TY - JOUR A1 - Brunk, Michael A1 - Sputh, Sebastian A1 - Doose, Sören A1 - van de Linde, Sebastian A1 - Terpitz, Ulrich T1 - HyphaTracker: An ImageJ toolbox for time-resolved analysis of spore germination in filamentous fungi JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The dynamics of early fungal development and its interference with physiological signals and environmental factors is yet poorly understood. Especially computational analysis tools for the evaluation of the process of early spore germination and germ tube formation are still lacking. For the time-resolved analysis of conidia germination of the filamentous ascomycete Fusarium fujikuroi we developed a straightforward toolbox implemented in ImageJ. It allows for processing of microscopic acquisitions (movies) of conidial germination starting with drift correction and data reduction prior to germling analysis. From the image time series germling related region of interests (ROIs) are extracted, which are analysed for their area, circularity, and timing. ROIs originating from germlings crossing other hyphae or the image boundaries are omitted during analysis. Each conidium/hypha is identified and related to its origin, thus allowing subsequent categorization. The efficiency of HyphaTracker was proofed and the accuracy was tested on simulated germlings at different signal-to-noise ratios. Bright-field microscopic images of conidial germination of rhodopsin-deficient F. fujikuroi mutants and their respective control strains were analysed with HyphaTracker. Consistent with our observation in earlier studies the CarO deficient mutant germinated earlier and grew faster than other, CarO expressing strains. KW - bioinformatics KW - cell growth KW - fungal biology KW - microscopy Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221691 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Annunziata, Ida A1 - van de Vlekkert, Diantha A1 - Wolf, Elmar A1 - Finkelstein, David A1 - Neale, Geoffrey A1 - Machado, Eda A1 - Mosca, Rosario A1 - Campos, Yvan A1 - Tillman, Heather A1 - Roussel, Martine F. A1 - Weesner, Jason Andrew A1 - Fremuth, Leigh Ellen A1 - Qiu, Xiaohui A1 - Han, Min-Joon A1 - Grosveld, Gerard C. A1 - d'Azzo, Alessandra T1 - MYC competes with MiT/TFE in regulating lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy through an epigenetic rheostat JF - Nature Communications N2 - Coordinated regulation of the lysosomal and autophagic systems ensures basal catabolism and normal cell physiology, and failure of either system causes disease. Here we describe an epigenetic rheostat orchestrated by c-MYC and histone deacetylases that inhibits lysosomal and autophagic biogenesis by concomitantly repressing the expression of the transcription factors MiT/TFE and FOXH1, and that of lysosomal and autophagy genes. Inhibition of histone deacetylases abates c-MYC binding to the promoters of lysosomal and autophagy genes, granting promoter occupancy to the MiT/TFE members, TFEB and TFE3, and/or the autophagy regulator FOXH1. In pluripotent stem cells and cancer, suppression of lysosomal and autophagic function is directly downstream of c-MYC overexpression and may represent a hallmark of malignant transformation. We propose that, by determining the fate of these catabolic systems, this hierarchical switch regulates the adaptive response of cells to pathological and physiological cues that could be exploited therapeutically. KW - autophagy KW - cancer KW - cancer metabolism KW - cell biology KW - mechanisms of disease Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221189 VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Albrecht, Jörg A1 - Classen, Alice A1 - Vollstädt, Maximilian G.R. A1 - Mayr, Antonia A1 - Mollel, Neduvoto P. A1 - Schellenberger Costa, David A1 - Dulle, Hamadi I. A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Hemp, Andreas A1 - Howell, Kim M. A1 - Kleyer, Michael A1 - Nauss, Thomas A1 - Peters, Marcell K. A1 - Tschapka, Marco A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf A1 - Böhning-Gaese, Katrin A1 - Schleuning, Matthias T1 - Plant and animal functional diversity drive mutualistic network assembly across an elevational gradient JF - Nature Communications N2 - Species' functional traits set the blueprint for pair-wise interactions in ecological networks. Yet, it is unknown to what extent the functional diversity of plant and animal communities controls network assembly along environmental gradients in real-world ecosystems. Here we address this question with a unique dataset of mutualistic bird-fruit, bird-flower and insect-flower interaction networks and associated functional traits of 200 plant and 282 animal species sampled along broad climate and land-use gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro. We show that plant functional diversity is mainly limited by precipitation, while animal functional diversity is primarily limited by temperature. Furthermore, shifts in plant and animal functional diversity along the elevational gradient control the niche breadth and partitioning of the respective other trophic level. These findings reveal that climatic constraints on the functional diversity of either plants or animals determine the relative importance of bottom-up and top-down control in plant-animal interaction networks. KW - Traits-Environment Relationships KW - Species Traits KW - Ecological Networks KW - 4TH-Corner Problem KW - Multiple Traits KW - Bottom-up KW - Biodiversity KW - Community ecology KW - Ecological networks KW - Ecology KW - Ecosystem ecology Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221056 VL - 9 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Odenwald, Johanna A1 - Gabiatti, Bernardo A1 - Braune, Silke A1 - Shen, Siqi A1 - Zoltner, Martin A1 - Kramer, Susanne T1 - Beyond BioID: Streptavidin outcompetes antibody fluorescence signals in protein localization and readily visualises targets evading immunofluorescence detection T2 - eLife N2 - Immunofluorescence is a common method to localise proteins within their cellular context via fluorophore labelled antibodies and for some applications without alternative. However, some protein targets evade detection due to low protein abundance or accessibility issues. In addition, some imaging methods require a massive reduction in antigen density thus impeding detection of even medium-abundant proteins.Here, we show that the fusion of the target protein to TurboID, a biotin ligase labelling lysine residues in close proximity, and subsequent detection of biotinylation by fluorescent streptavidin offers an “all in one” solution to the above-mentioned restrictions. For a wide range of target proteins tested, the streptavidin signal was significantly stronger than an antibody signal, markedly improving the imaging sensitivity in expansion microscopy and correlative light and electron microscopy, with no loss in resolution. Importantly, proteins within phase-separated regions, such as the central channel of the nuclear pores, the nucleolus or RNA granules, were readily detected with streptavidin, while most antibodies fail to label proteins in these environments. When TurboID is used in tandem with an HA epitope tag, co-probing with streptavidin and anti-HA can be used to map antibody-accessibility to certain cellular regions. As a proof of principle, we mapped antibody access to all trypanosome nuclear pore proteins (NUPs) and found restricted antibody labelling of all FG NUPs of the central channel that are known to be phase-separated, while most non-FG Nups could be labelled. Lastly, we show that streptavidin imaging can resolve dynamic, temporally and spatially distinct sub-complexes and, in specific cases, reveal a history of dynamic protein interaction.In conclusion, streptavidin imaging has major advantages for the detection of lowly abundant or inaccessible proteins and in addition, can provide information on protein interactions and biophysical environment. KW - BioID KW - Streptavidin KW - antibody fluorescence signals KW - protein localization KW - immunofluorescence detection Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-360704 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andreska, Thomas A1 - Lüningschrör, Patrick A1 - Wolf, Daniel A1 - McFleder, Rhonda L. A1 - Ayon-Olivas, Maurilyn A1 - Rattka, Marta A1 - Drechsler, Christine A1 - Perschin, Veronika A1 - Blum, Robert A1 - Aufmkolk, Sarah A1 - Granado, Noelia A1 - Moratalla, Rosario A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Monoranu, Camelia A1 - Volkmann, Jens A1 - Ip, Chi Wang A1 - Stigloher, Christian A1 - Sendtner, Michael T1 - DRD1 signaling modulates TrkB turnover and BDNF sensitivity in direct pathway striatal medium spiny neurons JF - Cell Reports N2 - Highlights • Dopamine receptor-1 activation induces TrkB cell-surface expression in striatal neurons • Dopaminergic deficits cause TrkB accumulation and clustering in the ER • TrkB clusters colocalize with cargo receptor SORCS-2 in direct pathway striatal neurons • Intracellular TrkB clusters fail to fuse with lysosomes after dopamine depletion Summary Disturbed motor control is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Cortico-striatal synapses play a central role in motor learning and adaption, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from cortico-striatal afferents modulates their plasticity via TrkB in striatal medium spiny projection neurons (SPNs). We studied the role of dopamine in modulating the sensitivity of direct pathway SPNs (dSPNs) to BDNF in cultures of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-enriched D1-expressing SPNs and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated rats. DRD1 activation causes enhanced TrkB translocation to the cell surface and increased sensitivity for BDNF. In contrast, dopamine depletion in cultured dSPN neurons, 6-OHDA-treated rats, and postmortem brain of patients with PD reduces BDNF responsiveness and causes formation of intracellular TrkB clusters. These clusters associate with sortilin related VPS10 domain containing receptor 2 (SORCS-2) in multivesicular-like structures, which apparently protects them from lysosomal degradation. Thus, impaired TrkB processing might contribute to disturbed motor function in PD. KW - motor learning KW - cortico-striatal synapse KW - basal ganglia KW - direct pathway KW - DRD1 KW - dSPN KW - BDNF KW - TrkB KW - synaptic plasticity KW - GPCR Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349932 VL - 42 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dehmer, Markus T1 - A novel USP11-TCEAL1-mediated mechanism protects transcriptional elongation by RNA Polymerase II T1 - Ein neuer USP11-TCEAL1 vermittelter Mechanismus schützt die transkriptionelle Elongation der RNA Polymerase II N2 - Deregulated expression of MYC oncoproteins is a driving event in many human cancers. Therefore, understanding and targeting MYC protein-driven mechanisms in tumor biology remain a major challenge. Oncogenic transcription in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma leads to the formation of the MYCN-BRCA1-USP11 complex that terminates transcription by evicting stalling RNAPII from chromatin. This reduces cellular stress and allows reinitiation of new rounds of transcription. Basically, tumors with amplified MYC genes have a high demand on well orchestration of transcriptional processes-dependent and independent from MYC proteins functions in gene regulation. To date, the cooperation between promoter-proximal termination and transcriptional elongation in cancer cells remains still incomplete in its understanding. In this study the putative role of the dubiquitinase Ubiquitin Specific Protease 11 (USP11) in transcription regulation was further investigated. First, several USP11 interaction partners involved in transcriptional regulation in neuroblastoma cancer cells were identified. In particular, the transcription elongation factor A like 1 (TCEAL1) protein, which assists USP11 to engage protein-protein interactions in a MYCN-dependent manner, was characterized. The data clearly show that TCEAL1 acts as a pro-transcriptional factor for RNA polymerase II (RNAPII)-medi- ated transcription. In detail, TCEAL1 controls the transcription factor S-II (TFIIS), a factor that assists RNAPII to escape from paused sites. The findings claim that TCEAL1 outcompetes the transcription elongation factor TFIIS in a non-catalytic manner on chromatin of highly expressed genes. This is reasoned by the need regulating TFIIS function in transcription. TCEAL1 equili- brates excessive backtracking and premature termination of transcription caused by TFIIS. Collectively, the work shed light on the stoichiometric control of TFIIS demand in transcriptional regulation via the USP11-TCEAL1-USP7 complex. This complex protects RNAPII from TFIIS-mediated termination helping to regulate productive transcription of highly active genes in neuroblastoma. N2 - Die deregulierte Expression von MYC Onkoproteinen ist ein zentrales Event in vielen huma-nen Krebsarten. Aus diesem Grund sind das Verständnis und die gezielte Bekämpfung MYC-getriebener Mechanismen in der Tumorbiologie nach wie vor eine große Herausforderung. In MYCN-amplifizierten Neuroblastomen führt eine übermäßig hohe Transkriptionsrate zur stress-bedingten Rekrutierung des MYCN-BRCA1-USP11-Komplexes. Dieser Komplex be-endet vorzeitig die Transkription, indem er RNAPII Moleküle vom Chromatin wirft. Durch diesen Mechanismus wird zellulärer Stress reduziert und ermöglicht dadurch einen erneuten Start der Transkription. Grundsätzlich stellen Tumoren mit einer Amplifikation von einem der MYC Proteine hohe Anforderungen an eine feine Abstimmung der einzelnen Schritte in der Transkription. Dies ist sowohl abhängig als auch unabhängig von den bereits beschriebe-nen Funktionen der MYC-Proteine in der Genregulation. Bis heute ist das Zusammenspiel zwischen promoter-proximaler Termination und transkriptioneller Elongation noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt. In dieser Studie wurde eine potenzielle Rolle von USP11 in der Regulation der Transkription weitergehend untersucht. Zunächst wurden mehrere Interaktionspartner von USP11, die an der Regulation der Transkription in Neuroblastom Krebszellen beteiligt sind, identifiziert. Es wurde insbesondere das Transcription Elongation Factor A Like 1 (TCEAL1) Protein charak-terisiert. Dieses Protein unterstützt USP11 dabei, Protein-Protein-Interaktionen MYCN-vermittelt einzugehen. Die Daten zeigen, dass TCEAL1 als pro-transkriptioneller Faktor für die RNA-Polymerase II (RNAPII) -vermittelte Transkription fungiert. Genauer, TCEAL1 kontrolliert den Transkriptionsfaktor S-II (TFIIS), einen Faktor, der der RNAPII dabei hilft, die Transkription nach einem kurzen Pausieren („pausing“) fortzusetzen. Die Ergebnisse zei-gen, dass TCEAL1 den Elongationsfaktor TFIIS auf nicht-katalytische Weise von dem Chromatin von hochexprimierten Genen verdrängt. Dies ist darin begründet, dass die Funkti-on von TFIIS bei der Transkription reguliert werden muss. TCEAL1 gleicht übermäßiges Zurückwandern der RNAPII und die vorzeitige Beendigung der Transkription, das durch TFIIS vermittelt wird, aus. Diese Arbeit gibt Aufschluss über die stöchiometrische Kontrolle des TFIIS-Bedarfs bei der Transkriptionsregulation durch den USP11-TCEAL1-USP7-Komplex. Dieser Komplex schützt die RNAPII vor der TFIIS-vermittelter Termination der Transkription und trägt zur Regulierung einer produktiven Transkription hochaktiver Gene im Neuroblastom bei. KW - Transkription KW - N-Myc KW - Transcription Regulation KW - Pause Release KW - Ubiquitin Specific Protease 11 KW - transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 1 (TCEAL1) KW - RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) KW - Transcriptional Stress Response Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-360544 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schwebs, Marie T1 - Structure and dynamics of the plasma membrane: a single-molecule study in \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\) T1 - Die Struktur und Dynamik der Plasmamembran: eine Einzelmolekülstudie in \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\) N2 - The unicellular, flagellated parasite Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human African sleeping sickness and nagana in livestock. In the last decades, it has become an established eukaryotic model organism in the field of biology, as well as in the interdisciplinary field of biophysics. For instance, the dense variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat offers the possibility to study the dynamics of GPI-anchored proteins in the plasma membrane of living cells. The fluidity of the VSG coat is not only an interesting object of study for its own sake, but is critically important for the survival of the parasite in the mammalian host. In order to maintain the integrity of the coat, the entire VSG coat is recycled within a few minutes. This is surprisingly fast for a purely diffusive process with the flagellar pocket (FP) as the sole site for endo- and exocytosis. Previous studies characterising VSG dynamics using FRAP reported diffusion coefficients that were not sufficient to to enable fast turnover based on passive VSG randomisation on the trypanosome surface. In this thesis, live-cell single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) was employed to elucidate whether VSG diffusion coefficients were priorly underestimated or whether directed forces could be involved to bias VSGs towards the entrance of the FP. Embedding the highly motile trypanosomes in thermo-stable hydrogels facilitated the investigation of VSG dynamics on living trypanosomes at the mammalian host's temperature of 37°C. To allow for a spatial correlation of the VSG dynamics to the FP entrance, a cell line was employed harbouring a fluorescently labelled structure as a reference. Sequential two-colour SMFM was then established to allow for recording and registration of the dynamic and static single-molecule information. In order to characterise VSG dynamics, an algorithm to obtain reliable information from short trajectories was adapted (shortTrAn). It allowed for the quantification of the local dynamics in two distinct scenarios: diffusion and directed motion. The adaptation of the algorithm to the VSG data sets required the introduction of an additional projection filter. The algorithm was further extended to take into account the localisation errors inherent to single-particle tracking. The results of the quantification of diffusion and directed motion were presented in maps of the trypanosome surface, including an outline generated from a super-resolved static structure as a reference. Information on diffusion was displayed in one map, an ellipse plot. The colour code represented the local diffusion coefficient, while the shape of the ellipses provided an indication of the diffusion behaviour (aniso- or isotropic diffusion). The eccentricity of the ellipses was used to quantify deviations from isotropic diffusion. Information on directed motion was shown in three maps: A velocity map, representing the amplitude of the local velocities in a colour code. A quiver plot, illustrating the orientation of directed motion, and a third map which indicated the relative standard error of the local velocities colour-coded. Finally, a guideline based on random walk simulations was used to identify which of the two motion scenarios dominated locally. Application of the guideline to the VSG dynamics analysed by shortTrAn yielded supermaps that showed the locally dominant motion mode colour-coded. I found that VSG dynamics are dominated by diffusion, but several times faster than previously determined. The diffusion behaviour was additionally characterised by spatial heterogeneity. Moreover, isolated regions exhibiting the characteristics of round and elongated traps were observed on the cell surface. Additionally, VSG dynamics were studied with respect to the entrance of the FP. VSG dynamics in this region displayed similar characteristics compared to the remainder of the cell surface and forces biasing VSGs into the FP were not found. Furthermore, I investigated a potential interference of the attachment of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane with the dynamics of VSGs which are anchored to the outer leaflet of the membrane. Preliminary experiments were conducted on osmotically swollen trypanosomes and trypanosomes depleted for a microtubule-associated protein anchoring the subpellicular microtubule cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. The measurements revealed a trend that detachment of the cytoskeleton could be associated with a reduction in the VSG diffusion coefficient and a loss of elongated traps. The latter could be an indication that these isolated regions were caused by underlying structures associated with the cytoskeleton. The measurements on cells with an intact cytoskeleton were complemented by random walk simulations of VSG dynamics with the newly determined diffusion coefficient on long time scales not accessible in experiments. Simulations showed that passive VSG randomisation is fast enough to allow for a turnover of the full VSG coat within a few minutes. According to an estimate based on the known rate of endocytosis and the newly determined VSG diffusion coefficient, the majority of exocytosed VSGs could escape from the FP to the cell surface without being immediately re-endocytosed. N2 - Der einzellige, begeißelte Parasit Trypanosoma brucei ist der Erreger der humanen Afrikanischen Schlafkrankheit und Nagana bei Nutztieren. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hat er sich sowohl in der Biologie als auch im interdisziplinären Bereich der Biophysik als eukaryotischer Modellorganismus etabliert. So bietet der dichte variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) Mantel beispielsweise die Möglichkeit, die Dynamik von GPI-verankerten Proteinen in der Plasmamembran von lebenden Zellen zu untersuchen. Die Fluidität des VSG-Mantels ist nicht nur um ihrer selbst Willen ein interessantes Studienobjekt, sondern auch von entscheidender Bedeutung für das Überleben des Parasiten im Säugetierwirt. Damit die Integrität des Mantels erhalten bleibt, wird der gesamte VSG Mantel kontinuierlich innerhalb weniger Minuten ausgetauscht. Dies ist erstaunlich schnell für einen rein diffusiven Prozess, bei welchem die Geißeltasche (GT) der einzige Ort für Endo- und Exozytose ist. Bisherige Studien zur Charakterisierung der VSG Dynamik mit FRAP ermittelten Diffusionskoeffizienten, welche nicht ausreichten, um einen schnellen Austausch durch eine passive Randomisierung der VSG auf der Trypanosomenoberfläche zu ermöglichen. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Einzelmolekül-Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (EMFM) an lebenden Zellen eingesetzt, um herauszufinden, ob die VSG Diffusionskoeffizienten zuvor unterschätzt wurden oder ob gerichtete Kräfte beteiligt sein könnten, um VSGs zum Eingang der GT zu leiten. Die Einbettung der hochmotilen Trypanosomen in thermostabilen Hydrogelen erlaubte die Analyse der VSG Dynamik auf lebenden Trypanosomen bei einer Temperatur des Säugetierwirts von 37°C. Um eine räumliche Korrelation der VSG Dynamik mit dem Eingang zur GT zu ermöglichen, wurde eine Zelllinie verwendet, die eine fluoreszenzmarkierte Struktur als Referenz besaß. Anschließend wurde die sequenzielle EMFM in zwei Farben etabliert, um sowohl die Aufzeichnung als auch die Registrierung der dynamischen und statischen Einzelmolekülinformationen zu gewährleisten. Um die VSG Dynamik zu charakterisieren, wurde ein Algorithmus zur Gewinnung von zuverlässigen Informationen aus kurzen Trajektorien adaptiert (shortTrAn). Dieser ließ die Quantifizierung der lokalen Dynamik anhand zweier unterschiedlicher Szenarien zu: Diffusion und gerichtete Bewegung. Die Anpassung des Algorithmus an die VSG Datensätze erforderte die Einführung eines zusätzlichen Projektionsfilters. Darüber hinaus wurde der Algorithmus erweitert, um die Lokalisierungsfehler zu berücksichtigen, die bei der Verfolgung von Einzelpartikeln unvermeidbar auftreten. Anschließend wurden die Ergebnisse der Quantifizierung von Diffusion und gerichteter Bewegung in Karten präsentiert, die die Trypanosomenoberfläche abbildeten, einschließlich eines Umrisses, der als Referenz aus einer hochaufgelösten statischen Struktur generiert wurde. Die Informationen zur Diffusion wurden in einer Karte, einem Ellipsenplot, dargestellt. Dabei repräsentierte eine Farbkodierung die lokalen Diffusionskoeffizienten, während die Form der Ellipsen einen Hinweis auf das Diffusionsverhalten (aniso- oder isotrope Diffusion) gab. Die Exzentrizität der Ellipsen wurde hierbei genutzt, um die Abweichung von isotroper Diffusion zu quantifizieren. Die Informationen zur gerichteten Bewegung wurden in drei Karten wiedergegeben: Eine Karte für die Geschwindigkeit zeigte die Amplitude der lokalen Geschwindigkeiten farbkodiert. Ein Köcherplot veranschaulichte die Richtung der Geschwindigkeit und eine dritte Karte zeigte den relativen Standardfehler der lokalen Geschwindigkeiten farblich kodiert an. Abschließend wurde ein auf Random-Walk-Simulationen basierender Leitfaden herangezogen, um zu entscheiden, welches der beiden Szenarien lokal dominierte. Die Anwendung des Leitfadens auf die mit shortTrAn analysierte VSG Dynamik ergab Übersichtskarten, in denen der lokal dominierende Bewegungsmodus farblich kodiert war. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die VSG Dynamik von der Diffusion dominiert wird. Jedoch war diese um ein Vielfaches schneller als bisher angenommen. Das Diffusionsverhalten war zudem durch eine räumliche Heterogenität charakterisiert. Des Weiteren wurden auf der Zelloberfläche isolierte Regionen beobachtet, die die Eigenschaften von runden und länglichen Fallen aufwiesen. Zusätzlich wurde die VSG Dynamik in Bezug auf den Eingang der GT untersucht. Die VSG Dynamik in dieser Region wies ähnliche Kennwerte auf wie die restliche Zelloberfläche, und es konnten keine Kräfte festgestellt werden, welche die VSGs in die GT dirigieren. Des Weiteren habe ich den potenziellen Einfluss der Verankerung des Zytoskeletts an der Plasmamembran auf die Dynamik der VSGs untersucht, die in der äußeren Membranschicht verankert sind. Hierzu wurden vorläufige Experimente auf osmotisch geschwollenen Trypanosomen und Trypanosomen durchgeführt, denen ein Mikrotubuli assoziiertes Protein fehlte, welches das subpellikuläre Mikrotubuli-Zytoskelett an der Plasmamembran verankert. Bei den Messungen wurde ein Trend festgestellt, wonach die Ablösung des Zytoskeletts mit einer Verringerung des VSG Diffusionskoeffizienten und dem Verlust der länglichen Fallen korrelieren könnte. Letzteres könnte ein Hinweis darauf sein, dass diese isolierten Regionen durch darunter liegende, mit dem Zytoskelett verbundene Strukturen verursacht wurden. Die Messungen auf Zellen mit intaktem Zytoskelett wurden durch Random-Walk-Simulationen von VSG Trajektorien mit dem neu ermittelten Diffusionskoeffizienten auf langen, experimentell nicht zugänglichen Zeitskalen ergänzt. Die Simulationen zeigten, dass die passive Randomisierung der VSGs schnell genug ist, um einen Austausch des gesamten VSG Mantels innerhalb weniger Minuten zu ermöglichen. Einer Schätzung zufolge, die auf der bekannten Endozytoserate und dem neu ermittelten VSG Diffusionskoeffizienten basierte, könnte der Großteil der exozytierten VSGs aus der GT zur Zelloberfläche gelangen, ohne unmittelbar wieder endozytiert zu werden. KW - Trypanosoma brucei KW - Einzelmolekülmikroskopie KW - Membranproteine KW - Diffusionskoeffizient KW - Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy KW - Single-molecule tracking KW - Variant surface glycoprotein KW - GPI-anchored protein KW - Diffusion coefficient KW - Zellskelett KW - Zytoskelett Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275699 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meiser, Elisabeth A1 - Mohammadi, Reza A1 - Vogel, Nicolas A1 - Holcman, David A1 - Fenz, Susanne F. T1 - Experiments in micro-patterned model membranes support the narrow escape theory JF - Communications Physics N2 - The narrow escape theory (NET) predicts the escape time distribution of Brownian particles confined to a domain with reflecting borders except for one small window. Applications include molecular activation events in cell biology and biophysics. Specifically, the mean first passage time τ can be analytically calculated from the size of the domain, the escape window, and the diffusion coefficient of the particles. In this study, we systematically tested the NET in a disc by variation of the escape opening. Our model system consisted of micro-patterned lipid bilayers. For the measurement of τ, we imaged diffusing fluorescently-labeled lipids using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. We overcame the lifetime limitation of fluorescent probes by re-scaling the measured time with the fraction of escaped particles. Experiments were complemented by matching stochastic numerical simulations. To conclude, we confirmed the NET prediction in vitro and in silico for the disc geometry in the limit of small escape openings, and we provide a straightforward solution to determine τ from incomplete experimental traces. KW - membrane biophysics KW - single-molecule biophysics Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358121 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Munawar, Umair A1 - Zhou, Xiang A1 - Prommersberger, Sabrina A1 - Nerreter, Silvia A1 - Vogt, Cornelia A1 - Steinhardt, Maximilian J. A1 - Truger, Marietta A1 - Mersi, Julia A1 - Teufel, Eva A1 - Han, Seungbin A1 - Haertle, Larissa A1 - Banholzer, Nicole A1 - Eiring, Patrick A1 - Danhof, Sophia A1 - Navarro-Aguadero, Miguel Angel A1 - Fernandez-Martin, Adrian A1 - Ortiz-Ruiz, Alejandra A1 - Barrio, Santiago A1 - Gallardo, Miguel A1 - Valeri, Antonio A1 - Castellano, Eva A1 - Raab, Peter A1 - Rudert, Maximilian A1 - Haferlach, Claudia A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Hudecek, Michael A1 - Martinez-Lopez, J. A1 - Waldschmidt, Johannes A1 - Einsele, Hermann A1 - Rasche, Leo A1 - Kortüm, K. Martin T1 - Impaired FADD/BID signaling mediates cross-resistance to immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma JF - Communications Biology N2 - The treatment landscape in multiple myeloma (MM) is shifting from genotoxic drugs to immunotherapies. Monoclonal antibodies, immunoconjugates, T-cell engaging antibodies and CART cells have been incorporated into routine treatment algorithms, resulting in improved response rates. Nevertheless, patients continue to relapse and the underlying mechanisms of resistance remain poorly understood. While Impaired death receptor signaling has been reported to mediate resistance to CART in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, this mechanism yet remains to be elucidated in context of novel immunotherapies for MM. Here, we describe impaired death receptor signaling as a novel mechanism of resistance to T-cell mediated immunotherapies in MM. This resistance seems exclusive to novel immunotherapies while sensitivity to conventional anti-tumor therapies being preserved in vitro. As a proof of concept, we present a confirmatory clinical case indicating that the FADD/BID axis is required for meaningful responses to novel immunotherapies thus we report impaired death receptor signaling as a novel resistance mechanism to T-cell mediated immunotherapy in MM. KW - immunotherapy KW - translational research Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357609 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reuter, Christian A1 - Hauf, Laura A1 - Imdahl, Fabian A1 - Sen, Rituparno A1 - Vafadarnejad, Ehsan A1 - Fey, Philipp A1 - Finger, Tamara A1 - Jones, Nicola G. A1 - Walles, Heike A1 - Barquist, Lars A1 - Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel A1 - Groeber-Becker, Florian A1 - Engstler, Markus T1 - Vector-borne Trypanosoma brucei parasites develop in artificial human skin and persist as skin tissue forms JF - Nature Communications N2 - Transmission of Trypanosoma brucei by tsetse flies involves the deposition of the cell cycle-arrested metacyclic life cycle stage into mammalian skin at the site of the fly’s bite. We introduce an advanced human skin equivalent and use tsetse flies to naturally infect the skin with trypanosomes. We detail the chronological order of the parasites’ development in the skin by single-cell RNA sequencing and find a rapid activation of metacyclic trypanosomes and differentiation to proliferative parasites. Here we show that after the establishment of a proliferative population, the parasites enter a reversible quiescent state characterized by slow replication and a strongly reduced metabolism. We term these quiescent trypanosomes skin tissue forms, a parasite population that may play an important role in maintaining the infection over long time periods and in asymptomatic infected individuals. KW - mechanisms of disease KW - parasitology KW - transcriptomics Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358142 VL - 14 ER - TY - THES A1 - Adhikari, Bikash T1 - Targeted degradation of Myc-interacting oncoproteins T1 - Gezielte Degradation von mit Myc interagierenden Onkoproteinen N2 - The hallmark oncoprotein Myc is a major driver of tumorigenesis in various human cancer entities. However, Myc’s structural features make it challenging to develop small molecules against it. A promising strategy to indirectly inhibit the function of Myc is by targeting its interactors. Many Myc-interacting proteins have reported scaffolding functions which are difficult to target using conventional occupancy- driven inhibitors. Thus, in this thesis, the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) approach was used to target two oncoproteins interacting with Myc which promote the oncogenicity of Myc, Aurora-A and WDR5. PROTACs are bifunctional small molecules that bind to the target protein with one ligand and recruit a cellular E3- ligase with the other ligand to induce target degradation via the ubiquitin- proteasome system. So far, the most widely used E3-ligases for PROTAC development are Cereblon (CRBN) and von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL). Furthermore, there are cases of incompatibility between some E3-ligases and proteins to bring about degradation. Hence there is a need to explore new E3- ligases and a demand for a tool to predict degradative E3-ligases for the target protein in the PROTAC field. In the first part, a highly specific mitotic kinase Aurora-A degrader, JB170, was developed. This compound utilized Aurora-A inhibitor alisertib as the target ligand and thalidomide as the E3-ligase CRBN harness. The specificity of JB170 and the ternary complex formation was supported by the interactions between Aurora-A and CRBN. The PROTAC-mediated degradation of Aurora-A induced a distinct S- phase defect rather than mitotic arrest, shown by its catalytic inhibition. The finding demonstrates that Aurora-A has a non-catalytic role in the S-phase. Furthermore, the degradation of Aurora-A led to apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. In the second part, two different series of WDR5 PROTACs based on two protein- protein inhibitors of WDR5 were evaluated. The most efficient degraders from both series recruited VHL as a E3-ligase and showed partial degradation of WDR5. In addition, the degradation efficiency of the PROTACs was significantly affected by the linker nature and length, highlighting the importance of linker length and composition in PROTAC design. The degraders showed modest proliferation defects at best in cancer cell lines. However, overexpression of VHL increased the degradation efficiency and the antiproliferative effect of the PROTACs. In the last part, a rapamycin-based assay was developed to predict the degradative E3-ligase for a target. The assay was validated using the WDR5/VHL and Aurora- A/CRBN pairs. The result that WDR5 is degraded by VHL but not CRBN and Aurora-A is degraded by CRBN, matches observations made with PROTACs. This technique will be used in the future to find effective tissue-specific and essential E3-ligases for targeted degradation of oncoproteins using PROTACs. Collectively, the work presented here provides a strategy to improve PROTAC development and a starting point for developing Aurora-A and WDR5 PROTACs for cancer therapy. N2 - Das Onkoprotein Myc ist ein wichtiger Faktor bei der Tumorentstehung in verschiedenen menschlichen Krebsarten. Die strukturellen Merkmale von Myc machen es jedoch schwierig, kleine Moleküle gegen dieses Protein zu entwickeln. Eine vielversprechende Strategie zur indirekten Hemmung der Funktion von Myc besteht darin, auf seine Interaktoren abzuzielen. Viele Proteine, die mit Myc interagieren, haben Gerüstfunktionen, die mit herkömmlichen Inhibitoren nur schwer zu hemmen sind. Daher wurde in dieser Arbeit der PROTAC-Ansatz (Proteolysis Targeting Chimera) verwendet, um zwei Onkoproteine, die mit Myc interagieren und die Onkogenität von Myc fördern, ins Visier zu nehmen: Aurora-A und WDR5. PROTACs sind bifunktionale kleine Moleküle, die mit einem Liganden an das Zielprotein binden und mit dem anderen Liganden eine zelluläre E3-Ligase rekrutieren, um den Abbau des Zielproteins über das Ubiquitin-Proteasom-System einzuleiten. Die bisher am häufigsten verwendeten E3-Ligasen für die Entwicklung von PROTACs sind Cereblon (CRBN) und der von Hippel-Lindau-Tumorsuppressor (VHL). Außerdem gibt es Fälle von Inkompatibilität zwischen einigen E3-Ligasen und Proteinen, die abgebaut werden sollen. Daher besteht die Notwendigkeit, neue E3-Ligasen zu erforschen und Werkzeuge zur Vorhersage abbauender E3-Ligasen für das Zielprotein zu entwickeln. Im ersten Teil wurde ein hochspezifischer Degrader der mitotischen Kinase Aurora-A, JB170, entwickelt. Bei dieser Verbindung wurde der Aurora-A-Inhibitor Alisertib als Zielligand und Thalidomid als Binder für die E3-Ligase CRBN verwendet. Die Spezifität von JB170 und die ternäre Komplexbildung wurden durch die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Aurora-A und CRBN unterstützt. Der durch PROTAC vermittelte Abbau von Aurora-A führte zu einem deutlichen Defekt in der S-Phase und nicht zu einem mitotischen Stillstand, wie es für dessen katalytische Hemmung beobachtet wurde. Dies zeigt, dass Aurora-A eine nicht-katalytische Funktion in der S-Phase hat. Außerdem führte der Abbau von Aurora-A in verschiedenen Krebszelllinien zur Apoptose. Im zweiten Teil wurden zwei verschiedene Serien von WDR5 PROTACs auf der Grundlage von zwei Protein-Protein-Inhibitoren von WDR5 untersucht. Die effizientesten Degrader aus beiden Serien rekrutierten VHL als E3-Ligase und zeigten einen teilweisen Abbau von WDR5. Darüber hinaus wurde die Abbaueffizienz der PROTACs erheblich von der Art und Länge des Linkers beeinflusst, was die Bedeutung der Linkerlänge und -zusammensetzung bei der Entwicklung von PROTACs unterstreicht. Die Abbauprodukte zeigten bestenfalls bescheidene Proliferationsdefekte in Krebszelllinien. Eine Überexpression von VHL erhöhte jedoch die Abbaueffizienz und den antiproliferativen Effekt der PROTACs. Im letzten Teil wurde ein auf Rapamycin basierender Assay entwickelt, um die abbauende E3-Ligase für ein Target vorherzusagen. Der Assay wurde anhand der Paare WDR5/VHL und Aurora-A/CRBN validiert. Das Ergebnis, dass WDR5 von VHL, aber nicht von CRBN abgebaut wird und Aurora-A von CRBN abgebaut wird, stimmt mit den Beobachtungen überein, die mit PROTACs gemacht wurden. Diese Technik wird in Zukunft eingesetzt werden, um wirksame gewebespezifische und essentielle E3-Ligasen für den gezielten Abbau von Onkoproteinen mit Hilfe von PROTACs zu finden. Insgesamt bieten die hier vorgestellten Arbeiten eine Strategie zur Verbesserung der PROTAC-Entwicklung und einen Ausgangspunkt für die Entwicklung von Aurora-A- und WDR5-PROTACs für die Krebstherapie. KW - Degradation KW - PROTACs KW - Oncoprotein KW - Cancer KW - Onkoprotein Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317326 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meinert, Madlen A1 - Jessen, Christina A1 - Hufnagel, Anita A1 - Kreß, Julia Katharina Charlotte A1 - Burnworth, Mychal A1 - Däubler, Theo A1 - Gallasch, Till A1 - Da Xavier Silva, Thamara Nishida A1 - Dos Santos, Ancély Ferreira A1 - Ade, Carsten Patrick A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Friedmann Angeli, José Pedro A1 - Meierjohann, Svenja T1 - Thiol starvation triggers melanoma state switching in an ATF4 and NRF2-dependent manner JF - Redox Biology N2 - The cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT is an important source of cysteine for cancer cells. Once taken up, cystine is reduced to cysteine and serves as a building block for the synthesis of glutathione, which efficiently protects cells from oxidative damage and prevents ferroptosis. As melanomas are particularly exposed to several sources of oxidative stress, we investigated the biological role of cysteine and glutathione supply by xCT in melanoma. xCT activity was abolished by genetic depletion in the Tyr::CreER; Braf\(^{CA}\); Pten\(^{lox/+}\) melanoma model and by acute cystine withdrawal in melanoma cell lines. Both interventions profoundly impacted melanoma glutathione levels, but they were surprisingly well tolerated by murine melanomas in vivo and by most human melanoma cell lines in vitro. RNA sequencing of human melanoma cells revealed a strong adaptive upregulation of NRF2 and ATF4 pathways, which orchestrated the compensatory upregulation of genes involved in antioxidant defence and de novo cysteine biosynthesis. In addition, the joint activation of ATF4 and NRF2 triggered a phenotypic switch characterized by a reduction of differentiation genes and induction of pro-invasive features, which was also observed after erastin treatment or the inhibition of glutathione synthesis. NRF2 alone was capable of inducing the phenotypic switch in a transient manner. Together, our data show that cystine or glutathione levels regulate the phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells by elevating ATF4 and NRF2. KW - thiol starvation KW - ATF4 KW - NRF2 KW - melanoma Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-350328 VL - 70 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreß, Julia Katharina Charlotte A1 - Jessen, Christina A1 - Hufnagel, Anita A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Da Xavier Silva, Thamara Nishida A1 - Ferreira Dos Santos, Ancély A1 - Mosteo, Laura A1 - Goding, Colin R. A1 - Friedmann Angeli, José Pedro A1 - Meierjohann, Svenja T1 - The integrated stress response effector ATF4 is an obligatory metabolic activator of NRF2 JF - Cell Reports N2 - Highlights • The integrated stress response leads to a general ATF4-dependent activation of NRF2 • ATF4 causes a CHAC1-dependent GSH depletion, resulting in NRF2 stabilization • An elevation of NRF2 transcript levels fosters this effect • NRF2 supports the ISR/ATF4 pathway by improving cystine and antioxidant supply Summary The redox regulator NRF2 becomes activated upon oxidative and electrophilic stress and orchestrates a response program associated with redox regulation, metabolism, tumor therapy resistance, and immune suppression. Here, we describe an unrecognized link between the integrated stress response (ISR) and NRF2 mediated by the ISR effector ATF4. The ISR is commonly activated after starvation or ER stress and plays a central role in tissue homeostasis and cancer plasticity. ATF4 increases NRF2 transcription and induces the glutathione-degrading enzyme CHAC1, which we now show to be critically important for maintaining NRF2 activation. In-depth analyses reveal that NRF2 supports ATF4-induced cells by increasing cystine uptake via the glutamate-cystine antiporter xCT. In addition, NRF2 upregulates genes mediating thioredoxin usage and regeneration, thus balancing the glutathione decrease. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the NRF2 response serves as second layer of the ISR, an observation highly relevant for the understanding of cellular resilience in health and disease. KW - NRF2 KW - ATF4 KW - integrated stress response KW - CHAC1 KW - melanoma KW - SLC7A11 KW - GSH Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-350312 VL - 42 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maihoff, Fabienne A1 - Sahler, Simone A1 - Schoger, Simon A1 - Brenzinger, Kristof A1 - Kallnik, Katharina A1 - Sauer, Nikki A1 - Bofinger, Lukas A1 - Schmitt, Thomas A1 - Nooten, Sabine S. A1 - Classen, Alice T1 - Cuticular hydrocarbons of alpine bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Bombus) are species-specific, but show little evidence of elevation-related climate adaptation JF - Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution N2 - Alpine bumble bees are the most important pollinators in temperate mountain ecosystems. Although they are used to encounter small-scale successions of very different climates in the mountains, many species respond sensitively to climatic changes, reflected in spatial range shifts and declining populations worldwide. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) mediate climate adaptation in some insects. However, whether they predict the elevational niche of bumble bees or their responses to climatic changes remains poorly understood. Here, we used three different approaches to study the role of bumble bees’ CHCs in the context of climate adaptation: using a 1,300 m elevational gradient, we first investigated whether the overall composition of CHCs, and two potentially climate-associated chemical traits (proportion of saturated components, mean chain length) on the cuticle of six bumble bee species were linked to the species’ elevational niches. We then analyzed intraspecific variation in CHCs of Bombus pascuorum along the elevational gradient and tested whether these traits respond to temperature. Finally, we used a field translocation experiment to test whether CHCs of Bombus lucorum workers change, when translocated from the foothill of a cool and wet mountain region to (a) higher elevations, and (b) a warm and dry region. Overall, the six species showed distinctive, species-specific CHC profiles. We found inter- and intraspecific variation in the composition of CHCs and in chemical traits along the elevational gradient, but no link to the elevational distribution of species and individuals. According to our expectations, bumble bees translocated to a warm and dry region tended to express longer CHC chains than bumble bees translocated to cool and wet foothills, which could reflect an acclimatization to regional climate. However, chain lengths did not further decrease systematically along the elevational gradient, suggesting that other factors than temperature also shape chain lengths in CHC profiles. We conclude that in alpine bumble bees, CHC profiles and traits respond at best secondarily to the climate conditions tested in this study. While the functional role of species-specific CHC profiles in bumble bees remains elusive, limited plasticity in this trait could restrict species’ ability to adapt to climatic changes. KW - pollinators KW - altitudinal gradient KW - cuticular hydrocarbon KW - desiccation KW - mountain KW - global change KW - translocation experiment KW - drought stress Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304420 SN - 2296-701X VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Ruiqi A1 - Friedrich, Mike A1 - Hemmen, Katherina A1 - Jansen, Kerstin A1 - Adolfi, Mateus C. A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Heinze, Katrin G. T1 - Dimerization of melanocortin 4 receptor controls puberty onset and body size polymorphism JF - Frontiers in Endocrinology N2 - Xiphophorus fish exhibit a clear phenotypic polymorphism in puberty onset and reproductive strategies of males. In X. nigrensis and X. multilineatus, puberty onset is genetically determined and linked to a melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) polymorphism of wild-type and mutant alleles on the sex chromosomes. We hypothesized that Mc4r mutant alleles act on wild-type alleles by a dominant negative effect through receptor dimerization, leading to differential intracellular signaling and effector gene activation. Depending on signaling strength, the onset of puberty either occurs early or is delayed. Here, we show by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) that wild-type Xiphophorus Mc4r monomers can form homodimers, but also heterodimers with mutant receptors resulting in compromised signaling which explains the reduced Mc4r signaling in large males. Thus, hetero- vs. homo- dimerization seems to be the key molecular mechanism for the polymorphism in puberty onset and body size in male fish. KW - fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy KW - Förster Resonance Energy Transfer KW - Mc4r KW - puberty KW - Xiphophorus Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-354261 SN - 1664-2392 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Luther, Christian H. A1 - Brandt, Philipp A1 - Vylkova, Slavena A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Dittrich, Marcus T1 - Integrated analysis of SR-like protein kinases Sky1 and Sky2 links signaling networks with transcriptional regulation in Candida albicans JF - Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology N2 - Fungal infections are a major global health burden where Candida albicans is among the most common fungal pathogen in humans and is a common cause of invasive candidiasis. Fungal phenotypes, such as those related to morphology, proliferation and virulence are mainly driven by gene expression, which is primarily regulated by kinase signaling cascades. Serine-arginine (SR) protein kinases are highly conserved among eukaryotes and are involved in major transcriptional processes in human and S. cerevisiae. Candida albicans harbors two SR protein kinases, while Sky2 is important for metabolic adaptation, Sky1 has similar functions as in S. cerevisiae. To investigate the role of these SR kinases for the regulation of transcriptional responses in C. albicans, we performed RNA sequencing of sky1Δ and sky2Δ and integrated a comprehensive phosphoproteome dataset of these mutants. Using a Systems Biology approach, we study transcriptional regulation in the context of kinase signaling networks. Transcriptomic enrichment analysis indicates that pathways involved in the regulation of gene expression are downregulated and mitochondrial processes are upregulated in sky1Δ. In sky2Δ, primarily metabolic processes are affected, especially for arginine, and we observed that arginine-induced hyphae formation is impaired in sky2Δ. In addition, our analysis identifies several transcription factors as potential drivers of the transcriptional response. Among these, a core set is shared between both kinase knockouts, but it appears to regulate different subsets of target genes. To elucidate these diverse regulatory patterns, we created network modules by integrating the data of site-specific protein phosphorylation and gene expression with kinase-substrate predictions and protein-protein interactions. These integrated signaling modules reveal shared parts but also highlight specific patterns characteristic for each kinase. Interestingly, the modules contain many proteins involved in fungal morphogenesis and stress response. Accordingly, experimental phenotyping shows a higher resistance to Hygromycin B for sky1Δ. Thus, our study demonstrates that a combination of computational approaches with integration of experimental data can offer a new systems biological perspective on the complex network of signaling and transcription. With that, the investigation of the interface between signaling and transcriptional regulation in C. albicans provides a deeper insight into how cellular mechanisms can shape the phenotype. KW - sky kinases KW - kinase signaling KW - network analysis KW - transcriptome KW - transcriptional regulation KW - phosphoproteome KW - Candida albicans Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-311771 SN - 2235-2988 VL - 13 ER - TY - THES A1 - Englmeier, Jana T1 - Consequences of climate change and land-use intensification for decomposer communities and decomposition processes T1 - Folgen von Klimawandel und intensiver Landnutzung für Zersetzergemeinschaften und Abbauprozesse N2 - The increase in intensively used areas and climate change are direct and indirect consequences of anthropogenic actions, caused by a growing population and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The number of research studies, investigating the effects of land use and climate change on ecosystems, including flora, fauna, and ecosystem services, is steadily growing. This thesis contributes to this research area by investigating land-use and climate effects on decomposer communities (arthropods and microbes) and the ecosystem service ‘decomposition of dead material’. Chapter II deals with consequences of intensified land use and climate change for the ecosystem service ‘decomposition of dead organic material’ (necromass). Considering the severe decline in insects, we experimentally excluded insects from half of the study objects. The decomposition of both dung and carrion was robust to land-use changes. Dung decomposition, moreover, was unaffected by temperature and the presence/ absence of insects. Along the altitudinal gradient, however, highest dung decomposition was observed at medium elevation between 600 and 700 m above sea level (although insignificant). As a consequence, we assume that at this elevation there is an ideal precipitation:temperature ratio for decomposing organisms, such as earthworms or collembolans. Carrion decomposition was accelerated by increasing elevation and by the presence of insects, indicating that increasing variability in climate and an ongoing decline in insects could modify decomposition processes and consequently natural nutrient cycles. Moreover, we show that different types of dead organic material respond differently to environmental factors and should be treated separately in future studies. In Chapter III, we investigated land-use and climate effects on dung-visiting beetles and their resource specialization. Here, all beetles that are preferentially found on dung, carrion or other rotten material were included. Both α- and γ-diversity were strongly reduced in agricultural and urban areas. High precipitation reduced dung-visiting beetle abundance, whereas γ-diversity was lowest in the warmest regions. Resource specialization decreased with increasing temperatures. The results give evidence that land use as well as climate can alter dung-visiting beetle diversity and resource specialization and may hence influence the natural balance of beetle communities and their contribution to the ecosystem service ‘decomposition of dead material’. The following chapter, Chapter IV, contributes to the findings in Chapter II. Here, carrion decomposition is not only explained by land-use intensity and climate but also by diversity and community composition of two taxonomic groups found on carrion, beetles and bacteria. The results revealed a strong correlation between bacteria diversity and community composition with temperature. Carrion decomposition was to a great extent directed by bacterial community composition and precipitation. The role of beetles was neglectable in carrion decomposition. With this study, I show that microbes, despite their microscopic size, direct carrion decomposition and may not be neglected in future decomposition studies. In Chapter V a third necromass type is investigated, namely deadwood. The aim was to assess climate and land-use effects on deadwood-inhabiting fungi and bacteria. Main driver for microbial richness (measured as number of OTUs) was climate, including temperature and precipitation. Warmer climates promoted the diversity of bacteria, whereas fungi richness was unaffected by temperature. In turn, fungi richness was lower in urban landscapes compared to near-natural landscapes and bacteria richness was higher on meadows than on forest sites. Fungi were extremely specialized on their host tree, independent of land use and climate. Bacteria specialization, however, was strongly directed by land use and climate. These results underpin previous studies showing that fungi are highly specialized in contrast to bacteria and add new insights into the robustness of fungi specialization to climate and land use. I summarize that climate as well as intensive land use influence biodiversity. Temperature and precipitation, however, had positive and negative effects on decomposer diversity, while anthropogenic land use had mostly negative effects on the diversity of decomposers. N2 - Die Zunahme intensiv genutzter Landschaften und der Klimawandel sind direkte und indirekte Folgen menschlichen Handelns, verursacht durch eine wachsende Weltbevölkerung und zunehmende Mengen an Treibhausgasen. Die Zahl der wissenschaftlichen Studien, die sich mit den Veränderungen der Umwelt und den Konsequenzen für Ökosysteme, einschließlich Flora, Fauna und Ökosystemleistungen auseinandersetzen, steigt stetig. Mit dieser Thesis möchte ich meinen Beitrag zu diesem wichtigen und aktuellen Forschungsgebiet leisten. Dazu untersuche ich die Auswirkungen von Landnutzung und Klima auf die Ökosystemleistung „Zersetzung toten organischen Materials“ (Nekromasse) und die Auswirkungen auf die daran beteiligten Arthropoden- und Mikrobengemeinschaften. Kapitel II dieser Thesis setzt sich mit den Konsequenzen von intensiver Landnutzung und Klimawandel für die Ökosystemleistung „Zersetzung toten Materials“ auseinander. Unter Anbetracht des globalen Insektenrückgangs, wurde dieser Aspekt anhand eines Insektenausschluss-Experimentes zusätzlich simuliert. Es stellt sich heraus, dass sowohl der Abbau von Dung als auch von Aas sehr robust gegenüber landschaftlicher Nutzung war. Zudem blieb der Abbau von Dung unberührt von Temperaturänderungen und dem Ausschluss von Insekten. Entlang eines Höhengradienten wurde hingegen ein Trend zu einem unimodalen Muster mit maximaler Zersetzung bei ca. 600-700 m ü.M. beobachtet. Dieser Trend lässt vermuten, dass in dieser Höhe das Verhältnis von Niederschlag und Temperatur ideal für Dung zersetzende Gemeinschaften ist. Aas hingegen wurde in zunehmender Höhe und unter der Beteiligung von Insekten schneller zersetzt, was verdeutlich, dass Klimaänderungen und ein ansteigender Insektenrückgang starke Auswirkungen auf die Zersetzung von Aas und somit auf Nährstoffkreisläufe haben können. Hierbei wurde zudem ersichtlich, dass verschiedene Typen von Nekromasse unterschiedlich auf Umweltparameter reagieren und daher in künftigen Studien und Auswertungen separat betrachtet werden sollten. Kapitel III behandelt die Auswirkungen von Landnutzung und Klima auf die Biodiversität und Spezialisierung von Käfergemeinschaften an Dung. Hierbei wurden sämtliche Käfer berücksichtigt, welche vor allem an Dung, Aas oder sonstigem faulenden Material gefunden werden können. Sowohl α- als auch γ-Diversität von diesen Käfern wurde durch Agrarlandschaften und urbane Gebiete stark reduziert. Hohe Niederschlagsmengen wirkten sich negativ auf die Abundanz von Dungkäfern aus, wohingegen die γ-Diversität in warmen Regionen am niedrigsten war. Der Grad der Spezialisierung von Käfergemeinschaften auf verschiedene Dungressourcen nahm mit abnehmenden Temperaturen zu. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass sowohl intensive Landnutzung als auch Klimaveränderungen Auswirkungen auf die Diversität und den Spezialisierungsgrad von Käfergemeinschaften an Dung haben können und somit das ökologische Gleichgewicht der Dungkäfergemeinschaften und ihren Ökosystemfunktionen beeinflussen können. Das darauffolgende Kapitel IV stellt eine Ergänzung zu Kapitel II dar. Hier wird die Zersetzung von Aas nicht nur anhand von Landnutzung und Klima erklärt, sondern auch anhand der α-Diversität und der Artenzusammensetzung von Käfern und Bakterien an Aas diskutiert. Es zeigte sich, dass Abundanz und Artenzusammensetzung der Bakteriengemeinschaft an Aas vor allem von der Temperatur abhingen. Außerdem wurde die Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit maßgeblich von der Bakteriengemeinschaft und der Niederschlagsmenge bestimmt. Mit dieser Studie konnte ich zeigen, dass Bakterien trotz ihrer mikroskopischen Größe maßgeblich an der Zersetzung von Aas beteiligt sind und diese in Zersetzungsversuchen nicht vernachlässigt werden sollten. Das letzte Kapitel, Kapitel V, befasst sich mit den Konsequenzen von intensiver Landnutzung und Klimawandel auf mikrobielle Gemeinschaften in Totholz. Untersucht wurden hier sowohl Bakterien- als auch Pilzgemeinschaften. Haupttreiber der Artenvielfalt für beide Gruppen (gemessen als Anzahl an OTUs) war das Klima (Niederschlag und Temperatur). Ein wärmeres Klima kam der Vielfalt von Bakterien zugute, wohingegen die Pilzvielfalt nicht tangiert wurde. Außerdem reagierten Pilze negativ auf urbane Landnutzung, Bakterienvielfalt in Totholz war auf Wiesen jedoch höher als im Wald. Vor allem Pilze zeigten eine sehr starke Bindung zu ihrem Wirtsbaum, welche auch von äußeren Einflüssen wie Landnutzung und Klima nicht beeinflusst werden konnte. Die Spezialisierung von Bakterien hingegen wurde stark von Landnutzung und Klima beeinflusst. Diese Ergebnisse untermauern frühere Studien, die besagen, dass Pilze hoch spezialisiert sind und geben neue Erkenntnisse zur Robustheit der Spezialisierung gegenüber Landnutzungsintensität und Klima. Zusammenfassend kann ich sagen, dass sowohl Klima als auch Landnutzung Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität haben. Während Temperatur und Niederschlag jedoch positive so wie negative Effekte hatten, wirkte sich anthropogene Landnutzung überwiegend negativ auf die Diversität von Zersetzergemeinschaften aus. KW - Mikroorganismus KW - decomposition KW - Klimaänderung KW - Zersetzungsprozess KW - microbes KW - dead organic material KW - Mikroben Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-313994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Hao A1 - Zhao, Xiufeng A1 - Hochrein, Sophia M. A1 - Eckstein, Miriam A1 - Gubert, Gabriela F. A1 - Knöpper, Konrad A1 - Mansilla, Ana Maria A1 - Öner, Arman A1 - Doucet-Ladevèze, Remi A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Ghesquière, Bart A1 - Theurich, Sebastian A1 - Dudek, Jan A1 - Gasteiger, Georg A1 - Zernecke, Alma A1 - Kobold, Sebastian A1 - Kastenmüller, Wolfgang A1 - Vaeth, Martin T1 - Mitochondrial dysfunction promotes the transition of precursor to terminally exhausted T cells through HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic reprogramming JF - Nature Communications N2 - T cell exhaustion is a hallmark of cancer and persistent infections, marked by inhibitory receptor upregulation, diminished cytokine secretion, and impaired cytolytic activity. Terminally exhausted T cells are steadily replenished by a precursor population (Tpex), but the metabolic principles governing Tpex maintenance and the regulatory circuits that control their exhaustion remain incompletely understood. Using a combination of gene-deficient mice, single-cell transcriptomics, and metabolomic analyses, we show that mitochondrial insufficiency is a cell-intrinsic trigger that initiates the functional exhaustion of T cells. At the molecular level, we find that mitochondrial dysfunction causes redox stress, which inhibits the proteasomal degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and promotes the transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming of Tpex cells into terminally exhausted T cells. Our findings also bear clinical significance, as metabolic engineering of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is a promising strategy to enhance the stemness and functionality of Tpex cells for cancer immunotherapy. KW - cytotoxic T cells KW - infection KW - lymphocyte differentiation KW - translational research Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358052 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Mitesser, Oliver A1 - Schaefer, H. Martin A1 - Seibold, Sebastian A1 - Busse, Annika A1 - Kriegel, Peter A1 - Rabl, Dominik A1 - Gelis, Rudy A1 - Arteaga, Alejandro A1 - Freile, Juan A1 - Leite, Gabriel Augusto A1 - de Melo, Tomaz Nascimento A1 - LeBien, Jack A1 - Campos-Cerqueira, Marconi A1 - Blüthgen, Nico A1 - Tremlett, Constance J. A1 - Böttger, Dennis A1 - Feldhaar, Heike A1 - Grella, Nina A1 - Falconí-López, Ana A1 - Donoso, David A. A1 - Moriniere, Jerome A1 - Buřivalová, Zuzana T1 - Soundscapes and deep learning enable tracking biodiversity recovery in tropical forests JF - Nature Communications N2 - Tropical forest recovery is fundamental to addressing the intertwined climate and biodiversity loss crises. While regenerating trees sequester carbon relatively quickly, the pace of biodiversity recovery remains contentious. Here, we use bioacoustics and metabarcoding to measure forest recovery post-agriculture in a global biodiversity hotspot in Ecuador. We show that the community composition, and not species richness, of vocalizing vertebrates identified by experts reflects the restoration gradient. Two automated measures – an acoustic index model and a bird community composition derived from an independently developed Convolutional Neural Network - correlated well with restoration (adj-R² = 0.62 and 0.69, respectively). Importantly, both measures reflected composition of non-vocalizing nocturnal insects identified via metabarcoding. We show that such automated monitoring tools, based on new technologies, can effectively monitor the success of forest recovery, using robust and reproducible data. KW - animal behaviour KW - conservation biology Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358130 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beetz, M. Jerome A1 - Kraus, Christian A1 - el Jundi, Basil T1 - Neural representation of goal direction in the monarch butterfly brain JF - Nature Communications N2 - Neural processing of a desired moving direction requires the continuous comparison between the current heading and the goal direction. While the neural basis underlying the current heading is well-studied, the coding of the goal direction remains unclear in insects. Here, we used tetrode recordings in tethered flying monarch butterflies to unravel how a goal direction is represented in the insect brain. While recording, the butterflies maintained robust goal directions relative to a virtual sun. By resetting their goal directions, we found neurons whose spatial tuning was tightly linked to the goal directions. Importantly, their tuning was unaffected when the butterflies changed their heading after compass perturbations, showing that these neurons specifically encode the goal direction. Overall, we here discovered invertebrate goal-direction neurons that share functional similarities to goal-direction cells reported in mammals. Our results give insights into the evolutionarily conserved principles of goal-directed spatial orientation in animals. KW - animal behaviour KW - navigation KW - neuroscience Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358073 VL - 14 ER -