TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kistler, Andreas D.
A1  - Siwy, Justyna
A1  - Frank, Breunig
A1  - Jeevaratnam, Praveen
A1  - Scherl, Alexander
A1  - Mullen, William
A1  - Warnock, David G.
A1  - Wanner, Christoph
A1  - Hughes, Derralynn A.
A1  - Mischak, Harald
A1  - Wüthrich, Rudolf P.
A1  - Serra, Andreas L.
T1  - A Distinct Urinary Biomarker Pattern Characteristic of Female Fabry Patients That Mirrors Response to Enzyme Replacement Therapy
JF  - PLoS ONE
N2  - Female patients affected by Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, exhibit a wide spectrum of symptoms, which renders diagnosis, and treatment decisions challenging. No diagnostic test, other than sequencing of the alpha-galactosidase A gene, is available and no biomarker has been proven useful to screen for the disease, predict disease course and monitor response to enzyme replacement therapy. Here, we used urine proteomic analysis based on capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry and identified a biomarker profile in adult female Fabry patients. Urine samples were taken from 35 treatment-naive female Fabry patients and were compared to 89 age-matched healthy controls. We found a diagnostic biomarker pattern that exhibited 88.2% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity when tested in an independent validation cohort consisting of 17 treatment-naive Fabry patients and 45 controls. The model remained highly specific when applied to additional control patients with a variety of other renal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Several of the 64 identified diagnostic biomarkers showed correlations with measures of disease severity. Notably, most biomarkers responded to enzyme replacement therapy, and 8 of 11 treated patients scored negative for Fabry disease in the diagnostic model. In conclusion, we defined a urinary biomarker model that seems to be of diagnostic use for Fabry disease in female patients and may be used to monitor response to enzyme replacement therapy.
KW  - Chronic kidney-disease
KW  - Onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
KW  - Mass-spectrometry
KW  - Alpha-galactosidase
KW  - Hemodialysis-patients
KW  - Clinical proteomics
KW  - Young-patients
KW  - Discovery
KW  - Globotriaosylceramide
KW  - Prevalence
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133526
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Falk, Michael
A1  - Marohn, Frank
A1  - Michel, René
A1  - Hofmann, Daniel
A1  - Macke, Maria
A1  - Tewes, Bernward
A1  - Dinges, Peter
A1  - Spachmann, Christoph
A1  - Englert, Stefan
T1  - A First Course on Time Series Analysis : Examples with SAS
N2  - The analysis of real data by means of statistical methods with the aid of a software package common in industry and administration usually is not an integral part of mathematics studies, but it will certainly be part of a future professional work. The present book links up elements from time series analysis with a selection of statistical procedures used in general practice including the statistical software package SAS. Consequently this book addresses students of statistics as well as students of other branches such as economics, demography and engineering, where lectures on statistics belong to their academic training. But it is also intended for the practician who, beyond the use of statistical tools, is interested in their mathematical background. Numerous problems illustrate the applicability of the presented statistical procedures, where SAS gives the solutions. The programs used are explicitly listed and explained. No previous experience is expected neither in SAS nor in a special computer system so that a short training period is guaranteed. This book is meant for a two semester course (lecture, seminar or practical training) where the first three chapters can be dealt within the first semester. They provide the principal components of the analysis of a time series in the time domain. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 deal with its analysis in the frequency domain and can be worked through in the second term. In order to understand the mathematical background some terms are useful such as convergence in distribution, stochastic convergence, maximum likelihood estimator as well as a basic knowledge of the test theory, so that work on the book can start after an introductory lecture on stochastics. Each chapter includes exercises. An exhaustive treatment is recommended. Chapter 7 (case study) deals with a practical case and demonstrates the presented methods. It is possible to use this chapter independent in a seminar or practical training course, if the concepts of time series analysis are already well understood. This book is consecutively subdivided in a statistical part and an SAS-specific part. For better clearness the SAS-specific parts are highlighted. This book is an open source project under the GNU Free Documentation License.
KW  - Zeitreihenanalyse
KW  - Box-Jenkins-Verfahren
KW  - SAS <Programm>
KW  - Zustandsraummodelle
KW  - Time Series Analysis
KW  - State-Space Models
KW  - Frequency Domain
KW  - Box–Jenkins Program
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56489
N1  - Version: 2011-March-01
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Nassourou, Mohamadou
T1  - A Knowledge-based Hybrid Statistical Classifier for Reconstructing the Chronology of the Quran
N2  - Computationally categorizing Quran’s chapters has been mainly confined to the determination of chapters’ revelation places. However this broad classification is not sufficient to effectively and thoroughly understand and interpret the Quran. The chronology of revelation would not only improve comprehending the philosophy of Islam, but also the easiness of implementing and memorizing its laws and recommendations. This paper attempts estimating possible chapters’ dates of revelation through their lexical frequency profiles. A hybrid statistical classifier consisting of stemming and clustering algorithms for comparing lexical frequency profiles of chapters, and deriving dates of revelation has been developed. The classifier is trained using some chapters with known dates of revelation. Then it classifies chapters with uncertain dates of revelation by computing their proximity to the training ones. The results reported here indicate that the proposed methodology yields usable results in estimating dates of revelation of the Quran’s chapters based on their lexical contents.
KW  - Text Mining
KW  - Maschinelles Lernen
KW  - text categorization
KW  - Bayesian classifier
KW  - distance-based classifier
KW  - Quran
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54712
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Mark, Stefan
T1  - A Magnetic Semiconductor based Non-Volatile Memory and Logic Element
T1  - Ein auf magnetischen Halbleiter basierendes nicht-flüchtiges Speicher- und Logik-Element
N2  - For the realization of a programmable logic device, or indeed any nanoscale device, we need a reliable method to probe the magnetization direction of local domains. For this purpose we extend investigations on the previously discovered tunneling anisotropic magneto resistance effect (TAMR) by scaling the pillar size from 100 µm down to 260 nm. We start in chapter 4 with a theoretical description of the TAMR effect and show experimental data of miniaturized pillars in chapter 5. With such small TAMR probes we are able to locally sense the magnetization on the 100 nm scale. Sub-micron TAMR and anisotropic magneto resistance (AMR) measurements of sub-millimeter areas show that the behavior of macroscopic (Ga,Mn)As regions is not that of a true macrospin, but rather an ensemble average of the behavior of many nearly identical macrospins. This shows that the magnetic anisotropies of the local regions are consistent with the behavior extracted from macroscopic characterization. A fully electrically controllable read-write memory device out the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As is presented in chapter 6. The structure consists of four nanobars which are connected to a circular center region. The first part of the chapter describes the lithography realization of the device. We make use of the sub-micron TAMR probes to read-out the magnetization state of a 650 nm central disk. Four 200 nm wide nanobars are connected to the central disk and serve as source and drain of a spin-polarized current. With the spin-polarized current we are able to switch the magnetization of the central disk by means of current induced switching. Injecting polarized holes with a spin angular momentum into a magnetic region changes the magnetization direction of the region due to the p-d exchange interaction between localized Mn spins and itinerant holes. The magnetization of the central disk can be controlled fully electrically and it can serve as one bit memory element as part of a logic device. In chapter 7 we discuss the domain wall resistance in (Ga,Mn)As. At the transition from nanobars to central disk we are able to generate 90° and 180° domain walls and measure their resistance. The results presented from chapter 5 to 7 combined with the preexisting ultracompact (Ga,Mn)As-based memory cell of ref. [Papp 07c] are the building blocks needed to realize a fully functioning programmable logic device. The work of ref. [Papp 07c] makes use of lithographically engineered strain relaxation to produce a structure comprised of two nanobars with mutually orthogonal uniaxial easy axes, connected by a narrow constriction. Measurements showed that the resistance of the constriction depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization in the two bars. The programmable logic device consists of two central disks connected by a small constriction. The magnetization of the two central disks are used as the input bits and the constriction serves as the output during the logic operation. The concept is introduced in the end of chapter 6 and as an example for a logic operation an XOR gate is presented. The functionality of the programmable logic scheme presented here can be straightforwardly extended to produce multipurpose functional elements, where the given geometry can be used as various different computational elements depending on the number of input bits and the chosen electrical addressing. The realization of such a programmable logic device is shown in chapter 8, where we see that the constriction indeed can serve as a output of the logic operation because its resistance is dependent on the relative magnetization state of both disks. Contrary to ref. [Papp 07c], where the individual magnetic elements connected to the constriction only have two non-volatile magnetic states, each disk in our scheme connected to the constriction has four non-volatile magnetic states. Switching the magnetization of a central disk with an electrical current does not only change the TAMR read-out of the respective disk, it also changes the resistance of the constriction. The resistance polar plot of the constriction maps the relative magnetization states of the individual disks. The presented device design serves as an all-electrical, all-semiconductor logic element. It combines a memory cell and data processing in a single monolithic paradigm.
N2  - Für die Realisierung eines programmierbaren Logikelements oder beliebiger nanometer großer Bauteile, brauchen wir eine verlässlige Methode, um die Magnetisierungsrichtung lokaler Domänen auzulesen. Dafür erweitern wir die Untersuchungen an TAMR (tunneling magneto resistance) Strukturen und skalieren die Fläche des Tunnelkontakts von 100 µm auf 260 nm. In Kapitel 4 geben wir zunächst eine theoretische Beschreibung des TAMR Effekts und zeigen darauf im folgenden Kapitel 5 experimentelle Daten der miniaturisierten Tunnelkontakte. Mit diesen TAMR-Kontakten ist es möglich die Magnetisierung lokal in einer Grössenordnung von 100 nm zu detektieren. Sub-micron TAMR-Messungen und anisotrope Magnetowiderstandmessungen (AMR) an sub-millimeter Gebieten zeigen, dass das Verhalten von makrokopischen (Ga,Mn)As nicht das eines Makrospins ist, sondern ein Ensembledurchschnitt von vielen fast identischen Makrospins. Dieses Ergebnis ist mit der makroskopischen Beschreibung der lokalen magnetischen Aniotropien konform.\\ Ein rein elektrisch kontrollierbares Read-Write Speicherelement aus dem ferromagnetischen Halbleiter (Ga,Mn)As wird in Kapitel 6 gezeigt. Das Element besteht aus vier 200 nm breiten Streifen, die mit einer kreisförmigen zentralen Disc verbunden sind. Der erste Teil des Kapitels beschreibt die einzelnen Lithographieschritte zur Herstellung des Elements. Zum Auslesen der Magnetisierungsrichtung der zentralen Disc mit einem Durchmesser von 650 nm verwenden wir einen miniaturisierten TAMR-Kontakt. Die 200 nm breiten Streifen dienen als Quelle eines spinpolarisierten Stromes in die zentrale Disc. Das Injezieren von polarisierten Löchern mit einem Spin-Drehimpuls in eine magnetische Region verändert die Magnetisierung der Region durch p-d Austauschwechselwirkung zwischen lokalisierten Mn-Spins und den Löchern. Die Magnetisierung der zentralen Disc kann rein elektrisch kontrolliert werden and als Bit eines Logikelementes verwendet werden. In Kapitel 7 untersuchen wir den Domänenwiderstand in (Ga,Mn)As. Am Übergang von den Streifen zur zentralen Disc ist es möglich 90°- und 180° Domänenwände zu erzeugen und deren Widerstand zu messen.\\ Die Ergebnisse von Kapitel 5 bis 7, kombiniert mit dem bereits existierenden Ergebnissen einer ultrakompakten (Ga,Mn)As-basierenden Speicherzelle von Ref. [Papp 07c], sind die Schlüsselelemente die man zur Realisierung eines programmierbaren Logikelements benötigt. Die Arbeit von Referenz [Papp 07c] nutzt Lithographie induzierte Deformationsrelaxation, um eine Struktur zu erzeugen, die aus zwei senkrechten Streifen besteht und durch eine Verengung verbunden sind. Der Widerstand dieser Verengung ist von der relativen Magnetisierungsorientierung der beiden Streifen abhängig. Das programmierbare Logikelement besteht aus zwei zentralen Discs, die mittels einer schmalen Verengung verbunden sind. Die Magnetisierung der beiden zentralen Discs dienen als Eingänge und die Verengung als Ausgang während der Logikoperation. Das Konzept wird am Ende des sechsten Kapitels eingeführt und als Beispiel für eine Logikoperation wird ein XOR-Gate präsentiert. Die Funktionalität des hier gezeigten programmierbaren Logikschemas kann Problemlos auf ein multifunktionales Element erweitert werden. Diese Geometrie kann abhängig von der Anzahl der Eingänge und der gewählten Adressierung für verschiedene Rechenelemente genutzt werden. \\ Die Realisierung eines programmierbaren Logikelements ist in Kapitel 8 gezeigt. Der Widerstand der Verengung hängt von der relativen Magnetisierungsrichtung der beiden zentralen Discs ab und wird als Ausgang während der Logikoperation verwendet. Im Gegensatz zu Referenz [Papp 07c], indem die einzelnen über die Verengung verbundenen magnetischen Elemente jeweils nur zwei nicht-flüchtige magnetische Zustände besitzen, hat jede zentrale Disc in unserem Schema vier nicht-flüchtige magnetische Zustände. Das Verändern der Magnetisierungsrichtung einer zentralen Disc durch einen elektrischen Strom kann durch den jeweiligen TAMR-Kontakt und durch die Widerstandänderung der Verengung gemessen werden. Der Widerstands-Fingerabdruck (resistance polar plot) der Verengung zeigt die verschiedenen relativen Magnetisierungszutände der zentralen Discs.\\ Das hier präsentierte Konzept dient als reines Halbleiter und rein-elektrisches Logikelement. Es kombiniert eine Speicherzelle und Datenverarbeitung in einem neuartigen monolithischen Bauelement.
KW  - Magnetischer Halbleiter
KW  - Magnetische Halbleiter
KW  - Magnetische Anisotropien
KW  - Spinelektronik
KW  - magnetic semiconductors
KW  - magnetic anisotropy
KW  - Magnetic properties of thin films interfaces
KW  - Spinelectronic
KW  - Magnetische Anisotropie
KW  - Spintronik
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71223
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lin, Hang
T1  - A Mixed Bag of Results: Village Elections in Contemporary China
N2  - While there is only little transformation to the absolute power of the party-state to be detected, some grassroots democratic experiments, however, are receiving enormous attention of the world, especially village elections. Nevertheless, this preliminary exercise of democracy is widely characterized as a mixed bag of results. Since its first conduction, it has experienced immense development and bought great impact not only on different rural political institutions, but also on common mass villagers, as well as changes to the local governance. But at the same time, the limitations of the factual effectiveness of these elections can hardly be underestimated and such aspects as the standardization of electoral procedures are still to be further improved. Moreover, given the wide variations across Chinese countryside and the strong oppositions from all levels, the future of China’s village elections remain hard to gauge.
KW  - China
KW  - Politik
KW  - Chinese politics
KW  - Village election
KW  - Local governance
KW  - Rural politics
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68684
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sommer, Claudia
A1  - Richter, Helmut
A1  - Rogausch, Jan P.
A1  - Frettloh, Jule
A1  - Lungenhausen, Margitta
A1  - Maier, Christoph
T1  - A modified score to identify and discriminate neuropathic pain: a study on the German version of the neuropathic pain symptom inventory (NPSI)
N2  - Background: Neuropathic pain must be correctly diagnosed for optimal treatment. The questionnaire named Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI) was developed in its original French version to evaluate the different symptoms of neuropathic pain. We hypothesized that the NPSI might also be used to differentiate neuropathic from non-neuropathic pain. Methods: We translated the NPSI into German using a standard forward-backward translation and administered it in a case-control design to patients with neuropathic (n = 68) and non-neuropathic pain (headache and osteoarthritis, n = 169) to validate it and to analyze its discriminant properties, its sensitivity to change, and to detect neuropathic pain subgroups with distinct profiles. Results: Using a sum score (the NPSI-G score), we found sensitivity to change (r between 0.37 and 0.5 for pain items of the graded chronic pain scale) and could distinguish between neuropathic and other pain on a group basis, but not for individual patients. Post hoc development of a discriminant score with optimized diagnostic properties to distinguish neuropathic pain from non-neuropathic pain resulted in an instrument with high sensitivity (91%) and acceptable specificity (70%). We detected six different pain profiles in the patient group with neuropathic pain; three profiles were found to be distinct. Conclusions: The NPSI-G potentially combines the properties of a diagnostic tool and an instrument to identify subtypes of neuropathic pain.
KW  - Neuralgie
KW  - NPSI
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68716
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schramm, Sabine
A1  - Fraune, Johanna
A1  - Naumann, Ronald
A1  - Hernandez-Hernandez, Abrahan
A1  - Höög, Christer
A1  - Cooke, Howard J.
A1  - Alsheimer, Manfred
A1  - Benavente, Ricardo
T1  - A Novel Mouse Synaptonemal Complex Protein Is Essential for Loading of Central Element Proteins, Recombination, and Fertility
N2  - The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a proteinaceous, meiosis-specific structure that is highly conserved in evolution. During meiosis, the SC mediates synapsis of homologous chromosomes. It is essential for proper recombination and segregation of homologous chromosomes, and therefore for genome haploidization. Mutations in human SC genes can cause infertility. In order to gain a better understanding of the process of SC assembly in a model system that would be relevant for humans, we are investigating meiosis in mice. Here, we report on a newly identified component of the murine SC, which we named SYCE3. SYCE3 is strongly conserved among mammals and localizes to the central element (CE) of the SC. By generating a Syce3 knockout mouse, we found that SYCE3 is required for fertility in both sexes. Loss of SYCE3 blocks synapsis initiation and results in meiotic arrest. In the absence of SYCE3, initiation of meiotic recombination appears to be normal, but its progression is severely impaired resulting in complete absence of MLH1 foci, which are presumed markers of crossovers in wild-type meiocytes. In the process of SC assembly, SYCE3 is required downstream of transverse filament protein SYCP1, but upstream of the other previously described CE–specific proteins. We conclude that SYCE3 enables chromosome loading of the other CE–specific proteins, which in turn would promote synapsis between homologous chromosomes.
KW  - Maus
KW  - Genetik
KW  - Cytologie
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68895
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Nassourou, Mohamadou
T1  - A Rule-based Statistical Classifier for Determining a Base Text and Ranking Witnesses In Textual Documents Collation Process
N2  - Given a collection of diverging documents about some lost original text, any person interested in the text would try reconstructing it from the diverging documents. Whether it is eclecticism, stemmatics, or copy-text, one is expected to explicitly or indirectly select one of the documents as a starting point or as a base text, which could be emended through comparison with remaining documents, so that a text that could be designated as the original document is generated. Unfortunately the process of giving priority to one of the documents also known as witnesses is a subjective approach. In fact even Cladistics, which could be considered as a computer-based approach of implementing stemmatics, does not present or recommend users to select a certain witness as a starting point for the process of reconstructing the original document. In this study, a computational method using a rule-based Bayesian classifier is used, to assist text scholars in their attempts of reconstructing a non-existing document from some available witnesses. The method developed in this study consists of selecting a base text successively and collating it with remaining documents. Each completed collation cycle stores the selected base text and its closest witness, along with a weighted score of their similarities and differences. At the end of the collation process, a witness selected more often by majority of base texts is considered as the probable base text of the collection. Witnesses’ scores are weighted using a weighting system, based on effects of types of textual modifications on the process of reconstructing original documents. Users have the possibility to select between baseless and base text collation. If a base text is selected, the task is reduced to ranking the witnesses with respect to the base text, otherwise a base text as well as ranking of the witnesses with respect to the base text are computed and displayed on a histogram.
KW  - Textvergleich
KW  - Text Mining
KW  - Gothenburg Modell
KW  - Bayes-Klassifikator
KW  - Textual document collation
KW  - Base text
KW  - Gothenburg model
KW  - Bayesian classifier
KW  - Textual alterations weighting system
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-57465
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Katja, Schulze
A1  - López, Diana A.
A1  - Tillich, Ulrich M.
A1  - Frohme, Marcus
T1  - A simple viability analysis for unicellular cyanobacteria using a new autofluorescence assay, automated microscopy, and ImageJ
JF  - BMC Biotechnology
N2  - Background
Currently established methods to identify viable and non-viable cells of cyanobacteria are either time-consuming (eg. plating) or preparation-intensive (eg. fluorescent staining). In this paper we present a new and fast viability assay for unicellular cyanobacteria, which uses red chlorophyll fluorescence and an unspecific green autofluorescence for the differentiation of viable and non-viable cells without the need of sample preparation.

Results
The viability assay for unicellular cyanobacteria using red and green autofluorescence was established and validated for the model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Both autofluorescence signals could be observed simultaneously allowing a direct classification of viable and non-viable cells. The results were confirmed by plating/colony count, absorption spectra and chlorophyll measurements. The use of an automated fluorescence microscope and a novel ImageJ based image analysis plugin allow a semi-automated analysis.

Conclusions
The new method simplifies the process of viability analysis and allows a quick and accurate analysis. Furthermore results indicate that a combination of the new assay with absorption spectra or chlorophyll concentration measurements allows the estimation of the vitality of cells.
KW  - variability analysis
KW  - unicellular cyanobacteria
KW  - autofluorescence
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137735
VL  - 11
IS  - 118
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Eckhardt, Manon
A1  - Anders, Maria
A1  - Muranyi, Walter
A1  - Heilemann, Mike
A1  - Krijnse-Locker, Jacomine
A1  - Müller, Barbara
T1  - A SNAP-Tagged Derivative of HIV-1-A Versatile Tool to Study Virus-Cell Interactions
JF  - PLoS ONE
N2  - Fluorescently labeled human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) derivatives, combined with the use of advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques, allow the direct visualization of dynamic events and individual steps in the viral life cycle. HIV proteins tagged with fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been successfully used for live-cell imaging analyses of HIV-cell interactions. However, FPs display limitations with respect to their physicochemical properties, and their maturation kinetics. Furthermore, several independent FP-tagged constructs have to be cloned and characterized in order to obtain spectral variations suitable for multi-color imaging setups. In contrast, the so-called SNAP-tag represents a genetically encoded non-fluorescent tag which mediates specific covalent coupling to fluorescent substrate molecules in a self-labeling reaction. Fusion of the SNAP-tag to the protein of interest allows specific labeling of the fusion protein with a variety of synthetic dyes, thereby offering enhanced flexibility for fluorescence imaging approaches. Here we describe the construction and characterization of the HIV derivative HIV(SNAP), which carries the SNAP-tag as an additional domain within the viral structural polyprotein Gag. Introduction of the tag close to the C-terminus of the matrix domain of Gag did not interfere with particle assembly, release or proteolytic virus maturation. The modified virions were infectious and could be propagated in tissue culture, albeit with reduced replication capacity. Insertion of the SNAP domain within Gag allowed specific staining of the viral polyprotein in the context of virus producing cells using a SNAP reactive dye as well as the visualization of individual virions and viral budding sites by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. Thus, HIV(SNAP) represents a versatile tool which expands the possibilities for the analysis of HIV-cell interactions using live cell imaging and sub-diffraction fluorescence microscopy.
KW  - Human-immunodeficiency-virus
KW  - Fusion proteins
KW  - Live cells
KW  - Fluorescence microscopy
KW  - Stimulated-emission
KW  - Plasma-membrane
KW  - Living cells
KW  - Real-time
KW  - TYPE-1
KW  - GAG
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133534
VL  - 6
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fischer, Roman
A1  - Maier, Olaf
A1  - Siegemund, Martin
A1  - Wajant, Harald
A1  - Scheurich, Peter
A1  - Pfizenmaier, Klaus
T1  - A TNF Receptor 2 Selective Agonist Rescues Human Neurons from Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death
JF  - PLoS ONE
N2  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a dual role in neurodegenerative diseases. Whereas TNF receptor (TNFR) 1 is predominantly associated with neurodegeneration, TNFR2 is involved in tissue regeneration and neuroprotection. Accordingly, the availability of TNFR2-selective agonists could allow the development of new therapeutic treatments of neurodegenerative diseases. We constructed a soluble, human TNFR2 agonist (TNC-scTNF(R2)) by genetic fusion of the trimerization domain of tenascin C to a TNFR2-selective single-chain TNF molecule, which is comprised of three TNF domains connected by short peptide linkers. TNC-scTNFR2 specifically activated TNFR2 and possessed membrane-TNF mimetic activity, resulting in TNFR2 signaling complex formation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Protection from neurodegeneration was assessed using the human dopaminergic neuronal cell line LUHMES. First we show that TNC-scTNF(R2) interfered with cell death pathways subsequent to H(2)O(2) exposure. Protection from cell death was dependent on TNFR2 activation of the PI3K-PKB/Akt pathway, evident from restoration of H(2)O(2) sensitivity in the presence of PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Second, in an in vitro model of Parkinson disease, TNC-scTNFR(2) rescues neurons after induction of cell death by 6-OHDA. Since TNFR2 is not only promoting anti-apoptotic responses but also plays an important role in tissue regeneration, activation of TNFR2 signaling by TNC-scTNF(R2) appears a promising strategy to ameliorate neurodegenerative processes.
KW  - Tumor-necrosis-factor
KW  - Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity
KW  - Single-chain TNF
KW  - Kappa-B pathway
KW  - Parkinsons-disease
KW  - Signaling complex
KW  - Activation
KW  - Apoptosis
KW  - Dopamine
KW  - Ligand
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133552
VL  - 6
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rieber, Nikolaus
A1  - Graf, Anna
A1  - Hartl, Dominik
A1  - Urschel, Simon
A1  - Belohradsky, Bernd H.
A1  - Liese, Johannes
T1  - Acellular Pertussis Booster in Adolescents Induces Th1 and Memory CD8+ T Cell Immune Response
N2  - In a number of countries, whole cell pertussis vaccines (wcP) were replaced by acellular vaccines (aP) due to an improved reactogenicity profile. Pertussis immunization leads to specific antibody production with the help of CD4+ T cells. In earlier studies in infants and young children, wcP vaccines selectively induced a Th1 dominated immune response, whereas aP vaccines led to a Th2 biased response. To obtain data on Th1 or Th2 dominance of the immune response in adolescents receiving an aP booster immunization after a wcP or aP primary immunization, we analyzed the concentration of Th1 (IL-2, TNF-a, INF-c) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) cytokines in supernatants of lymphocyte cultures specifically stimulated with pertussis antigens. We also investigated the presence of cytotoxic T cell responses against the facultative intracellular bacterium Bordetella pertussis by quantifying pertussis-specific CD8+ T cell activation following the aP booster immunization. Here we show that the adolescent aP booster vaccination predominantly leads to a Th1 immune response based on IFNgamma secretion upon stimulation with pertussis antigen, irrespective of a prior whole cell or acellular primary vaccination. The vaccination also induces an increase in peripheral CD8+CD69+ activated pertussis-specific memory T cells four weeks after vaccination. The Th1 bias of this immune response could play a role for the decreased local reactogenicity of this adolescent aP booster immunization when compared to the preceding childhood acellular pertussis booster. Pertussis-specific CD8+ memory T cells may contribute to protection against clinical pertussis.
KW  - Jugend
KW  - Keuchhusten
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68960
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rudert, Maximilian
A1  - Holzapfel, Boris Michael
A1  - Jakubietz, Michael
T1  - Adjuvant Radiotherapy
JF  - Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
N2  - No abstract available.
KW  - Soft-tissue sarcoma
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133571
VL  - 108
IS  - 33
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Song, Ning-Ning
A1  - Xiu, Jian-Bo
A1  - Huang, Ying
A1  - Chen, Jia-Yin
A1  - Zhang, Lei
A1  - Gutknecht, Lise
A1  - Lesch, Klaus Peter
A1  - Li, He
A1  - Ding, Yu-Qiang
T1  - Adult Raphe-Specific Deletion of Lmx1b Leads to Central Serotonin Deficiency
JF  - PLoS ONE
N2  - The transcription factor Lmx1b is essential for the differentiation and survival of central serotonergic (5-HTergic) neurons during embryonic development. However, the role of Lmx1b in adult 5-HTergic neurons is unknown. We used an inducible Cre-LoxP system to selectively inactivate Lmx1b expression in the raphe nuclei of adult mice. Pet1-CreER(T2) mice were generated and crossed with Lmx1b(flox/flox) mice to obtain Pet1-CreER(T2); Lmx1b(flox/flox) mice (which termed as Lmx1b iCKO). After administration of tamoxifen, the level of 5-HT in the brain of Lmx1b iCKO mice was reduced to 60% of that in control mice, and the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2), serotonin transporter (Sert) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (Vmat2) was greatly down-regulated. On the other hand, the expression of dopamine and norepinephrine as well as aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (Aadc) and Pet1 was unchanged. Our results reveal that Lmx1b is required for the biosynthesis of 5-HT in adult mouse brain, and it may be involved in maintaining normal functions of central 5-HTergic neurons by regulating the expression of Tph2, Sert and Vmat2.
KW  - Molecular-genetics
KW  - Sonic hedgehog
KW  - Neurons
KW  - Mice
KW  - Brain
KW  - Expression
KW  - System
KW  - PET-1
KW  - Transporter
KW  - Disorders
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133581
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Schnabel, Eva
T1  - Alcohol and driving-related performance - A comprehensive meta-analysis focusing the significance of the non-significant
T1  - Alkohol und fahrrelevante Leistungen - Eine umfassende Metaanalyse
N2  - The present work reviews the experimental literature on the acute effects of alcohol on human behaviour related to driving performance. A meta-analysis was conducted which includes studies published between 1954 and 2007 in order to provide a comprehensive knowledge of the substance alcohol. 450 studies reporting 5,300 findings were selected from over 12,000 references after applying certain in- and exclusion criteria. Thus, the present meta-analysis comprises far more studies than reviews on alcohol up to now. In the selected studies, different performance tests were conducted which were relevant for driving. The classification system used in this work assigns these tests to eight categories. The main categories consist of several sub categories classifying the tasks more precisely. The main categories were: (1) visual functions, (2) attention (including vigilance), (3) divided attention, (4) en-/decoding (including information processing and memory), (5) reaction time (including simple reaction time and choice reaction time), (6) psychomotor skills, (7) tracking and (8) driving. In addition to the performance aspect, the classification system takes into account mood and social behaviour variables related to driving safety like tiredness or aggression. Following the evaluation method of vote-counting, the number of significant findings and the number of non-significant findings were summarised per blood alcohol concentration (BAC) group. Thereby, a quantitative estimation of the effects of alcohol depending on the BAC was established, the so-called impairment function, which shows the percentage of significantly impaired findings. In order to provide a general overview of alcohol effects on driving-related performance, a global impairment function was established by aggregating all performance findings. The function is nearly linear with about 30% significant findings at a BAC of 0.05% and 50% significant findings at a BAC of 0.08%. In addition, more specific impairment functions considering only the findings of the single behavioural categories were calculated. The results revealed that impairment depends not only on the BAC, but also clearly differs between most of the performance categories. Tracking and driving performance were most affected by alcohol with impairment beginning at very low BACs of 0.02%. Also psychomotor skills were considerably affected by rather low BACs. Impairment of visual functions and information processing occurred at BACs of 0.04% and increased substantially with higher BACs. Impairment in memory tests could be found with very low BACs of 0.02%, but varied depending on the kind of memory. Performance decrements in divided attention tests could also be found with very low BACs in some studies. Attention started to be impaired at 0.04% BAC, but – as in vigilance tasks – considerable impairment only occurred at higher BACs. Choice reaction time was affected at lower BACs than simple reaction time, which was – together with the critical flicker fusion frequency – the least sensitive parameter to the effects of alcohol. To conclude, most skills which are relevant for the safe operation of a vehicle are clearly impaired by BACs of 0.05%, with motor functions being more affected than cognitive functions and complex tasks more than simple tasks. Generally, the results provided no evidence of a threshold effect for alcohol. There was no driving-related performance category for which a sudden transition from unimpaired to impaired occurred at a particular BAC level. In addition, a comparison was made between the present meta-analysis and two reviews of Moskowitz (Moskowitz & Fiorentino, 2000; Moskowitz & Robinson, 1988). Moskowitz reported much lower BACs at which performance was impaired. The reasons for this discrepancy lies in a different way to review scientific findings. On the one hand, Moskowitz focused on significant findings when selecting studies and findings for his reviews. On the other hand, the evaluation method used by Moskowitz ignored non-significant findings and counted each study once at the lowest BAC for which impairment was found. Those non-significant findings are as important as the significant ones in order to determine thresholds of impairment. Therefore, in contrast to Moskowitz, the present work describes the effects of alcohol with functions considering also the non-significant findings. The significance of the non-significant is emphasized with respect to the selection procedure as well as to the evaluation method.
N2  - Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen umfassenden Überblick experimenteller Studien, die die akute Wirkung von Alkohol auf fahrrelevante Leistungen untersuchen. Hierzu wurde eine Metaanalyse durchgeführt, in der Studien von 1954 bis 2007 berücksichtigt wurden. Aus über 12.000 Referenzen wurden 450 Studien mit insgesamt 5.300 Befunden nach vorher festgelegten Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien ausgewählt. So umfasst die vorliegende Metaanalyse weit mehr Studien als die bisherigen veröffentlichten Literaturüberlicke. In den ausgewählten Studien kamen verschiedene Leistungstests zur Anwendung, um die Effekte von Alkohol auf fahrrelevante Leistungen zu überprüfen. Diese Tests wurden in acht Kategorien klassifiziert: (1) visuelle Funktionen, (2) Aufmerksamkeit (einschließlich Vigilanz), (3) geteilte Aufmerksamkeit, (4) En-/ Dekodierung (einschließlich Informationsverarbeitung und Gedächtnis), (5) Reaktionszeit (einschließlich Einfachreaktionszeit und Wahlreaktionszeit), (6) psychomotorische Fähigkeiten, (7) Tracking und (8) Fahren. Neben den Leistungsaspekten berücksichtigt das in der vorliegenden Arbeit verwendete Klassifikationssystem auch andere für die Fahrleistung relevante Aspekte der beiden Bereiche subjektives Befinden und soziales Verhalten, wie beispielsweise Müdigkeit oder Aggressivität. Gemäß der Vote-counting-Methode wurde die Anzahl der signifikanten und nicht-signifikanten Befunde für verschiedene Blutalkoholkonzentrationsgruppen zusammengezählt. Daraus ergab sich eine quantitative Schätzung der Effekte von Alkohol in Abhängigkeit der Blutalkoholkonzentration (BAK), die sogenannte Beeinträchtigungsfunktion. Diese stellt den Prozentsatz an signifikanten Befunden, die eine Beeinträchtigung berichteten, dar. Um einen allgemeinen Überblick über Alkohol und die Effekte auf die Fahrleistung zu geben, wurde eine globale Beeinträchtigungsfunktion aufgestellt, in die alle Leistungsbefunde eingegangen sind. Diese Funktion ist nahezu linear mit etwa 30% signifikanten Befunden bei einer BAK von 0,05% und 50% signifikanten Befunde bei einer BAK von 0,08%. Darüber hinaus wurden spezifische Beeinträchtigungsfunktionen berechnet, in denen die jeweiligen Befunde der einzelnen Kategorien berücksichtigt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Beeinträchtigung nicht nur von der BAK abhängt, sondern auch von der geforderten Leistung. Tracking- und Fahrleistung waren dabei am stärksten betroffen. Hier zeigten sich bereits bei sehr geringen BAK von 0,02% Beeinträchtigungen. Auch psychomotorische Fähigkeiten wurden beträchtlich durch geringe BAK beeinträchtigt. Eine Beeinträchtigung der visuellen Funktionen und Informationsverarbeitung trat bei einer BAK von 0,04% auf und verstärkte sich deutlich mit höheren BAK. Eine Beeinträchtigung in Gedächtnistests konnte bei sehr geringen BAK von 0,02% gefunden werden, wobei diese in Abhängigkeit von der Art der Gedächtnistests variierte. Eine Abnahme der Leistung in Tests zu geteilter Aufmerksamkeit konnte in einigen Studien ebenfalls bei sehr geringen BAK gefunden werden. Eine Beeinträchtigung der Aufmerksamkeit trat bei einer BAK von 0,04% auf, aber erst bei höheren BAK kam es – wie bei Vigilanzaufgaben – zu erheblichen Beeinträchtigungen. Die Einfachreaktionszeit war zusammen mit der Flicker-Verschmelzungsfrequenz der am wenigsten sensitive Parameter für Alkoholeffekte. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die meisten Fertigkeiten, die für das sichere Führen eines Fahrzeugs relevant sind, ab einer BAK von 0,05% deutlich beeinträchtigt sind. Die motorischen Fertigkeiten sind dabei stärker betroffen als die kognitiven Funktionen, und komplexe Aufgaben stärker als einfache Aufgaben. Generell lieferten die Ergebnisse keinen Hinweis für einen Schwelleneffekt von Alkohol. Das heißt es gab keine fahrrelevante Leistungskategorie, bei der bei einer bestimmten BAK-Stufe ein plötzlicher Übergang von unbeeinträchtigt zu beeinträchtigt auftrat. Um Schwellen für ein Auftreten der Beeinträchtigung zu bestimmen, sind nicht-signifikante Befunde genauso wichtig wie signifikante. Die vorliegende Arbeit hebt die Bedeutung der Nichtsignifikanz sowohl für das Auswahlverfahren der Studien als auch für die Auswertungsmethode explizit hervor und beschreibt die Effekte von Alkohol durch Funktionen, die auch nicht-signifikante Befunde berücksichtigen.
KW  - Trunkenheit im Verkehr
KW  - Alkohol
KW  - Fahrerverhalten
KW  - Fahren
KW  - Leistung
KW  - Review
KW  - experimentelle Studien
KW  - Leistungstests
KW  - Metaanalyse
KW  - Alcohol
KW  - performance
KW  - driving
KW  - meta-analysis
KW  - review
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69959
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Holzapfel, Boris Michael
A1  - Rechl, Hans
A1  - Lehner, Stefan
A1  - Pilge, Hakan
A1  - Gollwitzer, Hans
A1  - Steinhauser, Erwin
T1  - Alloplastic Reconstruction of the Extensor Mechanism after Resection of Tibial Sarcoma [Research Article]
N2  - Reconstruction of the extensor mechanism is essential for good extremity function after endoprosthetic knee replacement following tumor resection. Only a few biological methods have been able to reliably restore a functional extensor mechanism, but they are often associated with significant complication rates. Reattachment of the patellar tendon to the prosthesis using an alloplastic patellar ligament (Trevira cord) can be an appropriate alternative. In vivo and in vitro studies have already shown that complete fibrous ingrowth in polyethylene chords can be seen after a period of six months. However, until now, no biomechanical study has shown the efficacy of an alloplastic cord and its fixation device in providing sufficient stability and endurance in daily life-activity until newly formed scar tissue can take over this function. In a special test bench developed for this study, different loading regimes were applied to simulate loads during everyday life. Failure loads and failuremodes were evaluated. The properties of the cord were compared before and after physiological conditioning. It was shown that rubbing was the mode of failure under dynamic loading. Tensile forces up to 2558N did not result in material failure. Thus, using an artificial cord together with this fixation device, temporary sufficient stable fixation can be expected.
KW  - Medizin
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69072
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Chipperfield, Joseph D.
A1  - Dytham, Calvin
A1  - Hovestadt, Thomas
T1  - An Updated Algorithm for the Generation of Neutral Landscapes by Spectral Synthesis
N2  - Background: Patterns that arise from an ecological process can be driven as much from the landscape over which the process is run as it is by some intrinsic properties of the process itself. The disentanglement of these effects is aided if it possible to run models of the process over artificial landscapes with controllable spatial properties. A number of different methods for the generation of so-called ‘neutral landscapes’ have been developed to provide just such a tool. Of these methods, a particular class that simulate fractional Brownian motion have shown particular promise. The existing methods of simulating fractional Brownian motion suffer from a number of problems however: they are often not easily generalisable to an arbitrary number of dimensions and produce outputs that can exhibit some undesirable artefacts. Methodology: We describe here an updated algorithm for the generation of neutral landscapes by fractional Brownian motion that do not display such undesirable properties. Using Monte Carlo simulation we assess the anisotropic properties of landscapes generated using the new algorithm described in this paper and compare it against a popular benchmark algorithm. Conclusion/Significance: The results show that the existing algorithm creates landscapes with values strongly correlated in the diagonal direction and that the new algorithm presented here corrects this artefact. A number of extensions of the algorithm described here are also highlighted: we describe how the algorithm can be employed to generate landscapes that display different properties in different dimensions and how they can be combined with an environmental gradient to produce landscapes that combine environmental variation at the local and macro scales.
KW  - Landschaft
KW  - Monte-Carlo-Simulation
KW  - Brownsche Bewegung
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68938
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Baß, Utz
T1  - Analysis of MBE-grown II-VI Hetero-Interfaces and Quantum-Dots by Raman Spectroscopy
T1  - Analyse von MBE-gewachsenen II-VI Heterogrenzschichten und Quantenpunkten mittels Ramanspektroskopie
N2  - The material system of interest in this thesis are II-VI-semiconductors. The first part of this thesis focuses on the formation of self-assembled CdSe-based quantum dots (QD) on ZnSe. The lattice constants of ZnSe and CdSe differ as much as about 7\% and therefore a CdSe layer grown on top of ZnSe experiences a huge strain. The aspired strain relief constitutes in the self-assembly of QDs (i.e. a roughened layer structure). Additionally, this QD layer is intermixed with Zn as this is also a possibility to decrease the strain in the layer. For CdSe on ZnSe, in Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), various QD growth procedures were analysed with respect to the resulting Cd-content of the non-stoichiometric ternary (Zn,Cd)Se. The evaluation was performed by Raman Spectroscopy as the phonon frequency depends on the Cd-content. The second part of the thesis emphasis on the interface properties of n-ZnSe on n-GaAs. Different growth start procedures of the ZnSe epilayer may lead to different interface configurations with characteristic band-offsets and carrier depletion layer widths. The analysis is mainly focused on the individual depletion layer widths in the GaAs and ZnSe. This non-destructive analysis is performed by evaluating the Raman signal which comprises of phonon scattering from the depleted regions and coupled plasmon-phonon scattering from regions with free carriers.
N2  - Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden II-VI Halbleiter untersucht. Der erste Teil behandelt die Selbstorganisation von CdSe basierten Quantenpunkten auf ZnSe. Die Gitterkonstante von ZnSe und CdSe differieren um ca. 7% und daher erfährt eine CdSe Schicht auf ZnSe eine riesige Verspannung. Der angestrebte Abbau dieser Verspannung resultiert in der Selbstorganisation von Quantenpunkten (bzw. einer rauen CdSe-Oberfläche). Zusätzlich bietet die Durchmischung mit Zn eine weitere Möglichkeit die Verspannung zu senken. In der Arbeit wurde mittels Raman Spektroskopie der Einfluss von verschiedenen MBE-Wachstumsmethoden auf den resultierenden Cd-Gehalt der Quantenpunktschicht untersucht. Im zweiten Teil standen die Grenzflächeneigenschaften von n-ZnSe auf n-GaAs im Fokus. Unterschiedliche Wachstumsmethoden dieser Grenzflächen können sich auf verschiedene Eigenschaften auswirken. Insbesondere in der Ausbildung von Verarmungszonen innerhalb der beiden Materialien an der Grenzfläche. Hierzu kam auch Raman Spektroskopie zum Einsatz da sich das Raman Signal aus Streubeiträgen von Phononen aus den verarmten Zonen und aus gekoppelten Plasmon-Phonon Moden aus den Schichten mit freien Ladungsträgern zusammensetzt.
KW  - Zwei-Sechs-Halbleiter
KW  - Molekularstrahlepitaxie
KW  - self-assembly
KW  - quantum-dots
KW  - Raman
KW  - plasmon
KW  - phonon
KW  - Wide-gap-Halbleiter
KW  - n-Halbleiter
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73413
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Kräußling, Michael
T1  - Analysis on division patterns and transcriptional activity in embryos from medaka "Oryzias latipes" before the midblastula transition
T1  - Analysen zu Teilungsmustern und transkriptioneller Aktivität in Embryonen von Medaka "Oryzias latipes" vor der Midblastula-Transition
N2  - Das Studium der Entwicklung von Tieren ist eine der ältesten Disziplinen in der Biologie. Die gesammelten Daten von unzähligen Untersuchungen an den verschiedensten Spezies wurden dazu benutzt, um ein generelles Verständnis des tierischen Lebenszykluses zu formulieren. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis der intensiven Untersuchungen war vor etwa einem Jahrhundert die Entdeckung spezifischer morphologischer Veränderungen, die sich während der Teilungsphase, der Zeitperiode die der Befruchtung und Aktivierung des Eies am Anfang der Embryogenese folgt, vollziehen. Diese Befunde führten schlussendlich zur Formulierung des Konzepts einer „Mid-Blastula Transition“ (MBT). Bisher gibt es nur eine Theorie die die Regulierung der MBT in befriedigender Weise erklärt. Dies ist das Model des Kern/Plasma-Verhältnis, welches sich aus dem Verhältnis DNA-Menge zu Zytoplasmavolumen ableitet. Es erklärt die MBT-Aktivierung durch bisher unbekannte, maternal deponierte Faktoren im Ei, welche die MBT Aktivierung kontrollieren, deren Konzentration allerdings mit jeder Zellteilung verdünnt wird, bis sie schließlich ihre blockierende Funktion verloren haben. Zwar wurde die Existenz dieses Mechanismuses schon in zahlreichen Spezies experimentell bewiesen, allerdings bleibt er nur eine ungenaue Beschreibung der ablaufenden Prozesse und lässt weiterhin viele Fragen unbeantwortet. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat diese Arbeit gezeigt, dass die Zellzyklen in Embryonen von Medaka (Oryzias latipes) ihre Synchronität schon nach dem vierten oder fünften Teilung verlieren, und diese durch ein Teilungsmuster ersetzt wird, das als „metasynchron“ bezeichnet wird. In diesem Teilungsmuster verlaufen die Zellteilungen in Wellen, die im Zentrum des Embryos beginnen und sich von dort nach außen hin radial ausbreiten. Noch ist der Sinn einer auf diese Art verlaufenden Zellteilung unbekannt, auch wenn es verschiedene Theorien gibt die versuchen den zugrunde liegenden Mechanismus zu erklären. Allen voran steht die Theorie eines unterschiedlichen Zugangs zu Faktoren innerhalb des Dotters. Allerdings wird diese Theorie durch die Beobachtungen in verformten Embryonen wiederlegt, in denen sich die Teilungswellen von einer Seite des Embryos zur gegenüberliegenden Seite ausgebreitet haben. Somit bleibt der Mechanismus für diese Art der Zellteilung weiterhin unklar. Nicht zu vergessen ist, dass diese deformierten Embryonen eine der möglichen Konsequenzen asymmetrischer Furchung während einer frühen Zellteilung sind. Asymmetrische Teilungen treten in Medaka in einer erheblichen Anzahl von Embryonen auf und haben einen direkten Einfluss auf die gleichmäßige Verteilung des Zytoplasma. Leider war es nicht möglich die Auswirkungen einer solchen ungleichmäßigen Verteilung aufzudecken, auch wenn man davon ausgehen kann, dass ein ausreichend großes Ungleichgewicht zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten der MBT-Aktivierung in verschiedenen Zellgruppen führen müsste. Ähnliche Beobachtungen wurden bereits in anderen Spezies gemacht, und es wurde vermutet, dass diese in ungleichmäßigen Zellteilungen begründet lagen. Weiterhin wurde bewiesen, dass die zygotische Transkription schon wesentlich vor dem bisher angenommenen frühesten Zeitpunkt aktiv ist. Darüber hinaus wurden Hinweise gefunden, die darauf hindeuten, dass die Transkription in Embryonen von Medaka in zwei Schritten einsetzt. Der erste Zeitpunkt ist das 16-Zellen-Stadium, in dem die ersten Zellen identifiziert wurden, die Phosphorylierung für RNAPII zeigten, und der zweite das64-Zellen Stadium, in dem der Anteil an p-RNAPII positiven Zellen signifikant anstieg. Ein schrittweiser Anstieg der Transkription wurde bereits in anderen Spezies beobachtet, auch wenn in diesen Fällen nur eine Erhöhung der mRNA-Menge festgestellt wurde, und nicht die unterschiedliche Anzahl an transkriptionell aktiven Zellen untersucht wurde.Zusammenfassend bestätigen und erweitern die hier gezeigten Daten die grundliegenden Kenntnisse über die Prozesse vor und währen der MBT, liefern darüber hinaus aber auch Anzeichen für viele Prozesse vor und während der MBT, die nur wenig oder gar nicht verstanden sind.
N2  - The study of animal development is one of the oldest disciplines in the field of biology and the collected data from countless investigations on numerous species have formed a general understanding of the animal life-cycle. Almost one century ago, one consequence of these intense investigations was the discovery of specific morphological changes that occur during the cleavage phase, a period that follows fertilization and egg activation at the very beginning of animal embryogenesis. These observations resulted into the formulation of the concept of a midblastula transition (MBT). So far, the mechanism of the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio model is the only one that explains MBT regulation in a satisfying way. It suggests that the MBT is controlled by several maternal repressive factors in the egg, which are titrated out by every cell division until they lose their repressing potential. Although this regulatory mechanism was proven for several species and in different approaches, it is still only a rudimentary model for MBT control and leaves numerous questions unanswered. On this conceptual background, this thesis has shown that embryos from the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) lose their cell cycle synchrony already after the fourth or fifth round of cell divisions, and replace it by a metasynchronous divisions pattern, in which cell division occurs in clear waves beginning in the embryo's center. The reason for this change in division mode is still unknown, although several hypotheses were put forward, most notable a difference in yolk-access between cells. However, this theory was weakened by division waves that progressed from one embryonic pole to the opposing one, which were occasionally observed in deformed embryos, leaving the mechanism for this phenomenon furthermore unclear. Those deformed embryos were most likely the result of asymmetric cell divisions at very early stages, a phenomenon which occurred in a significant percentage of medaka embryos and which directly influenced the equal distribution of cytoplasmic material. It could not beuncovered what kind of effects this unequal distribution of cytoplasm exerted on the progression of embryonic development, but it can be argued that relevant differences in cell volumes could result in cell clusters that will enter MBT at different time points. Comparable observations were already made in other species and it was hypothesized that they were the direct results of early unequal cell cleavages. Finally, it was demonstrated that zygotic transcription in medaka embryos is activated prior to the hitherto assumed time of the first transcriptional initiation. Moreover, indications were found that strongly speak for a transcriptional activation that occurs in two steps; a first step at the 16-cell stage when first cells were identified positive for RNAPII phosphorylation, and a second step at the 64-cell stage, when the number of p-RNAPII positive cells significantly increased. A stepwise activation of zygotic transcription was already observed in other species, but only for the overall increasing amount of mRNAs and irrespective of the actual number of transcriptionally active cells within the embryos. .. Overall, these data confirm and expand the basic knowledge of pre-MBT embryos and about the MBT itself. Furthermore, they also suggest that many early processes in pre-MBT embryos are only rudimentarily understood or still totally unknown.
KW  - Japankärpfling
KW  - Genregulation
KW  - Transkription <Genetik>
KW  - Furchungsteilung
KW  - Zellvolumen
KW  - Zygote
KW  - Midblastula-transition MBT MZT
KW  - Midblastula-transition MBT MZT
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66911
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Baptistella Florence, Michelle Etienne
A1  - Massuda, Juliana Yumi
A1  - Bröcker, Eva-Bettina
A1  - Metze, Konradin
A1  - Cintra, Maria Leticia
A1  - de Souza, Elemir Macedo
T1  - Angiogenesis in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of endothelial markers
JF  - CLINICS
N2  - OBJECTIVE: 
To demonstrate the role of angiogenesis in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. 

INTRODUCTION: 
Angiogenesis is a pivotal phenomenon in carcinogenesis. Its time course in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma has not yet been fully established. 

METHODS: 
We studied the vascular bed in 29 solar keratoses, 30 superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 30 invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The Chalkley method was used to quantify the microvascular area by comparing panendothelial (CD34) with neoangiogenesis (CD105) immunohistochemical markers. The vascular bed from non-neoplastic adjacent skin was evaluated in 8 solar keratoses, 10 superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 10 invasive squamous cell carcinomas. 

RESULTS: 
The microvascular area in CD105-stained specimens significantly increased in parallel with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression. However, no differences between groups were found in CD34 sections. Solar keratosis, superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma and invasive squamous cell carcinoma samples showed significant increases in microvascular area for both CD34- and CD105-stained specimens compared with the respective adjacent skin. 

DISCUSSION: 
The angiogenic switch occurs early in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and the rate of neovascularization is parallel to tumor progression. In contrast to panendothelial markers, CD105 use allows a dynamic evaluation of tumor angiogenesis. 

CONCLUSION: 
This study demonstrated the dependence of skin carcinogenesis on angiogenesis.
KW  - Pathologic neovascularization
KW  - CD105 antigen
KW  - human
KW  - CD34 antigen
KW  - skin neoplasms
KW  - keratosis
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133650
VL  - 66
IS  - 3
ER  -