TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Barnekow, A. T1 - Differential expression of the cellular src gene during vertebrate development N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61893 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Schmidt, C. R. A1 - Anders, A. A1 - Barnekow, A. T1 - Elevated expression of the cellular src gene in tumors of differing etiologies in Xiphophorus N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61889 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barnekow, A. A1 - Paul, E. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Expression of the c-src protooncogene in human skin tumors N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61870 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barnekow, A. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Comparative studies on the src proto-oncogene and its gene product pp60\(^{c-src}\) in normal and neoplastic tissues of lower vertebrates N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61869 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maueler, W. A1 - Eigenbrodt, E. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Intermediary metabolism of normal and tumorous tissue of Xiphophorus (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61855 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - A sex chromosomal restriction-fragment-length marker linked to melanoma-determining Tu loci in Xiphophorus N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61842 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Peter, R. U. T1 - Progressive growth of fish tumors after transplantation into thymus-aplastic (nu/nu) mice N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61833 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, D. A1 - Wittbrodt, J. A1 - Telling, A. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - RFLP for an EGF-receptor related gene associated with the melanoma oncogene locus of Xiphophorus maculatus N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61822 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernards, R. A1 - Schackleford, G. M. A1 - Gerber, M. R. A1 - Horowitz, J. M. A1 - Friend, S. H. A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Bogenmann, E. A1 - Rapaport, J. M. A1 - Mcgee, T. A1 - Dryja, T. P. T1 - Structure and expression of the murine retinoblastoma gene and characterization of its encoded protein N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61819 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittbrodt, J. A1 - Adam, D. A1 - Malitschek, B. A1 - Maueler, W. A1 - Raulf, F. A1 - Telling, A. A1 - Robertson, M. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Novel putative receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the melanoma-inducing Tu locus in Xiphophorus N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61800 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raulf, F. A1 - Robertson, S. M. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Evolution of the neuron-specific alternative splicing product of the c-src proto-oncogene N2 - The observation of a slower migrating form of pp6oc-src in neural tissue of chicken and mouse has recently been shown to be due to an alternative transcript form of tbe c-src gene (Martinez et al.: Science 237:411-415, 1987; Levy et al.: Mol Cell Bio17:4142- 4145, 1987). An insertion of 18 basepairs between exons 3 and 4, presumed to be due to alternative splicing of a mini-exon, gives rise to six amino acid residues not found in the non-neuronal (termed flbroblastic) form of pp60\(^{c-src}\). Wehave addressed the question of the evolutionary origin of the c-src neuronal insert · and its functional signiflcance regarding neural-speciflc expression of the c-src gene. To this end we have investigated whether the c-src gene of a lower verlebrate (the teleost fish Xiphophorus) gives rise to a neural-specific transcript in an analogous manner. We could show that the fish c-src gene does encode for a "fibroblastic" and a "neuronal" form of transcript and that the neuronal transcript does indeed arise by way of alternative splicing of a mini-exon. The miniexon is also 18 basepairs long and we could demoostrate directly that this exon lies within the intron separating exons 3 and 4. For comparative purposes we have examined whether the fish c-yes gene, the member of the src gene family most closely related to c-src, also encodes a neural tissue-specific transcript. No evidence for a second transcript form in brain was obtained. This result suggests that the mini-exon arose within the c-src gene lineage sometime between the srclyes gene duplication event and the divergence of the evolutionary lineage giving rise to the teleost fish. Published genomic sequence of src-related genes in Drosophila and our own results with Hydra demoostrate no intron in these species at the analogous location, consistent with first appearance of this mini-exon sometime between 550 and 400 million years ago. KW - Physiologische Chemie KW - Xiphophorus KW - teleost flsh KW - polymerase KW - chain reaction KW - RT -PCR KW - mini-exon KW - pp6oc-src Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61796 ER - TY - THES A1 - Homola, György Ádám T1 - Functional and Microstructural MRI of the Human Brain Revealing a Cerebral Network Processing the Age of Faces T1 - Funktionelles und mikrostrukturelles MRT des menschlichen Gehirns detektiert ein zerebrales Netzwerk zur Verarbeitung des Alters von Gesichtern N2 - Although age is one of the most salient and fundamental aspects of human faces, its processing in the brain has not yet been studied by any neuroimaging experiment. Automatic assessment of temporal changes across faces is a prerequisite to identifying persons over their life-span, and age per se is of biological and social relevance. Using a combination of evocative face morphs controlled for global optical flow and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we segregate two areas that process changes of facial age in both hemispheres. These areas extend beyond the previously established face-sensitive network and are centered on the posterior inferior temporal sulcus (pITS) and the posterior angular gyrus (pANG), an evolutionarily new formation of the human brain. Using probabilistic tractography and by calculating spatial cross-correlations as well as creating minimum intersection maps between activation and connectivity patterns we demonstrate a hitherto unrecognized link between structure and function in the human brain on the basis of cognitive age processing. According to our results, implicit age processing involves the inferior temporal sulci and is, at the same time, closely tied to quantity decoding by the presumed neural systems devoted to magnitudes in the human parietal lobes. The ventral portion of Wernicke’s largely forgotten perpendicular association fasciculus is shown not only to interconnect these two areas but to relate to their activations, i.e. to transmit age-relevant information. In particular, post-hoc age-rating competence is shown to be associated with high response levels in the left angular gyrus. Cortical activation patterns related to changes of facial age differ from those previously elicited by other fixed as well as changeable face aspects such as gender (used for comparison), ethnicity and identity as well as eye gaze or facial expressions. We argue that this may be due to the fact that individual changes of facial age occur ontogenetically, unlike the instant changes of gaze direction or expressive content in faces that can be “mirrored” and require constant cognitive monitoring to follow. Discussing the ample evidence for distinct representations of quantitative age as opposed to categorical gender varied over continuous androgyny levels, we suggest that particular face-sensitive regions interact with additional object-unselective quantification modules to obtain individual estimates of facial age. N2 - Obwohl das Alter eines der markantesten und grundlegendsten Aspekte menschlicher Gesichter darstellt, hat man die Verarbeitung im Gehirn noch nicht durch ein funktionell bildgebendes Verfahren untersucht und mit strukturellen Leitungsbahnen in Verbindung gebracht. Die automatische Bewertung der altersbedingten Veränderungen in Gesichtern ist eine Voraussetzung für die Identifizierung von Personen über ihre gesamte Lebenszeit, und das Lebensalter an sich ist von biologischer und sozialer Relevanz. In dieser Dissertation wird die funktionelle Kernspintomographie (fMRI) mit eindrucksvollen Gesichtsmorphs kombiniert, welche auf sichtbare Bewegung im gesamten Bild kontrolliert wurden. Hierdurch werden zwei Bereiche auf beiden Hemisphären isoliert, welche die Veränderungen des Alters von Gesichtern gemeinsam und automatisch verarbeiten. Diese Areale reichen über das zuvor etablierte gesichtssensible Netzwerk hinaus und zentrieren sich auf den hinteren inferio-temporalen Sulcus (pITS) und den hinteren angulären Gyrus (pANG), eine evolutionäre Neubildung des menschlichen Gehirns. Mit Hilfe der probabilistischen Traktographie diffusiongewichteter MRT-Daten und der Berechnung räumlicher Kreuzkorrelationen sowie der Erstellung von Minimum Intersection Maps zwischen Aktivierungs- und Konnektivitätsmustern wird ein bisher unerkannter Zusammenhang zwischen Struktur und Funktion des menschlichen Gehirns anhand der kognitiven Altersverarbeitung aufgezeigt. Unseren Ergebnissen zufolge wird der inferiore temporale Sulcus in die implizite Altersverarbeitung einbezogen und gleichzeitig eng mit der Mengendekodierung verknüpft, welche in den vermutlich Größenabschätzungen gewidmeten neuronalen Systemen im Scheitellappen des menschlichen Gehirns erfolgt. Es wird dargelegt, dass der ventrale Teil von Wernickes weitgehend vergessenem senkrecht verlaufendem Assoziationsbündels nicht nur diese beiden Bereiche miteinander verbindet, sondern auch mit ihren Aktivierungen in Beziehung steht, was die These stützt, dass altersrelevante Informationen tatsächlich über ihn übertragen werden. Bei der nachträglichen Alterseinschätzung der Gesichter zeigt sich, dass gutes Abschneiden der Versuchspersonen mit stärkeren Aktivierungen im linken angulären Gyrus einhergeht. Die kortikalen Aktivierungsmuster auf Änderungen des Gesichtsalters unterscheiden sich von jenen, die mit anderen wechselnden Gesichtsmerkmalen in Zusammenhang gebracht wurden, welche das Geschlecht (das zum Vergleich und zur Kontrolle herangezogen wurde), die Ethnizität und die personelle Identität sowie Blickrichtungen und Mimik betreffen. Es wird argumentiert, dass dies möglicherweise auf die Tatsache zurückzuführen ist, dass individuelle Änderungen des Gesichtsalters ontogenetisch auftreten, anders als beispielsweise die flüchtigen Wechsel von Blickrichtungen oder im Ausdruck in Gesichtern, welche vom Betrachter "gespiegelt" werden können und ständige Beobachtung erfordern, um kognitiv nachvollzogen werden zu können. Damit wird erstmals die eigene Art der Wahrnehmung und Verarbeitung des quantitativen Alters im direkten Gegensatz zu kategorischem Geschlecht belegt, welches über kontinuierliche Androgyniegrade variiert: Bestimmte gesichtssensible Regionen interagieren offenbar mit zusätzlichen nicht objekt-selektiven Quantifizierungsmodulen, um das Alter eines Gesichts individuell abzuschätzen. KW - Gesicht KW - Alter KW - NMR-Bildgebung KW - Gehirn KW - Informationsverarbeitung KW - Wernickes Assoziationsbündel KW - Diffusionsgewichtete Bildgebung KW - Morphing KW - Funktionelle NMR-Tomographie KW - Geschlecht KW - Nervenfaser KW - Korrelation KW - functional MRI KW - face morphing KW - facial age KW - facial gender KW - diffusion tractography KW - Wernicke's perpendicular fasciculus Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56740 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pahl, Mario A1 - Zhu, Hong A1 - Tautz, Jürgen A1 - Zhang, Shaowu T1 - Large Scale Homing in Honeybees N2 - Honeybee foragers frequently fly several kilometres to and from vital resources, and communicate those locations to their nest mates by a symbolic dance language. Research has shown that they achieve this feat by memorizing landmarks and the skyline panorama, using the sun and polarized skylight as compasses and by integrating their outbound flight paths. In order to investigate the capacity of the honeybees’ homing abilities, we artificially displaced foragers to novel release spots at various distances up to 13 km in the four cardinal directions. Returning bees were individually registered by a radio frequency identification (RFID) system at the hive entrance. We found that homing rate, homing speed and the maximum homing distance depend on the release direction. Bees released in the east were more likely to find their way back home, and returned faster than bees released in any other direction, due to the familiarity of global landmarks seen from the hive. Our findings suggest that such large scale homing is facilitated by global landmarks acting as beacons, and possibly the entire skyline panorama. KW - Biene Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68985 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karunakaran, Karthika A1 - Mehlitz, Adrian A1 - Rudel, Thomas T1 - Evolutionary conservation of infection-induced cell death inhibition among Chlamydiales N2 - Control of host cell death is of paramount importance for the survival and replication of obligate intracellular bacteria. Among these, human pathogenic Chlamydia induces the inhibition of apoptosis in a variety of different host cells by directly interfering with cell death signaling. However, the evolutionary conservation of cell death regulation has not been investigated in the order Chlamydiales, which also includes Chlamydia-like organisms with a broader host spectrum. Here, we investigated the apoptotic response of human cells infected with the Chlamydia-like organism Simkania negevensis (Sn). Simkania infected cells exhibited strong resistance to apoptosis induced by intrinsic stress or by the activation of cell death receptors. Apoptotic signaling was blocked upstream of mitochondria since Bax translocation, Bax and Bak oligomerisation and cytochrome c release were absent in these cells. Infected cells turned on pro-survival pathways like cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 2 (cIAP-2) and the Akt/PI3K pathway. Blocking any of these inhibitory pathways sensitized infected host cell towards apoptosis induction, demonstrating their role in infection-induced apoptosis resistance. Our data support the hypothesis of evolutionary conserved signaling pathways to apoptosis resistance as common denominators in the order Chlamydiales. KW - Chlamydiales Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68978 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bollazzi, Martin A1 - Roces, Flavio T1 - Information Needs at the Beginning of Foraging: Grass-Cutting Ants Trade Off Load Size for a Faster Return to the Nest N2 - Background: Acquisition of information about food sources is essential for animals that forage collectively like social insects. Foragers deliver two commodities to the nest, food and information, and they may favor the delivery of one at the expenses of the other. We predict that information needs should be particularly high at the beginning of foraging: the decision to return faster to the nest will motivate a grass-cutting ant worker to reduce its loading time, and so to leave the source with a partial load. Principal Findings: Field results showed that at the initial foraging phase, most grass-cutting ant foragers (Acromyrmex heyeri) returned unladen to the nest, and experienced head-on encounters with outgoing workers. Ant encounters were not simply collisions in a probabilistic sense: outgoing workers contacted in average 70% of the returning foragers at the initial foraging phase, and only 20% at the established phase. At the initial foraging phase, workers cut fragments that were shorter, narrower, lighter and tenderer than those harvested at the established one. Foragers walked at the initial phase significantly faster than expected for the observed temperatures, yet not at the established phase. Moreover, when controlling for differences in the fragment-size carried, workers still walked faster at the initial phase. Despite the higher speed, their individual transport rate of vegetable tissue was lower than that of similarly-sized workers foraging later at the same patch. Conclusions/Significance: At the initial foraging phase, workers compromised their individual transport rates of material in order to return faster to the colony. We suggest that the observed flexible cutting rules and the selection of partial loads at the beginning of foraging are driven by the need of information transfer, crucial for the establishment and maintenance of a foraging process to monopolize a discovered resource. KW - Blattschneiderameisen Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68940 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chipperfield, Joseph D. A1 - Dytham, Calvin A1 - Hovestadt, Thomas T1 - An Updated Algorithm for the Generation of Neutral Landscapes by Spectral Synthesis N2 - Background: Patterns that arise from an ecological process can be driven as much from the landscape over which the process is run as it is by some intrinsic properties of the process itself. The disentanglement of these effects is aided if it possible to run models of the process over artificial landscapes with controllable spatial properties. A number of different methods for the generation of so-called ‘neutral landscapes’ have been developed to provide just such a tool. Of these methods, a particular class that simulate fractional Brownian motion have shown particular promise. The existing methods of simulating fractional Brownian motion suffer from a number of problems however: they are often not easily generalisable to an arbitrary number of dimensions and produce outputs that can exhibit some undesirable artefacts. Methodology: We describe here an updated algorithm for the generation of neutral landscapes by fractional Brownian motion that do not display such undesirable properties. Using Monte Carlo simulation we assess the anisotropic properties of landscapes generated using the new algorithm described in this paper and compare it against a popular benchmark algorithm. Conclusion/Significance: The results show that the existing algorithm creates landscapes with values strongly correlated in the diagonal direction and that the new algorithm presented here corrects this artefact. A number of extensions of the algorithm described here are also highlighted: we describe how the algorithm can be employed to generate landscapes that display different properties in different dimensions and how they can be combined with an environmental gradient to produce landscapes that combine environmental variation at the local and macro scales. KW - Landschaft KW - Monte-Carlo-Simulation KW - Brownsche Bewegung Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68938 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sebald, Walter A1 - Bücher, T. A1 - Olbrich, B. A1 - Kaudewitz, F. T1 - Electrophoretic pattern of and amino acid incorporation in vitro into the insoluble mitochondrial protein of neurospora crassa wild type and mi-1 mutant N2 - No abstract available KW - Biochemie Y1 - 1968 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62926 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sebald, Walter A1 - Hofstötter, T. A1 - Hacker, D. A1 - Bücher, T. T1 - Incorporation of amino acids into mitochondrial protein of the flight muscle of Locusta migratoria in vitro and in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide N2 - No abstract available KW - Biochemie Y1 - 1969 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62919 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sebald, Walter A1 - Schwab, A. J. A1 - Bücher, T. T1 - Cycloheximide resistant amino acid incorporation into mitochondrial protein from Neurospora crassa in vivo N2 - No abstract available KW - Biochemie Y1 - 1969 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62900 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neupert, W. A1 - Sebald, Walter A1 - Schwab, A. J. A1 - Pfaller, A. A1 - Bücher, T. T1 - Puromycin sensitivity of ribosomal label after incorporation of \(^{14}\)C-labelled amino acids into isolated mitochondria from Neurospora crassa N2 - Radioactive amino acids were incorporated into isolated mitochondria from Neurospora crassa. Then the mitochondrial ribosomes were isolated and submitted to density gradient centrifugation. A preferential labelling of polysomes was observed. However, when the mitochondrial suspension was treated with puromycin after amino acid incorporation, no radioactivity could be detected in either the monosomes or the polysomes. The conclusion is drawn that isolated mitochondria under these conditions do not incorporate significant amounts of amino acids into proteins of their ribosomes. KW - Biochemie Y1 - 1969 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62899 ER -