TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Till Jasper A1 - Scherzad, Agmal A1 - Moratin, Helena A1 - Gehrke, Thomas Eckert A1 - Killisperger, Julian A1 - Hagen, Rudolf A1 - Wohlleben, Gisela A1 - Polat, Bülent A1 - Dembski, Sofia A1 - Kleinsasser, Norbert A1 - Hackenberg, Stephan T1 - The radiosensitizing effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles in sub-cytotoxic dosing is associated with oxidative stress in vitro JF - Materials N2 - Radioresistance is an important cause of head and neck cancer therapy failure. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) mediate tumor-selective toxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for radiosensitization of ZnO-NP. The dose-dependent cytotoxicity of ZnO-NP\(_{20 nm}\) and ZnO-NP\(_{100 nm}\) was investigated in FaDu and primary fibroblasts (FB) by an MTT assay. The clonogenic survival assay was used to evaluate the effects of ZnO-NP alone and in combination with irradiation on FB and FaDu. A formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (FPG)-modified single-cell microgel electrophoresis (comet) assay was applied to detect oxidative DNA damage in FB as a function of ZnO-NP and irradiation exposure. A significantly increased cytotoxicity after FaDu exposure to ZnO-NP\(_{20 nm}\) or ZnO-NP\(_{100 nm}\) was observed in a concentration of 10 µg/mL or 1 µg/mL respectively in 30 µg/mL of ZnO-NP\(_{20 nm}\) or 20 µg/mL of ZnO-NP\(_{100 nm}\) in FB. The addition of 1, 5, or 10 µg/mL ZnO-NP\(_{20 nm}\) or ZnO-NP\(_{100 nm}\) significantly reduced the clonogenic survival of FaDu after irradiation. The sub-cytotoxic dosage of ZnO-NP\(_{100 nm}\) increased the oxidative DNA damage compared to the irradiated control. This effect was not significant for ZnO-NP\(_{20 nm}\). ZnO-NP showed radiosensitizing properties in the sub-cytotoxic dosage. At least for the ZnO-NP\(_{100 nm}\), an increased level of oxidative stress is a possible mechanism of the radiosensitizing effect. KW - zinc oxide nanoparticles KW - irradiation KW - oxidative DNA damage KW - head and neck squamous cell carcinoma Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193897 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 12 IS - 24 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göring, Lukas A1 - Schumann, Sarah A1 - Müller, Jessica A1 - Buck, Andreas K. A1 - Port, Matthias A1 - Lassmann, Michael A1 - Scherthan, Harry A1 - Eberlein, Uta T1 - Repair of a-particle-induced DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after internal ex vivo irradiation with \(^{223}\)Ra JF - European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging N2 - Purpose As α-emitters for radiopharmaceutical therapies are administered systemically by intravenous injection, blood will be irradiated by α-particles that induce clustered DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we investigated the induction and repair of DSB damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a function of the absorbed dose to the blood following internal ex vivo irradiation with [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl2. Methods Blood samples of ten volunteers were irradiated by adding [\(^{223}\)Ra]RaCl2 solution with different activity concentrations resulting in absorbed doses to the blood of 3 mGy, 25 mGy, 50 mGy and 100 mGy. PBMCs were isolated, divided in three parts and either fixed directly (d-samples) or after 4 h or 24 h culture. After immunostaining, the induced γ-H2AX α-tracks were counted. The time-dependent decrease in α-track frequency was described with a model assuming a repair rate R and a fraction of non-repairable damage Q. Results For 25 mGy, 50 mGy and 100 mGy, the numbers of α-tracks were significantly increased compared to baseline at all time points. Compared to the corresponding d-samples, the α-track frequency decreased significantly after 4 h and after 24 h. The repair rates R were (0.24 ± 0.05) h−1 for 25 mGy, (0.16 ± 0.04) h−1 for 50 mGy and (0.13 ± 0.02) h−1 for 100 mGy, suggesting faster repair at lower absorbed doses, while Q-values were similar. Conclusion The results obtained suggest that induction and repair of the DSB damage depend on the absorbed dose to the blood. Repair rates were similar to what has been observed for irradiation with low linear energy transfer. KW - DSB damage KW - irradiation KW - α-Particle KW - γ-H2AX KW - repair Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324557 VL - 49 IS - 12 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wück, Daniela Maria T1 - Kombination von Paclitaxel und Bestrahlung T1 - Combination of paclitaxel and irradiation N2 - Paclitaxel wird als antineoplastisches Agenz hauptsächlich gegen Ovarial- und Brusttumore eingesetzt. Seine Wirkung beruht auf einer Störung der mikrotubulären Dynamik und Struktur des Zytoskeletts, die einen Arrest der Zelle in der G2- und Mitosephase des Zellzykluses bewirkt. Da Zellen, die in der G2/M-Phase des Zellzykluses arretiert sind, eine erhöhte Empfindlichkeit gegenüber ionisierender Strahlung aufweisen, könnte Paclitaxel als Strahlensensibilisierer in einer Kombinationstherapie mit Bestrahlung Vorteile in der Tumortherapie haben. In dieser Arbeit wurden daher die gentoxischer Effekte einer Einzelbehandlung und einer Kombinationsbehandlung von Paclitaxel und Strahlung untersucht. Da eine Tumortherapie stark von der Art des Tumors abhängt, wurden verschiedene Tumorzellinien untersucht. Als gentoxischen Endpunkt wurde die Induktion von Mikrokernen in vitro gewählt. Der in vitro Mikrokerntest ist ein valider und empfindlicher Test, der sensitiv gegenüber Spindelgiften wie Paclitaxel und chromosomenbrechende Agentien, wie ionisiernder Strahlung ist. In der Maus Lymphom Zellinie L5178Y, den Lungenfibroblasten V79, den humanen Cervixkarzinomzellen HeLa und in den humanen Brustkrebszellen MCF-7 konnte keine Radiosensibilisierung durch Paclitaxel detektiert werden. Die Anzahl der induzierten Mikrokerne lag immer im Bereich der theoretischen Addition der Einzelbehandlung mit Paclitaxel und Bestrahlung. In der humanen Lungenkarzinomzellinie A549, die als fünfte Zellreihe untersucht wurde, konnte für eine Kombination von 2,5 nM Paclitaxel und 2 Gy Bestrahlung ein synergistischer Effekt gefunden werden (30 %ige Erhöhung der Mikrokernrate bei Kombinationsbehandlung verglichen mit der Summe der Einzelbehandlungen). Dieser Effekt konnte in Wiederholungsexperimenten, in denen höhere Dosen an Paclitaxel verwendet wurden jedoch nicht reproduziert werden. Insgesamt konnten damit die Ergebnisse des in vitro Mikrokerntestes in fünf verschiedenen Zellinien keine eindeutige Radiosensibilisierung von Paclitaxel zeigen. In Folgestudien sollten daher verschiedene Konzentrationen und Behandlunsdauern von Paclitaxel sowie andere Endpunkte untersucht werden, um eine abschließende Beurteilung, ob Paclitaxel als zelltypabhängiger Radiosensibilisierer fungieren könnte, zu erlauben. N2 - Paclitaxel is used as a neoplastic drug for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer. The mechanism of action of paclitaxel is the impairment of microtubules formation leading to cell cycle arrest in the G2 and M phase. Cells that are arrested in G2/M phase of the cell cycle are sensitive for radiation and paclitaxel could therefore be used as a radiosensibilizer in tumor therapy. This thesis investigated therefore the genotoxic effects of paclitaxel in a single treatment as well as in combination with irradiation. Since tumor therapy is highly dependent on the tissue, several tissue-specific cell line were analyzed. The induction of micronuclei in vitro was chosen as genotoxic endpoint. The in vitro micronucleus test is a valid and sensitive assay suitable for the detection of spindle poisons like paclitaxel and chromosome damaging toxicants like irradiation. Nevertheless, no radiosensibilisation of paclitaxel was detectable in the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y, the lung fibroblasts V79, the human cervix carcinoma cells HeLa or the human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7. The amount of micronuclei induced by the combination treatment paclitaxel and irradiation was always within the range of the calculated sum of the single treatments by paclitaxel and irradiation, respectively. However, a combination of 2.5 nM paclitaxel and 2 Gy irradiation induced a synergistic effect in the human lung carcinoma cell line A549 (number of induced micronuclei by the combination treatment was 30 % higher compared to the calculated sum of the single treatments). This result could not be reproduced in subsequent experiments using higher doses of paclitaxel in A549 cells. In conclusion, no unequivocal radiosensibilisation by paclitaxel was detectable by the in vitro micronucleus test in five different cell lines. It is suggested that in follow-up studies different treatment schemes of paclitaxel and also various genotoxic endpoints should be investigated, to elucidate the potential of paclitaxel as a cell-type specific radiosensibilizer. KW - Paclitaxel KW - Bestrahlung KW - Mikrokerntest KW - Radiosensibilisierung KW - Synergismus KW - nicht additive Effekte KW - paclitaxel KW - irradiation KW - micronucleus test KW - radiosensibilisation KW - synergism KW - non-additive effects Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3356 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Djuzenova, Cholpon S. A1 - Fiedler, Vanessa A1 - Memmel, Simon A1 - Katzer, Astrid A1 - Sisario, Dmitri A1 - Brosch, Philippa K. A1 - Göhrung, Alexander A1 - Frister, Svenja A1 - Zimmermann, Heiko A1 - Flentje, Michael A1 - Sukhorukov, Vladimir L. T1 - Differential effects of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 on migration and radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells JF - BMC Cancer N2 - Background Most tumor cells show aberrantly activated Akt which leads to increased cell survival and resistance to cancer radiotherapy. Therefore, targeting Akt can be a promising strategy for radiosensitization. Here, we explore the impact of the Akt inhibitor MK-2206 alone and in combination with the dual PI3K and mTOR inhibitor PI-103 on the radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells. In addition, we examine migration of drug-treated cells. Methods Using single-cell tracking and wound healing migration tests, colony-forming assay, Western blotting, flow cytometry and electrorotation we examined the effects of MK-2206 and PI-103 and/or irradiation on the migration, radiation sensitivity, expression of several marker proteins, DNA damage, cell cycle progression and the plasma membrane properties in two glioblastoma (DK-MG and SNB19) cell lines, previously shown to differ markedly in their migratory behavior and response to PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Results We found that MK-2206 strongly reduces the migration of DK-MG but only moderately reduces the migration of SNB19 cells. Surprisingly, MK-2206 did not cause radiosensitization, but even increased colony-forming ability after irradiation. Moreover, MK-2206 did not enhance the radiosensitizing effect of PI-103. The results appear to contradict the strong depletion of p-Akt in MK-2206-treated cells. Possible reasons for the radioresistance of MK-2206-treated cells could be unaltered or in case of SNB19 cells even increased levels of p-mTOR and p-S6, as compared to the reduced expression of these proteins in PI-103-treated samples. We also found that MK-2206 did not enhance IR-induced DNA damage, neither did it cause cell cycle distortion, nor apoptosis nor excessive autophagy. Conclusions Our study provides proof that MK-2206 can effectively inhibit the expression of Akt in two glioblastoma cell lines. However, due to an aberrant activation of mTOR in response to Akt inhibition in PTEN mutated cells, the therapeutic window needs to be carefully defined, or a combination of Akt and mTOR inhibitors should be considered. KW - DNA damage KW - glioblastoma multiforme KW - histone H2AX KW - irradiation KW - migration KW - mTOR KW - PTEN KW - p53 KW - radiation sensitivity KW - wound healing Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200290 VL - 19 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hoffmann, Ulrike T1 - Auswirkungen ionisierender Strahlung auf das Proliferationsverhalten humaner fetaler Lungenfibroblasten im Ko-Kultur-Modell T1 - Effects of ionizing radiation on the prolferation pattern of co-cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts N2 - Eine wichtige Therapieform thorakaler Malignome stellt die Strahlenbehandlung dar. Als unerwünschte Wirkung kann hierbei eine Schädigung des Lungengewebes im Sinne einer Pneumonitis (bei ca. 7-20 % aller Patienten) oder einer Lungenfibrose (bei bis zu 39 % der Patienten nach mehreren Jahren) auftreten. Dabei haben die Fibroblasten als ortsständige Bindegewebszellen einen aktiveren Anteil, als lange Zeit angenommen. Sie können auf die Bestrahlung mit einer vorzeitigen Differenzierung in den terminalen Reifezustand reagieren, verbunden mit einer erhöhten Kollagenproduktion. Desweiteren weisen sie nach Bestrahlung eine vermehrte Syntheseleistung für interzelluläre Botenstoffe, sogenannte Cytokine, auf. Hierbei ist vor allem das profibrotische Cytokin Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-ß) zu nennen. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, quantitative Aussagen über das Proliferationsverhalten menschlicher Lungenfibroblasten nach Bestrahlung zu treffen. Um die Wechselwirkungen zwischen bestrahlten und nicht bestrahlten Fibroblasten zu untersuchen, wurde ein Ko-Kultur-Modell verwendet, welches freien Stoffaustausch zwischen den Fibroblasten ermöglichte, einen direkten Zellkontakt aber verhinderte. Die dafür vorgesehenen Fibroblasten wurden mit einer einmaligen Dosis von 4; 7 bzw. 10 Gy bestrahlt. Die Versuchsdauer betrug 12 Tage. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß humane fetale Lungenfibroblasten als direkte Reaktion auf die Bestrahlung mit ionisierenden Strahlen dosisabhängig dezimiert wurden. Im Gegensatz dazu reagierten die in Nachbarschaft zu den bestrahlten Fibroblasten ko-kultivierten Zellen mit einer signifikanten Zunahme ihres Zellwachstums. Es kann daraus geschlußfolgert werden, daß Fibroblasten nach Radiatio parakrin wirksame und für benachbarte Zellen wachstumsfördernde Substanzen produzieren. Die vorliegenden Versuche zeigten desweiteren, daß humane fetale Lungenfibroblasten nach Zugabe von exogenem TGF-ß verstärkt proliferierten. Bei ko-kultivierten, nicht selbst TGF-ß-exponierten Zellen konnte ebenfalls ein Mehrwachstum über die Dauer bis zu 12 Tagen beobachtet werden. Dies legt die Vermutung nahe, daß nach kurzem Kontakt mit TGF-ß eine autokrine und damit von äußeren Stimuli unabhängige Produktion von Wachstumsfaktoren durch Fibroblasten erfolgen kann. Ob es sich dabei um TGF-ß selbst oder nachgeschaltete, synergistisch wirkende Substanzen handelte, konnte mit der angewendeten Versuchsordnung nicht geklärt werden. Somit unterstützen die Resultate dieser Arbeit die Hypothese, daß bestrahlte Fibroblasten über cytokinvermittelte Interaktionen mit benachbarten Zellen diese in einen erhöhten Aktivierungszustand mit verstärkter Proliferation und Produktion von Interzellularsubstanzen versetzen können. Dies kann im Verlauf zum bindegewebigen Umbau des betroffenen Gewebes bis zum Vollbild einer Fibrose führen. Die Ursache für die ausbleibende Terminierung der profibrotischen Aktivitäten nach Wegfall des traumatischen Agens und damit die Verhältnisse „einer Wunde, die nicht heilt“ sind noch unklar. Die Lösung dieses Problems würde kausale Präventions- und Therapiemaßnahmen ermöglichen, welche die Inzidenz und Ausprägung von Lungenschädigungen als Folge thorakaler Bestrahlung vermindern und die Radiotherapie von malignen Tumoren intensivieren helfen könnte. N2 - Radiotherapy is an essential treatment of thoracic malignomas. A therapy-restricting factor is the radiation-induced lung tissue damage, i.e. a pneumonitis (7-20 % of all patients) or a fibrosis (up to 39 % of all patients after some years). In this regard, lung fibroblasts as the local connective tissue cells play a more active role than it was assumed previously. Ionizing radiation induces a premature terminal differentiation of fibroblasts and an increased production of extracellular matrix components. Additionally, irradiated fibroblasts cause an enhanced synthesis of intercellular transmitting molecules, the so called cytokines. In this context, Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-ß) appears to be one of the potential profibrotic cytokines produced by fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to determine the proliferation behaviour of human lung fibroblasts after a single irradiation. In order to analyze the interactions between irradiated and non-irradiated cells we used a co-culture system that enabled molecules to interchange between wells and inserts through small pores but prevented a direct cellular contact. The single radiation dose was 4; 7 and 10 Gy, respectively. One experiment lasted 12 days. The results showed a dose-depending reduction of the directly irradiated fibroblasts. In contrast, the co-cultured cells not exposed to direct radiation increased their proliferation rate significantly. Therefore, we conclude that irradiated fibroblasts produce paracrine effective molecules which can lead to an enhanced growth of neighbouring cells. Additionally, we studied the influence of exogenously added TGF-ß on human fetal lung fibroblasts. An increased proliferation of both directly treated cells and co-cultured cells could be demonstrated. We assume an autocrine production of growth factors by fibroblasts after a short exposition to TGF-ß, a process that seems to be independent of other external stimuli. Whether these substances are TGF-ß or other factors with a similar effect could not be tested in this study. Our results support the hypothesis that irradiated lung fibroblasts are able to interact with neighbouring non-irradiated cells via cytokines. These cytokines cause an increased activation level of the latter cells with enhanced proliferation and production of extracellular matrix components like collagen and fibronectin. This ongoing processes might lead to a fibrotic remodelling or, finally, to a tissue fibrosis. The reasons for the failing termination of these profibrotic activities after the traumatic agens has been removed remain unclear. The solution of this problem will hopefully lead to the development of an effective prevention and therapy of radiation-induced tissue damage in the future. This could help to intensify and optimize the radiotherapy of malignant tumors. KW - Bestrahlung KW - Transforming Growth Factor-beta KW - Lungenfibroblasten KW - Proliferation KW - Ko-Kultur KW - irradiation KW - Transforming Growth Factor-beta KW - lung fibroblasts KW - proliferation KW - co-culture Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-4887 ER -