TY - JOUR A1 - Winter, Carla A1 - Kern, Florian A1 - Gall, Dominik A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Käthner, Ivo T1 - Immersive virtual reality during gait rehabilitation increases walking speed and motivation: a usability evaluation with healthy participants and individuals with multiple sclerosis and stroke JF - Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation N2 - Background: The rehabilitation of gait disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke is often based on conventional treadmill training. Virtual reality (VR)-based treadmill training can increase motivation and improve therapy outcomes. The present study evaluated an immersive virtual reality application (using a head-mounted display, HMD) for gait rehabilitation with patients to (1) demonstrate its feasibility and acceptance and to (2) compare its short-term effects to a semi-immersive presentation (using a monitor) and a conventional treadmill training without VR to assess the usability of both systems and estimate the effects on walking speed and motivation. Methods: In a within-subjects study design, 36 healthy participants and 14 persons with MS or stroke participated in each of the three experimental conditions (VR via HMD, VR via monitor, treadmill training without VR). Results: For both groups, the walking speed in the HMD condition was higher than in treadmill training without VR and in the monitor condition. Healthy participants reported a higher motivation after the HMD condition as compared with the other conditions. Importantly, no side effects in the sense of simulator sickness occurred and usability ratings were high. No increases in heart rate were observed following the VR conditions. Presence ratings were higher for the HMD condition compared with the monitor condition for both user groups. Most of the healthy study participants (89%) and patients (71%) preferred the HMD-based training among the three conditions and most patients could imagine using it more frequently. Conclusions For the first time, the present study evaluated the usability of an immersive VR system for gait rehabilitation in a direct comparison with a semi-immersive system and a conventional training without VR with healthy participants and patients. The study demonstrated the feasibility of combining a treadmill training with immersive VR. Due to its high usability and low side effects, it might be particularly suited for patients to improve training motivation and training outcome e. g. the walking speed compared with treadmill training using no or only semi-immersive VR. Immersive VR systems still require specific technical setup procedures. This should be taken into account for specific clinical use-cases during a cost-benefit assessment. KW - rehabilitation KW - gait disorder KW - virtual reality KW - multiple sclerosis KW - stroke KW - head-mounted display KW - motivation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258698 SN - 1743-0003 VL - 18 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winter, Michael A1 - Pryss, Rüdiger A1 - Probst, Thomas A1 - Reichert, Manfred T1 - Applying Eye Movement Modeling Examples to guide novices' attention in the comprehension of process models JF - Brain Sciences N2 - Process models are crucial artifacts in many domains, and hence, their proper comprehension is of importance. Process models mediate a plethora of aspects that are needed to be comprehended correctly. Novices especially face difficulties in the comprehension of process models, since the correct comprehension of such models requires process modeling expertise and visual observation capabilities to interpret these models correctly. Research from other domains demonstrated that the visual observation capabilities of experts can be conveyed to novices. In order to evaluate the latter in the context of process model comprehension, this paper presents the results from ongoing research, in which gaze data from experts are used as Eye Movement Modeling Examples (EMMEs) to convey visual observation capabilities to novices. Compared to prior results, the application of EMMEs improves process model comprehension significantly for novices. Novices achieved in some cases similar performances in process model comprehension to experts. The study's insights highlight the positive effect of EMMEs on fostering the comprehension of process models. KW - Business Process Models KW - Process Model Comprehension KW - Eye Movement Modeling Examples KW - eye tracking KW - human-centered design KW - cognition Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222966 SN - 2076-3425 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winter, Patrick M. A1 - Andelovic, Kristina A1 - Kampf, Thomas A1 - Hansmann, Jan A1 - Jakob, Peter Michael A1 - Bauer, Wolfgang Rudolf A1 - Zernecke, Alma A1 - Herold, Volker T1 - Simultaneous measurements of 3D wall shear stress and pulse wave velocity in the murine aortic arch JF - Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance N2 - Purpose Wall shear stress (WSS) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) are important parameters to characterize blood flow in the vessel wall. Their quantification with flow-sensitive phase-contrast (PC) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), however, is time-consuming. Furthermore, the measurement of WSS requires high spatial resolution, whereas high temporal resolution is necessary for PWV measurements. For these reasons, PWV and WSS are challenging to measure in one CMR session, making it difficult to directly compare these parameters. By using a retrospective approach with a flexible reconstruction framework, we here aimed to simultaneously assess both PWV and WSS in the murine aortic arch from the same 4D flow measurement. Methods Flow was measured in the aortic arch of 18-week-old wildtype (n = 5) and ApoE\(^{−/−}\) mice (n = 5) with a self-navigated radial 4D-PC-CMR sequence. Retrospective data analysis was used to reconstruct the same dataset either at low spatial and high temporal resolution (PWV analysis) or high spatial and low temporal resolution (WSS analysis). To assess WSS, the aortic lumen was labeled by semi-automatically segmenting the reconstruction with high spatial resolution. WSS was determined from the spatial velocity gradients at the lumen surface. For calculation of the PWV, segmentation data was interpolated along the temporal dimension. Subsequently, PWV was quantified from the through-plane flow data using the multiple-points transit-time method. Reconstructions with varying frame rates and spatial resolutions were performed to investigate the influence of spatiotemporal resolution on the PWV and WSS quantification. Results 4D flow measurements were conducted in an acquisition time of only 35 min. Increased peak flow and peak WSS values and lower errors in PWV estimation were observed in the reconstructions with high temporal resolution. Aortic PWV was significantly increased in ApoE\(^{−/−}\) mice compared to the control group (1.7 ± 0.2 versus 2.6 ± 0.2 m/s, p < 0.001). Mean WSS magnitude values averaged over the aortic arch were (1.17 ± 0.07) N/m\(^2\) in wildtype mice and (1.27 ± 0.10) N/m\(^2\) in ApoE\(^{−/−}\) mice. Conclusion The post processing algorithm using the flexible reconstruction framework developed in this study permitted quantification of global PWV and 3D-WSS in a single acquisition. The possibility to assess both parameters in only 35 min will markedly improve the analyses and information content of in vivo measurements. KW - 4D flow KW - pulse wave velocity KW - wall shear stress KW - radial KW - self-navigation KW - mouse KW - aortic arch KW - atherosclerosis KW - mice KW - flow KW - plaque KW - CMR KW - quantification KW - microscopy Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259152 VL - 23 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wischnewsky, Manfred A1 - Schwentner, Lukas A1 - Diessner, Joachim A1 - De Gregorio, Amelie A1 - Joukhadar, Ralf A1 - Davut, Dayan A1 - Salmen, Jessica A1 - Bekes, Inga A1 - Kiesel, Matthias A1 - Müller-Reiter, Max A1 - Blettner, Maria A1 - Wolters, Regine A1 - Janni, Wolfgang A1 - Kreienberg, Rolf A1 - Wöckel, Achim A1 - Ebner, Florian T1 - BRENDA-Score, a hghly significant, internally and externally validated prognostic marker for metastatic recurrence: analysis of 10,449 primary breast cancer patients JF - Cancers N2 - Background Current research in breast cancer focuses on individualization of local and systemic therapies with adequate escalation or de-escalation strategies. As a result, about two-thirds of breast cancer patients can be cured, but up to one-third eventually develop metastatic disease, which is considered incurable with currently available treatment options. This underscores the importance to develop a metastatic recurrence score to escalate or de-escalate treatment strategies. Patients and methods Data from 10,499 patients were available from 17 clinical cancer registries (BRENDA-project. In total, 8566 were used to develop the BRENDA-Index. This index was calculated from the regression coefficients of a Cox regression model for metastasis-free survival (MFS). Based on this index, patients were categorized into very high, high, intermediate, low, and very low risk groups forming the BRENDA-Score. Bootstrapping was used for internal validation and an independent dataset of 1883 patients for external validation. The predictive accuracy was checked by Harrell's c-index. In addition, the BRENDA-Score was analyzed as a marker for overall survival (OS) and compared to the Nottingham prognostic score (NPS). Results: Intrinsic subtypes, tumour size, grading, and nodal status were identified as statistically significant prognostic factors in the multivariate analysis. The five prognostic groups of the BRENDA-Score showed highly significant (p < 0.001) differences regarding MFS:low risk: hazard ratio (HR) = 2.4, 95%CI (1.7–3.3); intermediate risk: HR = 5.0, 95%CI.(3.6–6.9); high risk: HR = 10.3, 95%CI (7.4–14.3) and very high risk: HR = 18.1, 95%CI (13.2–24.9). The external validation showed congruent results. A multivariate Cox regression model for OS with BRENDA-Score and NPS as covariates showed that of these two scores only the BRENDA-Score is significant (BRENDA-Score p < 0.001; NPS p = 0.447). Therefore, the BRENDA-Score is also a good prognostic marker for OS. Conclusion: The BRENDA-Score is an internally and externally validated robust predictive tool for metastatic recurrence in breast cancer patients. It is based on routine parameters easily accessible in daily clinical care. In addition, the BRENDA-Score is a good prognostic marker for overall survival. Highlights: The BRENDA-Score is a highly significant predictive tool for metastatic recurrence of breast cancer patients. The BRENDA-Score is stable for at least the first five years after primary diagnosis, i.e., the sensitivities and specificities of this predicting system is rather similar to the NPI with AUCs between 0.76 and 0.81 the BRENDA-Score is a good prognostic marker for overall survival. KW - breast cancer KW - risk KW - prediction KW - BRENDA KW - score KW - follow up Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241064 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 13 IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittkowski, Joachim A1 - Scheuchenpflug, Rainer T1 - Evidence on the Conceptual Distinctness of Normal Grief From Depression BT - A Multi-Faceted Analysis of Differential Validity JF - European Journal of Health Psychology N2 - Background: The distinctness of grief from depression has been the subject of a long scholarly debate, even influencing definitions of diagnostic criteria. Aims: This study aims at clarifying the issue by a multifaceted analysis of data from a large German sample. Method: A community sample of 406 bereaved persons answered the Wuerzburg Grief Inventory (WGI), a multidimensional grief questionnaire designed to measure normal grief in the German language, and the General Depression Scale – Short Version (GDS-S), a self-report depression scale. Data were analyzed by factor analysis to identify structural (dis-)similarities of the constructs, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the influence of the factors relationship to the deceased, type of death, and time since loss on grief measures and depression scores. Results: Factor analysis clustered items referring to grief-related impairments and depression into one factor, items referring to other dimensions of grief on separate factors, however. Relationship to the deceased influenced the grief measures impairments and nearness to the deceased, but not depression scores if controlled for impairments. Type of death showed specific effects on grief scores, but not on depression scores. Time since loss influenced grief scores, but not depression scores. Limitations: The analysis is based on a self-selected community sample of grieving persons, self-report measures, and in part, on cross-sectional data. Conclusion: Factor analysis and objective data show a clear distinction of dimensions of grief and depression. The human experience of grief contains a sense of nearness to the lost person, feelings of guilt, and positive aspects of the loss experience in addition to components resembling depression. KW - depression KW - grief KW - time since loss KW - type of death KW - Wuerzburg Grief Inventory (WGI) Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236531 SN - 2512-8442 SN - 2512-8450 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 101-110 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wobser, Marion A1 - Roth, Sabine A1 - Appenzeller, Silke A1 - Houben, Roland A1 - Schrama, David A1 - Goebeler, Matthias A1 - Geissinger, Eva A1 - Rosenwald, Andreas A1 - Maurus, Katja T1 - Targeted deep sequencing of mycosis fungoides reveals intracellular signaling pathways associated with aggressiveness and large cell transformation JF - Cancers N2 - Introduction: Large-cell transformation (LCT) of mycosis fungoides (MF) has been associated with a higher risk of relapse and progression and, consequently, restricted prognosis. Its molecular pathogenesis has not been elucidated yet. Materials and Methods: In order to address molecular mechanisms of LCT, we performed hybrid capture panel-based sequencing of skin biopsies from 10 patients suffering from MF with LCT versus 17 patients without LCT including follow-up biopsies during clinical course, respectively (51 samples in total). The analyzed patients were attributed to three different groups based on the presence of LCT and clinical behavior. Results: While indolent MF cases without LCT did not show pathogenic driver mutations, a high rate of oncogenic alterations was detected in patients with LCT and aggressive clinical courses. Various genes of different oncogenic signaling pathways, including the MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, as well as epigenetic modifiers were affected. A high inter-individual and distinctive intra-individual mutation diversity was observed. Oncogenic RAS mutations were exclusively detected in patients with LCT. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that LCT transition of MF is associated with increased frequency of somatic mutations in cancer-associated genes. In particular, the activation of RAS signaling — together with epigenetic dysregulation — may crucially contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of the LCT phenotype, thus conveying its adverse clinical behavior. KW - mycosis fungoides KW - cutaneous T-cell-lymphoma KW - panel sequencing KW - large cell transformation KW - CD30 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250094 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 13 IS - 21 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wohlfart, Jonas A1 - Holzgrabe, Ulrike T1 - Analysis of histamine and sisomicin in gentamicin: search for the causative agents of adverse effects JF - Archiv der Pharmazie N2 - In 1998, the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin sulfate caused several cases of deaths in the United States, after the switch from twice- to once-daily application. Endotoxins were discussed as the cause for the adverse effects and sisomicin was identified as the lead impurity; batches containing sisomicin were contaminated with more impurities and were responsible for the fatalities. In 2016, anaphylactic reactions in horses, and later in humans with one fatality, were observed after application of gentamicin sulfate contaminated with histamine. To determine whether histamine was responsible for the 1990s death cases as well, histamine was quantified by means of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in 30 samples of gentamicin sulfate analyzed in previous studies. Furthermore, a relative quantification of sisomicin was performed to check for a correlation between histamine and the lead impurity. A maximum amount of 11.52 ppm histamine was detected, which is below the limit for anaphylactic reactions of 16 ppm, and no correlation of the two impurities was observed. However, the European Medicines Agency recommends a stricter limit with regard to the maximum single dose of gentamicin sulfate to reach a greater gap between the maximum histamine exposition of 4.3 µg and the quantity known to cause hypotension of 7 µg. The low amounts of histamine and the fact that there is no connection with the contamination with sisomicin showed that histamine was not the cause for the death cases in the United States in 1998, and endotoxins remain the most probable explanation. KW - chemistry KW - sisomicin KW - drug impurities KW - gentamicin sulfate KW - histamine KW - LC-MS/MS Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256596 VL - 354 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wohlwend, Michael R. A1 - Craven, Dylan A1 - Weigelt, Patrick A1 - Seebens, Hanno A1 - Winter, Marten A1 - Kreft, Holger A1 - Zurell, Damaris A1 - Sarmento Cabral, Juliano A1 - Essl, Franz A1 - van Kleunen, Mark A1 - Pergl, Jan A1 - Pyšek, Petr A1 - Knight, Tiffany M. T1 - Anthropogenic and environmental drivers shape diversity of naturalized plants across the Pacific JF - Diversity and Distributions N2 - Aim The Pacific exhibits an exceptional number of naturalized plant species, but the drivers of this high diversity and the associated compositional patterns remain largely unknown. Here, we aim to (a) improve our understanding of introduction and establishment processes and (b) evaluate whether this information is sufficient to create scientific conservation tools, such as watchlists. Location Islands in the Pacific Ocean, excluding larger islands such as New Zealand, Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia. Methods We combined information from the most up‐to‐date data sources to quantify naturalized plant species richness and turnover across island groups and investigate the effects of anthropogenic, biogeographic and climate drivers on these patterns. In total, we found 2,672 naturalized plant species across 481 islands and 50 island groups, with a total of 11,074 records. Results Most naturalized species were restricted to few island groups, and most island groups have a low number of naturalized species. Island groups with few naturalized species were characterized by a set of widespread naturalized species. Several plant families that contributed many naturalized species globally also did so in the Pacific, particularly Fabaceae and Poaceae. However, many families were significantly over‐ or under‐represented in the Pacific naturalized flora compared to other regions of the world. Naturalized species richness increased primarily with increased human activity and island altitude/area, whereas similarity between island groups in temperature along with richness differences was most important for beta diversity. Main conclusions The distribution and richness of naturalized species can be explained by a small set of drivers. The Pacific region contains many naturalized plant species also naturalized in other regions in the world, but our results highlight key differences such as a stronger role of anthropogenic drivers in shaping diversity patterns. Our results establish a basis for predicting and preventing future naturalizations in a threatened biodiversity hotspot. KW - anthropogenic drivers KW - beta diversity KW - island biogeography KW - naturalized species KW - Pacific Ocean KW - plant invasion Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239925 VL - 27 IS - 6 SP - 1120 EP - 1133 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, Matthias T1 - How to teach about what is a species JF - Biology N2 - To ask students what a species is always has something rhetorical about it. Too quickly comes the rote answer, often learned by heart without ever thinking about it: “A species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others), which occupies a specific niche in nature” (Mayr 1982). However, do two people look alike because they are twins or are they twins because they look alike? “Two organisms do not belong to the same species because they mate and reproduce, but they only are able to do so because they belong to the same species” (Mahner and Bunge 1997). Unfortunately, most biology (pre-university) teachers have no opinion on whether species are real or conceptual, simply because they have never been taught the question themselves, but rather one answer they still pass on to their students today, learned by heart without ever thinking about it. Species are either real or conceptual and, in my opinion, it is this “or” that we should teach about. Only then can we discuss those fundamental questions such as who or what is selected, who or what evolves and, finally, what is biodiversity and phylogenetics all about? Individuals related to each other by the tree of life. KW - biospecies KW - species as individuals KW - species as natural kinds KW - species concept KW - species problem Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241052 SN - 2079-7737 VL - 10 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wroński, Piotr Andrzej A1 - Wyborski, Paweł A1 - Musiał, Anna A1 - Podemski, Paweł A1 - Sęk, Grzegorz A1 - Höfling, Sven A1 - Jabeen, Fauzia T1 - Metamorphic Buffer Layer Platform for 1550 nm Single-Photon Sources Grown by MBE on (100) GaAs Substrate JF - Materials N2 - We demonstrate single-photon emission with a low probability of multiphoton events of 5% in the C-band of telecommunication spectral range of standard silica fibers from molecular beam epitaxy grown (100)-GaAs-based structure with InAs quantum dots (QDs) on a metamorphic buffer layer. For this purpose, we propose and implement graded In content digitally alloyed InGaAs metamorphic buffer layer with maximal In content of 42% and GaAs/AlAs distributed Bragg reflector underneath to enhance the extraction efficiency of QD emission. The fundamental limit of the emission rate for the investigated structures is 0.5 GHz based on an emission lifetime of 1.95 ns determined from time-resolved photoluminescence. We prove the relevance of a proposed technology platform for the realization of non-classical light sources in the context of fiber-based quantum communication applications. KW - single-photon source KW - quantum dots KW - telecommunication spectral range KW - metamorphic buffer layer Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246145 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 14 IS - 18 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wu, Dong T1 - Aspects of Gender in The Unofficial History of the Scholars T1 - Aspekte des Geschlechts am Roman《Rulin waishi》 N2 - The present study focuses on Rulin waishi 儒林外史 (The Unofficial History of the Scholars), a well-known Qing novel, from the perspective of gender. It attempts to contribute to the discussion about Chinese masculinity by identifying the representation of the scholars' masculinity in Rulin waishi and offer a better understanding of the novel's position regarding femininity and women. This project shows that the novel nevertheless reflects rather than challenges gender ideologies of its time. The ideal manhood showed in the novel comprises real virtues and authentic learning. It goes against the traditional, orthodox Confucian masculinity which advocates that officialdom is the glorious path to fulfill a learned man's masculinity. It is mainly due to Wu Jingzi's own failure in the civil service examinations and official careers. Regarding the relation of masculinity and sexuality, the novel reveals that a masculine man is not tempted by female charm but can enjoy a harmonious and companionate marriage. Besides, scholars show great anxiety about their masculinity since they are in a marginal position in society. Their manliness is challenged by officials, merchants, and even commoners, as well as their colleagues. Through a careful examination of stories of Pinniang, Miss Lu, and Mrs. Wang, it reveals that the novel holds a conventional opinion on women although it criticizes widow suicide and shows an egalitarian husband-wife relationship. It praises Confucian womanly virtues, such as following and serving the husband, managing the household, and keeping chastity. Female sexuality is blamed as an evil temptation to lead men to go astray. Women’s learning gains legitimacy when serving to fulfill domestic responsibilities. It carries the Confucian message that men should take the lead and maintain order in the household and reinforces the rightful patriarchy. In a word, rather than go ahead of its time, Rulin waishi holds a conservative attitude towards gender issues. N2 - Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Rulin waishi (Die inoffizielle Geschichte der Gelehrten), einen bekannten Qing-Roman aus der Perspektive des Geschlechts. Es versucht, zur Diskussion über die chinesische Männlichkeit beizutragen, indem es die Repräsentation der Männlichkeit der Gelehrten in Rulin waishi identifiziert und ein besseres Verständnis der Position des Romans in Bezug auf Weiblichkeit und Frauen bietet. Dieses Projekt zeigt, dass der Roman die Geschlechterideologien seiner Zeit widerspiegelt und nicht in Frage stellt. Die im Roman gezeigte ideale Männlichkeit umfasst echte Tugenden und authentisches Lernen. Es widerspricht der traditionellen, orthodoxen konfuzianischen Männlichkeit, die befürwortet, dass das Amt der herrliche Weg ist, um die Männlichkeit eines gelehrten Mannes zu erfüllen. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf Wu Jingzis eigenes Versagen bei den Prüfungen im öffentlichen Dienst und bei offiziellen Karrieren zurückzuführen. In Bezug auf das Verhältnis von Männlichkeit und Sexualität zeigt der Roman, dass ein männlicher Mann nicht vom weiblichen Charme verführt wird, sondern eine harmonische und kameradschaftliche Ehe führen kann. Außerdem zeigen sich Wissenschaftler sehr besorgt über ihre Männlichkeit, da sie in der Gesellschaft eine marginale Position einnehmen. Ihre Männlichkeit wird von Beamten, Kaufleuten und sogar Bürgern sowie ihren Kollegen in Frage gestellt. Durch eine sorgfältige Untersuchung der Geschichten von Pinniang, Miss Lu und Mrs. Wang wird deutlich, dass der Roman eine konventionelle Meinung zu Frauen vertritt, obwohl er den Selbstmord von Witwen kritisiert und eine egalitäre Beziehung zwischen Mann und Frau zeigt. Es lobt konfuzianische weibliche Tugenden, wie dem Ehemann zu folgen und ihm zu dienen, den Haushalt zu führen und die Keuschheit zu bewahren. Weibliche Sexualität wird als böse Versuchung beschuldigt, Männer in die Irre zu führen. Das Lernen von Frauen gewinnt an Legitimität, wenn es dazu dient, häusliche Pflichten zu erfüllen. Es trägt die konfuzianische Botschaft, dass Männer die Führung übernehmen und die Ordnung im Haushalt aufrechterhalten sollten, und stärkt das rechtmäßige Patriarchat. Mit einem Wort, Rulin waishi ist seiner Zeit gegenüber konservativ eingestellt, anstatt seiner Zeit voraus zu sein. KW - Rulin waishi KW - The Unofficial History of the Scholars KW - gender KW - masculinity KW - femininity Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219202 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Zhu A1 - Nitsch, Jörn A1 - Marder, Todd B. T1 - Persistent room-temperature phosphorence from purely organic molecules and multi-component systems JF - Advanced Optical Materials N2 - Recently, luminophores showing efficient room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have gained tremendous interest due to their numerous applications. However, most phosphors are derived from transition metal complexes because of their intrinsic fast intersystem crossing (ISC) induced by strong spin–orbit coupling (SOC) constants of the heavy metal. Metal-free RTP materials are rare and have become a promising field because they are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. This review summarizes organic molecular materials with long triplet lifetimes at room temperature from the perspective of whether they stem from a molecular or multi-component system. Among purely organic phosphors, heteroatoms are usually introduced into the backbone in order to boost the singlet–triplet ISC rate constant. In multi-component systems, useful strategies such as host–guest, polymer matrix, copolymerization, and supramolecular assembly provide a rigid matrix to restrict nonradiative pathways thus realizing ultralong RTP. KW - inorganic chemistry KW - non-radiative decay KW - polymer matrix KW - intersystem crossing KW - luminescence KW - photophysics Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256415 VL - 9 IS - 20 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wyborski, Paweł A1 - Musiał, Anna A1 - Mrowiński, Paweł A1 - Podemski, Paweł A1 - Baumann, Vasilij A1 - Wroński, Piotr A1 - Jabeen, Fauzia A1 - Höfling, Sven A1 - Sęk, Grzegorz T1 - InP-substrate-based quantum dashes on a DBR as single-photon emitters at the third telecommunication window JF - Materials N2 - We investigated emission properties of photonic structures with InAs/InGaAlAs/InP quantum dashes grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a distributed Bragg reflector. In high-spatial-resolution photoluminescence experiment, well-resolved sharp spectral lines are observed and single-photon emission is detected in the third telecommunication window characterized by very low multiphoton events probabilities. The photoluminescence spectra measured on simple photonic structures in the form of cylindrical mesas reveal significant intensity enhancement by a factor of 4 when compared to a planar sample. These results are supported by simulations of the electromagnetic field distribution, which show emission extraction efficiencies even above 18% for optimized designs. When combined with relatively simple and undemanding fabrication approach, it makes this kind of structures competitive with the existing solutions in that spectral range and prospective in the context of efficient and practical single-photon sources for fiber-based quantum networks applications. KW - single-photon emitter KW - III–V quantum dot KW - telecommunication spectral range KW - photonic structure KW - extraction efficiency Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228773 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 14 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Würthner, Frank A1 - Meza-Chincha, Ana-Lucia A1 - Schindler, Dorothee A1 - Natali, Mirco T1 - Effects of Photosensitizers and Reaction Media on Light‐Driven Water Oxidation with Trinuclear Ruthenium Macrocycles JF - ChemPhotoChem N2 - Photocatalytic water oxidation is a promising process for the production of solar fuels and the elucidation of factors that influence this process is of high significance. Thus, we have studied in detail light‐driven water oxidation with a trinuclear Ru(bda) (bda: 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6,6’‐dicarboxylate) macrocycle MC3 and its highly water soluble derivative m‐CH\(_2\)NMe\(_2\)‐MC3 using a series of ruthenium tris(bipyridine) complexes as photosensitizers under varied reaction conditions. Our investigations showed that the catalytic activities of these Ru macrocycles are significantly affected by the choice of photosensitizer (PS) and reaction media, in addition to buffer concentration, light intensity and concentration of the sensitizer. Our steady‐state and transient spectroscopic studies revealed that the photocatalytic performance of trinuclear Ru(bda) macrocycles is not limited by their intrinsic catalytic activities but rather by the efficiency of photogeneration of oxidant PS\(^+\) and its ability to act as an oxidizing agent to the catalysts as both are strongly dependent on the choice of photosensitizer and the amount of employed organic co‐solvent. KW - photosenitizers KW - water oxidation KW - ruthenium complexes KW - macrocycles KW - trinuclear KW - homogenous catalysis KW - photocatalysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230116 VL - 5 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Würthner, Frank A1 - Noll, Niklas T1 - A Calix[4]arene‐Based Cyclic Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex for Light‐Driven Catalytic Water Oxidation JF - Chemistry - A European Journal N2 - A cyclic dinuclear ruthenium(bda) (bda: 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6,6’‐dicarboxylate) complex equipped with oligo(ethylene glycol)‐functionalized axial calix[4]arene ligands has been synthesized for homogenous catalytic water oxidation. This novel Ru(bda) macrocycle showed significantly increased catalytic activity in chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation compared to the archetype mononuclear reference [Ru(bda)(pic)\(_2\)]. Kinetic investigations, including kinetic isotope effect studies, disclosed a unimolecular water nucleophilic attack mechanism of this novel dinuclear water oxidation catalyst (WOC) under the involvement of the second coordination sphere. Photocatalytic water oxidation with this cyclic dinuclear Ru complex using [Ru(bpy)\(_3\)]Cl\(_2\) as a standard photosensitizer revealed a turnover frequency of 15.5 s\(^{−1}\) and a turnover number of 460. This so far highest photocatalytic performance reported for a Ru(bda) complex underlines the potential of this water‐soluble WOC for artificial photosynthesis. KW - water KW - oxidation KW - ruthenium KW - dinuclear KW - catalytic KW - artificial photosynthesis KW - homogenous catalysis KW - photocatalysis KW - ruthenium complexes KW - water oxidation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230030 UR - https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.202004486 VL - 27 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Yang, Tao T1 - Functional insights into the role of a bacterial virulence factor and a host factor in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection T1 - Funktionelle Einblicke in die Rolle eines bakteriellen Virulenzfaktors und eines Wirtsfaktors bei der Infektion mit Neisseria gonorrhoeae N2 - Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) is a human specific pathogenic bacterium. Currently, N. gonorrhoeae developed resistance to virtually all the available antibiotics used for treatment. N. gonorrhoeae starts infection by colonizing the cell surface, followed by invasion of the host cell, intracellular persistence, transcytosis and exit into the subepithelial space. Subepithelial bacteria can reach the bloodstream and disseminate to other tissues causing systemic infections, which leads to serious conditions such as arthritis and pneumonia. A number of studies have well established the host-pathogen interactions during the initial adherence and invasion steps. However, the mechanism of intracellular survival and traversal is poorly understood so far. Hence, identification of novel bacterial virulence factors and host factors involved in the host-pathogen interaction is a crucial step in understanding disease development and uncovering novel therapeutic approaches. Besides, most of the previous studies about N. gonorrhoeae were performed in the conventional cell culture. Although they have provided insights into host-pathogen interactions, much information about the native infection microenvironment, such as cell polarization and barrier function, is still missing. This work focused on determining the function of novel bacterial virulence factor NGFG_01605 and host factor (FLCN) in gonococcal infection. NGFG_01605 was identified by Tn5 transposon library screening. It is a putative U32 protease. Unlike other proteins in this family, it is not secreted and has no ex vivo protease activity. NGFG_01605 knockout decreases gonococcal survival in the epithelial cell. 3D models based on T84 cell was developed for the bacterial transmigration assay. NGFG_01605 knockout does not affect gonococcal transmigration. The novel host factor FLCN was identified by shRNA library screening in search for factors that affected gonococcal adherence and/or internalization. We discovered that FLCN did not affect N. gonorrhoeae adherence and invasion but was essential for bacterial survival. Since programmed cell death is a host defence mechanism against intracellular pathogens, we further explored apoptosis and autophagy upon gonococcal infection and determined that FLCN did not affect apoptosis but inhibited autophagy. Moreover, we found that FLCN inhibited the expression of E-cadherin. Knockdown of E- cadherin decreased the autophagy flux and supported N. gonorrhoeae survival. Both non-polarized and polarized cells are present in the cervix, and additionally, E-cadherin represents different polarization properties on these different cells. Therefore, we established 3-D models to better understand the functions of FLCN. We discovered that FLCN was critical for N. gonorrhoeae survival in the 3-D environment as well, but not through inhibiting autophagy. Furthermore, FLCN inhibits the E-cadherin expression and disturbs its polarization in the 3-D models. Since N. gonorrhoeae can cross the epithelial cell barriers through both cell-cell junctions and transcellular migration, we further explored the roles FLCN and E-cadherin played in transmigration. FLCN delayed N. gonorrhoeae transmigration, whereas the knockdown of E-cadherin increased N. gonorrhoeae transmigration. In summary, we revealed roles of the NGFG_01605 and FLCN-E-cadherin axis play in N. gonorrhoeae infection, particularly in relation to intracellular survival and transmigration. This is also the first study that connects FLCN and human-specific pathogen infection. N2 - Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) ist ein humanpathogenes Bakterium. Gegen jedes kommerziell erhältliche Antibiotikum konnten bereits Resistenzen entdeckt werden. Die Infektion von Neisserien startet mit der Kolonisierung der Zelloberfläche, gefolgt von der Invasion in die Zelle, intrazellulärer Persistenz, Transzytose und Verlassen des subepithelen Raums. Subepithele Bakterien können den Blutfluss erreichen und sich somit auf andere Gewebe verbreiten und dadurch schwerwiegende Erkrankungen wie Arthritis und Lungenentzündungen verursachen. Zahlreiche Studien haben die Interaktion zwischen Wirtszelle und Pathogen zwischen Adhärenz und Invasion gut charakterisiert. Allerdings ist der Mechanismus des intrazellulären Überlebens und der Transmigration weitestgehend unbekannt. Um neue therapeutische Ansätze zu definieren ist es deshalb wichtig weitere bakterielle und zelluläre Faktoren verantwortlich für Interaktionen zwischen Wirt und Pathogen zu identifizieren. Außerdem wurden Studien über N. gonorrhoeae bisher in konventioneller Zellkultur durchgeführt. Auch wenn diese weitere Einsichten in Wirt-Pathogen Interaktionen geben, ist viel Information in der nativen Infektionsumgebung, wie Zellpolarisierung oder Barrierefunktionen, bisher nicht bekannt. Diese Arbeit fokussiert sich auf die Bestimmung eines neuen bakteriellen Virulenzfaktors, NGFG_01605, und Wirtsfaktoren (FLCN) in der Infektion von Gonokokken. NGFG_01605 wurde über Screening einer Transposonsammlung identifiziert und ist eine vermeintliche U32 Protease. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Proteinen dieser Familie, wird diese Protease nicht sekretiert und hat keine ex vivo Proteaseaktivität. Der Knockout von NGFG_01605 vermindert die Überlebensrate von Gonokokken in Epithelzellen. 3D-Modelle basierend auf T84-Zellen wurden für die Analyse der bakteriellen Transmigration entwickelt. Der Knockout von NGFG_01605 hat keinen Einfluss auf die Transmigration. Bei der Suche neuer Wirtsfaktoren, die für die Adhärenz und/oder Internalisierung wichtig sind, wurde FLCN durch ein Screening einer shRNA Sammlung entdeckt. Wir konnten zeigen, dass dieser Faktor zwar nicht für die Adhärenz oder Invasion von N. gonorrhoeae, aber für das Überleben der Bakterien in der Wirtszelle essenziell ist. Da der programmierte Zelltod ein typischer Abwehrmechanismus gegen intrazelluläre Bakterien ist, haben wir Apoptose und Autophagie weiter untersucht und konnten zeigen, dass FLCN zwar keinen Effekt auf Apoptose hat, aber Autophagie inhibiert. Außerdem konnten wir zeigen, dass FLCN die Expression von E-cadherin inhibiert. Auch der Knockdown von E-cadherin verringerte Autophagie und erhöhte das Überleben von N. gonorrhoeae. Im Gebärmutterhals sind sowohl polarisierte als auch nicht-polarisierte Zellen präsent. E-cadherin hat zudem unterschiedliche Einflüsse auf diese unterschiedlichen Zellen. Aus diesem Grund haben wir ein 3D-Modell entwickelt, um die Funktionen von FLCN besser zu verstehen. Wir entdeckten, dass FLCN zwar auch im 3D Modell wichtig für das Überleben ist, aber nicht durch Inhibition von Autophagie. Außerdem inhibiert FLCN die Expression und Verteilung von E-cadherin in 3D-Modellen. Da N. gonorrhoeae die Epithelzellbarierre durch sowohl Zell-Zell-Kontakte als auch transzelluläre Migration überwinden kann, untersuchten wir daraufhin die Rollen von FLCN und E-cadherin in der transzellulären Migration. Diese wird durch FLCN verspätet und durch Knockdown von E-cadherin erhöht. Zusammengefasst, haben wir die Rolle von NGFG_01605 und den Zusammenhang von FLCN und E-cadherin während der Infektion von N. gonorrhoeae untersucht. Unser Fokus war hierbei das intrazelluläre Überleben sowie zelluläre Transmigration. Diese Arbeit ist die Erste, die FLCN und humanpathogenspezifische Infektion miteinander in Verbindung bringt. KW - Folliculin KW - autophagy KW - polarized epithelium KW - protease KW - Gonococcal invasion KW - autophagocytose Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208959 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ye, Liqing A1 - Ambi, Uddhav B. A1 - Olguin-Nava, Marco A1 - Gribling-Burrer, Anne-Sophie A1 - Ahmad, Shazeb A1 - Bohn, Patrick A1 - Weber, Melanie M. A1 - Smyth, Redmond P. T1 - RNA structures and their role in selective genome packaging JF - Viruses N2 - To generate infectious viral particles, viruses must specifically select their genomic RNA from milieu that contains a complex mixture of cellular or non-genomic viral RNAs. In this review, we focus on the role of viral encoded RNA structures in genome packaging. We first discuss how packaging signals are constructed from local and long-range base pairings within viral genomes, as well as inter-molecular interactions between viral and host RNAs. Then, how genome packaging is regulated by the biophysical properties of RNA. Finally, we examine the impact of RNA packaging signals on viral evolution. KW - RNA virus KW - RNA KW - RNA structure KW - genome packaging KW - viral assembly KW - evolution Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246101 SN - 1999-4915 VL - 13 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ye, Mingyu A1 - Keicher, Markus A1 - Gentschev, Ivaylo A1 - Szalay, Aladar A. T1 - Efficient selection of recombinant fluorescent vaccinia virus strains and rapid virus titer determination by using a multi-well plate imaging system JF - Biomedicines N2 - Engineered vaccinia virus (VACV) strains are used extensively as vectors for the development of novel cancer vaccines and cancer therapeutics. In this study, we describe for the first time a high-throughput approach for both fluorescent rVACV generation and rapid viral titer measurement with the multi-well plate imaging system, IncuCyte\(^®\)S3. The isolation of a single, well-defined plaque is critical for the generation of novel recombinant vaccinia virus (rVACV) strains. Unfortunately, current methods of rVACV engineering via plaque isolation are time-consuming and laborious. Here, we present a modified fluorescent viral plaque screening and selection strategy that allows one to generally obtain novel fluorescent rVACV strains in six days, with a minimum of just four days. The standard plaque assay requires chemicals for fixing and staining cells. Manual plaque counting based on visual inspection of the cell culture plates is time-consuming. Here, we developed a fluorescence-based plaque assay for quantifying the vaccinia virus that does not require a cell staining step. This approach is less toxic to researchers and is reproducible; it is thus an improvement over the traditional assay. Lastly, plaque counting by virtue of a fluorescence-based image is very convenient, as it can be performed directly on the computer. KW - fluorescent recombinant vaccinia virus KW - plaque isolation KW - IncuCyte\(^®\)S3 KW - plaque assay Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245104 SN - 2227-9059 VL - 9 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ye, Mingyu A1 - Wilhelm, Martina A1 - Gentschev, Ivaylo A1 - Szalay, Aladár T1 - A modified limiting dilution method for monoclonal stable cell line selection using a real-time fluorescence imaging system: A practical workflow and advanced applications JF - Methods and Protocols N2 - Stable cell lines are widely used in laboratory research and pharmaceutical industry. They are mainly applied in recombinant protein and antibody productions, gene function studies, drug screens, toxicity assessments, and for cancer therapy investigation. There are two types of cell lines, polyclonal and monoclonal origin, that differ regarding their homogeneity and heterogeneity. Generating a high-quality stable cell line, which can grow continuously and carry a stable genetic modification without alteration is very important for most studies, because polyclonal cell lines of multicellular origin can be highly variable and unstable and lead to inconclusive experimental results. The most commonly used technologies of single cell originate monoclonal stable cell isolation in laboratory are fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) sorting and limiting dilution cloning. Here, we describe a modified limiting dilution method of monoclonal stable cell line selection using the real-time fluorescence imaging system IncuCyte\(^®\)S3. KW - monoclonal stable cell KW - limiting dilution cloning KW - ncuCyte\(^®\)S3 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228896 VL - 4 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yu, Yidong A1 - Wolf, Ann-Katrin A1 - Thusek, Sina A1 - Heinekamp, Thorsten A1 - Bromley, Michael A1 - Krappmann, Sven A1 - Terpitz, Ulrich A1 - Voigt, Kerstin A1 - Brakhage, Axel A. A1 - Beilhack, Andreas T1 - Direct Visualization of Fungal Burden in Filamentous Fungus-Infected Silkworms JF - Journal of Fungi N2 - Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are difficult to diagnose and to treat and, despite several available antifungal drugs, cause high mortality rates. In the past decades, the incidence of IFIs has continuously increased. More recently, SARS-CoV-2-associated lethal IFIs have been reported worldwide in critically ill patients. Combating IFIs requires a more profound understanding of fungal pathogenicity to facilitate the development of novel antifungal strategies. Animal models are indispensable for studying fungal infections and to develop new antifungals. However, using mammalian animal models faces various hurdles including ethical issues and high costs, which makes large-scale infection experiments extremely challenging. To overcome these limitations, we optimized an invertebrate model and introduced a simple calcofluor white (CW) staining protocol to macroscopically and microscopically monitor disease progression in silkworms (Bombyx mori) infected with the human pathogenic filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Lichtheimia corymbifera. This advanced silkworm A. fumigatus infection model could validate knockout mutants with either attenuated, strongly attenuated or unchanged virulence. Finally, CW staining allowed us to efficiently visualize antifungal treatment outcomes in infected silkworms. Conclusively, we here present a powerful animal model combined with a straightforward staining protocol to expedite large-scale in vivo research of fungal pathogenicity and to investigate novel antifungal candidates. KW - fungal infection model KW - calcofluor white staining KW - Aspergillus KW - Lichtheimia KW - silkworm Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228855 SN - 2309-608X VL - 7 IS - 2 ER -