model inference based on the Akaike Information Criterion was used to evaluate the support for potential predictor variables of coral reef and fish diversity. We found that coral genus richness was negatively correlated with the abundance of macroalgae, whereas coral cover was positively correlated with both the abundance of herbivorous invertebrates (sea urchins) and with fish family richness. Similarly, fish family richness appeared mainly correlated with coral cover and invertebrate abundance, although no correlates of fish abundance could be identified. Coral and fish diversity were very low, but it appears that, contrary to some locations on the same coast, sea urchin abundance was not high enough to be having a negative influence on coral and fish assemblages. Due to increasing threats to coral reefs, it is important to understand the relationship among the components of the coral reef ecosystem on overfished reefs such as that at Gazi Bay. KW - coral reef ecosystem KW - coral reef resilience KW - global warming KW - climate change KW - overfishing KW - indicator species Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284503 SN - 2673-1924 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steiner, Thomas A1 - Zachary, Marie A1 - Bauer, Susanne A1 - Müller, Martin J. A1 - Krischke, Markus A1 - Radziej, Sandra A1 - Klepsch, Maximilian A1 - Huettel, Bruno A1 - Eisenreich, Wolfgang A1 - Rudel, Thomas A1 - Beier, Dagmar T1 - Central Role of Sibling Small RNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 in Main Metabolic Pathways of Neisseria gonorrhoeae JF - mBio N2 - Small bacterial regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of numerous metabolic pathways. In most of these studies, sRNA-dependent regulation of mRNAs or proteins of enzymes in metabolic pathways has been predicted to affect the metabolism of these bacteria. However, only in a very few cases has the role in metabolism been demonstrated. Here, we performed a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis to define the regulon of the sibling sRNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 (NgncR_162/163) and their impact on the metabolism of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These sRNAs have been reported to control genes of the citric acid and methylcitric acid cycles by posttranscriptional negative regulation. By transcriptome analysis, we now expand the NgncR_162/163 regulon by several new members and provide evidence that the sibling sRNAs act as both negative and positive regulators of target gene expression. Newly identified NgncR_162/163 targets are mostly involved in transport processes, especially in the uptake of glycine, phenylalanine, and branched-chain amino acids. NgncR_162/163 also play key roles in the control of serine-glycine metabolism and, hence, probably affect biosyntheses of nucleotides, vitamins, and other amino acids via the supply of one-carbon (C\(_1\)) units. Indeed, these roles were confirmed by metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis, which revealed a bipartite metabolic network with glucose degradation for the supply of anabolic pathways and the usage of amino acids via the citric acid cycle for energy metabolism. Thus, by combined deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolomics, we significantly extended the regulon of NgncR_162/163 and demonstrated the role of NgncR_162/163 in the regulation of central metabolic pathways of the gonococcus. KW - sRNA KW - Neisseria gonorrhoeae KW - posttranscriptional regulation KW - amino acid transporter KW - bipartite metabolism Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313323 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaltdorf, Martin A1 - Breitenbach, Tim A1 - Karl, Stefan A1 - Fuchs, Maximilian A1 - Kessie, David Komla A1 - Psota, Eric A1 - Prelog, Martina A1 - Sarukhanyan, Edita A1 - Ebert, Regina A1 - Jakob, Franz A1 - Dandekar, Gudrun A1 - Naseem, Muhammad A1 - Liang, Chunguang A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Software JimenaE allows efficient dynamic simulations of Boolean networks, centrality and system state analysis JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The signal modelling framework JimenaE simulates dynamically Boolean networks. In contrast to SQUAD, there is systematic and not just heuristic calculation of all system states. These specific features are not present in CellNetAnalyzer and BoolNet. JimenaE is an expert extension of Jimena, with new optimized code, network conversion into different formats, rapid convergence both for system state calculation as well as for all three network centralities. It allows higher accuracy in determining network states and allows to dissect networks and identification of network control type and amount for each protein with high accuracy. Biological examples demonstrate this: (i) High plasticity of mesenchymal stromal cells for differentiation into chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes and differentiation-specific network control focusses on wnt-, TGF-beta and PPAR-gamma signaling. JimenaE allows to study individual proteins, removal or adding interactions (or autocrine loops) and accurately quantifies effects as well as number of system states. (ii) Dynamical modelling of cell–cell interactions of plant Arapidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringae DC3000: We analyze for the first time the pathogen perspective and its interaction with the host. We next provide a detailed analysis on how plant hormonal regulation stimulates specific proteins and who and which protein has which type and amount of network control including a detailed heatmap of the A.thaliana response distinguishing between two states of the immune response. (iii) In an immune response network of dendritic cells confronted with Aspergillus fumigatus, JimenaE calculates now accurately the specific values for centralities and protein-specific network control including chemokine and pattern recognition receptors. KW - cellular signalling networks KW - computer modelling Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313303 VL - 13 ER - TY - THES A1 - Franzke, Myriam T1 - Keep on track : The use of visual cues for orientation in monarch butterflies T1 - Auf Kurs bleiben : Die Nutzung visueller Hinweise zur Orientierung bei Monarchfaltern N2 - The monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) performs one of the most astonishing behaviors in the animal kingdom: every fall millions of these butterflies leave their breeding grounds in North Amerika and migrate more than 4.000 km southwards until they reach their overwintering habitat in Central Mexico. To maintain their migratory direction over this enormous distance, the butterflies use a time-compensated sun compass. Beside this, skylight polarization, the Earth’s magnetic field and specific mountain ranges seem to guide the butterflies as well the south. In contrast to this fascinating orientation ability, the behavior of the butterflies in their non-migratory state received less attention. Although they do not travel long distances, they still need to orient themselves to find food, mating partners or get away from competitors. The aim of the present doctoral thesis was to investigate use of visual cues for orientation in migrating as well as non-migrating monarch butterflies. For this, field experiments investigating the migration of the butterflies in Texas (USA) were combined with experiments testing the orientation performance of non-migratory butterflies in Germany. In the first project, I recorded the heading directions of tethered butterflies during their annual fall migration. In an outdoor flight simulator, the butterflies maintained a southwards direction as long as they had a view of the sun’s position. Relocating the position of the sun by 180° using a mirror, revealed that the sun is the animals’ main orientation reference. Furthermore, I demonstrated that when the sun is blocked and a green light stimulus (simulated sun) is introduced, the animals interpreted this stimulus as the ‘real’ sun. However, this cue was not sufficient to set the migratory direction when simulated as the only visual cue in indoor experiments. When I presented the butterflies a linear polarization pattern additionally to the simulated sun, the animals headed in the correct southerly direction showing that multiple skylight cues are required to guide the butterflies during their migration. In the second project, I, furthermore, demonstrated that non-migrating butterflies are able to maintain a constant direction with respect to a simulated sun. Interestingly, they ignored the spectral component of the stimulus and relied on the intensity instead. When a panoramic skyline was presented as the only orientation reference, the butterflies maintained their direction only for short time windows probably trying to stabilize their flight based on optic-flow information. Next, I investigated whether the butterflies combine celestial with local cues by simulating a sun stimulus together with a panoramic skyline. Under this conditions, the animals’ directedness was increased demonstrating that they combine multiple visual cues for spatial orientation. Following up on the observation that a sun stimulus resulted in a different behavior than the panoramic skyline, I investigated in my third project which orientation strategies the butterflies use by presenting different simulated cues to them. While a bright stripe on a dark background elicited a strong attraction of the butterflies steering in the direction of the stimulus, the inverted version of the stimulus was used for flight stabilization. In contrast to this, the butterflies maintained arbitrary directions with a high directedness with respect to a simulated sun. In an ambiguous scenery with two identical stimuli (two bright stripes, two dark stripes, or two sun stimuli) set 180° apart, a constant flight course was only achieved when two sun stimuli were displayed suggesting an involvement of the animals’ internal compass. In contrast, the butterflies used two dark stripes for flight stabilization and were alternatingly attracted by two bright stripes. This shows that monarch butterflies use stimulus-dependent orientation strategies and gives the first evidence for different neuronal pathways controlling the output behavior. N2 - Der Monarchfalter (Danaus plexippus) vollführt eine der atemberaubendsten Verhaltensweisen im Tierreich: Jeden Herbst verlassen Millionen dieser Schmetterlinge ihre Brutgebiete in Nordamerika und migrieren mehr als 4000 km südwärts bis sie ihr Überwinterungsgebiet in Zentralmexico erreichen. Um ihre Migrationsrichtung über diese enorme Distanz einzuhalten, benutzen die Schmetterlinge einen zeitkompensierten Sonnenkompass. Daneben scheinen polarisiertes Licht, das Erdmagnetfeld und bestimmte Gebirgsketten die Schmetterlinge nach Süden zu führen. Im Gegensatz zu dieser faszinierenden Orientierungsfähigkeit wurde dem Verhalten der Schmetterlinge in ihrem nicht-migrierendem Zustand wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Obwohl diese keine großen Distanzen zurücklegen, müssen sie sich dennoch orientieren, um Futter und Paarungspartner zu finden oder Konkurrenten zu entfliehen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit war es, die Nutzung visueller Hinweise für die Orientierung von sowohl migrierenden als auch nicht-migrierenden Monarchfaltern zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden Feldexperimente, in denen die Migration der Schmetterlinge in Texas (USA) untersucht wurden, mit Experimenten, in denen das Orientierungsvermögen von nicht-migrierenden Schmetterlingen in Deutschland getestet wurde, verknüpft. Im ersten Projekt habe ich die Flugrichtung von Schmetterlingen während der jährlichen Herbstmigration aufgezeichnet. In einem Flugsimulator im Freien hielten die Schmetterlinge eine südliche Richtung, solange sie eine freie Sicht auf die Sonne hatten. Eine Versetzung der Sonnenposition um 180° mit Hilfe eines Spiegels zeigte auf, dass die Sonne die wichtigste Orientierungsreferenz der Tiere ist. Des Weiteren konnte ich zeigen, dass die Tiere, wenn die Sonne blockiert und ein grüner Lichtstimulus (simulierte Sonne) eingeschaltet wurde, diese simulierte Sonne als "echte" Sonne interpretierten. Dieser Hinweis reichte jedoch nicht aus, um die Migrationsrichtung festzulegen, wenn er als einziger visueller Hinweis im Labor simuliert wurde. Als ich den Schmetterlingen zusätzlich zur simulierten Sonne ein lineares Polarisationsmuster präsentierte, flogen die Tiere in die richtige, südliche Richtung. Das zeigt, dass mehrere Himmelshinweise erforderlich sind, um die Schmetterlinge während ihrer Migration zu steuern. Im zweiten Projekt habe ich weiterhin gezeigt, dass nicht migrierende Schmetterlinge in der Lage sind eine konstante Richtung relativ zu einer simulierten Sonne beizubehalten. Interessanterweise ignorierten sie die spektrale Komponente des Stimulus und verließen sich stattdessen auf die Intensität. Als ein Panorama als einzige Orientierungsreferenz präsentiert wurde, hielten die Schmetterlinge ihre Richtung nur für kurze Zeitfenster und versuchten vermutlich, ihren Flug basierend auf Informationen des optischen Flusses zu stabilisieren. Als Nächstes untersuchte ich, ob die Schmetterlinge Himmelshinweise und lokale Hinweisen kombinieren, indem ich eine Sonne zusammen mit einem Panorama simulierte. Unter diesen Bedingungen war die Gerichtetheit der Flüge erhöht, was zeigt, dass die Tiere mehrere visuelle Hinweise zur räumlichen Orientierung kombinieren. Beruhend auf der Beobachtung, dass ein Sonnenstimulus zu einem anderen Verhaltensmuster führte als das Panorama, untersuchte ich in meinem dritten Projekt, welche Orientierungsstrategien die Schmetterlinge verwenden. Hierfür präsentierte ich den Tieren verschiedene simulierte Hinweise. Während ein heller Streifen auf dunklem Hintergrund eine starke Anziehungskraft auf die Schmetterlinge, die in die Richtung des Reizes flogen, ausübte, wurde die invertierte Version des Stimulus zur Flugstabilisierung verwendet. Im Gegensatz dazu hielten die Schmetterlinge beliebige Richtungen mit einer hohen Gerichtetheit relativ zu einer simulierten Sonne ein. In einer uneindeutigen Szenerie mit zwei identischen Reizen (zwei helle Streifen, zwei dunkle Streifen oder zwei Sonnenstimuli), die um 180° versetzt waren, wurde eine konstante Flugrichtung nur dann erreicht, wenn zwei Sonnenstimuli gezeigt wurden. Das deutet auf eine Beteiligung des inneren Kompasses der Tiere hin. Im Gegensatz dazu nutzten die Schmetterlinge zwei dunkle Streifen zur Flugstabilisierung und wurden abwechselnd von zwei hellen Streifen angezogen. Dies zeigt, dass Monarchfalter stimulus-abhängige Orientierungsstrategien verwenden, und liefert den ersten Nachweis für unterschiedliche neuronale Verschaltungswege, die das Verhalten steuern. KW - Monarchfalter KW - Orientierung KW - Visuelle Orientierung KW - Schmetterlinge KW - Insekten KW - visual cue Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284709 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vellmer, Tim A1 - Hartleb, Laura A1 - Fradera Sola, Albert A1 - Kramer, Susanne A1 - Meyer-Natus, Elisabeth A1 - Butter, Falk A1 - Janzen, Christian J. T1 - A novel SNF2 ATPase complex in Trypanosoma brucei with a role in H2A.Z-mediated chromatin remodelling JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - A cascade of histone acetylation events with subsequent incorporation of a histone H2A variant plays an essential part in transcription regulation in various model organisms. A key player in this cascade is the chromatin remodelling complex SWR1, which replaces the canonical histone H2A with its variant H2A.Z. Transcriptional regulation of polycistronic transcription units in the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei has been shown to be highly dependent on acetylation of H2A.Z, which is mediated by the histone-acetyltransferase HAT2. The chromatin remodelling complex which mediates H2A.Z incorporation is not known and an SWR1 orthologue in trypanosomes has not yet been reported. In this study, we identified and characterised an SWR1-like remodeller complex in T. brucei that is responsible for Pol II-dependent transcriptional regulation. Bioinformatic analysis of potential SNF2 DEAD/Box helicases, the key component of SWR1 complexes, identified a 1211 amino acids-long protein that exhibits key structural characteristics of the SWR1 subfamily. Systematic protein-protein interaction analysis revealed the existence of a novel complex exhibiting key features of an SWR1-like chromatin remodeller. RNAi-mediated depletion of the ATPase subunit of this complex resulted in a significant reduction of H2A.Z incorporation at transcription start sites and a subsequent decrease of steady-state mRNA levels. Furthermore, depletion of SWR1 and RNA-polymerase II (Pol II) caused massive chromatin condensation. The potential function of several proteins associated with the SWR1-like complex and with HAT2, the key factor of H2A.Z incorporation, is discussed. KW - Trypanosoma KW - chromatin KW - histones KW - RNA interference KW - Trypanosoma brucei gambiense KW - luciferase KW - transcriptional control KW - nucleosomes Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301372 VL - 18 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Fasemore, Akinyemi Mandela T1 - Genomic and internet based analysis of \(Coxiella\) \(burnetii\) T1 - Genomische und Internet-basierte Analyse von \(Coxiella\) \(burnetii\) N2 - Coxiella burnetii, a Gram negative obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of Q fever. It has a world wide distribution and has been documented to be capable of causing infections in several domestic animals, livestock species, and human beings. Outbreaks of Q fever are still being observed in livestock across animal farms in Europe, and primary transmission to humans still oc- curs especially in animal handlers. Public health authorities in some countries like Germany are required by law to report human acute cases denoting the significance of the challenge posed by C. burnetii to public health. In this thesis, I have developed a platform alongside methods to address the challenges of genomic analyses of C. burnetii for typing purposes. Identification of C. burnetii isolates is an important task in the laboratory as well as in the clinics and genotyping is a reliable method to identify and characterize known and novel isolates. Therefore, I designed and implemented several methods to facilitate the genotyping analyses of C. burnetii genomes in silico via a web platform. As genotyping is a data intensive process, I also included additional features such as visualization methods and databases for interpretation and storage of obtained results. I also developed a method to profile the resistome of C. burnetii isolates using a machine learning approach. Data about antibiotic resistance in C. burnetii are scarce majorly due to its lifestyle and the difficulty of cultivation in laboratory media. Alternative methods that rely on homology identification of resistance genes are also inefficient in C. burnetii, hence, I opted for a novel approach that has been shown to be promising in other bacteria species. The applied method relied on an artificial neural network as well as amino acid composition of position specific scoring matrix profile for feature extraction. The resulting model achieved an accuracy of ≈ 0.96 on test data and the overall performance was significantly higher in comparison to existing models. Finally, I analyzed two new C. burnetii isolates obtained from an outbreak in Germany, I compared the genome to the RSA 493 reference isolate and found extensive deletions across the genome landscape. This work has provided a new digital infrastructure to analyze and character- ize C. burnetii genomes that was not in existence before and it has also made a significant contribution to the existing information about antibiotic resistance genes in C. burnetii. N2 - Coxiella burnetii, ein Gram-negatives, obligat intrazelluläres Bakterium, ist der Erreger des Q-Fiebers. Er hat eine weltweite Verbreitung und ist nachweis- lich in der Lage, Infektionen bei verschiedenen Haustieren, Nutztieren und Menschen zu verursachen. Ausbrüche von Q-Fieber werden immer noch in Tierbeständen in Europa beobachtet, und die Primärübertragung auf den Men- schen erfolgt nach wie vor allem durch Kontakt mit entsprechenden Tieren und ihren Ausscheidungen. Das öffentliche Gesundheitssystem in einigen Ländern wie Deutschland hat eine Meldepflicht für akute Fälle beim Menschen festge- legt, was die Bedeutung des Erregers bzw. seiner ausgelösten Erkrankung für die öffentliche Gesundheit verdeutlicht. In dieser Doktorarbeit habe ich eine Plattform neben weiteren Methoden entwickelt, um die Herausforderungen der Genomanalyse von C. burnetii für Genotypisierungsverfahren zu adressieren. Die Identifizierung von C. burnetii-Isolaten erfüllt eine wichtige Funktion im La- bor sowie in den Krankenhäusern, und die Genotypisierung ist eine verlässliche Methode, um bekannte und neue Isolate zu identifizieren und zu charakte- risieren. Daher habe ich mehrere Methoden konzipiert und implementiert, um die Analyse zur Genotypisierung von C. burnetii-Genomen in silico über eine Web-Plattform zu erleichtern. Da die Genotypisierung ein datenintensiver Prozess ist, habe ich ebenfalls zusätzliche Features wie Visualisierungsme- thoden und Datenbanken zur Interpretation und Speicherung der erhaltenen Ergebnisse mitaufgenommen. Ferner habe ich eine Methode zur Erstellung des Resistomprofils von C. burnetii-Isolaten unter Verwendung eines Ansat- zes des maschinellen Lernens entwickelt. Daten über Resistenzfaktoren bei C. burnetii sind rar, was hauptsächlich auf die obligat intrazelluläre Lebensweise der Coxiellen und die Schwierigkeiten bei der Kultivierung in Labormedien zurückzuführen ist. Alternative Methoden, die auf der Identifizierung der Ho- mologie von Resistenzgenen basieren, sind bei C. burnetii ebenfalls ineffizient. Aus diesem Grund entschied ich mich für einen neuen Ansatz, der sich bereits bei anderen Bakterienspezies als vielversprechend erwiesen hat. Die verwen- dete Methode basiert auf einem artifiziellen neuronalen Netzwerk sowie auf der Aminosäurezusammensetzung des positionsspezifischen Matrixprofils zur Extraktion von Features. Das daraus resultierende Modell erzielte eine Genauig- keit von ≈ 0,96 bei den Testdaten und die Gesamtleistung war signifikant höher im Vergleich zu den bereits vorhandenen Methoden. Schließlich analysierte ich zwei neue C. burnetii-Isolate, die von einem Q-Fieberausbruch in Deutschland stammten. Ich verglich das Genom mit dem RSA 493 Referenz Isolat und fand extensive Deletionen über das Genom sequenz. Mit dieser Arbeit wird eine neue digitale Infrastruktur zu Analyse von C. burnetii- Genomen bereitgestellt, die es vorher noch nicht gab. Zudem liefert diese Arbeit einen wichtigen Beitrag zu den bereits vorhandenen Informationen über Antibiotikaresistenzgene bei in C. burnetii. KW - Bioinformatics KW - Coxiella burnetii KW - Genotyping KW - Web services KW - Genomics Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296639 ER - TY - THES A1 - Nguyen, Tu Anh Thi T1 - Neural coding of different visual cues in the monarch butterfly sun compass T1 - Neuronale Kodierung verschiedener visueller Signale im Sonnenkompass des Monarchfalters N2 - Monarch butterflies are famous for their annual long-distance migration. Decreasing temperatures and reduced daylight induce the migratory state in the autumn generation of monarch butterflies. Not only are they in a reproductive diapause, they also produce fat deposits to be prepared for the upcoming journey: Driven by their instinct to migrate, they depart from their eclosion grounds in the northern regions of the North American continent and start their southern journey to their hibernation spots in Central Mexico. The butterflies cover a distance of up to 4000 km across the United States. In the next spring, the same butterflies invert their preferred heading direction due to seasonal changes and start their northward spring migration. The spring migration is continued by three consecutive butterfly generations, until the animals repopulate the northern regions in North America as non-migratory monarch butterflies. The monarch butterflies’ migratory state is genetically and epigenetically regulated, including the directed flight behavior. Therefore, the insect’s internal compass system does not only have to encode the butterflies preferred, but also its current heading direction. However, the butterfly’s internal heading representation has to be matched to external cues, to avoid departing from its initial flight path and increasing its risk of missing its desired destination. During the migratory flight, visual cues provide the butterflies with reliable orientation information. The butterflies refer to the sun as their main orientation cue. In addition to the sun, the butterflies likely use the polarization pattern of the sky for orientation. The sky compass signals are processed within a region in the brain, termed the central complex (CX). Previous research on the CX neural circuitry of the monarch butterflies demonstrated that tangential central complex neurons (TL) carry the visual input information into the CX and respond to a simulated sun and polarized light. However, whether these cells process additional visual cues like the panoramic skyline is still unknown. Furthermore, little is known about how the migratory state affects visual cue processing. In addition to this, most experiments studying the monarch butterfly CX focused on how neurons process single visual cues. However, how combined visual stimuli are processed in the CX is still unknown. This thesis is investigating the following questions: 1) How does the migratory state affect visual cue processing in the TL cells within the monarch butterfly brain? 2) How are multiple visual cues integrated in the TL cells? 3) How is compass information modulated in the CX? To study these questions, TL neurons from both animal groups (migratory and non-migratory) were electrophysiologically characterized using intracellular recordings while presenting different simulated celestial cues and visual sceneries. I showed that the TL neurons of migratory butterflies are more narrowly tuned to the sun, possibly helping them in keeping a directed flight course during migration. Furthermore, I found that TL cells encode a panoramic skyline, suggesting that the CX network combines celestial and terrestrial information. Experiments with combined celestial stimuli revealed that the TL cells combine both cue information linearly. However, if exposing the animals to a simulated visual scenery containing a panoramic skyline and a simulated sun, the single visual cues are weighted differently. These results indicate that the CX’s input region can flexibly adapt to different visual cue conditions. Furthermore, I characterize a previously unknown neuron in the monarch butterfly CX which responds to celestial stimuli and connects the CX with other brain neuropiles. How this cell type affects heading direction encoding has yet to be determined. N2 - Monarchfalter sind berühmt für ihre jährlichen Migrationsflüge. Sinkende Temperaturen und die verkürzte Tageslichtbestrahlung induzieren die Migration in einer Herbstgeneration der Monarchfalter. Sie sind nicht nur in reproduktiver Diapause, sondern produzieren Fettreserven für die bevorstehende Reise: Getrieben von ihrem Migrationsinstinkt verlassen sie ihre Schlüpfstätten in den nördlichen Regionen des Nordamerikanischen Kontinents und starten ihre südliche Wanderung zu ihren Überwinterunsgstätten in Zentralmexiko. Dabei legen die Schmetterlinge Strecken von bis zu 4000 km durch die Vereinigten Staaten zurück. Im nächsten Frühling kehren die gleichen Schmetterlinge ihre Vorzugsrichtung durch die jahreszeitlich bedingten Veränderungen um und die Tiere bewegen sich nordwärts. Die Frühlingsgeneration wird insgesamt über drei Schmetterlingsgeneration durchgeführt, bis die Tiere die nördlichen Regionen in Nordamerika wieder als nicht-migrierende Monarchfalter besiedeln. Der Migrationsstatus der Monarchfalter ist genetisch und epigenetisch reguliert, was auch das gerichtete Flugverhalten einschließt. Demnach muss das interne Kompasssystem der Falter nicht nur die bevorzugte, sondern auch die aktuelle Flugrichtung prozessieren. Die interne Repräsentation der Flugrichtung des Falters muss jedoch mit der Umwelt abgeglichen werden, ansonsten droht das Tier von der ursprünglichen Flugrichtung abzuweichen und erhöht das Risiko den Wunschort nicht zu erreichen. Während des Migrationsfluges bieten visuelle Signale verlässliche Orientierungsinformationen. Dabei ist die Sonne ihre Hauptorientierungsreferenz. Zusätzlich zur Sonne nutzen die Schmetterlinge vermutlich noch das Polarisationsmuster des Himmels zur Orientierung. Diese Himmelskompasssignale werden im Gehirn in einer Gehirnregion, den Zentralkomplex, integriert. Vergangene Forschungsprojekte am Zentralkomplex haben gezeigt, dass tangentiale Zentralkomplex-Neurone (TL) die visuellen Signale in den Zentralkomplex leiten und auf eine simulierte Sonne und polarisiertes Licht sensitiv sind. Ob diese Zellen noch weitere visuelle Signale verarbeiten, wie zum Beispiel den Horizont eines Panoramas, ist nicht bekannt. Auch ist der Einfluss des Migrationsstatus auf die visuelle Signalverarbeitung im Zentralkomplex bisher unerforscht. Des Weiteren haben die meisten Experimente am Zentralkomplex des Monarchfalters den Fokus auf die Verarbeitung einzelner simulierter visueller Reize gelegt. Wie aber Kombinationen aus Stimuli im Zentralkomplex verarbeitet werden, ist nicht bekannt.   Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit folgenden Fragen: 1) Wie beeinflusst der Migrationsstatus die visuelle Reizverarbeitung in TL-Zellen im Monarchfaltergehirn? 2) Wie werden mehrere visuelle Reize in TL-Zellen miteinander kombiniert? 3) Wie wird Kompassinformation im Zentralkomplex moduliert? In diesem Zusammenhang wurden TL-Neurone aus beiden Gruppen (migrierende und nichtmigrierende Monarchfalter) elektrophysiologisch mittels intrazellulärer Aufnahmen charakterisiert, während den Tieren unterschiedliche simulierte Himmelkompasssignale und visuelle Szenerien präsentiert wurden. Hierbei konnte ich zeigen dass die TL-Neuronen in migrierenden Tieren ein engeres Tuning zur Sonne aufwiesen, was den Tieren helfen könnte, eine gerichtete Flugrichtung zu halten. Außerdem antworten die TL-Neurone auf ein Panorama, womit der Zentralkomplex in der Lage wäre, Himmelskompasssignale mit terrestrischer Information zu kombinieren. In Experimenten mit zwei kombinierten simulierten Himmelskompasssignalen konnte ich zeigen, dass die TL-Zellen beide Signalinformationen linear miteinander verrechnen. Wenn die TL-Zellen jedoch mit einer visuellen Szenerie stimuliert werden, welche eine simulierte Sonne und ein Panorama beinhaltet, werden die einzelnen visuellen Signale unterschiedlich gewichtet. Die Ergebnisse sind ein Hinweis darauf, dass die Eingangsregion im Zentralkomplex sich flexibel an die visuellen Signalbedingungen anpassen können. Außerdem habe ich ein bis dahin unbekanntes Neuron während meiner Studien charakterisieren können, welches auf simulierte Himmelskompasssignale antwortet und den Zentralkomplex mit anderen Neuropilen im Gehirn verbindet. Wie dieser Neuronentyp Einfluss auf die Kodierung der Flugrichtung nimmt, muss in der Zukunft weiter erforscht werden. KW - Monarchfalter KW - Danaus plexippus KW - Gehirn KW - Orientierung KW - Visuelle Wahrnehmung KW - monarch butterfly KW - brain KW - orientation KW - visual perception KW - central complex Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-303807 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmuth, Nadine A1 - Schlicker, Lisa A1 - Guo, Yongxia A1 - Hovhannisyan, Pargev A1 - Janaki-Raman, Sudha A1 - Kurmasheva, Naziia A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Schulze, Almut A1 - Stelzner, Kathrin A1 - Rajeeve, Karthika A1 - Rudel, Thomas T1 - c-Myc plays a key role in IFN-γ-induced persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis JF - eLife N2 - Chlamydia trachomatis (Ctr) can persist over extended times within their host cell and thereby establish chronic infections. One of the major inducers of chlamydial persistence is interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) released by immune cells as a mechanism of immune defence. IFN-γ activates the catabolic depletion of L-tryptophan (Trp) via indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), resulting in persistent Ctr. Here, we show that IFN-γ induces the downregulation of c-Myc, the key regulator of host cell metabolism, in a STAT1-dependent manner. Expression of c-Myc rescued Ctr from IFN-γ-induced persistence in cell lines and human fallopian tube organoids. Trp concentrations control c-Myc levels most likely via the PI3K-GSK3β axis. Unbiased metabolic analysis revealed that Ctr infection reprograms the host cell tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to support pyrimidine biosynthesis. Addition of TCA cycle intermediates or pyrimidine/purine nucleosides to infected cells rescued Ctr from IFN-γ-induced persistence. Thus, our results challenge the longstanding hypothesis of Trp depletion through IDO as the major mechanism of IFN-γ-induced metabolic immune defence and significantly extends the understanding of the role of IFN-γ as a broad modulator of host cell metabolism. KW - Chlamydia trachomatis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301385 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lichter, Katharina A1 - Paul, Mila Marie A1 - Pauli, Martin A1 - Schoch, Susanne A1 - Kollmannsberger, Philip A1 - Stigloher, Christian A1 - Heckmann, Manfred A1 - Sirén, Anna-Leena T1 - Ultrastructural analysis of wild-type and RIM1α knockout active zones in a large cortical synapse JF - Cell Reports N2 - Rab3A-interacting molecule (RIM) is crucial for fast Ca\(^{2+}\)-triggered synaptic vesicle (SV) release in presynaptic active zones (AZs). We investigated hippocampal giant mossy fiber bouton (MFB) AZ architecture in 3D using electron tomography of rapid cryo-immobilized acute brain slices in RIM1α\(^{−/−}\) and wild-type mice. In RIM1α\(^{−/−}\), AZs are larger with increased synaptic cleft widths and a 3-fold reduced number of tightly docked SVs (0–2 nm). The distance of tightly docked SVs to the AZ center is increased from 110 to 195 nm, and the width of their electron-dense material between outer SV membrane and AZ membrane is reduced. Furthermore, the SV pool in RIM1α\(^{−/−}\) is more heterogeneous. Thus, RIM1α, besides its role in tight SV docking, is crucial for synaptic architecture and vesicle pool organization in MFBs. KW - active zone KW - acute brain slices KW - CA3 KW - electron tomography KW - high-pressure freezing KW - hippocampal mossy fiber bouton KW - RIM1α KW - SV pool KW - synaptic ultrastructure KW - presynaptic Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300913 VL - 40 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Thomas A1 - Hartmann, Oliver A1 - Reissland, Michaela A1 - Prieto-Garcia, Cristian A1 - Klann, Kevin A1 - Pahor, Nikolett A1 - Schülein-Völk, Christina A1 - Baluapuri, Apoorva A1 - Polat, Bülent A1 - Abazari, Arya A1 - Gerhard-Hartmann, Elena A1 - Kopp, Hans-Georg A1 - Essmann, Frank A1 - Rosenfeldt, Mathias A1 - Münch, Christian A1 - Flentje, Michael A1 - Diefenbacher, Markus E. T1 - PTEN mutant non-small cell lung cancer require ATM to suppress pro-apoptotic signalling and evade radiotherapy JF - Cell & Bioscience N2 - Background Despite advances in treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, carriers of certain genetic alterations are prone to failure. One such factor frequently mutated, is the tumor suppressor PTEN. These tumors are supposed to be more resistant to radiation, chemo- and immunotherapy. Results We demonstrate that loss of PTEN led to altered expression of transcriptional programs which directly regulate therapy resistance, resulting in establishment of radiation resistance. While PTEN-deficient tumor cells were not dependent on DNA-PK for IR resistance nor activated ATR during IR, they showed a significant dependence for the DNA damage kinase ATM. Pharmacologic inhibition of ATM, via KU-60019 and AZD1390 at non-toxic doses, restored and even synergized with IR in PTEN-deficient human and murine NSCLC cells as well in a multicellular organotypic ex vivo tumor model. Conclusion PTEN tumors are addicted to ATM to detect and repair radiation induced DNA damage. This creates an exploitable bottleneck. At least in cellulo and ex vivo we show that low concentration of ATM inhibitor is able to synergise with IR to treat PTEN-deficient tumors in genetically well-defined IR resistant lung cancer models. KW - PTEN KW - ATM KW - IR KW - NSCLC KW - radiotherapy KW - cancer KW - DNA-PK KW - PI3K Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-299865 SN - 2045-3701 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Storms, Mona A1 - Jakhar, Aryan A1 - Mitesser, Oliver A1 - Jechow, Andreas A1 - Hölker, Franz A1 - Degen, Tobias A1 - Hovestadt, Thomas A1 - Degen, Jacqueline T1 - The rising moon promotes mate finding in moths JF - Communications Biology N2 - To counteract insect decline, it is essential to understand the underlying causes, especially for key pollinators such as nocturnal moths whose ability to orientate can easily be influenced by ambient light conditions. These comprise natural light sources as well as artificial light, but their specific relevance for moth orientation is still unknown. We investigated the influence of moonlight on the reproductive behavior of privet hawkmoths (Sphinx ligustri) at a relatively dark site where the Milky Way was visible while the horizon was illuminated by distant light sources and skyglow. We show that male moths use the moon for orientation and reach females significantly faster with increasing moon elevation. Furthermore, the choice of flight direction depended on the cardinal position of the moon but not on the illumination of the horizon caused by artificial light, indicating that the moon plays a key role in the orientation of male moths. KW - animal behaviour KW - biodiversity KW - conservation biology KW - entomology KW - urban ecology Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301365 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiele, Jonas A. A1 - Richter, Aylin A1 - Hilger, Kirsten T1 - Multimodal brain signal complexity predicts human intelligence JF - eNeuro N2 - Spontaneous brain activity builds the foundation for human cognitive processing during external demands. Neuroimaging studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified specific characteristics of spontaneous (intrinsic) brain dynamics to be associated with individual differences in general cognitive ability, i.e., intelligence. However, fMRI research is inherently limited by low temporal resolution, thus, preventing conclusions about neural fluctuations within the range of milliseconds. Here, we used resting-state electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings from 144 healthy adults to test whether individual differences in intelligence (Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices scores) can be predicted from the complexity of temporally highly resolved intrinsic brain signals. We compared different operationalizations of brain signal complexity (multiscale entropy, Shannon entropy, Fuzzy entropy, and specific characteristics of microstates) regarding their relation to intelligence. The results indicate that associations between brain signal complexity measures and intelligence are of small effect sizes (r ∼ 0.20) and vary across different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, higher intelligence scores were associated with lower complexity in local aspects of neural processing, and less activity in task-negative brain regions belonging to the default-mode network. Finally, we combined multiple measures of brain signal complexity to show that individual intelligence scores can be significantly predicted with a multimodal model within the sample (10-fold cross-validation) as well as in an independent sample (external replication, N = 57). In sum, our results highlight the temporal and spatial dependency of associations between intelligence and intrinsic brain dynamics, proposing multimodal approaches as promising means for future neuroscientific research on complex human traits. KW - brain signal complexity KW - cognitive ability KW - EEG KW - intelligence KW - microstates KW - resting-state Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312949 VL - 10 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deppisch, Peter A1 - Helfrich-Förster, Charlotte A1 - Senthilan, Pingkalai R. T1 - The gain and loss of cryptochrome/photolyase family members during evolution JF - Genes N2 - The cryptochrome/photolyase (CRY/PL) family represents an ancient group of proteins fulfilling two fundamental functions. While photolyases repair UV-induced DNA damages, cryptochromes mainly influence the circadian clock. In this study, we took advantage of the large number of already sequenced and annotated genes available in databases and systematically searched for the protein sequences of CRY/PL family members in all taxonomic groups primarily focusing on metazoans and limiting the number of species per taxonomic order to five. Using BLASTP searches and subsequent phylogenetic tree and motif analyses, we identified five distinct photolyases (CPDI, CPDII, CPDIII, 6-4 photolyase, and the plant photolyase PPL) and six cryptochrome subfamilies (DASH-CRY, mammalian-type MCRY, Drosophila-type DCRY, cnidarian-specific ACRY, plant-specific PCRY, and the putative magnetoreceptor CRY4. Manually assigning the CRY/PL subfamilies to the species studied, we have noted that over evolutionary history, an initial increase of various CRY/PL subfamilies was followed by a decrease and specialization. Thus, in more primitive organisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, simple eukaryotes, and in basal metazoans), we find relatively few CRY/PL members. As species become more evolved (e.g., cnidarians, mollusks, echinoderms, etc.), the CRY/PL repertoire also increases, whereas it appears to decrease again in more recent organisms (humans, fruit flies, etc.). Moreover, our study indicates that all cryptochromes, although largely active in the circadian clock, arose independently from different photolyases, explaining their different modes of action. KW - cryptochrome KW - photolyase KW - cryptochrome/photolyase family KW - CPF KW - CRY evolution KW - circadian clock KW - DNA-repair Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312873 VL - 13 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otto, Christoph A1 - Kastner, Carolin A1 - Schmidt, Stefanie A1 - Uttinger, Konstantin A1 - Baluapuri, Apoorva A1 - Denk, Sarah A1 - Rosenfeldt, Mathias T. A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Roehrig, Florian A1 - Ade, Carsten P. A1 - Schuelein-Voelk, Christina A1 - Diefenbacher, Markus E. A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas A1 - Wolf, Elmar A1 - Eilers, Martin A1 - Wiegering, Armin T1 - RNA polymerase I inhibition induces terminal differentiation, growth arrest, and vulnerability to senolytics in colorectal cancer cells JF - Molecular Oncology N2 - Ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis are deregulated in most cancers, suggesting that interfering with translation machinery may hold significant therapeutic potential. Here, we show that loss of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), which constitutes the initiating event in the adenoma carcinoma sequence for colorectal cancer (CRC), induces the expression of RNA polymerase I (RNAPOL1) transcription machinery, and subsequently upregulates ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcription. Targeting RNAPOL1 with a specific inhibitor, CX5461, disrupts nucleolar integrity, and induces a disbalance of ribosomal proteins. Surprisingly, CX5461-induced growth arrest is irreversible and exhibits features of senescence and terminal differentiation. Mechanistically, CX5461 promotes differentiation in an MYC-interacting zinc-finger protein 1 (MIZ1)- and retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-dependent manner. In addition, the inhibition of RNAPOL1 renders CRC cells vulnerable towards senolytic agents. We validated this therapeutic effect of CX5461 in murine- and patient-derived organoids, and in a xenograft mouse model. These results show that targeting ribosomal biogenesis together with targeting the consecutive, senescent phenotype using approved drugs is a new therapeutic approach, which can rapidly be transferred from bench to bedside. KW - CRC KW - CX5461 KW - MIZ1 KW - MYC KW - ribosome KW - RNAPOL1 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312806 VL - 16 IS - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maihoff, Fabienne A1 - Friess, Nicolas A1 - Hoiss, Bernhard A1 - Schmid‐Egger, Christian A1 - Kerner, Janika A1 - Neumayer, Johann A1 - Hopfenmüller, Sebastian A1 - Bässler, Claus A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Classen, Alice T1 - Smaller, more diverse and on the way to the top: Rapid community shifts of montane wild bees within an extraordinary hot decade JF - Diversity and Distributions N2 - Aim Global warming is assumed to restructure mountain insect communities in space and time. Theory and observations along climate gradients predict that insect abundance and richness, especially of small‐bodied species, will increase with increasing temperature. However, the specific responses of single species to rising temperatures, such as spatial range shifts, also alter communities, calling for intensive monitoring of real‐world communities over time. Location German Alps and pre‐alpine forests in south‐east Germany. Methods We empirically examined the temporal and spatial change in wild bee communities and its drivers along two largely well‐protected elevational gradients (alpine grassland vs. pre‐alpine forest), each sampled twice within the last decade. Results We detected clear abundance‐based upward shifts in bee communities, particularly in cold‐adapted bumble bee species, demonstrating the speed with which mobile organisms can respond to climatic changes. Mean annual temperature was identified as the main driver of species richness in both regions. Accordingly, and in large overlap with expectations under climate warming, we detected an increase in bee richness and abundance, and an increase in small‐bodied species in low‐ and mid‐elevations along the grassland gradient. Community responses in the pre‐alpine forest gradient were only partly consistent with community responses in alpine grasslands. Main Conclusion In well‐protected temperate mountain regions, small‐bodied bees may initially profit from warming temperatures, by getting more abundant and diverse. Less severe warming, and differences in habitat openness along the forested gradient, however, might moderate species responses. Our study further highlights the utility of standardized abundance data for revealing rapid changes in bee communities over only one decade. KW - Alps KW - altitudinal gradient KW - body size KW - climate change KW - global warming KW - hymenoptera KW - pollinator KW - range shifts Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312126 VL - 29 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaianunporn, Thotsapol A1 - Hovestadt, Thomas T1 - Emergence of spatially structured populations by area‐concentrated search JF - Ecology and Evolution N2 - The idea that populations are spatially structured has become a very powerful concept in ecology, raising interest in many research areas. However, despite dispersal being a core component of the concept, it typically does not consider the movement behavior underlying any dispersal. Using individual‐based simulations in continuous space, we explored the emergence of a spatially structured population in landscapes with spatially heterogeneous resource distribution and with organisms following simple area‐concentrated search (ACS); individuals do not, however, perceive or respond to any habitat attributes per se but only to their foraging success. We investigated the effects of different resource clustering pattern in landscapes (single large cluster vs. many small clusters) and different resource density on the spatial structure of populations and movement between resource clusters of individuals. As results, we found that foraging success increased with increasing resource density and decreasing number of resource clusters. In a wide parameter space, the system exhibited attributes of a spatially structured populations with individuals concentrated in areas of high resource density, searching within areas of resources, and “dispersing” in straight line between resource patches. “Emigration” was more likely from patches that were small or of low quality (low resource density), but we observed an interaction effect between these two parameters. With the ACS implemented, individuals tended to move deeper into a resource cluster in scenarios with moderate resource density than in scenarios with high resource density. “Looping” from patches was more likely if patches were large and of high quality. Our simulations demonstrate that spatial structure in populations may emerge if critical resources are heterogeneously distributed and if individuals follow simple movement rules (such as ACS). Neither the perception of habitat nor an explicit decision to emigrate from a patch on the side of acting individuals is necessary for the emergence of such spatial structure. KW - area‐concentrated search KW - individual‐based model KW - metapopulation KW - spatially structured population Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311939 VL - 12 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Englmeier, Jana A1 - von Hoermann, Christian A1 - Rieker, Daniel A1 - Benbow, Marc Eric A1 - Benjamin, Caryl A1 - Fricke, Ute A1 - Ganuza, Cristina A1 - Haensel, Maria A1 - Lackner, Tomáš A1 - Mitesser, Oliver A1 - Redlich, Sarah A1 - Riebl, Rebekka A1 - Rojas-Botero, Sandra A1 - Rummler, Thomas A1 - Salamon, Jörg-Alfred A1 - Sommer, David A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf A1 - Tobisch, Cynthia A1 - Uhler, Johannes A1 - Uphus, Lars A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Müller, Jörg T1 - Dung-visiting beetle diversity is mainly affected by land use, while community specialization is driven by climate JF - Ecology and Evolution N2 - Dung beetles are important actors in the self-regulation of ecosystems by driving nutrient cycling, bioturbation, and pest suppression. Urbanization and the sprawl of agricultural areas, however, destroy natural habitats and may threaten dung beetle diversity. In addition, climate change may cause shifts in geographical distribution and community composition. We used a space-for-time approach to test the effects of land use and climate on α-diversity, local community specialization (H\(_2\)′) on dung resources, and γ-diversity of dung-visiting beetles. For this, we used pitfall traps baited with four different dung types at 115 study sites, distributed over a spatial extent of 300 km × 300 km and 1000 m in elevation. Study sites were established in four local land-use types: forests, grasslands, arable sites, and settlements, embedded in near-natural, agricultural, or urban landscapes. Our results show that abundance and species density of dung-visiting beetles were negatively affected by agricultural land use at both spatial scales, whereas γ-diversity at the local scale was negatively affected by settlements and on a landscape scale equally by agricultural and urban land use. Increasing precipitation diminished dung-visiting beetle abundance, and higher temperatures reduced community specialization on dung types and γ-diversity. These results indicate that intensive land use and high temperatures may cause a loss in dung-visiting beetle diversity and alter community networks. A decrease in dung-visiting beetle diversity may disturb decomposition processes at both local and landscape scales and alter ecosystem functioning, which may lead to drastic ecological and economic damage. KW - coleoptera KW - coprophagous beetles KW - decomposition KW - global change KW - hill numbers KW - network analysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312846 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 12 IS - 10 ER -