TY - JOUR A1 - Wagner, Toni U. A1 - Fischer, Andreas A1 - Thoma, Eva C. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - CrossQuery : A Web Tool for Easy Associative Querying of Transcriptome Data N2 - Enormous amounts of data are being generated by modern methods such as transcriptome or exome sequencing and microarray profiling. Primary analyses such as quality control, normalization, statistics and mapping are highly complex and need to be performed by specialists. Thereafter, results are handed back to biomedical researchers, who are then confronted with complicated data lists. For rather simple tasks like data filtering, sorting and cross-association there is a need for new tools which can be used by non-specialists. Here, we describe CrossQuery, a web tool that enables straight forward, simple syntax queries to be executed on transcriptome sequencing and microarray datasets. We provide deepsequencing data sets of stem cell lines derived from the model fish Medaka and microarray data of human endothelial cells. In the example datasets provided, mRNA expression levels, gene, transcript and sample identification numbers, GO-terms and gene descriptions can be freely correlated, filtered and sorted. Queries can be saved for later reuse and results can be exported to standard formats that allow copy-and-paste to all widespread data visualization tools such as Microsoft Excel. CrossQuery enables researchers to quickly and freely work with transcriptome and microarray data sets requiring only minimal computer skills. Furthermore, CrossQuery allows growing association of multiple datasets as long as at least one common point of correlated information, such as transcript identification numbers or GO-terms, is shared between samples. For advanced users, the object-oriented plug-in and event-driven code design of both server-side and client-side scripts allow easy addition of new features, data sources and data types. KW - CrossQuery Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76088 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wolski, Stefanie Carola T1 - Structural and functional characterization of nucleotide excision repair proteins T1 - Strukturelle und funktionelle Charakterisierung von Nucleotid-Exzisions-Reparatur Proteinen N2 - XPD is a 5‘-3‘ helicase of the superfamily 2. As part of the transcription factor IIH it functions in transcription initiation and nucleotide excision repair. This work focus on the role of XPD in nucleotide excision repair. NER is a DNA repair pathway unique for its broad substrate range. In placental mammals NER is the only repair mechanism able to remove lesions induced by UV-light. NER can be divided into four different steps that are conserved between pro- and eukaryotes. Step 1 consists of the initial damage recognition, during step 2 the putative damage is verified, in step 3 the verified damage is excised and in the 4th and final step the resulting gap in the DNA is refilled. XPD was shown to be involved in the damage verification step. It was possible to solve the first apo XPD structure by a MAD approach using only the endogenous iron from the iron sulfur cluster. Based on the apo XPD structure several questions arise: where is DNA bound? Where is DNA separated? How is damage verification achieved? What is the role of the FeS cluster? These questions were addressed in this work. Hypothesis driven structure based functional mutagenesis was employed and combined with detailed biochemical characterization of the variants. The variants were analyzed by thermal unfolding studies to exclude the possibility that the overall stability could be affected by the point mutation. DNA binding assays, ATPase assays and helicase assays were performed to delineate amino acid residues important for DNA binding, helicase activity and damage recognition. A structure of XPD containing a four base pair DNA fragment was solved by molecular replacement. This structure displays the polarity of the translocated strand with respect to the helicase framework. Moreover the properties of the FeS cluster were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance to get insights into the role of the FeS cluster. Furthermore XPD from Ferroplasma acidarmanus was investigated since it was shown that it is stalled at CPD containing lesions. The data provide the first detailed insight into the translocation mechanism of a SF2B helicase and reveal how polarity is achieved. This provides a basis for further anlayses understanding the combined action of the helicase and the 4Fe4S cluster to accomplish damage verification within the NER cascade. N2 - XPD ist eine 5‘-3‘ Helicase der Superfamilie 2. Als Untereinheit des Transkriptionsfaktors IIH ist XPD in Transkriptionsinitiation und Nucleotid-Exzisions-Reparatur involviert. Diese Arbeit fokusiert auf die Rolle von XPD in der NER. NER ist ein DNA Reparatur Weg der bekannt ist für seine breite Substratspezifität. In Säugetieren ist NER der einzige Reparaturmechanismus, der fähig ist Läsionen zu reparieren, die durch UV Strahlung induziert werden. NER kann man in vier unterschiedliche Schritte aufteilen die zwischen Pro- und Eukaryoten konserviert sind. Schritt 1 besteht aus der initialen Schadenserkennung, während des zweiten Schrittes wird der mögliche Schaden verifiziert, im dritten Schritt wird der verifizierte Schaden ausgeschnitten und im vierten und letzten Schritt wird die resultierende Lücke in der DNA geschlossen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass XPD in die Schadensverifizierung involviert ist. Ein MAD Versuch, bei dem nur das endogene Eisen des Eisen-Schwefel-Clusters verwendet wurde ermöglichte die Strukturlösung der ersten apo XPD Struktur. Basierend auf der Struktur ergeben sich verschiedene Fragen: wo wird DNA gebunden? Wo wird DNA aufgetrennt? Wie wird Schadenserkennung ermöglicht? Was ist die Rolle des Eisen-Schwefel-Clusters? Diese Fragen werden in dieser Arbeit angesprochen. Strukturbasierte funktionelle Mutagenesestudien, die auf Hypothesen basiert sind, wurden angewendet und mit einer detailierten biochemischen Charakterizierung der Varianten kombiniert. Die Varianten wurden mittels thermischen Entfaltungsstudien analysiert, um die Möglichkeit auszuschliessen, dass die Stabilität durch die Punktmutation betroffen ist. DNA-Bindungs- Assays, ATPase Assays und Helikase Assays wurden durchgeführt um Aminosäurereste zu identifizieren, die für DNA Bindung, Helikase Aktivität und Schadenserkennung wichtig sind. Eine Struktur von XPD, die ein DNA Fragment mit vier Basen enthält, wurde mittels Molekularem Ersatz gelöst. Diese Struktur zeigt die Polarität des translozierenden DNA- Stranges im Verhältnis zu der Helikasestruktur auf. Desweiteren wurden die Eigenschaften des FeS Clusters mittels paramagnetischen Elektronenresonanz Studien untersucht, um Einblicke in die Rolle des FeS Clusters zu bekommen. Ausserdem wurde XPD aus Ferroplasma acidarmanus erforscht, da gezeigt wurde, dass es an CPD enthaltenden Läsionen hängen bleibt. Diese Daten stellen die ersten detailierten Einblicke in den Translokationsmechanismus einer SF2B Helikase dar und zeigen wie Polarität erzielt wird. Das ist eine Basis für weitere Analysen, um die kombinierte Aktion von Helikase und dem 4Fe4S Cluster zu verstehen, die zur Schadenserkennung in der NER Kaskade führt. KW - DNS-Reparatur KW - Helicasen KW - Kristallographie KW - XPD KW - Xeroderma pigmentosum KW - TFIIH KW - Nukleotid-Exzisions-Reparatur KW - X-ray Crystallography KW - XPD KW - TFIIH KW - Nucleotide-Excision-Repair KW - FeS cluster Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67183 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Van den Hove, Daniel A1 - Jakob, Sissi Brigitte A1 - Schraut, Karla-Gerlinde A1 - Kenis, Gunter A1 - Schmitt, Angelika Gertrud A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Scholz, Claus-Jürgen A1 - Wiescholleck, Valentina A1 - Ortega, Gabriela A1 - Prickaerts, Jos A1 - Steinbusch, Harry A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter T1 - Differential Effects of Prenatal Stress in 5-Htt Deficient Mice: Towards Molecular Mechanisms of Gene x Environment Interactions N2 - Prenatal stress (PS) has been shown to influence the development of the fetal brain and to increase the risk for the development of psychiatric disorders in later life. Furthermore, the variation of human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene was suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early life stress and the risk for depression. In the present study, we used a 5-Htt6PS paradigm to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition, anxiety- and depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt +/2) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChipH Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array. 5-Htt +/2 offspring showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, exposure of 5-Htt +/2 mice to PS was associated with increased depressive-like behavior, an effect that tended to be more pronounced in female offspring. Further, 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the expression of numerous genes and related pathways within the female hippocampus. Specifically, MAPK and neurotrophin signaling were regulated by both the 5-Htt +/2 genotype and PS exposure, whereas cytokine and Wnt signaling were affected in a 5-Htt genotype6PS manner, indicating a gene6environment interaction at the molecular level. In conclusion, our data suggest that although the 5-Htt +/2 genotype shows clear adaptive capacity, 5-Htt +/2 mice –particularly females– at the same time appear to be more vulnerable to developmental stress exposure when compared to WT offspring. Moreover, hippocampal gene expression profiles suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms mediate the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75795 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Szalay, Aladar A. A1 - Hill, Philip J. A1 - Stritzker, Jochen A1 - Scadeng, Miriam A1 - Geissinger, Ulrike A1 - Haddad, Daniel A1 - Basse-Lüsebrink, Thomas C. A1 - Gbureck, Uwe A1 - Jakob, Peter T1 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors Colonized with Bacterial Ferritin-Expressing Escherichia coli N2 - Background: Recent studies have shown that human ferritin can be used as a reporter of gene expression for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bacteria also encode three classes of ferritin-type molecules with iron accumulation properties. Methods and Findings: Here, we investigated whether these bacterial ferritins can also be used as MRI reporter genes and which of the bacterial ferritins is the most suitable reporter. Bacterial ferritins were overexpressed in probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. Cultures of these bacteria were analyzed and those generating highest MRI contrast were further investigated in tumor bearing mice. Among members of three classes of bacterial ferritin tested, bacterioferritin showed the most promise as a reporter gene. Although all three proteins accumulated similar amounts of iron when overexpressed individually, bacterioferritin showed the highest contrast change. By site-directed mutagenesis we also show that the heme iron, a unique part of the bacterioferritin molecule, is not critical for MRI contrast change. Tumor-specific induction of bacterioferritin-expression in colonized tumors resulted in contrast changes within the bacteria-colonized tumors. Conclusions: Our data suggest that colonization and gene expression by live vectors expressing bacterioferritin can be monitored by MRI due to contrast changes KW - Escherichia coli Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75789 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reiners, Christoph T1 - Clinical Experiences with Radiation Induced Thyroid Cancer after Chernobyl N2 - The risk of developing thyroid cancer increases considerably after exposure to external or internal radiation, especially in children below the age of 10. After the Chernobyl reactor accident, the yearly incidence of childhood thyroid cancer in Belarus increased to approximately 40 per 1.000.000 in girls and to roughly 20 per 1.000.000 in boys compared to approximately 0.5 cases per 1.000.000 prior to the accident. Typically, young children with thyroid cancer after radiation exposure present in ≈95% of the cases as papillary cancers, in ≈50% as invasive tumors growing outside the thyroid capsule, in ≈65% with lymph node metastases and in ≈15% with distant metastases. A joint Belarusian-German project starting in April 1993 that combined treatment with surgery and radioiodine was organized in 237 selected children from Belarus who were exposed to the Chernobyl fallout and had advanced stages of thyroid cancer. The study group included 141 girls and 96 boys. Their median age at the time of the accident was 1.7 years; whereas the median age at the time of diagnosis was 12.4 years. With the exception of two cases with follicular histology, the majority of the patients had been diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancers. In 63%, the tumor had grown outside the thyroid capsule and invaded the tissue of the neck (pT4). Nearly all of the selected cases (96%) showed-up with lymph node metastases (pN1) and 43% of the patients with distant metastases mainly to the lungs (pM1). In 58% of the children, complete remissions of thyroid cancer could be achieved until December 31st 2010 and in 34% of the children, stable partial remissions; in the remaining 8% of the patients, partial remissions were observed. The risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer increased considerably in children and adolescents who were affected by the Chernobyl reactor accident. In spite of the fact, that thyroid cancers in young children seem to behave more aggressively than in older patients, the results of combined treatment with thyroidectomy, radioiodine therapy and thyroid hormone replacement are excellent. KW - Chernobyl KW - Chernobyl KW - children KW - thyroid cancer KW - advanced stages KW - treatment KW - prognosis Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75475 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pimentel-Elardo, Sheila M. A1 - Buback, Verena A1 - Gulder, Tobias A. M. A1 - Bugni, Tim S. A1 - Reppart, Jason A1 - Bringmann, Gerhard A1 - Ireland, Chris M. A1 - Schirmeister, Tanja A1 - Hentschel, Ute T1 - New Tetromycin Derivatives with Anti-Trypanosomal and Protease Inhibitory Activities N2 - Four new tetromycin derivatives, tetromycins 1–4 and a previously known one, tetromycin B (5) were isolated from Streptomyces axinellae Pol001T cultivated from the Mediterranean sponge Axinella polypoides. Structures were assigned using extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as HRESIMS analysis. The compounds were tested for antiparasitic activities against Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei, and for protease inhibition against several cysteine proteases such as falcipain, rhodesain, cathepsin L, cathepsin B, and viral proteases SARS-CoV Mpro, and PLpro. The compounds showed antiparasitic activities against T. brucei and time-dependent inhibition of cathepsin L-like proteases with Ki values in the low micromolar range. KW - Biologie KW - tetromycin KW - anti-trypanosomal KW - protease inhibition KW - Streptomyces axinellae KW - marine sponge Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75465 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ondrusch, Nicolai A1 - Kreft, Jürgen T1 - Blue and Red Light Modulates SigB-Dependent Gene Transcription, Swimming Motility and Invasiveness in Listeria monocytogenes N2 - Background: In a number of gram-positive bacteria, including Listeria, the general stress response is regulated by the alternative sigma factor B (SigB). Common stressors which lead to the activation of SigB and the SigB-dependent regulon are high osmolarity, acid and several more. Recently is has been shown that also blue and red light activates SigB in Bacillus subtilis. Methodology/Principal Findings: By qRT-PCR we analyzed the transcriptional response of the pathogen L. monocytogenes to blue and red light in wild type bacteria and in isogenic deletion mutants for the putative blue-light receptor Lmo0799 and the stress sigma factor SigB. It was found that both blue (455 nm) and red (625 nm) light induced the transcription of sigB and SigB-dependent genes, this induction was completely abolished in the SigB mutant. The blue-light effect was largely dependent on Lmo0799, proving that this protein is a genuine blue-light receptor. The deletion of lmo0799 enhanced the red-light effect, the underlying mechanism as well as that of SigB activation by red light remains unknown. Blue light led to an increased transcription of the internalin A/B genes and of bacterial invasiveness for Caco-2 enterocytes. Exposure to blue light also strongly inhibited swimming motility of the bacteria in a Lmo0799- and SigB-dependent manner, red light had no effect there. Conclusions/Significance: Our data established that visible, in particular blue light is an important environmental signal with an impact on gene expression and physiology of the non-phototrophic bacterium L. monocytogenes. In natural environments these effects will result in sometimes random but potentially also cyclic fluctuations of gene activity, depending on the light conditions prevailing in the respective habitat. KW - Listeria monocytogenes Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75451 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaiser, J. C. A1 - Riemer, N. A1 - Knopf, D. A. T1 - Detailed heterogeneous oxidation of soot surfaces in a particle-resolved aerosol model N2 - Using the particle-resolved aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC, we simulate the heterogeneous oxidation of a monolayer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soot particles in an urban atmosphere. We focus on the interaction of the major atmospheric oxidants (O3, NO2, OH, and NO3) with PAHs and include competitive co-adsorption of water vapour for a range of atmospheric conditions. For the first time detailed heterogeneous chemistry based on the P¨oschl-Rudich-Ammann (PRA) framework is modelled on soot particles with a realistic size distribution and a continuous range of chemical ages. We find PAH half-lives, 1/2, on the order of seconds during the night, when the PAHs are rapidly oxidised by the gas-surface reaction with NO3. During the day, 1/2 is on the order of minutes and determined mostly by the surface layer reaction of PAHs with adsorbed O3. Such short half-lives of surface-bound PAHs may lead to efficient conversion of hydrophobic soot into more hygroscopic particles, thus increasing the particles’ aerosol-cloud interaction potential. Despite its high reactivity OH appears to have a negligible effect on PAH degradation which can be explained by its very low concentration in the atmosphere. An increase of relative humidity (RH) from 30% to 80% increases PAH half-lives by up to 50%for daytime degradation and by up to 100% or more for nighttime degradation. Uptake coefficients, averaged over the particle population, are found to be relatively constant over time for O3 (2×10-7 to 2×10-6) and NO2 (5×10-6 to 10-5) at the different levels of NOx emissions and RH considered in this study. In contrast, those for OH and NO3 depend strongly on the surface concentration of PAHs. We do not find a significant influence of heterogeneous reactions on soot particles on the gas phase composition. The derived half-lives of surfacebound PAHs and the time and particle population averaged uptake coefficients for O3 and NO2 presented in this paper can be used as parameterisations for the treatment of heterogeneous chemistry in large-scale atmospheric chemistry models. KW - Physik Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75440 ER - TY - THES A1 - Fetting, Doreen [verh: Korb] T1 - Novel Cav1.2 and PMCA4b interacting PDZ domain containing proteins T1 - Neue PDZ-Domain Protein-Interaktionspartner von Cav1.2 und PMCA4b N2 - The voltage –gated calcium channel, Cav1.2, and the plasma membrane calcium ATPase, PMCA4b, play important roles in excitable and non-excitable cells. The central function of Cav1.2 is to regulate the calcium entry into cells upon depolarization, while PMCA4b is responsible for calcium extrusion and has an influence on cellular calcium homeostasis. Both proteins control fundamental functions in the heart and brain, but the specific functions and the precise mechanisms are still investigated. In order to identify new interaction partners that may regulate the activities of the Cav1.2 and the PMCA4b, we used three independent assays and co-localization studies. The assays, which were used are PDZ domain arrays (testing 124 different PDZ domains), GST pull-downs, and conventional immunoprecipitation assays. In the PDZ arrays, strongest interactions with Cav1.2 and PMCA4b were found for the PDZ domains of MAST-205, MAGI-1, MAGI-2, MAGI-3, and ZO-1. Additionally, we established interactions between Cav1.2 and the PDZ domains of NHERF1/2, Mint-2, and CASK. PMCA4b was observed to interact with Mint-2, and its interactions with Chapsyn-110 and CASK were confirmed. Furthermore, we validated interaction of Cav1.2 and PMCA4b with NHERF1, CASK, MAST-205 and MAGI-3 via immunoprecipitation. We also demonstrated direct interaction of the C-terminus of Cav1.2 and the PDZ domain of nNOS. We assumed that nNOS overexpression would reduce Ca2+ influx through Cav1.2. To address this question, we measured Ca2+ currents in stably transfected HEK 293 cells expressing the Cav1.2 (α1b and β2a subunit of the smooth muscle L-type calcium channel) and nNOS. It has been shown that NO modulates ion channel activity by nitrosylation of sulfhydryl groups on the channel protein. So we propose that the interaction between the C-terminus of Cav1.2 and the PDZ domain of nNOS inhibits the currents by an S-nitrosylation of the channel protein. All these interactions connect both proteins to signaling networks involved in signal transmission, cell adhesion, and apoptosis, which may help provide new hints about the physiological functions of Cav1.2 and PMCA4b in intra- and intercellular signaling. N2 - Der spannungsabhängige Calcium-Kanal, Cav1.2, und die Plasmamembran Calcium ATPase, PMCA4b, spielen eine wichtige Rolle in erregbaren und nicht-erregbaren Zellen. Der Cav1.2 Kanal reguliert den Calciumeintritt in die Zelle nach einer Depolarisation, während die PMCA4b für den Calciumausstrom und für die Calcium-Homöostase verantwortlich ist. Beide Proteine haben einen grossen Einfluss auf die Funktionen von Herz und Gehirn, aber die genauen Aufgaben und spezifischen Mechanismen, sind noch nicht geklärt. In dieser Arbeit benutzten wir drei unabhängige Assays und Kolokalisationen, um Interaktionspartner von Cav1.2 und PMCA4b zu identifizieren, welche möglicherweise die Aktivitäten von Cav1.2 und PMCA4b regulieren. Die Assays, die wir benutzten waren PDZ Domain Arrays (getestet wurden 124 unterschiedliche PDZ Domänen), GST Pull Downs und konventionelle Immunopräzipitationen. Die Ergebnisse des PDZ Arrays zeigten, dass die PDZ Liganden Cav1.2 und PMCA4b stark mit den PDZ Domänen von MAST-205, MAGI-1, MAGI-2, MAGI-3 und ZO-1 interagierten. Zusätzlich, konnten wir Interaktionen zwischen Cav1.2 und den PDZ Domänen von NHERF1/2, Mint-2 und CASK nachweisen. Es wurde beobachtet, dass PMCA4b mit dem PDZ Protein Mint-2 ein starkes Signal auf der Membran zeigte. Andere Interaktionen von PMCA4b und PDZ Proteinen, konnten durch unseren PDZ Domain Array bestätigt werden (z.B. Chapsyn-110 und CASK). Weiterhin untersuchten wir die Interaktionspartner (NHERF1, CASK, MAST-205 und MAGI-3) von Cav1.2 und PMCA4b durch Immunopräzipitationen genauer. Ein sehr interessantes PDZ Protein, welches wir durch alle drei unabhängigen Assays bestätigen konnten, war nNOS. Schuh et al. konnte schon 2001 zeigen, dass die PDZ Domäne von nNOS mit der PMCA4b interagiert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten wir eine direkte Interaktion des C-terminus von Cav1.2 und dem PDZ Protein nNOS nachweisen. Wir fomulierten eine Hypothese, die lautete, dass eine nNOS Überexpression den Calcium-Einstrom durch den Cav1.2 Kanal reduziert. Um diese Hypothese zu bestätigen wurden Calcium-Ströme in stabil transfizierten HEK 293 Zellen gemessen. Diese HEK 293 Zellen waren stabil transfiziert mit der α1b und β2a Untereinheit des L-type Calcium Kanals und mit nNOS. Es konnte in anderen Studien gezeigt werden, dass NO die Ionenkanal-Aktivität durch Nitrosylierung von Sulfhydryl-Gruppen an den Kanal-Proteinen moduliert. Wir denken, dass die Interaktion zwischen dem C-terminus von Cav1.2 und dem PDZ Protein nNOS, die Calcium-Ströme durch eine S-Nitrosylierung von Cav1.2 inhibiert. Durch all diese Interaktionen wird klar, dass Cav1.2 und PMCA4b eine wichtige Rolle spielen im signalen Netzwerk, in der zellulären Erregung, in Zelladhäsion und Apoptose. Und das wiederum gibt Aufschluss über die physiologischen Funktionen von Cav1.2 und PMCA4b in intra- und interzellulären Signalen. KW - Calciumkanal KW - Calcium-ATPasen KW - Interaktion KW - Proteine KW - Protein-Interaktionspartner KW - CaV1.2 und PMCA4b KW - PDZ-Domain KW - interacting PDZ domain KW - Cav1.2 and PMCA4b Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66440 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Janotta, Peter A1 - Gogolin, Christian A1 - Barrett, Jonathan A1 - Brunner, Nicolas T1 - Limits on nonlocal correlations from the structure of the local state space N2 - The outcomes of measurements on entangled quantum systems can be nonlocally correlated. However, while it is easy to write down toy theories allowing arbitrary nonlocal correlations, those allowed in quantum mechanics are limited. Quantum correlations cannot, for example, violate a principle known as macroscopic locality, which implies that they cannot violate Tsirelson’s bound. This paper shows that there is a connection between the strength of nonlocal correlations in a physical theory and the structure of the state spaces of individual systems. This is illustrated by a family of models in which local state spaces are regular polygons, where a natural analogue of a maximally entangled state of two systems exists. We characterize the nonlocal correlations obtainable from such states. The family allows us to study the transition between classical, quantum and super-quantum correlations by varying only the local state space. We show that the strength of nonlocal correlations—in particular whether the maximally entangled state violates Tsirelson’s bound or not— depends crucially on a simple geometric property of the local state space, known as strong self-duality. This result is seen to be a special case of a general theorem, which states that a broad class of entangled states in probabilistic theories—including, by extension, all bipartite classical and quantum states— cannot violate macroscopic locality. Finally, our results show that models exist that are locally almost indistinguishable from quantum mechanics, but can nevertheless generate maximally nonlocal correlations. KW - Physik Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jakob, Peter A1 - Hertlein, Tobias A1 - Sturm, Volker A1 - Kircher, Stefan A1 - Basse-Lüsebrink, Thomas A1 - Haddad, Daniel A1 - Ohlsen, Knut T1 - Visualization of Abscess Formation in a Murine Thigh Infection Model of Staphylococcus aureus by 19F-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) N2 - Background: During the last years, 19F-MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC) emerged as a powerful contrast agent based MRI methodology to track cells and to visualize inflammation. We applied this new modality to visualize deep tissue abscesses during acute and chronic phase of inflammation caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Methodology and Principal Findings: In this study, a murine thigh infection model was used to induce abscess formation and PFC or CLIO (cross linked ironoxides) was administered during acute or chronic phase of inflammation. 24 h after inoculation, the contrast agent accumulation was imaged at the site of infection by MRI. Measurements revealed a strong accumulation of PFC at the abscess rim at acute and chronic phase of infection. The pattern was similar to CLIO accumulation at chronic phase and formed a hollow sphere around the edema area. Histology revealed strong influx of neutrophils at the site of infection and to a smaller extend macrophages during acute phase and strong influx of macrophages at chronic phase of inflammation. Conclusion and Significance: We introduce 19F-MRI in combination with PFC nanoemulsions as a new platform to visualize abscess formation in a murine thigh infection model of S. aureus. The possibility to track immune cells in vivo by this modality offers new opportunities to investigate host immune response, the efficacy of antibacterial therapies and the influence of virulence factors for pathogenesis. KW - Staphylococcus aureus Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Dogs Cannot Bark: Event-Related Brain Responses to True and False Negated Statements as Indicators of Higher-Order Conscious Processing N2 - The present study investigated event-related brain potentials elicited by true and false negated statements to evaluate if discrimination of the truth value of negated information relies on conscious processing and requires higher-order cognitive processing in healthy subjects across different levels of stimulus complexity. The stimulus material consisted of true and false negated sentences (sentence level) and prime-target expressions (word level). Stimuli were presented acoustically and no overt behavioral response of the participants was required. Event-related brain potentials to target words preceded by true and false negated expressions were analyzed both within group and at the single subject level. Across the different processing conditions (word pairs and sentences), target words elicited a frontal negativity and a late positivity in the time window from 600–1000 msec post target word onset. Amplitudes of both brain potentials varied as a function of the truth value of the negated expressions. Results were confirmed at the single-subject level. In sum, our results support recent suggestions according to which evaluation of the truth value of a negated expression is a time- and cognitively demanding process that cannot be solved automatically, and thus requires conscious processing. Our paradigm provides insight into higher-order processing related to language comprehension and reasoning in healthy subjects. Future studies are needed to evaluate if our paradigm also proves sensitive for the detection of consciousness in non-responsive patients. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74907 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Endesfelder, Ulrike A1 - Malkusch, Sebastian A1 - Flottmann, Benjamin A1 - Mondry, Justine A1 - Liguzinski, Piotr A1 - Verveer, Peter J. A1 - Heilemann, Mike T1 - Chemically Induced Photoswitching of Fluorescent Probes - A General Concept for Super-Resolution Microscopy N2 - We review fluorescent probes that can be photoswitched or photoactivated and are suited for single-molecule localization based super-resolution microscopy. We exploit the underlying photochemical mechanisms that allow photoswitching of many synthetic organic fluorophores in the presence of reducing agents, and study the impact of these on the photoswitching properties of various photoactivatable or photoconvertible fluorescent proteins. We have identified mEos2 as a fluorescent protein that exhibits reversible photoswitching under various imaging buffer conditions and present strategies to characterize reversible photoswitching. Finally, we discuss opportunities to combine fluorescent proteins with organic fluorophores for dual-color photoswitching microscopy. KW - Super-Resolution Microscopy KW - photoswitchable organic fluorophores KW - fluorescent proteins KW - super-resolution KW - PALM KW - dSTORM Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74896 ER - TY - THES A1 - Stemmler, Thomas T1 - Just do it! Guilt as a moral intuition to cooperate - A parallel constraint satisfaction approach T1 - Schuld als moralische Intuition zu Kooperation - ein parallel constraint satisfaction Ansatz N2 - Nach langer Dominanz rationaler Urteils- und Entscheidungsmodelle in der Moralpsychologie (z.B. Kohlberg, 1969) besteht seit einiger Zeit verstärktes Interesse an intuitiven, emotionalen Einflüssen auf moralische Urteile und Entscheidungen (z.B. Greene, 2007; Haidt, 2001; Monin, Pizarro, & Beer, 2007). Der Einfluss von Emotionen auf moralische Entscheidungen wird in der Literatur u.a. mittels heuristischer, non-kompensatorischer Informationsverarbeitung erklärt (z.B. Sinnott-Armstrong, Young, & Cushman, 2010; Sunstein, 2005; Tobler, Kalis, & Kalenscher, 2008). Hierbei wird jedoch der Prozess der Emotionsentstehung ignoriert. Appraisaltheorien postulieren, dass Emotionen durch die Inkohärenz (oder Diskrepanz) von Verhaltensrepräsentationen wie Zielen und Aktionen entstehen (Moors, 2009). Emotionsentstehung und (intuitives) Entscheiden kann in einem Modell vereint werden sobald man bei beiden Prozessen eine konnektionistische Struktur (z.B. Barnes & Thagard, 1996) zugrunde legt. Die vorliegende Arbeit kontrastiert beide Perspektiven intuitiv-emotionalen Entscheidens im Hinblick auf Schuld und Kooperation. N2 - After a long dominance of rational models of judgment and decision-making in moral psychology (e.g. Kohlberg, 1969) there is now a strong interest in how intuitions and emotions influence moral judgments and decisions (e.g. Greene, 2007; Haidt, 2001; Monin, Pizarro, & Beer, 2007). In the literature, the influence of emotions on moral decisions is explained by heuristic or non-compensatory information processing (e.g. Sinnott-Armstrong, Young, & Cushman, 2010; Sunstein, 2005; Tobler, Kalis, & Kalenscher, 2008). However, the process of emotion elicitation is ignored. Appraisal theories postulate that emotion elicitation is due to the incoherence (or discrepancy) of behavioral representations like goals and actions (Moors, 2009). Emotion elicitation and intuitive decision-making can be combined if both processes apply a connectionist information processing structure (e.g. Barnes & Thagard, 1996). The current work contrasts both perspectives of intuitive-emotional decision-making with respect to guilt and cooperation. KW - Kooperation KW - Schuldgefühl KW - Moralisches Handeln KW - parallel constraint satisfaction KW - Intuition KW - Entscheidung KW - Gefühl KW - Informationsverarbeitung KW - morality KW - guilt KW - cooperation KW - emotion KW - intuition KW - decision-making KW - parallel constraint satisfaction Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74873 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bürckstümmer, Hannah T1 - Merocyanine dyes for solution-processed organic bulk heterojunction solar cells T1 - Merocyaninfarbstoffe für lösungsprozessierte organische bulk-heterojunction Solarzellen N2 - The technology of organic photovoltaics offers the possibility of low-cost devices due to easy fabrication procedures and low material consumption and at the same time high flexibility concerning the applied substrates or design features such as the color palette. Owing to these benefits, this research field is highly active, being reflected by the continuously rising number of publications. Chapter 1 gives an extensive overview of a part of these reports, namely the field of solution-processed BHJ organic solar cells using small molecules as electron-donating materials. In the early years of this research area (2006-2008), well known hole transporting materials such as triphenylamine based chromophores, oligothiophenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were applied. However, many of these dyes lacked absorption at longer wavelengths and were therefore limited in their light harvesting qualities. Later, chromophores based on low band gap systems consisting of electron-donating and electron-accepting units showing internal charge transfer overcame this handicap. Today, donor-substituted diketopyrrolopyrroles (D-A-D chromophores), squaraines (D-A-D chromophores) and acceptor substituted oligothiophenes (A-D-A chromophores) are among the most promising dyes for small molecule based organic solar cells with PCEs of 4-5%. This work is based on the findings of the groups of Würthner and Meerholz, which tested merocyanine dyes for the first time in organic BHJ solar cells.4 According to the Bässler theory85, the high dipolarity of these dyes should hamper the charge transport, but the obtained first results with PCE of 1.7% proved the potenital of this class of dyes for this application. Merocyanine dyes offer the advantages of facile synthesis and purification, high tinctorial strength and monodispersity. Additionally, the electronic structure of the dyes, namely the absorption as well as the electrochemical properties, can be adjusted by using the right combination of donor and acceptor units. For these reasons, this class of dye is highly interesting for the application in organic solar cells. It was the aim of the thesis to build more knowledge about the potential and limitations of merocyanines in BHJ photovoltaic devices. By screening a variety of donor and acceptor groups a comprehensive data set both for the molecular materials as well as for the respective solar devices was generated and analyzed. As one focus, the arrangement of the chromophores in the solid state was investigated to gain insight about the packing in the solar cells and its relevance for the performance of the latter. To do so, X-ray single crystal analyses were performed for selected molecules. By means of correlations between molecular properties and the characteristics of the corresponding solar cells, several design rules to generate efficient chromophores for organic photovoltaics were developed. The different donor and acceptor moieties applied in this work are depicted in the following ... N2 - Die Technologie der organischen Photovoltaik eröffnet die Chance, kostengünstige Solarzellen herzustellen, da einfache Produktionstechniken genutzt werden können und nur geringe Materialmengen benötigt werden. Gleichzeitig bietet sie hohe Flexibilität bezüglich des Designs, sowohl was die eingesetzten Substrate als auch die gewünschte Farbpalette betrifft. Aufgrund dieser Vorteile ist der Forschungsbereich der organischen Solarzellen hochaktuell, was sich auch in der stetig wachsenden Zahl an Publikationen widerspiegelt. Kapitel 1 bietet einen umfassenden Literaturüberblick über den Bereich der lösungs-prozessierten organischen BHJ Solarzellen basierend auf niedermolekularen Materialien. In den frühen Jahren dieses Forschungsbereiches (2006-2008) wurden hauptsächlich altbekannte organische Lochleitermaterialien wie triphenylaminbasierte Moleküle, Oligothiophene oder polyaromatische Hydrocarbonverbindungen eingesetzt. Viele dieser Verbindungen zeigten jedoch Defizite betreffend der Absorption, da sie nur bei relativ kurzen Wellenlängen absorbierten und dadurch nur einen Bruchteil des eingestrahlten Sonnenlichts nutzen konnten. Später wurde dieser Nachteil durch sogenannte „low band gap“ Systeme, welche elektronengebenden und elektronenziehenden Einheiten aufweisen, oder durch Kombinationen der klassischen elektronenreichen Lochleiter mit Akzeptoreinheiten überwunden. Zu den vielversprechendsten Verbindungsklassen für die Anwendung in lösungsprozessierten niedermolekularen organischen Solarzellen gehören heute Donor-substituierte Diketopyrrolopyrrole (D-A-D Chromophor), Quadratsäurederivate (D-A-D Chromophor) und Akzeptor-substituierte Oligothiophene (A-D-A Chromophor), deren beste Vertreter Wirkungsgrade von 4-5% erzielen. Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf den Erkenntnissen der Arbeitsgruppen Würthner und Meerholz, die als erste Merocyaninfarbstoffe in organischen BHJ Solarzellen untersuchten.4 Gemäß der Bässler-Theorie85 sollte das hohe Grundzustandsdipolmoment dieser Verbindungen den Ladungsträgertransport erheblich behindern. Die erhaltenen, vielversprechenden Wirkungsgrade von 1.7% beim ersten Materialscreenin zeigen jedoch die Eignung dieser Fabstoffklasse für organische Solarzellen. Merocyanine bieten einige Vorteile: sie lassen sich einfach herstellen und aufreinigen, zeigen hohe Farbstärken und sind monodisperse Verbindungen. Zudem lässt sich der elektronische Charakter der Chromophore, also die Absorptions- und elektrochemischen Eigenschaften nahezu beliebig verändern, indem man die passende Donor-Akzeptor Kombination wählt. Deshalb ist diese Farbstoffklasse für die Applikation der organischen Solarzellen hochinteressant. Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit war es, ein tieferes Verständnis über das Potential und mögliche Beschränkungen von Merocyaninen in organische Solarzellen zu erlangen. Durch Untersuchung einer Reihe von Donor- und Akzeptoreinheiten wurde ein umfassender Datensatz generiert und analysiert, welcher sowohl die molekularen Materialien als auch die entsprechenden Solarzellen beinhaltet. Die Anordnung der Chromophore im Festkörper wurde bei ausgewählten Farbstoffen mittels Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse untersucht, um Erkenntnisse über das Packungsverhalten der Moleküle in den Solarzellen und dessen Relevanz für die Leistungsfähigkeit der Zellen zu gewinnen. Anhand von Korrelationen zwischen den molekularen Eigenschaften und den Kennzahlen der entsprechenden Solarzellen wurden mehrere Richtlinien zur Entwicklung von effizienten Chromophoren für organische Solarzellen abgeleitet. Die in dieser Arbeit eingesetzten Akzeptor- und Donoreinheiten sind im Folgenden abgebildet ... KW - organische Solarzelle KW - Merocyanine KW - organische Solarzellen KW - Merocyanin KW - organic solar cells KW - merocyanine dye Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66879 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gerold, Kay T1 - CTLA4 and CLEC16A in Type 1 Diabetes - Looking behind the association T1 - CTLA4 und CLEC16A in Typ 1 Diabetes - Ein Blick hinter die Assoziation N2 - Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells and consequently to hyperglycemia. In the last 60 years, the prevalence of type 1 diabetes has been increasing constantly and is predicted to continue rising. About 80% of the disease risk is attributable to the genetic variation. Thanks to genome wide association studies the number of known disease-associated polymorphisms climbed from five to 53 in the last 10 years. As these studies reveal possible candidate genes but not underlying mechanisms we strove to take the next step and explore the association of two genes suggested by these studies with type 1 diabetes. As a method of choice we decided to use lentiviral RNAi in non obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a widely-used model for type 1 diabetes, introducing a shRNA directed against the target message into the genome of this mouse strain via a lentivirus. This allowed us to study the partial loss-of-function of the target gene within the context of diabetes, directly seeing its effect on autoimmune mechanisms. In this thesis we examined two different genes in this manner, Ctla4 and Clec16a. A type 1 diabetes associated polymorphism in the CTLA4 gene had been found to alter the splicing ratio of its variants soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) and full length CTLA-4, the associated allele producing less sCTLA-4 than the protective allele. We mimicked this effect by specifically targeting the sCtla4 mRNA via lentiviral RNAi in the NOD model. As a result we could confirm the reduction of sCTLA-4 to accelerate type 1 diabetes development. Furthermore we could show a function of sCTLA-4 in regulatory T cells, more specifically at least partly in their ability to modulate costimulation by antigen presenting cells. The second candidate gene, Clec16a was targeted with the shRNA in a way that was designed to knock down most splice variants. As the gene function and the effect of the associated SUMMARY 10 polymorphism was unknown, we reasoned this method to be feasible to investigate its role in type 1 diabetes. The knockdown of Clec16a in NOD mice resulted in an almost complete protection from diabetes development that could be attributed to T cells dysfunction. However, as expression patterns and a study of the Drospophila orthologue suggested a possible role of CLEC16A in antigen presentation we also examined antigen presenting cells in the thymus and periphery. Although we did not detect any effect of the knockdown on peripheral antigen presenting cells, thymic epithelial cells were clearly affected by the loss of CLEC16A, rendering them more activated and shifting the ratio of cortical to medullary epithelial cells in favor of cortical cells. We therefore suggest a role of CLEC16A in the selection of T cells, that needs, however, to be further investigated. In this thesis we provided a feasible and fast method to study function of genes and even of single splice variants within the NOD mouse model. We demonstrate its usefulness on two candidate genes associated with type 1 diabetes by confirming and unraveling the cause of their connection to the disease. N2 - Typ 1 Diabetes ist eine Autoimmunerkrankung, bei der es zur Zerstörung von pankreatischen beta-Zellen und daraus folgend zu einer Hyperglykämie kommt. In den letzten 60 Jahren stieg die Diabetes Prävalenz stetig an und Studien sagen voraus, dass sich dieser Trend in Zukunft noch stärker fortsetzen wird. Man geht davon aus, dass ca. 80% des Erkrankungsrisikos für autoimmunen Diabetes genetischer Natur sind. Dank Genom-weiter Assoziationsstudien wurde dieser Beitrag gerade in den letzten zehn Jahren immer weiter aufgeklärt und bis heute wurden 53 mit Typ 1 Diabetes assozierte Polymorphismen identifiziert. Da diese Studien es nur leisten können, mögliche Kandidatengene aufzuzeigen, allerdings keine Aussagen über die zugrunde liegenden Krankheitsmechanismen machen können, haben wir es uns zum Ziel gesetzt diesen nächsten Schritt zu gehen und zwei der durch diese Studien vorgeschlagenen Gene auf ihre Rolle in der Typ 1 Diabetes Ätiologie zu untersuchen. Unsere Methode der Wahl war die lentivirale RNA Interferenz im Mausmodell der nonobese diabetic mouse (NOD). Via lentiviralen Vektoren wird die Information für eine shRNA, die an die mRNA des Zielgenes bindet, in das Empfängergenom integriert. Die daraus folgende Herabregulierung der Ziel-mRNA erlaubt es uns den Effekt dieser fehlenden Geninformation auf die Immunregulation zu analysieren. Auf diese Weise wurden in dieser Thesis zwei Kandidatengene untersucht, Ctla4 und Clec16a. Der mit Typ 1 Diabetes assoziierte Polymorphismus im CTLA4 Gen verursacht eine Verschiebung im Splice Verhältnis der beiden Isoformen im Menschen, soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) und full length CTLA-4, zu Gunsten der full length Variante. Im NOD Mausmodell konnte diese Verschiebung durch eine Einführung einer gegen sCtla4 gerichteten shRNA nachgeahmt werden. In Folge dessen konnten wir bestätigen, dass eine eduzierung der sCTLA-4 Variante die Typ 1 Diabetes Entwicklung beschleunigt. Zudem ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 12 konnten wir eine Rolle von sCTLA-4 in der Funktion von regulatorischen T Zellen, genauer in deren Fähigkeit die Kostimulation durch Antigen präsentierenden Zellen zu modulieren, zeigen. Bei dem zweiten Gen, das in dieser Thesis untersucht wurde handelte sich um Clec16a. Es wurde von einer shRNA herunterreguliert, die den Großteil der Varianten abdeckt, da die Funktion des Genes, sowie die Auswirkungen des assoziierten Polymorphismus unbekannt waren. Der Knockdown von Clec16a in der NOD Maus verursachte einen fast vollständigen Schutz vor Diabetes, der im weiteren Verlauf den T Zellen zugerechnet werden konnte. Allerdings hatten das Expressionsmuster, sowie eine Studie am Drosophila Ortholog ema eine Rolle von CLEC16A in Antigen präsentierenden Zellen impliziert. Folglich untersuchten wir die Möglichkeit, dass diese Zellgruppe in der Peripherie oder im Thymus durch den CLEC16A Mangel beeinträchtigt sein könnten. Tatsächlich wies die Zellgruppe, die im Thymus für die Selektion von T Zellen zuständig ist einen erhöhten Aktivierungsstatus auf, was auf eine modifizierte T Zell Selektion hindeuten könnte. Mit dieser Arbeit konnten wir eine praktikable und schnelle Methode, für die funktionelle Analyse von Genen und sogar einzelnen Splice Varianten, aufzeigen. Wir konnten ihren Nutzen weiterhin an zwei mit Typ 1 Diabetes assoziierten Kandidatengenen unter Beweis stellen, indem wir so die Assoziation bestätigen und Licht auf die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen werfen konnten. KW - Diabetes mellitus KW - Typ 1 KW - Molekulargenetik KW - Type 1 Diabetes Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66617 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weis, Eva A1 - Schoen, Holger A1 - Victor, Anja A1 - Spix, Claudia A1 - Ludwig, Marco A1 - Schneider-Raetzke, Brigitte A1 - Kohlschmidt, Nicolai A1 - Bartsch, Oliver A1 - Gerhold-Ay, Aslihan A1 - Boehm, Nils A1 - Grus, Franz A1 - Haaf, Thomas A1 - Galetzka, Danuta T1 - Reduced mRNA and Protein Expression of the Genomic Caretaker RAD9A in Primary Fibroblasts of Individuals with Childhood and Independent Second Cancer N2 - Background: The etiology of secondary cancer in childhood cancer survivors is largely unclear. Exposure of normal somatic cells to radiation and/or chemotherapy can damage DNA and if not all DNA lesions are properly fixed, the mis-repair may lead to pathological consequences. It is plausible to assume that genetic differences, i.e. in the pathways responsible for cell cycle control and DNA repair, play a critical role in the development of secondary cancer. Methodology/Findings: To identify factors that may influence the susceptibility for second cancer formation, we recruited 20 individuals who survived a childhood malignancy and then developed a second cancer as well as 20 carefully matched control individuals with childhood malignancy but without a second cancer. By antibody microarrays, we screened primary fibroblasts of matched patients for differences in the amount of representative DNA repair-associated proteins. We found constitutively decreased levels of RAD9A and several other DNA repair proteins in two-cancer patients, compared to onecancer patients. The RAD9A protein level increased in response to DNA damage, however to a lesser extent in the twocancer patients. Quantification of mRNA expression by real-time RT PCR revealed lower RAD9A mRNA levels in both untreated and 1 Gy c-irradiated cells of two-cancer patients. Conclusions/Significance: Collectively, our results support the idea that modulation of RAD9A and other cell cycle arrest and DNA repair proteins contribute to the risk of developing a second malignancy in childhood cancer patients. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74777 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Niewalda, Thomas A1 - Völler, Thomas A1 - Eschbach, Claire A1 - Ehmer, Julia A1 - Chou, Wen-Chuang A1 - Timme, Marc A1 - Fiala, André A1 - Gerber, Bertram T1 - A Combined Perceptual, Physico-Chemical, and ImagingApproach to ‘Odour-Distances’ Suggests a CategorizingFunction of the Drosophila Antennal Lobe N2 - How do physico-chemical stimulus features, perception, and physiology relate? Given the multi-layered and parallel architecture of brains, the question specifically is where physiological activity patterns correspond to stimulus features and/ or perception. Perceived distances between six odour pairs are defined behaviourally from four independent odour recognition tasks. We find that, in register with the physico-chemical distances of these odours, perceived distances for 3-octanol and n-amylacetate are consistently smallest in all four tasks, while the other five odour pairs are about equally distinct. Optical imaging in the antennal lobe, using a calcium sensor transgenically expressed in only first-order sensory or only second-order olfactory projection neurons, reveals that 3-octanol and n-amylacetate are distinctly represented in sensory neurons, but appear merged in projection neurons. These results may suggest that within-antennal lobe processing funnels sensory signals into behaviourally meaningful categories, in register with the physico-chemical relatedness of the odours. KW - Drosophila Antennal Lobe Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74769 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geis, Christian A1 - Weishaupt, Andreas A1 - Grünewald, Benedikt A1 - Wultsch, Thomas A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Gerlach, Manfred A1 - Dirkx, Ron A1 - Solimena, Michele A1 - Perani, Daniela A1 - Heckmann, Manfred A1 - Toyka, Klaus V. A1 - Folli, Franco A1 - Sommer, Claudia T1 - Human Stiff-Person Syndrome IgG Induces Anxious Behavior in Rats N2 - Background: Anxiety is a heterogeneous behavioral domain playing a role in a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases. While anxiety is the cardinal symptom in disorders such as panic disorder, co-morbid anxious behavior can occur in a variety of diseases. Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a CNS disorder characterized by increased muscle tone and prominent agoraphobia and anxiety. Most patients have high-titer antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65. The pathogenic role of these autoantibodies is unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: We re-investigated a 53 year old woman with SPS and profound anxiety for GABA-A receptor binding in the amygdala with (11)C-flumazenil PET scan and studied the potential pathogenic role of purified IgG from her plasma filtrates containing high-titer antibodies against GAD 65. We passively transferred the IgG fraction intrathecally into rats and analyzed the effects using behavioral and in vivo electrophysiological methods. In cell culture, we measured the effect of patient IgG on GABA release from hippocampal neurons. Repetitive intrathecal application of purified patient IgG in rats resulted in an anxious phenotype resembling the core symptoms of the patient. Patient IgG selectively bound to rat amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortical areas. In cultured rat hippocampal neurons, patient IgG inhibited GABA release. In line with these experimental results, the GABA-A receptor binding potential was reduced in the patient’s amygdala/hippocampus complex. No motor abnormalities were found in recipient rats. Conclusion/Significance: The observations in rats after passive transfer lead us to propose that anxiety-like behavior can be induced in rats by passive transfer of IgG from a SPS patient positive for anti-GAD 65 antibodies. Anxiety, in this case, thus may be an antibody-mediated phenomenon with consecutive disturbance of GABAergic signaling in the amygdala region. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74757 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fassnacht, Martin A1 - Sbiera, Silviu A1 - Dexneit, Thomas A1 - Reichardt, Sybille D. A1 - Michel, Kai D. A1 - van den Brandt, Jens A1 - Schmull, Sebastian A1 - Kraus, Luitgard A1 - Beyer, Melanie A1 - Mlynski, Robert A1 - Wortmann, Sebastian A1 - Allolio, Bruno A1 - Reichardt, Holger M. T1 - Influence of Short-Term Glucocorticoid Therapy on Regulatory T Cells In Vivo N2 - Background: Pre- and early clinical studies on patients with autoimmune diseases suggested that induction of regulatory T(Treg) cells may contribute to the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids(GCs). Objective: We readdressed the influence of GC therapy on Treg cells in immunocompetent human subjects and naı¨ve mice. Methods: Mice were treated with increasing doses of intravenous dexamethasone followed by oral taper, and Treg cells in spleen and blood were analyzed by FACS. Sixteen patients with sudden hearing loss but without an inflammatory disease received high-dose intravenous prednisolone followed by stepwise dose reduction to low oral prednisolone. Peripheral blood Treg cells were analyzed prior and after a 14 day GC therapy based on different markers. Results: Repeated GC administration to mice for three days dose-dependently decreased the absolute numbers of Treg cells in blood (100 mg dexamethasone/kg body weight: 2.861.86104 cells/ml vs. 336116104 in control mice) and spleen (dexamethasone: 2.861.96105/spleen vs. 956226105/spleen in control mice), which slowly recovered after 14 days taper in spleen but not in blood. The relative frequency of FOXP3+ Treg cells amongst the CD4+ T cells also decreased in a dose dependent manner with the effect being more pronounced in blood than in spleen. The suppressive capacity of Treg cells was unaltered by GC treatment in vitro. In immunocompetent humans, GCs induced mild T cell lymphocytosis. However, it did not change the relative frequency of circulating Treg cells in a relevant manner, although there was some variation depending on the definition of the Treg cells (FOXP3+: 4.061.5% vs 3.461.5%*; AITR+: 0.660.4 vs 0.560.3%, CD127low: 4.061.3 vs 5.063.0%* and CTLA4+: 13.8611.5 vs 15.6612.5%; * p,0.05). Conclusion: Short-term GC therapy does not induce the hitherto supposed increase in circulating Treg cell frequency, neither in immunocompetent humans nor in mice. Thus, it is questionable that the clinical efficacy of GCs is achieved by modulating Treg cell numbers. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74749 ER -