TY - THES A1 - Pusch, Tobias T1 - The transcription factor NFATc1 mediates cytotoxic T cell function in vitro and in vivo T1 - Der Transkriptionsfaktor NFATc1 vermittelt die Funktion von zytotoxischen T Zellen in vitro und in vivo N2 - While numerous experiments on NFAT were already performed with CD4+ T cells showing defective cytokine release and a reduced T helper cell development, no detailed studies existed for CD8+ T cells. From this point, we wanted to examine the impact of NFATc1 and c2 on the physiological functions of CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we used a murine infection model with the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes and mice in which NFATc1 was specifically depleted in the T cell compartment. Our first in vitro studies showed a typical NFATc1 and c2 nuclear translocation and changes on mRNA levels upon T cell activation similarly in CD4+ as well as in CD8+ T cells extracted from wild type mice. NFAT nuclear translocation is important for target gene activation and generation of effector functions. Stimulated T cell populations lacking NFATc1 and/or NFATc2 showed a markedly decreased expression of Th1/Tc1 cytokines, as e.g. IL 2 and IFNγ being important for the clearance of intracellular pathogens. From our in vitro model for the generation of allogenically reactive cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, we revealed a decreased killing and lytic granule-release capacity in Nfatc1 inactivated CD8+ T cells whereas NFATc2-/- cytotoxic T cells did not show an altered cytotoxic response compared to wild type cells. Interestingly, we found lytic granules accumulated and mitochondria not getting translocated to the immunological synapse upon re-stimulation in NFATc1-deficient CD8+ T cells. Together with results showing the CsA insensitivity of the CTL killing/degranulation capacities, we assume that some major cellular processes are affected by NFATc1 which are not directly linked to the TCR-induced signal transduction cascade. We also showed the importance of NFATc1 in T cells during intracellular infections with the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes in an in vivo mouse model. After five days, only few bacteria were detected in wt mice whereas high amounts of Listeria particles were extracted from livers of Nfatc1fl/fl x Cd4 cre mice. Although the reactivity towards the pathogen was similar in both groups, a decreased cytokine expression in NFATc1-/- CD8+ T cells was observed together with an altered memory cell generation. Our results show the importance of NFATc1 in CD8+ T cells and give some clue for a possible connection to other basal cellular functions, as e.g. the formation of an immunological synapse. N2 - Viele Experimente zur Rolle von NFAT wurden bereits anhand von CD4+ T Zellen durchgeführt und zeigten eine veränderte Zellphysiologie. Hingegen wurden CD8+ T Zellen diesbezüglich noch nicht intensiv studiert. Deshalb untersuchten wir den Einfluss von NFATc1 und NFATc2 auf die Funktion von CD8+ T Zellen in vitro und in vivo anhand des murinen Infektionsmodells mit dem Bakterium Listeria monocytogenes. Für die Versuche benutzen wir Mäuse, in denen das Protein NFATc1 spezifisch im T Zellkompartiment entfernt wurde. Erste Ergebnisse zeigten eine typische Translokation von NFATc1 und NFATc2 in den Zellkern. Eine Veränderung in der mRNA Expression nach Aktivierung, sowohl in CD4+ T Zellen als auch in CD8+ T Zellen, fand ebenfalls statt. NFATc defiziente CD4+ und CD8+ T Zellen wiesen eine verminderte Expression von Th1/Tc1 Zytokinen wie z.B. Interleukin-2 und Interferon γ auf, welche für die Bekämpfung intrazellulärer Pathogene wichtig sind. In unserem in vitro Modell fanden wir eine verminderte Abtötungsfähigkeit und eine Reduktion in der Freisetzung lytischer Granula in NFATc1-/- CD8+ T Zellen wohingegen eine NFATc2 Defizienz keine Auswirkungen auf die Zytotoxizität - verglichen mit wildtypischen Zellen - aufweist. Interessanterweise fanden wir eine Anhäufung von lytischen Granula und eine verminderte intrazelluläre Migration von Mitochondrien nach Ausbildung einer immunologischen Synapse in NFATc1-/- CD8+ T Zellen. Zusammen mit den Ergebnissen unserer CsA-Inhibierungsversuche nehmen wir an, dass einige allgemeine zelluläre Prozesse von NFATc1 beeinflusst werden, die nicht direkt von der T Zellrezeptor-induzierten Signalkaskade abhängen. Anhand eines in vivo Mausmodells zeigten wir auch die wichtige Rolle von NFATc1 in T Zellen während der Infektion mit Listeria monocytogenes. Fünf Tage nach Infektion konnten aus Nfatc1fl/fl x Cd4 cre Mäusen mehr Bakterienpartikel extrahiert werden als aus wt Mäusen. Wie in den in vitro Versuchen konnte auch hier eine geringere Zytokinproduktion der CD8+ T Zellen festgestellt werden allerdings wiesen die Mäuse auch eine geringere Bildung von Gedächniszellen auf. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass NFATc1 in CD8+ T Zellen eine wichtige Rolle spielt und auch Auswirkungen auf grundlegendere zelluläre Funktionen, wie die Ausbildung einer immunologischen Synapse, hat. KW - Transkriptionsfaktor KW - Killerzelle KW - Antigen CD8 KW - Cytotoxizität KW - NFAT KW - CTL function KW - CD8 Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123690 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dusik, Verena T1 - Immunhistochemische und funktionelle Charakterisierung der Mitogen-aktivierten Proteinkinase p38 in der inneren Uhr von Drosophila melanogaster T1 - Immunhistochemical and functional characterisation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in the endogenous clock of Drosophila melanogaster N2 - Circadianes und Stress-System sind zwei physiologische Systeme, die dem Organismus helfen sich an Veränderungen ihrer Umwelt anzupassen. Während letzteres spontane und schnelle Antworten auf akute, unvorhersehbare Umweltreize liefert, sagt das circadiane System täglich wiederkehrende Ereignisse vorher and bereitet den Organismus so vorzeitig auf diese nahende Umweltveränderung vor. Dennoch, trotz dieser unterschiedlichen Reaktionsmechanismen agieren beide Systeme nicht komplett autonom. Studien der vergangen Jahre belegen vielmehr eine Interaktion beider Systeme. So postulieren sie zum einem Unterschiede in der Stressantwort in Abhängigkeit von der Tageszeit zu der der Reiz auftritt und weisen zugleich auf eine Zunahme von gestörten biologischen Tagesrhythmen, wie zum Beispiel Schlafstörungen, in Folge von unkontrollierten oder exzessiven Stress hin. Ebenso liefern kürzlich durchgeführte Studien an Vertebraten und Pilzen Hinweise, dass mit p38, eine Stress-aktivierte Kinase, an der Signalweiterleitung zur inneren Uhr beteiligt ist (Hayashi et al., 2003), sogar durch dieses endogene Zeitmesssystem reguliert wird (Vitalini et al., 2007; Lamb et al., 2011) und deuten damit erstmals eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen Stress-induzierten und regulären rhythmischen Anpassungen des Organismus an Umweltveränderungen an. Molekulare und zelluläre Mechanismen dieser Verknüpfung sind bisher noch nicht bekannt. Während die Rolle von p38 MAPK bei der Stress- und Immunantwort in Drosophila melanogaster gut charakterisiert ist, wurden Expression und Funktion von p38 in der inneren Uhr hingegen bislang nicht untersucht. Die hier vorliegende Arbeit hatte daher zum Ziel mittels immunhistochemischer, verhaltensphysiologischer und molekularer Methoden eine mögliche Rolle der Stress-aktivierten Kinase im circadianen System der Fliege aufzudecken. Antikörperfärbungen sowie Studien mit Reporterlinien zeigen deutliche Färbesignale in den s-LNv, l-LNv und DN1a und erbringen erstmals einen Nachweis für p38 Expression in den Uhrneuronen der Fliege. Ebenso scheint die Aktivität von p38 MAPK in den DN1a uhrgesteuert zu sein. So liegt p38 vermehrt in seiner aktiven Form in der Dunkelphase vor und zeigt, neben seiner circadian regulierten Aktivierung, zusätzlich auch eine Inaktivierung durch Licht. 15-Minuten-Lichtpulse in der subjektiven Nacht führen zu einer signifikanten Reduktion von aktivierter, phosphorylierter p38 MAPK in den DN1a von Canton S Wildtypfliegen im Vergleich zu Fliegen ohne Lichtpuls-Behandlung. Aufzeichnungen der Lokomotoraktivität offenbaren zusätzlich die Notwendigkeit von p38 MAPK für wildtypisches Timing der Abendaktivität sowie zum Erhalt von 24-Stunden-Verhaltensrhythmen unter konstanten Dauerdunkel-Bedindungen. So zeigen Fliegen mit reduzierten p38 Level in Uhrneuronen einen verzögerten Beginn der Abendaktivität und stark verlängerte Freilaufperioden. In Übereinstimmung mit Effekten auf das Laufverhalten scheint darüber hinaus die Expression einer dominant-negativen Form von p38b in Drosophila’s wichtigsten Uhrneuronen eine verspätete nukleäre Translokation von Period zur Folge zu haben. Westernblots legen zusätzlich einen Einfluss von p38 auf den Phosphorylierungsgrad von Period nahe und liefern damit einen mögliche Erklärung für den verspäteten Kerneintritt des Uhrproteins. Abschließende Stützung der Westernblotergebnisse bringen in vitro Kinasenassays und deuten auf p38 als eine potentielle „Uhrkinase“ hin, welche auch in vivo Period an Serin 661 sowie weiteren potentiellen Phosphorylierungsstellen phosphorylieren könnte. Zusammengenommen deuten die Ergebnisse der hier vorliegenden Arbeit eindeutig auf eine bedeutende Rolle von p38, neben dessen Funkion im Stress-System, auch im circadianen System der Fliege hin und offenbaren damit die Möglichkeit, dass p38 als Schnittstelle zwischen beider Systeme fungiert. N2 - The circadian and the stress system are two distinct physiological systems that help the organism to adapt to environmental challenges. While the latter elicits reactive responses to acute environmental changes, the circadian system predicts daily occurring alterations and prepares the organism in advance. However, despite of these differences both responses are not mutually exclusive. Studies in the last years obviously prove a strong interaction between both systems showing a strong time-related stress response depending on the time of day of stressor presentation on the one hand and increased disturbances of daily rhythms, like sleep disorders, in consequence of uncontrolled or excessive stress on the other. In line with this fact, recent studies in vertebrates and fungi indicate that p38, a stress-activated Kinase, is involved in signaling to the circadian clock (Hayashi et al., 2003) and in turn is additionally regulated by this timekeeping system (Vitalini et al., 2007; Lamb et al., 2011) providing an interesting link between stress-induced and regularly rhythmic adaptations of the organism to environmental changes. However, little is known about molecular and cellular mechanisms of this interconnection. In Drosophila melanogaster the role of p38 MAPK is well characterized in terms of immune and stress response, p38 expression and function in the circadian clock has not been reported so far. Therefore, the present thesis aimed to elucidate a putative role of the stress-activated Kinase in the fly’s circadian system using an immunohistochemical, behavioral as well as molecular approach. Surprisingly, for the first time antibody as well as reporterline studies cleary prove p38 expression in Drosophila clock neurons showing visible staining in s-LNvs, l-LNvs and DN1as. Moreover p38 MAPK in DN1as seems to be activated in a clock-dependent manner. p38 is most active under darkness and, besides its circadian activation, additionally gets inactivated by light. 15 minutes light pulse applied during the dark phase lead to a significant reduction in phosphorylated and activated p38 MAPK in Canton S wildtype flies compared to flies without light pulse treatment. In addition, locomotor activity recordings reveal that p38 is essential for a wild-type timing of evening activity and for maintaining ~24h behavioral rhythms under constant darkness. Flies with reduced p38 activity in clock neurons show delayed evening activity onsets and drastically lengthened the period of their free-running rhythms. In line with these effects on locomotor behavior, the nuclear translocation of the clock protein Period is significantly delayed on the expression of a dominant-negative form of p38b in Drosophila’s most important clock neurons. Western Blots reveal that p38 affects the phosphorylation degree of Period, what is likely the reason for its effects on nuclear entry of Period. In vitro kinase assays additionally confirm the Western Blot results and point to p38 as a potential “clock kinase” phosphorylating Period at Serin 661 and putative phosphorylation sites. Taken together, the results of the present thesis clearly indicate a prominent role of p38 in the circadian system of the fly besides its function in stress-input pathways und open up the possibility of p38 MAPK being a nodal point of both physiological systems. KW - Taufliege KW - Biologische Uhr KW - MAP-Kinase KW - Innere Uhr KW - MAPK KW - p38 KW - Phosphorylierung KW - Mitogen-aktivierte Proteinkinase KW - Drosophila melanogaster KW - Circadiane Rhythmen KW - Drosophila Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124636 ER - TY - THES A1 - Müller, Elisabeth T1 - Pan-Raf-Inhibition als neue therapeutische Strategie im Multiplen Myelom T1 - Pan-Raf-Inhibition as a new therapeutical strategy in Multiple Myeloma N2 - Das Multiple Myelom (MM) ist eine durch monoklonale Vermehrung terminal differenzierter Antikörper-produzierender B-Lymphozyten (Plasmazellen) im Knochenmark charakterisierte maligne Krankheit, die sich v.a. in osteolytischen Knochendestruktionen, hämatopoetischer und Niereninsuffizienz äußert. Verbesserte Therapieansätze wie die Hochdosis-Chemotherapie mit Melphalan und anschließender autologer Stammzelltransplantation sowie die Einführung neuer pharmakologischer Substanzklassen (Proteasom-Inhibitoren, Cereblon-bindende Thalidomidderivate) führten zu einer Verlängerung der durchschnittlichen Überlebenszeit, für die meisten der Patienten ist die Erkrankung jedoch derzeit unheilbar. Die Erforschung neuer potenzieller therapeutischer Angriffspunkte auf Grund pathobiologischer Erkenntnisse bleibt daher unabdingbar. Ein Ansatz zur Verbesserung des Verständnisses der Pathogenese ist die funktionelle, molekulare und genetische Analyse des Signalnetzwerkes im MM. Im Zusammenhang mit diesem Konzept wurde entdeckt, dass wachstums-regulierende Signalwege in MM Zellen aktiviert oder dereguliert sind und zum Überleben und der Proliferation des Tumors beitragen. So konnte beispielsweise von unserer Arbeitsgruppe bereits gezeigt werden, dass onkogenes Ras essentiell zum Überleben der MM Zellen beiträgt. Da Ras derzeit mangels spezifischer Inhibitoren pharmakologisch nicht angreifbar ist, stellen weitere funktionelle Bestandteile des Signalweges eine potenzielle therapeutische Zielstruktur dar. Während die Blockade von MEK1/2 in MM Zellen keinen Einfluss auf das Überleben hatte, konnte durch die Blockade von Raf in ersten Tests unserer Arbeitsgruppe Apoptose hervorgerufen werden. Aus diesem Grund habe ich in der vorliegenden Arbeit zur Evaluation eines neuen Therapieansatzes die Rolle der Raf-abhängigen Signaltransduktion eingehend untersucht. Als Grundlage diente dabei die Hypothese, dass die Raf-Kinasen entscheidende Effektoren der durch onkogenes Ras vermittelten apoptotischen Effekte darstellen. In einem ersten Schritt konnte ich nachweisen, dass alle drei Raf-Isoformen (A-, B- und C-Raf) in humanen MM Zelllinien und in primären MM Zellen aktiviert sind. Mittels shRNA-vermittelter, Isoform-spezifischer Raf-Knockdown-Experimente konnte ich zeigen, dass nur ein simultaner Knockdown aller Isoformen, d.h. ein Pan-Raf-Knockdown, zu einer De-Phosphorylierung von MEK1/2 und ERK1/2 führte. Dieser Versuch ließ sich mittels pharmakologischer Raf-Inhibition, bei der ebenfalls nur eine Pan-Raf-Blockade zu einer Herunterregulation von MEK1/2 und ERK1/2 in MM Zellen führte, bestätigen. Das MEK/ERK-Modul stellte somit einen hervorragenden Surrogat- und Biomarker für die Pan-Raf-Aktivität dar. Im Gegensatz zur Blockade des MEK/ERK-Moduls führte eine Hemmung der Pan-Raf-Aktivität mittels shRNA oder pharmakologischer Inhibitoren in allen untersuchten Zelllinien und in der Mehrheit der primären MM Zellen zu einer starken Induktion von Apoptose. Da das Ansprechen auf eine Pan-Raf-Blockade nicht mit dem Ras-Mutationsstatus korrelierte, könnten die Raf-Kinasen eine von onkogenem Ras unabhängie Qualität als therapeutische Zielstruktur aufweisen. Zur Untersuchung möglicher MEK/ERK-unabhängiger Effektormechanismen der Pan-Raf-Inhibition habe ich die mRNA-basierten Genexpressionsprofile von INA-6 Zellen nach pharmakologischer Pan-Raf- oder MEK-Inhibition verglichen. Dabei führte die Pan-Raf-Inhibition zu einer Regulation von wesentlich mehr Genen, wobei sich auch die Art der regulierten Gene unterschied, darunter Gene mit tumorrelevanten Funktionen wie Regulation von Proliferation, Zellzyklus und Apoptose. Für eine dieser Gengruppen, die Gruppe der PI3K-abhängigen, mTOR-assoziierten Gene, konnte ich eine Regulation auch auf der Proteinebene nachweisen: die Phosphorylierungen von mTOR, p70S6K, Rb und AKT und die Expression von CyclinD1 und PDK1 waren nach Pan-Raf-Inhibition, nicht jedoch nach MEK-Blockade herunterreguliert. Dieses Ergebnis deutet auf eine Ko-Regulation der PI3K-abhängigen Signaltransduktion durch die Raf-kinasen hin. Mittels spezifischer PI3K-Inhibitoren ließ sich sowohl bei der Regulation der untersuchten Proteine als auch bei der Induktion von Apoptose eine deutliche Verstärkung der Pan-Raf-Inhibition in HMZL und in primären Zellen erzielen. Zusammengefasst zeigt diese Arbeit, dass die Pan-Raf-Blockade eine neue Therapiemöglichkeit darstellt, die durch Kombination mit einer PI3K/AKT-Inhibition noch verstärkt werden kann. N2 - Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease which is characterized by monoclonal expansion of terminally differentiated, antibody-producing B-lymphocytes (plasma cells) and results mostly in bone lesions, haematopoietic and renal insufficiency. Improved therapeutic approaches like high-dose melphalan chemotherapy followed by autologous stem-cell transplantation and the introduction of new pharmacological compounds (proteasome inhibitors, cereblon-binding Thalidomide derivates) increased the mean survival time. Nevertheless, the disease remains incurable for most of the patients. Therefore, the exploration of new potential therapeutical targets based on pathobiologic insights becomes vital. One approach to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis is to analyze functionally, molecularly and genetically the signaling network in MM. In the context of this concept, it was discovered, that growth-regulating pathways are activated or deregulated in MM cells and contribute to tumor survival and proliferation. Our working group could already proof that oncogenic Ras is crucial for cell survival. Since Ras itself does not yet represent a druggable target, therapeutical approaches should aim at other functional parts of the pathway. While blocking of MEK1/2 has no influence on MM cell survival, early reports of our working group showed that inhibiting Raf induced apoptosis. For this reason I investigated the role of Raf-dependent signaling in order to evaluate a new therapeutic approach. This was based on the hypothesis that Raf kinases act as important effectors for the apoptotic effects of oncogenic Ras. As a first step, I could prove, that all three Raf isoforms (A-, B- and C-Raf) are activated in human MM cell lines and in primary MM cells. By using of shRNA-mediated, isoform-specific Raf knockdown experiments I could reveal that only the simultaneous knockdown of all three isoforms, i.e. a Pan-Raf knockdown, led to de-phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. Also pharmacological Raf inhibition showed that only Pan-Raf blockage decreases the phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 and thereby confirmed the knockdown experiment. These experiments also proved that the MEK/ERK module is a strong surrogate and biomarker for Pan-Raf activity. Contrary to inhibiting the MEK/ERK module the inhibition of Pan-Raf activity by shRNAs or pharmacological inhibitors led on to a strong induction of apoptosis in the tested cell lines and in the majority of primary cells. Since the response to Pan-Raf inhibition did not correlate with Ras mutational status, the Raf kinases could probably represent a Ras-independent therapeutical target of high quality. In order to decode possible MEK/ERK-independent effector mechanisms I compared the mRNA-based gene expression profiles of INA-6 cells after pharmacological inhibition of Pan-Raf or MEK. Pan-Raf inhibition led to the regulation of a greater number of genes, taking into account that the character of the regulated genes also varied. This included genes with functions relevant for tumors like regulation of proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis. For one of these groups, the PI3K-dependent, mTOR-associated genes, I could show the regulation on the level of the proteins: phosporylation of mTOR, p70S6K, Rb and AKT as well es the expression of cyclinD1 and PDK1 decreased after Pan-Raf inhibition, but not after MEK inhibition. This result suggests a co regulation of the PI3K-dependent signal transduction by Raf kinases. In summary, this thesis presents a rationale for Pan-Raf inhibition as a new therapeutical option, which can be enhanced by combination with PI3K/AKT-inhibition. KW - Plasmozytom KW - Raf-Kinasen KW - Inhibition KW - Multiples Myelom KW - Pan-Raf-Inhibition KW - Behandlungsoption Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124666 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pasch, Elisabeth A1 - Link, Jana A1 - Beck, Carolin A1 - Scheuerle, Stefanie A1 - Alsheimer, Manfred T1 - The LINC complex component Sun4 plays a crucial role in sperm head formation and fertility JF - Biology Open N2 - LINC complexes are evolutionarily conserved nuclear envelope bridges, physically connecting the nucleus to the peripheral cytoskeleton. They are pivotal for dynamic cellular and developmental processes, like nuclear migration, anchoring and positioning, meiotic chromosome movements and maintenance of cell polarity and nuclear shape. Active nuclear reshaping is a hallmark of mammalian sperm development and, by transducing cytoskeletal forces to the nuclear envelope, LINC complexes could be vital for sperm head formation as well. We here analyzed in detail the behavior and function of Sun4, a bona fide testis-specific LINC component. We demonstrate that Sun4 is solely expressed in spermatids and there localizes to the posterior nuclear envelope, likely interacting with Sun3/Nesprin1 LINC components. Our study revealed that Sun4 deficiency severely impacts the nucleocytoplasmic junction, leads to mislocalization of other LINC components and interferes with the formation of the microtubule manchette, which finally culminates in a globozoospermia-like phenotype. Together, our study provides direct evidence for a critical role of LINC complexes in mammalian sperm head formation and male fertility. KW - SUN domain proteins KW - sperm head formation KW - nuclear envelope KW - LINC complex KW - spermiogenesis Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125212 VL - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Grimmig, Tanja Maria T1 - Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer: The role of Foxp3, TLR7 and TLR8 in gastrointestinal cancer T1 - Immunsystem, Entzündung und Krebs: die Rolle von Foxp3, TLR7 und TLR8 in gastrointestinalen Tumorerkrankungen N2 - Regulatory T cells (Treg) expressing the transcription factor forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) have been demonstrated to mediate evasion from anti-tumor immune responses during tumor progression. Moreover, Foxp3 expression by tumor cells themselves may allow them to counteract effector T cell responses, resulting in a survival benefit of the tumor. For gastrointestinal cancers, in particular pancreatic and colorectal cancer (CRC), the clinical relevance of Foxp3 is not clear to date. Therefore the aim of this study was to analyze its impact in CRC and pancreatic cancer. To determine the relevance of Foxp3 for tumor progression and patient survival, gene and protein analysis of human pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines as well as tumor tissues from patients with CRC was performed. The results derived from the patients with CRC were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patients’ overall survival. Cancer cell mediated Foxp3 expression in vitro was demonstrated in human pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC1, PaCa DD 135, PaCa DD 159 and PaCa DD 185 as well as in human colon cancer cell lines SW480 and SW620. Additionally, Foxp3 expressing cancer cells were found in ex vivo tumor tissue samples of patients with CRC. The percentage of Foxp3+ cancer cells increased from stages UICC I/II to UICC III/IV compared to normal tissue. Moreover, high tumor cell mediated Foxp3 expression was associated with poor prognosis compared to patients with low Foxp3 expression. In contrast, low and high Foxp3 level in tumor infiltrating Treg cells demonstrated no significant differences in patients’ overall survival. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant association of Foxp3 cancer cell expression with the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. These findings suggest that Immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β released by rather Foxp3+ cancer cells than Foxp3+ Treg cells may inhibit the activation of naive T cells, hence limiting antitumor immune responses and favoring tumorigenesis and progression. Chronic inflammation has been shown to be an important epigenetic and environmental factor in numerous tumor entities. Recent data suggest that tumorigenesis and tumor progression may be associated with inflammation-triggered activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR). In this study, the specific impact of both TLR7 and TLR8 expression and signaling on tumor cell proliferation and chemoresistance is analyzed in inflammation linked CRC and pancreatic cancer. By gene and protein expression analysis of human pancreatic and colon cancer cell lines TLR7 and TLR8 expression was determined in vitro. Additionally, expression of TLR7/TLR8 in UICC stage I-IV pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreatic tissue was examined. For in vitro/in vivo studies TLR7/TLR8 overexpressing PANC1 cell lines were generated and analyzed for effects of TLR expression and stimulation on tumor cell proliferation and chemoresistance. Cancer cell mediated TLR7 and TLR8 expression in vitro was demonstrated in human colon cancer cell lines SW480, SW620 and HT-29 as well as in primary pancreatic cancer cell lines PaCa DD 135, PaCa DD 159 and PaCa DD 185. Additionally, TLR7 and TLR8 expressing tumor cells were found in ex vivo tissue samples of patients with pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. Significantly elevated expression levels of TLR7 and TLR8 were found in advanced tumor stages (UICC III) compared to early tumor stages (UICC II) and chronic pancreatitis. No or occasionally low expression was detected in normal pancreatic tissue. In contrast to the tissues from patients with pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis, established pancreatic tumor cell lines express only very low levels of TLR7 and TLR8. Therefore, for in vitro and xenograft studies TLR7 or TLR8 overexpressing PANC1 cells were generated. Proliferation promoting effects of TLR7 and TLR8 expression and stimulation with R848 were detected in vitro. Additionally, increased tumor growth of TLR expressing PANC1 cells was demonstrated in subcutaneously injected Balb/c nude mice. Interestingly, activation of TLR7 or TLR8 induced not only an increase in tumor cell proliferation but also a strong chemoresistance of PANC1 cells against 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Moreover, treatment with R848 resulted in elevated expression levels of NF-κB, COX-2 and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α, suggesting TLR7/8 signaling to contribute to an inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and proliferation promoting tumor microenvironment. These findings emphasize the particular role of TLR7 and TLR8 in inflammation related cancers and their relevance as potential targets for cancer therapy.   N2 - In jüngerer Vergangenheit wurde regulatorischen T-Zellen, die den Transkriptionsfaktor forkhead-box protein P3 (Foxp3) exprimieren, wiederholt die Fähigkeit zugesprochen, Antitumorimmunreaktionen während der Tumorentwicklung und –progression abzuschwächen. Daneben sind Tumorzellen selbst befähigt Foxp3 zu exprimieren. Sie können damit der Effektor-T-Zell-Antwort entgegen wirken und so Tumorwachstum begünstigen. Die klinische Bedeutung der Foxp3-Expression in gastrointestinalen Tumoren, insbesondere im Pankreaskarzinom und kolorektalen Karzinom, ist zum heutigen Stand noch unklar. Daher war es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, die Bedeutung von Foxp3 im Pankreaskarzinom und kolorektalen Karzinom weiter aufzuklären. Um seine prognostische Relevanz hinsichtlich der Tumorprogression sowie das Patienten-Überleben zu untersuchen, wurden Gen- und Proteinexpressionsanalysen in Tumorgeweben aus Patientenkohorten mit kolorektalem Karzinom durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse aus den Tumorgeweben wurden mit klinikopathologischen Parametern und dem Gesamtüberleben der Patienten korreliert. Sowohl in den humanen Pankreaskarzinomzelllinien PANC1, PaCa DD 135, PaCa DD 159 und PaCa DD 185 als auch in den humanen Kolonkarzinomzelllinien SW480 und SW620 konnte tumorzellvermittelte Foxp3 Expression nachgewiesen werden. Zusätzlich wurden auch in den ex vivo Gewebeproben Foxp3-exprimierende Tumorzellen vorgefunden. Dabei nahm der Anteil an Foxp3-positiven Tumorzellen stadienabhängig von frühen zu fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadien (UICC I/II zu UICC III/IV) zu. Zudem waren Patienten mit einer starken Expression von Foxp3 im Vergleich zu Patienten mit niedrigem Foxp3-Expressionsprofil in den Tumorzellen von einer schlechten klinischen Prognose gekennzeichnet. Hohe bzw. niedrige Foxp3-Expressionen in tumorinfiltrierenden T-Zellen zeigten dagegen keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf das Gesamtüberleben der Patienten. In der Korrelationsanalyse ergab sich außerdem eine signifikante Verknüpfung von Foxp3-Expression mit der Expression der immunsuppressiven Zytokine IL-10 und TGF-β in den Tumorzellen. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, dass Foxp3-positive Tumorzellen durch die Sekretion von immunsuppressiven Zytokinen wie IL-10 und TGF-β im Tumormikromilieu die Aktivierung naiver T-Zellen inhibieren. Damit würden Antitumorimmunreaktionen unterdrückt und das Tumorwachstum begünstigt. Chronische Entzündungsreaktionen sind wichtige epigenetische Faktoren in verschiedenen Tumorentitäten. Neuere Daten deuten darauf hin, dass Karzinogenese und Tumorprogression in Verbindung mit inflammationsinduzierter Aktivierung von Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLR) stehen. In dieser Arbeit wurde insbesondere der Einfluss der beiden Rezeptoren TLR7 und TLR8 auf die Tumorzellproliferation und Chemotherapieresistenz von gastrointestinalen Tumoren wie das kolorektale Karzinom und das Pankreaskarzinom untersucht. Mit Hilfe von Gen- und Proteinexpressionsanalysen wurde die tumorzellvermittelte Expression von TLR7 und TLR8 in vitro in verschiedenen humanen Kolon- als auch Pankreaskarzinomzelllinien nachgewiesen. Zusätzlich wurde verstärkte TLR7 und TLR8 Expression in Tumorgewebeproben aus Patienten mit Pankreaskarzinom als auch bei chronischer Pankreatitis vorgefunden, wobei die Expression in fortgeschrittenen Tumorstadien (UICC III) gegenüber früheren Stadien (UICC II) und chronischer Pankreatitis signifikant erhöht war. In vitro und in vivo Untersuchungen im xenogenen Tumormodell mit humanem Pankreaskarzinom zeigten für TLR7- und TLR8-exprimierende PANC1-Pankreaskarzinome signifikant gesteigerte Tumorproliferationen. Zusätzlich wurde durch die gezielte TLR7/8 Stimulation mit der Substanz R848 eine ausgeprägte Chemotherapieresistenz gegenüber 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) induziert. Die Aktivierung von TLR7 und TLR8 führte darüber hinaus zu einer verstärkten Expression von NF-kB, COX-2, sowie den proinflammatorischen Zytokinen IL-1β, IL-8 und TNF-α. Diese Beobachtungen legen nahe, dass die TLR7/8 Signalgebung zu inflammatorischen, antiapoptotischen und proliferationsfördernden Prozessen im Tumormikromilieu beiträgt und unterstreichen die Bedeutung der Toll like Rezeptoren 7 und 8 als potentielle therapeutische Zielstrukturen in inflammationsassoziierten Tumorerkrankungen. KW - Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs KW - Foxp3 KW - TLR7 KW - TLR8 KW - Tumorerkrankungen KW - gastrointestinal cancer KW - Dickdarmkrebs KW - Toll-like-Rezeptoren KW - Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125248 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meierjohann, Svenja T1 - Hypoxia independent drivers of melanoma angiogenesis JF - Frontiers in Oncology N2 - Tumor angiogenesis is a process which is traditionally regarded as the tumor’s response to low nutrient supply occurring under hypoxic conditions. However, hypoxia is not a pre-requisite for angiogenesis. The fact that even single tumor cells or small tumor cell aggregates are capable of attracting blood vessels reveals the early metastatic capability of tumor cells. This review sheds light on the hypoxia-independent mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis in melanoma. KW - melanoma KW - angiogenesis KW - hypoxia-independent KW - reactive oxygen species KW - NF-κB Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125586 VL - 5 IS - 120 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herter, Eva K. A1 - Stauch, Maria A1 - Gallant, Maria A1 - Wolf, Elmar A1 - Raabe, Thomas A1 - Gallant, Peter T1 - snoRNAs are a novel class of biologically relevant Myc targets JF - BMC Biology N2 - Background Myc proteins are essential regulators of animal growth during normal development, and their deregulation is one of the main driving factors of human malignancies. They function as transcription factors that (in vertebrates) control many growth- and proliferation-associated genes, and in some contexts contribute to global gene regulation. Results We combine chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIPseq) and RNAseq approaches in Drosophila tissue culture cells to identify a core set of less than 500 Myc target genes, whose salient function resides in the control of ribosome biogenesis. Among these genes we find the non-coding snoRNA genes as a large novel class of Myc targets. All assayed snoRNAs are affected by Myc, and many of them are subject to direct transcriptional activation by Myc, both in Drosophila and in vertebrates. The loss of snoRNAs impairs growth during normal development, whereas their overexpression increases tumor mass in a model for neuronal tumors. Conclusions This work shows that Myc acts as a master regulator of snoRNP biogenesis. In addition, in combination with recent observations of snoRNA involvement in human cancer, it raises the possibility that Myc’s transforming effects are partially mediated by this class of non-coding transcripts. KW - Drosophila KW - ribosome KW - snoRNA KW - Myc Transcription KW - growth Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124956 VL - 13 IS - 25 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sickel, Wiebke A1 - Ankenbrand, Markus J. A1 - Grimmer, Gudrun A1 - Holzschuh, Andrea A1 - Härtel, Stephan A1 - Lanzen, Jonathan A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf A1 - Keller, Alexander T1 - Increased efficiency in identifying mixed pollen samples by meta-barcoding with a dual-indexing approach JF - BMC Ecology N2 - Background Meta-barcoding of mixed pollen samples constitutes a suitable alternative to conventional pollen identification via light microscopy. Current approaches however have limitations in practicability due to low sample throughput and/or inefficient processing methods, e.g. separate steps for amplification and sample indexing. Results We thus developed a new primer-adapter design for high throughput sequencing with the Illumina technology that remedies these issues. It uses a dual-indexing strategy, where sample-specific combinations of forward and reverse identifiers attached to the barcode marker allow high sample throughput with a single sequencing run. It does not require further adapter ligation steps after amplification. We applied this protocol to 384 pollen samples collected by solitary bees and sequenced all samples together on a single Illumina MiSeq v2 flow cell. According to rarefaction curves, 2,000–3,000 high quality reads per sample were sufficient to assess the complete diversity of 95% of the samples. We were able to detect 650 different plant taxa in total, of which 95% were classified at the species level. Together with the laboratory protocol, we also present an update of the reference database used by the classifier software, which increases the total number of covered global plant species included in the database from 37,403 to 72,325 (93% increase). Conclusions This study thus offers improvements for the laboratory and bioinformatical workflow to existing approaches regarding data quantity and quality as well as processing effort and cost-effectiveness. Although only tested for pollen samples, it is furthermore applicable to other research questions requiring plant identification in mixed and challenging samples. KW - pollination ecology KW - next generation sequencing KW - ITS2 KW - illumina MiSeq platform KW - high throughput sequencing KW - DNA barcoding KW - NGS KW - osmia KW - palynolog Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125730 VL - 15 IS - 20 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Salat, Daniela A1 - Winkler, Anja A1 - Urlaub, Henning A1 - Gessler, Manfred T1 - Hey bHLH Proteins Interact with a FBXO45 Containing SCF Ubiquitin Ligase Complex and Induce Its Translocation into the Nucleus JF - PLoS One N2 - The Hey protein family, comprising Hey1, Hey2 and HeyL in mammals, conveys Notch signals in many cell types. The helix-loop-helix (HLH) domain as well as the Orange domain, mediate homo- and heterodimerization of these transcription factors. Although distinct interaction partners have been identified so far, their physiological relevance for Hey functions is still largely unclear. Using a tandem affinity purification approach and mass spectrometry analysis we identified members of an ubiquitin E3-ligase complex consisting of FBXO45, PAM and SKP1 as novel Hey1 associated proteins. There is a direct interaction between Hey1 and FBXO45, whereas FBXO45 is needed to mediate indirect Hey1 binding to SKP1. Expression of Hey1 induces translocation of FBXO45 and PAM into the nucleus. Hey1 is a short-lived protein that is degraded by the proteasome, but there is no evidence for FBXO45-dependent ubiquitination of Hey1. On the contrary, Hey1 mediated nuclear translocation of FBXO45 and its associated ubiquitin ligase complex may extend its spectrum to additional nuclear targets triggering their ubiquitination. This suggests a novel mechanism of action for Hey bHLH factors. KW - ubiquitination KW - glycerol KW - transcription factors KW - DNA-binding proteins KW - immunoprecipitation KW - protein interactions KW - protein domains Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125769 VL - 10 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Falibene, Agustina A1 - Roces, Flavio A1 - Rössler, Wolfgang T1 - Long-term avoidance memory formation is associated with a transient increase in mushroom body synaptic complexes in leaf-cutting ants JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - Long-term behavioral changes related to learning and experience have been shown to be associated with structural remodeling in the brain. Leaf-cutting ants learn to avoid previously preferred plants after they have proved harmful for their symbiotic fungus, a process that involves long-term olfactory memory. We studied the dynamics of brain microarchitectural changes after long-term olfactory memory formation following avoidance learning in Acromyrmex ambiguus. After performing experiments to control for possible neuronal changes related to age and body size, we quantified synaptic complexes (microglomeruli, MG) in olfactory regions of the mushroom bodies (MBs) at different times after learning. Long-term avoidance memory formation was associated with a transient change in MG densities. Two days after learning, MG density was higher than before learning. At days 4 and 15 after learning—when ants still showed plant avoidance—MG densities had decreased to the initial state. The structural reorganization of MG triggered by long-term avoidance memory formation clearly differed from changes promoted by pure exposure to and collection of novel plants with distinct odors. Sensory exposure by the simultaneous collection of several, instead of one, non-harmful plant species resulted in a decrease in MG densities in the olfactory lip. We hypothesize that while sensory exposure leads to MG pruning in the MB olfactory lip, the formation of long-term avoidance memory involves an initial growth of new MG followed by subsequent pruning. KW - microglomeruli KW - olfaction KW - avoidance learning KW - leaf-cutting ants KW - acromyrmex ambiguus KW - synaptic plasticity KW - mushroom body Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125522 VL - 9 IS - 84 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klammert, Uwe A1 - Müller, Thomas D. A1 - Hellmann, Tina V. A1 - Wuerzler, Kristian K. A1 - Kotzsch, Alexander A1 - Schliermann, Anna A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Kuebler, Alexander C. A1 - Sebald, Walter A1 - Nickel, Joachim T1 - GDF-5 can act as a context-dependent BMP-2 antagonist JF - BMC Biology N2 - Background Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-5 are two related transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family members with important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. BMP-2 is best known for its osteoinductive properties whereas GDF-5—as evident from its alternative name, cartilage derived morphogenetic protein 1—plays an important role in the formation of cartilage. In spite of these differences both factors signal by binding to the same subset of BMP receptors, raising the question how these different functionalities are generated. The largest difference in receptor binding is observed in the interaction with the type I receptor BMPR-IA. GDF-5, in contrast to BMP-2, shows preferential binding to the isoform BMPR-IB, which is abrogated by a single amino acid (A57R) substitution. The resulting variant, GDF-5 R57A, represents a “BMP-2 mimic” with respect to BMP receptor binding. In this study we thus wanted to analyze whether the two growth factors can induce distinct signals via an identically composed receptor. Results Unexpectedly and dependent on the cellular context, GDF-5 R57A showed clear differences in its activity compared to BMP-2. In ATDC-5 cells, both ligands induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression with similar potency. But in C2C12 cells, the BMP-2 mimic GDF-5 R57A (and also wild-type GDF-5) clearly antagonized BMP-2-mediated ALP expression, despite signaling in both cell lines occurring solely via BMPR-IA. The BMP-2- antagonizing properties of GDF-5 and GDF-5 R57A could also be observed in vivo when implanting BMP-2 and either one of the two GDF-5 ligands simultaneously at heterotopic sites. Conclusions Although comparison of the crystal structures of the GDF-5 R57A:BMPR-IAEC- and BMP-2:BMPR-IAEC complex revealed small ligand-specific differences, these cannot account for the different signaling characteristics because the complexes seem identical in both differently reacting cell lines. We thus predict an additional component, most likely a not yet identified GDF-5-specific co-receptor, which alters the output of the signaling complexes. Hence the presence or absence of this component then switches GDF-5′s signaling capabilities to act either similar to BMP-2 or as a BMP-2 antagonist. These findings might shed new light on the role of GDF-5, e.g., in cartilage maintenance and/or limb development in that it might act as an inhibitor of signaling events initiated by other BMPs. KW - growth and differentiation factor 5 KW - ligand-receptor complex KW - crystal structure KW - antagonist Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125550 VL - 13 IS - 77 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Subbarayal, Prema A1 - Karunakaran, Karthika A1 - Winkler, Ann-Cathrin A1 - Rother, Marion A1 - Gonzalez, Erik A1 - Meyer, Thomas F. A1 - Rudel, Thomas T1 - EphrinA2 Receptor (EphA2) Is an Invasion and Intracellular Signaling Receptor for Chlamydia trachomatis JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis invades into host cells to replicate inside a membrane-bound vacuole called inclusion. Multiple different host proteins are recruited to the inclusion and are functionally modulated to support chlamydial development. Invaded and replicating Chlamydia induces a long-lasting activation of the PI3 kinase signaling pathway that is required for efficient replication. We identified the cell surface tyrosine kinase EphrinA2 receptor (EphA2) as a chlamydial adherence and invasion receptor that induces PI3 kinase (PI3K) activation, promoting chlamydial replication. Interfering with binding of C. trachomatis serovar L2 (Ctr) to EphA2, downregulation of EphA2 expression or inhibition of EphA2 activity significantly reduced Ctr infection. Ctr interacts with and activates EphA2 on the cell surface resulting in Ctr and receptor internalization. During chlamydial replication, EphA2 remains active accumulating around the inclusion and interacts with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K to support the activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway that is required for normal chlamydial development. Overexpression of full length EphA2, but not the mutant form lacking the intracellular cytoplasmic domain, enhanced PI3K activation and Ctr infection. Despite the depletion of EphA2 from the cell surface, Ctr infection induces upregulation of EphA2 through the activation of the ERK pathway, which keeps the infected cell in an apoptosis-resistant state. The significance of EphA2 as an entry and intracellular signaling receptor was also observed with the urogenital C. trachomatis-serovar D. Our findings provide the first evidence for a host cell surface receptor that is exploited for invasion as well as for receptor-mediated intracellular signaling to facilitate chlamydial replication. In addition, the engagement of a cell surface receptor at the inclusion membrane is a new mechanism by which Chlamydia subverts the host cell and induces apoptosis resistance. KW - membrane proteins KW - chlamydia infection KW - chlamydia trachomatis KW - chlamydia KW - HeLa cells KW - apoptosis KW - host cells KW - membrane receptor signaling Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125566 VL - 11 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gupta, Shishir K. A1 - Kupper, Maria A1 - Ratzka, Carolin A1 - Feldhaar, Heike A1 - Vilcinskas, Andreas A1 - Gross, Roy A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Förster, Frank T1 - Scrutinizing the immune defence inventory of Camponotus floridanus applying total transcriptome sequencing JF - BMC Genomics N2 - Background Defence mechanisms of organisms are shaped by their lifestyle, environment and pathogen pressure. Carpenter ants are social insects which live in huge colonies comprising genetically closely related individuals in high densities within nests. This lifestyle potentially facilitates the rapid spread of pathogens between individuals. In concert with their innate immune system, social insects may apply external immune defences to manipulate the microbial community among individuals and within nests. Additionally, carpenter ants carry a mutualistic intracellular and obligate endosymbiotic bacterium, possibly maintained and regulated by the innate immune system. Thus, different selective forces could shape internal immune defences of Camponotus floridanus. Results The immune gene repertoire of C. floridanus was investigated by re-evaluating its genome sequence combined with a full transcriptome analysis of immune challenged and control animals using Illumina sequencing. The genome was re-annotated by mapping transcriptome reads and masking repeats. A total of 978 protein sequences were characterised further by annotating functional domains, leading to a change in their original annotation regarding function and domain composition in about 8 % of all proteins. Based on homology analysis with key components of major immune pathways of insects, the C. floridanus immune-related genes were compared to those of Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera, and other hymenoptera. This analysis revealed that overall the immune system of carpenter ants comprises many components found in these insects. In addition, several C. floridanus specific genes of yet unknown functions but which are strongly induced after immune challenge were discovered. In contrast to solitary insects like Drosophila or the hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis, the number of genes encoding pattern recognition receptors specific for bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN) and a variety of known antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes is lower in C. floridanus. The comparative analysis of gene expression post immune-challenge in different developmental stages of C. floridanus suggests a stronger induction of immune gene expression in larvae in comparison to adults. Conclusions The comparison of the immune system of C. floridanus with that of other insects revealed the presence of a broad immune repertoire. However, the relatively low number of PGN recognition proteins and AMPs, the identification of Camponotus specific putative immune genes, and stage specific differences in immune gene regulation reflects Camponotus specific evolution including adaptations to its lifestyle. KW - immune system KW - transcriptome KW - carpenter ant KW - camponotus floridanus KW - re-annotation Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125279 VL - 16 IS - 540 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ott, Christine A1 - Dorsch, Eva A1 - Fraunholz, Martin A1 - Straub, Sebastian A1 - Kozjak-Pavlovic, Vera T1 - Detailed Analysis of the Human Mitochondrial Contact Site Complex Indicate a Hierarchy of Subunits JF - PLoS One N2 - Mitochondrial inner membrane folds into cristae, which significantly increase its surface and are important for mitochondrial function. The stability of cristae depends on the mitochondrial contact site (MICOS) complex. In human mitochondria, the inner membrane MICOS complex interacts with the outer membrane sorting and assembly machinery (SAM) complex, to form the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging complex (MIB). We have created knockdown cell lines of most of the MICOS and MIB components and have used them to study the importance of the individual subunits for the cristae formation and complex stability. We show that the most important subunits of the MIB complex in human mitochondria are Mic60/Mitofilin, Mic19/CHCHD3 and an outer membrane component Sam50. We provide additional proof that ApoO indeed is a subunit of the MICOS and MIB complexes and propose the name Mic23 for this protein. According to our results, Mic25/CHCHD6, Mic27/ApoOL and Mic23/ApoO appear to be periphery subunits of the MICOS complex, because their depletion does not affect cristae morphology or stability of other components. KW - co-immunoprecipitation KW - motor proteins KW - mitochondria KW - membrane potential KW - membrane proteins KW - protein complexes KW - mitochondrial membrane KW - outer membrane proteins Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125347 VL - 10 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lichtenstein, Leonie A1 - Sommerlandt, Frank M. J. A1 - Spaethe, Johannes T1 - Dumb and Lazy? A Comparison of Color Learning and Memory Retrieval in Drones and Workers of the Buff-Tailed Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, by Means of PER Conditioning JF - PLoS One N2 - More than 100 years ago, Karl von Frisch showed that honeybee workers learn and discriminate colors. Since then, many studies confirmed the color learning capabilities of females from various hymenopteran species. Yet, little is known about visual learning and memory in males despite the fact that in most bee species males must take care of their own needs and must find rewarding flowers to obtain food. Here we used the proboscis extension response (PER) paradigm to study the color learning capacities of workers and drones of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. Light stimuli were paired with sucrose reward delivered to the insects’ antennae and inducing a reflexive extension of the proboscis. We evaluated color learning (i.e. conditioned PER to color stimuli) in absolute and differential conditioning protocols and mid-term memory retention was measured two hours after conditioning. Different monochromatic light stimuli in combination with neutral density filters were used to ensure that the bumblebees could only use chromatic and not achromatic (e.g. brightness) information. Furthermore, we tested if bees were able to transfer the learned information from the PER conditioning to a novel discrimination task in a Y-maze. Both workers and drones were capable of learning and discriminating between monochromatic light stimuli and retrieved the learned stimulus after two hours. Drones performed as well as workers during conditioning and in the memory test, but failed in the transfer test in contrast to workers. Our data clearly show that bumblebees can learn to associate a color stimulus with a sugar reward in PER conditioning and that both workers and drones reach similar acquisition and mid-term retention performances. Additionally, we provide evidence that only workers transfer the learned information from a Pavlovian to an operant situation. KW - memory KW - bumblebees KW - behavioral conditioning KW - honey bees KW - flowers KW - sucrose KW - bees KW - learning Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125832 VL - 10 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strube-Bloss, Martin F. A1 - Brown, Austin A1 - Spaethe, Johannes A1 - Schmitt, Thomas A1 - Rössler, Wolfgang T1 - Extracting the Behaviorally Relevant Stimulus: Unique Neural Representation of Farnesol, a Component of the Recruitment Pheromone of Bombus terrestris JF - PLoS One N2 - To trigger innate behavior, sensory neural networks are pre-tuned to extract biologically relevant stimuli. Many male-female or insect-plant interactions depend on this phenomenon. Especially communication among individuals within social groups depends on innate behaviors. One example is the efficient recruitment of nest mates by successful bumblebee foragers. Returning foragers release a recruitment pheromone in the nest while they perform a ‘dance’ behavior to activate unemployed nest mates. A major component of this pheromone is the sesquiterpenoid farnesol. How farnesol is processed and perceived by the olfactory system, has not yet been identified. It is much likely that processing farnesol involves an innate mechanism for the extraction of relevant information to trigger a fast and reliable behavioral response. To test this hypothesis, we used population response analyses of 100 antennal lobe (AL) neurons recorded in alive bumblebee workers under repeated stimulation with four behaviorally different, but chemically related odorants (geraniol, citronellol, citronellal and farnesol). The analysis identified a unique neural representation of the recruitment pheromone component compared to the other odorants that are predominantly emitted by flowers. The farnesol induced population activity in the AL allowed a reliable separation of farnesol from all other chemically related odor stimuli we tested. We conclude that the farnesol induced population activity may reflect a predetermined representation within the AL-neural network allowing efficient and fast extraction of a behaviorally relevant stimulus. Furthermore, the results show that population response analyses of multiple single AL-units may provide a powerful tool to identify distinct representations of behaviorally relevant odors. KW - instinct KW - plant-insect interactions KW - pheromones KW - bumblebees KW - odorants KW - principal component analysis KW - neurons KW - action potentials Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125875 VL - 10 IS - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - Simann, Meike T1 - Aufklärung der Effekte von Fibroblasten-Wachstumsfaktor 1 und 2 auf die Adipogenese und Osteogenese von primären humanen Knochenmark-Stroma-Zellen T1 - Elucidation of fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2 effects on the adipogenesis and osteogenesis of primary human bone marrow stromal cells N2 - Regulating and reverting the adipo-osteogenic lineage decision of trabecular human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) represents a promising approach for osteoporosis therapy and prevention. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) and its subfamily member FGF2 were scored as lead candidates to exercise control over lineage switching processes (conversion) in favor of osteogenesis previously. However, their impact on differentiation events is controversially discussed in literature. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of these FGFs on the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and conversion of primary hBMSCs. Moreover, involved downstream signaling mechanisms should be elucidated and, finally, the results should be evaluated with regard to the possible therapeutic approach. This study clearly revealed that culture in the presence of FGF1 strongly prevented the adipogenic differentiation of hBMSCs as well as the adipogenic conversion of pre-differentiated osteoblastic cells. Lipid droplet formation was completely inhibited by a concentration of 25 ng/µL. Meanwhile, the expression of genetic markers for adipogenic initiation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARg2) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPa), as well as subsequent adipocyte maturation, fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), were significantly downregulated. Yet, the genetic markers of osteogenic commitment and differentiation were not upregulated during adipogenic differentiation and conversion under FGF supplementation, not supporting an event of osteogenic lineage switching. Moreover, when examining the effects on the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs and the osteogenic conversion of pre-differentiated adipocytic cells, culture in the presence of FGF1 markedly decreased extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Additionally, the gene expression of the osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly reduced and ALP enzyme activity was decreased. Furthermore, genetic markers of osteogenic commitment, like the master regulator runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), as well as markers of osteogenic differentiation and ECM formation, like collagen 1 A1 (COL1A1) and integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), were downregulated. In contrast, genes known to inhibit ECM mineralization, like ANKH inorganic pyrophosphate transport regulator (ANKH) and osteopontin (OPN), were upregulated. ANKH inhibition revealed that its transcriptional elevation was not crucial for the reduced matrix mineralization, perhaps due to decreased expression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) that likely annulled ANKH upregulation. Like FGF1, also the culture in the presence of FGF2 displayed a marked anti-adipogenic and anti-osteogenic effect. The FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) was found to be crucial for mediating the described FGF effects in adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and conversion. Yet, adipogenic conversion displayed a lower involvement of the FGFR1. For adipogenic differentiation and osteogenic differentiation/conversion, downstream signal transduction involved the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinases 1 and 2 (MEK1/2), probably via the phosphorylation of FGFR docking protein FGFR substrate 2a (FRS2a) and its effector Ras/MAPK. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38-MAPK, and protein kinase C (PKC) were not crucial for the signal transduction, yet were in part responsible for the rate of adipogenic and/or osteogenic differentiation itself, in line with current literature. Taken together, to the best of our knowledge, our study was the first to describe the strong impact of FGF1 and FGF2 on both the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and conversion processes of primary hBMSCs in parallel. It clearly revealed that although both FGFs were not able to promote the differentiation and lineage switching towards the osteogenic fate, they strongly prevented adipogenic differentiation and lineage switching, which seem to be elevated during osteoporosis. Our findings indicate that FGF1 and FGF2 entrapped hBMSCs in a pre-committed state. In conclusion, these agents could be applied to potently prevent unwanted adipogenesis in vitro. Moreover, our results might aid in unraveling a pharmacological control point to eliminate the increased adipogenic differentiation and conversion as potential cause of adipose tissue accumulation and decreased osteoblastogenesis in bone marrow during aging and especially in osteoporosis. N2 - Die Regulation und Umkehr des adipogenen und osteogenen Commitments von trabekulären humanen Knochenmarks-Stroma Zellen (hBMSCs) stellt einen vielversprechenden Ansatz für die Prävention und Therapie der Knochenerkrankung Osteoporose dar. Der Fibroblasten-Wachstumsfaktor 1 (FGF1) und sein Proteinfamilien-Mitglied FGF2 wurden in einer vorhergehenden Studie als Hauptkandidaten bezüglich der Kontrolle einer Konversion (Schicksalsänderung) von hBMSCs in die osteogene Richtung bewertet. Der Effekt von FGF1 und FGF2 auf die Differenzierung von hBMSCs wird jedoch in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Folglich zielte die aktuelle Studie darauf ab, die Effekte dieser Faktoren auf die adipogene und osteogene Differenzierung und Konversion von primären hBMSCs zu untersuchen. Außerdem sollten die nachgeschalteten Signalmechanismen aufgeklärt und die Ergebnisse abschließend bezüglich des angestrebten Therapieansatzes bewertet werden. Die vorliegende Studie zeigte eindeutig, dass die adipogene Differenzierung von hBMSCs sowie die adipogene Konversion von vordifferenzierten osteoblastischen Zellen durch die Kultur in Gegenwart von FGF1 stark inhibiert wurden. Die typische Bildung von intrazellulären Fetttropfen war bei einer Konzentration von 25 ng/µL vollständig inhibiert, während die Genexpression von frühen und späten adipogenen Markern signifikant herunterreguliert war. Die osteogenen Marker waren jedoch während der adipogenen Differenzierung und Konversion unter FGF-Zugabe nicht hochreguliert, was eine etwaige Schicksalsänderung zugunsten der osteogenen Richtung nicht unterstützte. Bei der Untersuchung der osteogenen Differenzierung von hBMSCs und der osteogenen Konversion von vordifferenzierten adipozytischen Zellen bewirkte die Zugabe von FGF1 zum Differenzierungsmedium eine deutliche Verminderung der Mineralisierung der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM). Darüber hinaus war die Genexpression der alkalischen Phosphatase (ALP) signifikant reduziert; außerdem wurde die ALP Enzymaktivität erniedrigt. Sowohl Marker des osteogenen Commitments einschließlich des osteogenen Master-Transkriptionsfaktors RUNX2 (Runt-related transcription factor 2), als auch Marker der weiterführenden osteogenen Differenzierung waren herunterreguliert. Im Kontrast dazu waren Inhibitoren der ECM-Mineralisierung hochreguliert. Die Hochregulation von ANKH (ANKH inorganic pyrophosphate transport regulator) schien hierbei jedoch keine direkte Auswirkung auf die Reduzierung der Mineralisierung zu haben; seine Wirkung wurde wahrscheinlich durch die Herunterregulation von ENPP1 (Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/ phosphodiesterase 1) aufgehoben. Wie FGF1 zeigte auch FGF2 eine anti-adipogene und anti-osteogene Wirkung. Der FGF Rezeptor 1 (FGFR1) war für die Weiterleitung der beschriebenen FGF-Effekte entscheidend, wobei die adipogene Konversion eine erniedrigte Beteiligung dieses Rezeptors zeigte. Bei der adipogenen Differenzierung und der osteogenen Differenzierung und Konversion waren die nachgeschalteten Signalwege ERK1/2 (Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2) bzw. MEK1/2 (Mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK)/ ERK kinases 1 and 2) involviert, vermutlich über eine Phosphorylierung des FGFR Substrats FRS2a (FGFR substrate 2a) und der Ras/MAP Kinase. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die c-Jun N-terminale Kinase (JNK), die p38-MAP Kinase und die Proteinkinase C (PKC) nicht an der Weiterleitung des FGF-Signals beteiligt. Sie zeigten sich jedoch, in Übereinstimmung mit der aktuellen Literatur, verantwortlich für das Ausmaß der adipogenen bzw. osteogenen Differenzierung selbst. Zusammenfassend war die vorliegende Studie nach unserem besten Wissen die erste, die den starken Einfluss von FGF1 und FGF2 parallel sowohl auf die adipogene als auch die osteogene Differenzierung und Konversion von primären hBMSCs untersucht hat. Sie zeigte deutlich, dass, obwohl beide FGFs nicht die Differenzierung und Konversion zum osteogenen Zellschicksal hin unterstützen konnten, sie dennoch wirkungsvoll die adipogene Differenzierung und Konversion verhinderten, die während der Osteoporose erhöht zu sein scheinen. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass hBMSCs durch FGF1 und FGF2 in einem Stadium vor dem Schicksals-Commitment festgehalten werden. Folglich könnten diese Proteine verwendet werden, um eine ungewollte Adipogenese in vitro zu verhindern. Außerdem könnten unsere Ergebnisse helfen, einen pharmakologischen Kontrollpunkt zur Eliminierung der gesteigerten adipogenen Differenzierung und Konversion aufzudecken, welche potentielle Gründe für die Fettakkumulation und die reduzierte Osteoblastogenese im Knochenmark während des Alterns und besonders in der Osteoporose sind. KW - Mesenchymzelle KW - Genexpression KW - Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktor KW - Osteoporose KW - Fettzelle KW - Bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) KW - Osteogenesis KW - Adipogenesis KW - Differentiation KW - adipocytes KW - Mesenchymale Stammzelle Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119322 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Basset, Yves A1 - Cizek, Lukas A1 - Cuénoud, Philippe A1 - Didham, Raphael K. A1 - Novotny, Vojtech A1 - Ødegaard, Frode A1 - Roslin, Tomas A1 - Tishechkin, Alexey K. A1 - Schmidl, Jürgen A1 - Winchester, Neville N. A1 - Roubik, David W. A1 - Aberlenc, Henri-Pierre A1 - Bail, Johannes A1 - Barrios, Hector A1 - Bridle, Jonathan R. A1 - Castaño-Meneses, Gabriela A1 - Corbara, Bruno A1 - Curletti, Gianfranco A1 - da Rocha, Wesley Duarte A1 - De Bakker, Domir A1 - Delabie, Jacques H. C. A1 - Dejean, Alain A1 - Fagan, Laura L. A1 - Floren, Andreas A1 - Kitching, Roger L. A1 - Medianero, Enrique A1 - de Oliveira, Evandro Gama A1 - Orivel, Jerome A1 - Pollet, Marc A1 - Rapp, Mathieu A1 - Ribeiro, Servio P. A1 - Roisin, Yves A1 - Schmidt, Jesper B. A1 - Sørensen, Line A1 - Lewinsohn, Thomas M. A1 - Leponce, Maurice T1 - Arthropod Distribution in a Tropical Rainforest: Tackling a Four Dimensional Puzzle JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Quantifying the spatio-temporal distribution of arthropods in tropical rainforests represents a first step towards scrutinizing the global distribution of biodiversity on Earth. To date most studies have focused on narrow taxonomic groups or lack a design that allows partitioning of the components of diversity. Here, we consider an exceptionally large dataset (113,952 individuals representing 5,858 species), obtained from the San Lorenzo forest in Panama, where the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa was surveyed using 14 protocols targeting the soil, litter, understory, lower and upper canopy habitats, replicated across seasons in 2003 and 2004. This dataset is used to explore the relative influence of horizontal, vertical and seasonal drivers of arthropod distribution in this forest. We considered arthropod abundance, observed and estimated species richness, additive decomposition of species richness, multiplicative partitioning of species diversity, variation in species composition, species turnover and guild structure as components of diversity. At the scale of our study (2km of distance, 40m in height and 400 days), the effects related to the vertical and seasonal dimensions were most important. Most adult arthropods were collected from the soil/litter or the upper canopy and species richness was highest in the canopy. We compared the distribution of arthropods and trees within our study system. Effects related to the seasonal dimension were stronger for arthropods than for trees. We conclude that: (1) models of beta diversity developed for tropical trees are unlikely to be applicable to tropical arthropods; (2) it is imperative that estimates of global biodiversity derived from mass collecting of arthropods in tropical rainforests embrace the strong vertical and seasonal partitioning observed here; and (3) given the high species turnover observed between seasons, global climate change may have severe consequences for rainforest arthropods. KW - trees KW - species richness KW - beta-diveristy KW - strategy KW - turnover KW - similarity KW - biodiversity KW - specialization KW - herbivorous insects KW - assemblages Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136393 VL - 10 IS - 12 ER - TY - THES A1 - Höcherl, Nicole T1 - Nesting behaviour of the paper wasp Polistes dominula - with special focus on thermoregulatory mechanisms T1 - Nistverhalten der Feldwespe Polistes dominula - mit besonderem Augenmerk auf thermoregulatorische Mechanismen N2 - Wasps of the genus Polistes comprise over 200 species and are nearly cosmopolitan. They show a lack of physiological caste differentiation and are therefore considered as primitively eusocial. Furthermore, paper wasps are placed between the solitary living Eumenidae and the highly social organized Vespinae. Hence, they are often called a “key genus” for understanding the evolution of sociality. Particularly, Polistes dominula, with its small easy manageable nests and its frequent occurrence and wide distribution range is often the subject of studies. In Europe, the invasion of this species into northern regions is on the rise. Since little was known about the nesting behaviour of P. dominula in Central Europe, the basic principles about nesting were investigated in Würzburg, Germany (latitude 49°) by conducting a comprehensive field-study spanning three consecutive years. Furthermore, the thermoregulation of individual wasps in their natural habitat had not yet been investigated in detail. Therefore, their ability to respond to external hazards with elevated thorax temperatures was tested. In addition, different types of nest thermoregulation were investigated using modern methods such as infrared thermography and temperature data logger. In the present work, the investigation of basic nesting principles revealed that foundress groups (1-4 foundresses) and nests are smaller and that the nesting season is shorter in the Würzburg area than in other regions. The mean size of newly founded nests was 83 cells and the average nesting season was around 4.6 months. The queens neither preferred single (54%) nor multiple founding (46%) in this study. The major benefit of multiple founding is an increased rate of survival. During the three years of observation, only 47% of single-foundress colonies survived, whereas 100% of colonies that were built by more than two queens, survived. However, an influence of the number of foundresses on the productivity of colonies in terms of number of cells and pupae per nest has not shown up. However, the length of the nesting season as well as the nest sizes varied strongly depending on the climatic conditions of the preceding winter during the three consecutive years. In order to investigate the thermoregulatory mechanisms of individual adult P. dominula wasps, I presented artificial threats by applying smoke or carbon dioxide simulating fire and predator attacks, respectively, and monitored the thorax temperature of wasps on the nest using infrared thermography. The results clearly revealed that P. dominula workers recognized smoke and CO2 and reacted almost instantaneously and simultaneously with an increase of their thorax temperature. The maximal thorax temperature was reached about 65 s after the application of both stressors, but subsequently the wasps showed a different behaviour pattern. They responded to a longer application of smoke with moving to the exit and fled, whereas in case of CO2 the wasps started flying and circling the nest without trying to escape. No rise of the thorax temperature was detectable after an air blast was applied or in wasps resting on the nest. Additionally, the thorax temperatures of queens were investigated during dominance battles. I found that the thorax temperature of the dominant queens rose up to 5°C compared to that of subordinate queens that attacked the former. The study of active mechanisms for nest thermoregulation revealed no brood incubation or clustering behaviour of P. dominula. Furthermore, I found out that wing fanning for cooling the nest was almost undetectable (4 documented cases). However, I could convincingly record that water evaporation is most effective for nest cooling. By the direct comparison of active (with brood and adults) and non-active (without brood and adults) nests, the start of cooling by water evaporation was detected above maximum outside temperatures of 25°C or at nest temperatures above 35°C. The powerful role of water in nest cooling was manifested by an average decrease of temperature of a single cell of about 8°C and a mean duration of 7 min until the cell reached again its initial temperature. The investigation of passive thermoregulatory mechanisms revealed that the nest site choice as well as nest orientation appears to be essential for P. dominula wasps. Furthermore, I was able to show that the architecture of the nests plays an important role. Based on the presented results, it can be assumed that the vertical orientation of cells helps maintaining the warmth of nests during the night, whereas the pedicel assists in cooling the nest during the day. N2 - Die Wespen-Gattung Polistes ist mit über 200 Arten nahezu auf der ganzen Welt vertreten. Da physiologische Unterschiede zwischen den Kasten fehlen, werden sie als primitiv eusozial eingestuft. Des Weiteren werden sie zwischen den solitär lebenden Eumenidae und den hoch eusozialen Vespinae eingeordnet. Sie werden daher oft als „Schlüssel-Gattung“ für das Verständnis der Evolution von Sozialität bezeichnet. Insbesondere Polistes dominula (Haus-Feldwespe) wird aufgrund der kleinen einfach zu handhabenden Nester, dem häufigen Vorkommen und der weiten Verbreitung vielfach für Studien genutzt. In Europa ist diese Wespenart auf dem Vormarsch in nördlichere Regionen. Bisher war kaum etwas über das Nistverhalten von P. dominula in Zentraleuropa bekannt. Daher wurde eine umfassende, drei aufeinanderfolgende Jahre andauernde Freilandstudie zu den Grundlagen des Nistverhaltens in Würzburg (Deutschland, Breitengrad 49°) durchgeführt. Auch die Thermoregulation der Einzeltiere wurde noch nie im Detail erforscht. Daher wurde ein Experiment durchgeführt, das aufzeigen sollte, ob diese Tiere die Fähigkeit besitzen, mit erhöhten Thoraxtemperaturen auf Gefahr zu reagieren. Zusätzlich kamen neuere Methoden wie die Infrarot-Thermographie und Temperaturdatenlogger zum Einsatz, um die verschiedenen Arten der Nestthermoregulation zu untersuchen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit über die Grundlagen des Nistverhaltens zeigte sich, dass im Vergleich zu anderen Regionen in Würzburg sowohl die Gruppengröße der Nestgründerinnen (1-4 Gründerinnen) als auch die Nester an sich kleiner sind (≈ 83 Zellen) und die Nestsaison kürzer (≈ 4,6 Monate). Die Königinnen bevorzugten weder die Gründung des Nestes allein (54%) noch zusammen mit mehreren Königinnen (46%). Der größte Vorteil einer Gründung der Nester durch mehrere Königinnen liegt in einer erhöhten Überlebensrate der Nester. In der drei Jahre andauernden Studie überlebten nur 47% der Nester, die von einer Königin gegründet wurden, während 100% der Völker, die von mehr als zwei Königinnen gegründet wurden, überlebten. Es konnte jedoch kein Einfluss der Anzahl an Gründerinnen auf die Produktivität (bezüglich der Anzahl von Zellen und Puppen) der Völker festgestellt werden. Allerdings variierten Saisonlängen und Nestgrößen stark in Abhängigkeit der klimatischen Bedingungen des vorangegangenen Winters in den drei aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren. Zur Untersuchung der thermoregulatorischen Mechanismen der adulten Tiere setzte ich künstliche Bedrohungen in Form von Rauch und Kohlendioxid ein, um entweder ein Feuer oder einen Raubtierangriff zu simulieren. Die Thoraxtemperaturen der auf dem Nest sitzenden Feldwespen wurde zeitgleich mit einer Thermokamera überwacht. Die Ergebnisse belegen eindeutig, dass P. dominula-Arbeiterinnen Rauch und CO2 wahrnehmen und beinahe unverzüglich und zeitgleich mit einer Erhöhung der Thoraxtemperatur reagieren. Nach der Applikation der beiden Stressoren war die maximale Temperatur nach durchschnittlich 65 s erreicht, allerdings zeigten die Wespen unterschiedliche Verhaltensmuster. Auf eine längere Rauchapplikation reagierten sie mit Flucht, während sie im Fall von CO2 fliegend das Nest umkreisten, ohne zu fliehen. Nach der Gabe eines Luftstoßes oder bei ruhenden Wespen war kein Anstieg der Thoraxtemperatur nachweisbar. Zusätzlich wurden die Thoraxtemperaturen von Königinnen bei Dominanzkämpfen untersucht. Ich verzeichnete einen Anstieg der Thoraxtemperatur der dominanten Königin um bis zu 5°C im Vergleich zu der Temperatur der untergeordneten Königin, die die dominante angriff. Die Studie der aktiven Mechanismen der Nestthermoregulation belegte, dass bei P. dominula kein Heizen der Brut oder „Clustern“ stattfindet. Des Weiteren war Fächeln zur Kühlung des Nestes so gut wie nicht feststellbar (4 dokumentierte Fälle). Allerdings war ich in der Lage nachzuweisen, dass die Verdunstung von Wasser für die Kühlung des Nestes sehr effektiv ist. Durch den direkten Vergleich von aktiven (mit Brut und adulten Tieren) und nicht-aktiven (ohne Brut und adulten Tieren) Nestern konnte der Beginn des Kühlens bei einer maximalen Außentemperatur von über 25°C oder einer Nesttemperatur von über 35°C ermittelt werden. Die wichtige Rolle, die Wasser für die Nestkühlung spielt, zeigte sich zum Einen durch die mittlere Abkühlung einer einzelnen Zelle von ca. 8°C und zum Anderen durch eine durchschnittliche Dauer von 7 min, bis die Zelle wieder ihre Ausgangstemperatur erreichte. Die Untersuchung der passiven Mechanismen zur Nestthermoregulation zeigte, dass sowohl die Wahl des Nistplatzes als auch die Orientierung des Nestes für die Haus-Feldwespe essentiell ist. Darüber hinaus war ich in der Lage nachzuweisen, dass die Architektur des Nestes eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. Auf der Grundlage der vorgestellten Ergebnisse kann angenommen werden, dass die nach unten ausgerichteten Zellen helfen, das Nest nachts zu wärmen, während der Stiel des Nestes hilft, das Nest tagsüber zu kühlen. KW - Französische Feldwespe KW - Nestbau KW - nesting behaviour KW - Thermoregulation KW - Polistes Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-132681 ER - TY - THES A1 - Montalbán del Barrio, Itsaso T1 - Immunosuppressive role of adenosine produced by ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 in ovarian cancer, tumor associated macrophages and the host immune system T1 - Immunosuppressive Rolle von Adenosine produziert von Ectonukleotidasen CD39 und CD73 in Eierstockkrebs, Tumor assoziierten Makrophagen und den Wirtsimmunsystem N2 - Eierstockkrebs ist der Tumor mit der schlechtesten Heilungsprognose unter allen gynäkologischen Malignomen. Allein in Deutschland verursacht er über 6000 Tote pro Jahr. Patienten mit Ovarialkarzinom zeigen erst in einem sehr fortgeschrittenen Stadium charakteristische Symptome. Die einzig möglichen Behandlungsmethoden sind dann die operative Tumorentfernung und die Verabreichung von platinbasierter Chemotherapien sowie von Anthrazyklinen. Da die aktuelle 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate lediglich 20-40% beträgt, besteht ein dringender Bedarf an neuen therapeutischen Optionen. Seit herausgefunden wurde, dass immunologische Parameter das Überleben der Patienten beeinflussen, ist Immuntherapie zu einer der vielversprechendsten Behandlungsarten des Eierstockkrebs geworden. Das Ziel unserer Forschung ist die Überwindung der Immunevasion des Tumors durch ein Verhindern der immun-unterdrückenden Mechanismen des Tumors. Im Speziellen befasst sich diese Arbeit mit dem Einfluss von Adenosin, das durch die Ectonukleotidasen CD39 und CD73 in der Mikroumgebung des Tumors gebildet wird. Die CD39- und CD73-Expression der Zellen führt zu Immunosuppression da diese Ectonukleotidasen immun-stimulierendes, extrazelluläres ATP in immunsuppressives Adenosin umwandeln. Dies wurde zuerst als Effektormechanismus für regulatorische T-Zellen beschrieben, kann aber auch im Tumormikromilieu von Bedeutung sein. Mit dem Wissen, dass Tumorzellen von Eierstockkrebs-Patientinnen große Mengen der ATP-unterdrückenden Ectonukleotidasen CD39 und CD73 bilden, analysierten wir die adenosinvermittelte Unterdrückendung von Immunantwortenin der Mikroumgebung der Tumorzellen. Im Vergleich zu regulatorischen T Zellen konnten wir bei Eierstockkrebs-Zelllinien und bei aus Aszites gewonnenen Krebszellen eine 30- bis 60-fache Adenosinproduktion messen. Um diesen mutmaßlichen Immunevasions-Mechanismus zu bestätigen, untersuchten wir seine Auswirkungen auf mehrere Immunzellenpopulationen. CSFE-basierte Experimente zeigten zum Beispiel eine Hemmung der CD4+ T-Zell-Proliferation durch Adenosin, welches von Eierstockkrebs-Zellen produziert wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang haben wir auch eine in-vitro Methode entwickelt, mit der wir die Beeinflussung von Makrophagen durch Eierstockkrebszellen analysieren und modulieren konnten. Neben seiner suppressiven Wirkung übt Adenosin auch chemotaktische Effekte auf menschliche Monozyten aus und lockt wahrscheinlich myeloide Vorläuferzellen zum Tumorgewebe. Anschließend differenzieren sich menschliche Monozyten in einer von Eierstockkrebszellen geformten Mikroumgebung zu M2 Makrophagen oder tumor-assoziierten Makrophagen (TAMs), die ihrerseits erhebliche Mengen der Adenosin-produzierenden Ectonukleotidasen CD39 und CD73 bilden. Während wir die Regulierung der Ectonukleotidasen-Expression untersuchten, entdeckten wir auch, dass klinisch genutzte Techniken zur Behandlung von Eierstockkrebs (zum Beispiel die Anwendung von Doxorubicin oder Bestrahlung) in vitro das CD73- und CD39-Level von Eierstockkrebs- und Immunzellen beeinflussen. In dieser Studie zeigen wir, wie dieser behandlungsbedingte Wechsel des ATP/Adenosine-Verhältnisses die Effektorfunktion verschiedener Immunzellen moduliert. Darüber hinaus untersuchen wir den potentiellen Vorteil von klinisch verfügbaren, niedermolekularen Inhibitoren für CD39 und CD73, die die Immunsuppression in der Mikroumgebung des Tumors partiell aufheben könnten, und die vor allem in Kombination mit gängigen Behandlungsschemata von großem Interesse sein könnten. N2 - Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the tumor with the most unfavourable prognosis among all gynaecological malignancies causing more than 6000 deaths per year in Germany alone. Patients with OvCa show symptoms at very advanced stages of tumor progression when the only available treatments consist on tumor debulking surgery and administration of platinum based chemotherapeutics and anthracyclins. There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutical strategies since the actual 5 year survival rate of OvCa patients does not exceed 20-40%. Immunotherapy is a promising approach for treatment of ovarian cancer, since it has been observed that immunological parameters can influence the outcome of the patient. The aim of our research is to overcome tumor immune escape by counteracting the immunosuppressive mechanisms developed by the tumor. In particular, this work studies the influence of adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 in the tumor microenvironment. Cellular expression of CD39 and CD73 contributes to immunosupression as these ectonucleotidases convert immune-stimulatory extracellular ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine. This was primarily described as effector mechanism for regulatory T cells, but may also be important in the tumor microenvironment. Having found that tumor cells from OvCa-patients express high levels of ATP-depleting ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 we set out to investigate a potential immunosuppressive mechanism via adenosine production in the tumor microenvironment. We could measure 30-60 times higher adenosine production by OvCa cell lines and ascites-derived cancer cells as compared to physiological normal conditions. To confirm this putative immune escape mechanism we investigated its effect on several immune cell populations. CFSE-based assays, for example, showed an inhibition of CD4+ T cell proliferation by OvCA cell-derived adenosine. In this context, we have further established an in-vitro assay, where OvCa cells modulate the function of macrophages towards a M2 or tumor associated (TAM) phenotype. Together with the phenotype modulation adenosine exerts chemotactic effects on human monocytes and is thus likely to attract myeloid precursor cells towards the tumor tissue. Moreover, in a microenvironment that is shaped by OvCa cells, human monocytes differentiate into M2 macrophages or TAMs which themselves express significant levels of the adenosine-generating ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. Investigating the regulation of ectonucleotidase expression, we also observed that approaches clinically used to treat OvCa (namely application of doxorubicine or irradiation) influence CD73 and CD39 levels of OvCa and immune cells in vitro. In this study we show how this treatment-induced change in the ATP/adenosine ratio modulates the effector function of different immune cells. Furthermore, we investigate the potential benefit of clinically available small molecule inhibitors for CD39 and CD73 that could relieve immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment especially in combination with common treatment regimes. KW - Eierstockkrebs KW - CD39 KW - CD73 KW - Adenosin KW - Immunsuppression Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133268 ER -