TY - THES A1 - Bertolini, Enrico T1 - Comparative analysis of insect circadian clocks: a behavioural, anatomical, and molecular study T1 - Vergleichende Analyse der zirkadianen Uhr von Insekten: eine verhaltensbezogene, anatomische und molekulare Studie N2 - Biological clocks are endogenous oscillators that give organisms the sense of time. Insects, as the largest taxonomic group, offer fascinating models to study the evolution of clocks and their adaptation to various environments. Although the laboratory fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, led the role in the field of circadian biology as it provides a powerful genetic experimental tool, new model insect species need to be established to understand photoperiodic responses and to enable comparative studies. This work reports the behavioural, anatomical, and molecular characterization of the circadian clock of five insect species. The malt fly Chymomyza costata carries a D. melanogaster-like clock network, which supports circadian rhythms under rhythmic environment but cannot self-sustain when isolated from external time cues. The olive fly Bactrocera oleae is the major pest of olive plantations and the characterization of its circadian clock will improve future pest management strategies. The linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus, a well suited model for investigating circadian and photoperiodic timing interactions, shows high degree of homology of the clock network with D. melanogaster. The scuttle flies Megaselia scalaris and Megaselia abdita represent new fascinating models to study how the clock network controls circadian behaviour. Overall, this work highlights high degree of homology between different circadian clock systems, but at the same time also dramatic differences in terms of circadian behaviour and neuro-anatomical expression of clock components. These have been mainly discussed in regards to the evolution of clocks in Diptera, and the adaptation of clocks to high latitudes. N2 - Biologische Uhren sind endogene Oszillatoren, mit welchen Organismen die Zeit messen können. Als größte taxonomische Gruppe stellen Insekten eine Vielzahl faszinierender Modelle, um die Evolution und Anpassung von biologischen Uhren an verschiedene Umweltbedingungen zu untersuchen. Obwohl Drosophila melanogaster eines der führenden Modelltiere im Feld der Chronobiologie ist, was sich leicht auf die herausragende genetische Manipulierbarkeit der Fliege zurück führen lässt, müssen weitere Insektenarten als Modellorganismen etabliert werden, um anhand verglei- chender Studien die Anpassungen an photoperiodische Veränderungen verstehen zu können. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Charakterisierung der zirkadianen Uhr von fünf Insektenarten auf molekularer-, anatomischer- und Verhaltens-Ebene. Die Taufliegenart Chymomyza costata besitzt eine Drosophila-ähnliche Uhr, die zirkadiane Rhythmen unterstützt solange sich das Tier in einer rhythmischen Umwelt befindet. Allerdings kann die Uhr den Rhythmus nicht selbstständig aufrecht erhalten, wenn die Fliege von externen Zeitgebern isoliert ist. Die Olivenfruchtfliege Bactrocera oleae ist der bedeutendste Schädling auf Olivenplantagen und die Charakterisierung der zirkadianen Uhr dieser Art wird zuku¨nftige Schädlingsbekämpfungsstrategien verbessern. Die Gemeine Feuerwanze Pyrrhocoris apterus, ein gut geeignetes Modell um die Interaktion des zirkadianen und photoperiodischen Timings zu untersuchen, zeigt hohe Homologie zum Uhrennetzwerk von D. melanogaster. Die Buckelfliegen Megaselia scalaris und Megaselia abdita repräsentieren neue faszinierende Modelle für die Erforschung wie das Uhrennetzwerk zirkadianes Verhalten steuert. Zusammengenommen hebt diese Arbeit die hohe Ähnlichkeit zwischen verschiedenen zirkadianen Systemen hervor, zeigt jedoch gleichermaßen gravierende Unterschiede in Bezug auf zirkadianes Verhalten und der neuroanatomischen Expression von Uhrenkomponenten. Die Homologien und Unterschiede werden hauptsächlich in Bezug auf die Evolution biologischer Uhren in Dipteren, sowie der Anpassung der Uhren an höhere geografische Breiten, erörtert. KW - neurobiology KW - circadian clock KW - insects Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164651 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinhard, Nils A1 - Bertolini, Enrico A1 - Saito, Aika A1 - Sekiguchi, Manabu A1 - Yoshii, Taishi A1 - Rieger, Dirk A1 - Helfrich‐Förster, Charlotte T1 - The lateral posterior clock neurons of Drosophila melanogaster express three neuropeptides and have multiple connections within the circadian clock network and beyond JF - Journal of Comparative Neurology N2 - Drosophila’s lateral posterior neurons (LPNs) belong to a small group of circadian clock neurons that is so far not characterized in detail. Thanks to a new highly specific split‐Gal4 line, here we describe LPNs’ morphology in fine detail, their synaptic connections, daily bimodal expression of neuropeptides, and propose a putative role of this cluster in controlling daily activity and sleep patterns. We found that the three LPNs are heterogeneous. Two of the neurons with similar morphology arborize in the superior medial and lateral protocerebrum and most likely promote sleep. One unique, possibly wakefulness‐promoting, neuron with wider arborizations extends from the superior lateral protocerebrum toward the anterior optic tubercle. Both LPN types exhibit manifold connections with the other circadian clock neurons, especially with those that control the flies’ morning and evening activity (M‐ and E‐neurons, respectively). In addition, they form synaptic connections with neurons of the mushroom bodies, the fan‐shaped body, and with many additional still unidentified neurons. We found that both LPN types rhythmically express three neuropeptides, Allostatin A, Allostatin C, and Diuretic Hormone 31 with maxima in the morning and the evening. The three LPN neuropeptides may, furthermore, signal to the insect hormonal center in the pars intercerebralis and contribute to rhythmic modulation of metabolism, feeding, and reproduction. We discuss our findings in the light of anatomical details gained by the recently published hemibrain of a single female fly on the electron microscopic level and of previous functional studies concerning the LPN. KW - activity KW - circadian clock neurons KW - insect brain KW - neuropeptides KW - sleep KW - trans‐Tango Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276456 VL - 530 IS - 9 SP - 1507 EP - 1529 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinhard, Nils A1 - Schubert, Frank K. A1 - Bertolini, Enrico A1 - Hagedorn, Nicolas A1 - Manoli, Giulia A1 - Sekiguchi, Manabu A1 - Yoshii, Taishi A1 - Rieger, Dirk A1 - Helfrich-Förster, Charlotte T1 - The neuronal circuit of the dorsal circadian clock neurons in Drosophila melanogaster JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - Drosophila’s dorsal clock neurons (DNs) consist of four clusters (DN1as, DN1ps, DN2s, and DN3s) that largely differ in size. While the DN1as and the DN2s encompass only two neurons, the DN1ps consist of ∼15 neurons, and the DN3s comprise ∼40 neurons per brain hemisphere. In comparison to the well-characterized lateral clock neurons (LNs), the neuroanatomy and function of the DNs are still not clear. Over the past decade, numerous studies have addressed their role in the fly’s circadian system, leading to several sometimes divergent results. Nonetheless, these studies agreed that the DNs are important to fine-tune activity under light and temperature cycles and play essential roles in linking the output from the LNs to downstream neurons that control sleep and metabolism. Here, we used the Flybow system, specific split-GAL4 lines, trans-Tango, and the recently published fly connectome (called hemibrain) to describe the morphology of the DNs in greater detail, including their synaptic connections to other clock and non-clock neurons. We show that some DN groups are largely heterogenous. While certain DNs are strongly connected with the LNs, others are mainly output neurons that signal to circuits downstream of the clock. Among the latter are mushroom body neurons, central complex neurons, tubercle bulb neurons, neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis, and other still unidentified partners. This heterogeneity of the DNs may explain some of the conflicting results previously found about their functionality. Most importantly, we identify two putative novel communication centers of the clock network: one fiber bundle in the superior lateral protocerebrum running toward the anterior optic tubercle and one fiber hub in the posterior lateral protocerebrum. Both are invaded by several DNs and LNs and might play an instrumental role in the clock network. KW - circadian clock KW - dorsal clock neurons KW - trans-tango KW - flybow KW - neuroanatomy KW - hemibrain KW - clock network Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-272527 SN - 1664-042X VL - 13 ER -