TY - THES A1 - Drescher [geb. Knievel], Eva T1 - Das KCNJ6-Gen als Kandidatengen für Persönlichkeitsstörungen T1 - The KCNJ6 gene as a candidate gene for personality disorders N2 - Persönlichkeit wird zum einen durch genetische Einflüsse, zum anderen durch Erziehung und Umweltfaktoren geprägt. In heutigen Tagen ist es weitestgehend akzeptiert, dass das menschliche Naturell und die Persönlichkeit durch vielfältige genetische Faktoren beeinflusst werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Genotypisierung an einer Patientenstichprobe, bestehend aus Patienten der Universitätsklinik Würzburg, mit der gesicherten Diagnose einer Persönlichkeitsstörung, und einem Kollektiv aus gesunden Probanden (Bevölkerungskollektiv) durchgeführt. Es wurden zwei verschiedene Gen-Polymorphismen (rs7275707 und rs722557) des Kandidatengens KCNJ6 hinsichtlich ihrer Beteiligung an Persönlichkeitsstörungen untersucht. Das von diesem Gen codierte Protein ist ein G-protein aktivierter einwärtsgleichrichtender Kaliumkanal (GIRK2). Es konnte zwar ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen einem Single-Nukleotid-Polymorphismus (SNP) in dem Kandidatengen KCNJ6 und der antisozialen sowie Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung nachgewiesen werden, die molekulargenetischen Entstehungswege bis hin zur phänotypischen Ausprägung der Persönlichkeitsstörung sind allerdings multifaktoriell und an viele Rezeptor- und Neurotransmittersysteme gekoppelt. Der Ursprung kann auf den Austausch bzw. die Variation einer einzelnen Base im DNA-Strang zurückgeführt werden, im Ganzen betrachtet bleiben die Entstehung der Persönlichkeit und die daran gekoppelten Störungen aber ein multidimensionaler Prozess. N2 - Personality of a human beiing is based on the one hand on genetic conditions, on the other hand on education and social environment. Nowadays it is broadly accepted, that human disposition and personality is influenced by a variety of genentic factors. In this study we compared patients with a diagnosis of a personality disorder in comparison to healthy candidates via genotyping. We focused on the role of the two gene polymorphisms (rs 7275707 and rs 722557) of the candidate gene KCNJ6. This gene encodes for an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (GIRK2). Though an association between one single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) of our candidate gene and the antisocial personality disorder and the Borderline-Disorder was found, the molecular genetic pathways from the origin to the expression of the phenotype is multifactorial and linked to many systems of receptors and neurotransmitters. The origin of a disorder can be explained by the exchange of one base in the DNS, but in total the development of personality and the linked disorders are a multidimensional process. KW - Kaliumkanal KW - Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung KW - Dissoziale Persönlichkeitsstörung KW - KCNJ6 KW - GIRK 2 KW - G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium channel Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162231 ER - TY - THES A1 - Thoma, Jennifer Lee T1 - DAAO-Haplotypanalyse bei Schizophrenien und bipolaren Psychosen T1 - DAAO-Haplotypeanalysis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders N2 - Aufgrund der starken genetischen Komponente wird derzeit intensiv nach potentiellen Kandidatengenen für Schizophrenien und bipolare Psychosen gesucht. Das DAAO-Gen befindet sich auf dem Chromosom 12q24 und somit auf einem Hotspot für Schizophrenien und bipolare Psychosen. In einer Fall-Kontroll- Studie wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit neun DAAO-SNPs bei 246 Patienten, die an einer Schizophrenie erkrankt sind und 90 Patienten, die unter einer bipolaren Störung leiden, sowie bei 362 Kontrollpersonen untersucht. Ziel war es, eine Assoziation mit den genannten Phänotypen zu überprüfen. In der vorliegenden Studie konnte jedoch, im Gegensatz zu vorangegangenen Studien, mit keinem der untersuchten SNPs oder deren Haplotypen eine positive Assoziation gefunden werden. N2 - Polymorphisms in the human DAAO gene have been associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disease in several investigating studies in the French-Canadian, German and Asian population. However, these findings could not be confirmed in subsequent studies investigating other populations. Here we attempted to replicate this finding in a case-control study in a sample of 246 chronically ill schizophrenic and 90 bipolar subjects and 362 healthy controls in the German population in the lower Frankonian area. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DAAO gene have been genotyped by primer extension and MALDI-ToF measurement. Subsequently, associations for single markers as well as haplotypes have been tested. In lower Frankonian patients, neither single markers nor haplotypes in DAAO were associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Further exploratory analyses using a different diagnostic approach did not yield significant results either. As a result DAAO is unlikely to play a role in the genetic predisposition towards schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in the German population. KW - Paranoide Schizophrenie KW - Schizophrenie KW - Manisch-depressive Krankheit KW - D-Aminosäure-Oxidase KW - Haplotypanalyse KW - D-amino-acid-oxidase KW - haplotypeanalysis Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45980 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van de Kerkhof, Noortje W. A. A1 - van der Heijden, Frank M. M. A. A1 - Schneider, Marc K. F. A1 - Pfuhlmann, Bruno A1 - Stöber, Gerald A1 - Egger, Jos I. M. A1 - Verhoeven, Willem M. A. T1 - Cycloid psychoses: Leonhard's descriptions revisited JF - European Journal of Psychiatry N2 - Background and Objectives: Cycloid psychoses are characterized by polymorphic symptomatology with intraphasic bipolarity, a remitting and recurrent course and favourable prognosis. Perris and Brocicington (P&B) described the first set of operational criteria that were partly incorporated in ICD-10. The present study investigates psychopathological profiles according to the P&B criteria and the original descriptions by Leonhard, both against the background of the criteria from the prevailing international classification systems. Methods: Eighty patients with psychotic disorders were recruited and assessed with various psychometric instruments at baseline and after six weeks of antipsychotic treatment in order to investigate the presence of cycloid psychoses according to Leonhard (LCP) and the effect of treatment with antipsychotics. The overlap between LCP and DSM-IV Brief Psychotic Disorder (BPD), ICD Acute Polymorphic Psychotic Disorder (APP) and P&B criteria was calculated. Results: Using P&B criteria and a symptom checklist adapted from the original descriptions by Leonhard, 14 and 12 cases of cycloid psychosis were identified respectively reflecting a prevalence of 15-18%. Small though significant concordance rates were found between LCP and both DSM-BPD and ICD-APP. Concordance between LCP and P&B criteria was also significant, but modest. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that LCP can be identified in a substantial number of patients with psychotic disorders. Cycloid psychoses are not adequately covered in current classification systems and criteria. Since they are demonstrated to have a specific psychopathological profile, relapsing course and favourable prognosis, it is advocated to include these psychoses in daily differential diagnostic procedures. KW - P300 KW - endogenous psychoses KW - follow-up KW - schizophrenia KW - disorder KW - classification KW - validity KW - family Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134779 VL - 26 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van de Kerkhof, Nora WA A1 - Fekkes, Durk A1 - van der Heijden, Frank MMA A1 - Hoogendijk, Witte JG A1 - Stöber, Gerald A1 - Egger, Jos IM A1 - Verhoeven, Willem MA T1 - Cycloid psychoses in the psychosis spectrum: evidence for biochemical differences with schizophrenia JF - Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment N2 - Cycloid psychoses (CP) differ from schizophrenia regarding symptom profile, course, and prognosis and over many decades they were thought to be a separate entity within the psychosis spectrum. As to schizophrenia, research into the pathophysiology has focused on dopamine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glutamate signaling in which, concerning the latter, the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor plays a crucial role. The present study aims to determine whether CP can biochemically be delineated from schizophrenia. Eighty patients referred for psychotic disorders were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History, and (both at inclusion and after 6 weeks of antipsychotic treatment) with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Clinical Global Impression. From 58 completers, 33 patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia and ten with CP according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and Leonhard criteria, respectively. Fifteen patients were diagnosed with other disorders within the psychosis spectrum. At both time points, blood levels of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and amino acids related to glutamate neurotransmission were measured and compared with a matched control sample. Patients with CP showed a significantly better response to antipsychotic treatment as compared to patients with schizophrenia. In CP, glycine levels were elevated and tryptophan levels were lowered as compared to schizophrenia. Glutamate levels were increased in both patient groups as compared to controls. These results, showing marked differences in both treatment outcome and glutamate-related variable parameters, may point at better neuroplasticity in CP, necessitating demarcation of this subgroup within the psychosis spectrum. KW - cycloid psychoses KW - schizophrenia KW - glutamate KW - glycine KW - tryptophan KW - neuroplasticity Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-166255 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Verner, Martin A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. A1 - Troche, Stefan J. A1 - Roebers, Claudia M. A1 - Rammsayer, Thomas H. T1 - Cortical oxygen consumption in mental arithmetic as a function of task difficulty: a near-infrared spectroscopy approach JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - The present study investigated changes in cortical oxygenation during mental arithmetic using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Twenty-nine male volunteers were examined using a 52-channel continuous wave system for analyzing activity in prefrontal areas. With the help of a probabilistic mapping method, three regions of interest (ROIs) on each hemisphere were defined: The inferior frontal gyri (IFG), the middle frontal gyri (MFG), and the superior frontal gyri (SFG). Oxygenation as an indicator of functional brain activation was compared over the three ROI and two levels of arithmetic task difficulty (simple and complex additions). In contrast to most previous studies using fMRI or NIRS, in the present study arithmetic tasks were presented verbally in analogue to many daily life situations. With respect to task difficulty, more complex addition tasks led to higher oxygenation in all defined ROI except in the left IFG compared to simple addition tasks. When compared to the channel positions covering different gyri of the temporal lobe, the observed sensitivity to task complexity was found to be restricted to the specified ROIs. As to the comparison of ROIs, the highest oxygenation was found in the IFG, while MFG and SFG showed significantly less activation compared to IFG. The present cognitive-neuroscience approach demonstrated that NIRS is a suitable and highly feasible research tool for investigating and quantifying neural effects of increasing arithmetic task difficulty. KW - cortical activation KW - working memory KW - individual differences KW - prefrontal cortex KW - FMRI KW - brain-regions KW - subsctraction KW - activation KW - bold KW - intelligibility KW - NIRS KW - oxygen consumption KW - task difficulty KW - mental arithmetic KW - near-infrared spectroscopy Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122449 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 7 IS - 217 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinsen, Helmut A1 - Strik, M. A1 - Luther, K. A1 - Ulmar, G. A1 - Gangnus, D. A1 - Jungkunz, G. A1 - Eisenmenger, W. A1 - Götz, M. A1 - Bauer, M. T1 - Cortical and striatal neurone number in Huntington's disease N2 - The total cortical and striatal neurone and glial numbers were estimated in five cases of Huntington's disease (three males, two females) and five ageand sex-matched control cases. Serial 500-l-lm-thick gallocyanin-stained frontal sections through the left hemisphere were analysed using Cavalieri's principle for volume and the optical disector for cell density estimations. The average cortical neurone number of five controls (mean age 53±13 years, range 36-72 years) was 5.97x 109±320x 106 , the average number of small striatal neurones was 82 X 106± 15.8 X 106• The left striatum (caudatum, putamen, and accumbens) contained a mean of 273 X 106±53 X 106 glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and unc1assifiable glial profiles). The mean cortical neurone number in Huntington's disease patients (mean age 49±14 years, range 36-75 years) was diminished by about 33 % to 3.99x109±218x106 nerve cells (P ::;:::: 0.012, MannWhitney V-test). The mean number of small striatal neurones decreased tremendously to 9.72 X 106 ± 3.64 X 106 (-88 % ). The decrease in total glial cells was less pronounced (193 X 106±26 X 106) but the mean glial index, the numerical ratio of glial cells per neurone, increased from 3.35 to 22.59 in Huntington's disease. Qualitatively, neuronal loss was most pronounced in supragranular layers of primary sensory areas (Brodmann's areae 3,1,2; area 17, area 41). Layer HIc pyramidal cells were preferentially lost in association areas of the temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes, whereas spared layer IV granule cells formed a conspicuous band between layer IH and V in these fields. Methodological issues are discussed in context with previous investigations and similarities and differences of laminar and lobar nerve cellloss in Huntington's disease are compared with nerve cell degent-ration in other neuropsychiatric diseases. KW - Medizin KW - Huntington's disease . Human cerebral cortex KW - Striatum KW - Neurone number KW - Stereology Y1 - 1994 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55217 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riederer, Peter A1 - ter Meulen, Volker T1 - Coronaviruses: a challenge of today and a call for extended human postmortem brain analyses JF - Journal of Neural Transmission N2 - While there is abounding literature on virus-induced pathology in general and coronavirus in particular, recent evidence accumulates showing distinct and deleterious brain affection. As the respiratory tract connects to the brain without protection of the blood–brain barrier, SARS-CoV-2 might in the early invasive phase attack the cardiorespiratory centres located in the medulla/pons areas, giving rise to disturbances of respiration and cardiac problems. Furthermore, brainstem regions are at risk to lose their functional integrity. Therefore, long-term neurological as well as psychiatric symptomatology and eventual respective disorders cannot be excluded as evidenced from influenza-A triggered post-encephalitic Parkinsonism and HIV-1 triggered AIDS–dementia complex. From the available evidences for coronavirus-induced brain pathology, this review concludes a number of unmet needs for further research strategies like human postmortem brain analyses. SARS-CoV-2 mirroring experimental animal brain studies, characterization of time-dependent and region-dependent spreading behaviours of coronaviruses, enlightening of pathological mechanisms after coronavirus infection using long-term animal models and clinical observations of patients having had COVID-19 infection are calling to develop both protective strategies and drug discoveries to avoid early and late coronavirus-induced functional brain disturbances, symptoms and eventually disorders. To fight SARS-CoV-2, it is an urgent need to enforce clinical, molecular biological, neurochemical and genetic research including brain-related studies on a worldwide harmonized basis. KW - coronavirus KW - COVID-19 KW - SARS-CoV-2 brain disorders KW - cardiorespiratory centre KW - brain pathology KW - neurological symptoms/disorders KW - brain stem KW - Parkinson’s disease KW - Parkinsonism KW - Alzheimer’s disease KW - multiple sclerosis KW - movement disorders KW - neuroinvasion KW - therapy KW - neuroprotection KW - depression KW - cognitive dysfunction KW - brain bank KW - postmortem studies Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-314637 SN - 0300-9564 SN - 1435-1463 VL - 127 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beierle, Felix A1 - Schobel, Johannes A1 - Vogel, Carsten A1 - Allgaier, Johannes A1 - Mulansky, Lena A1 - Haug, Fabian A1 - Haug, Julian A1 - Schlee, Winfried A1 - Holfelder, Marc A1 - Stach, Michael A1 - Schickler, Marc A1 - Baumeister, Harald A1 - Cohrdes, Caroline A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Deserno, Lorenz A1 - Edler, Johanna-Sophie A1 - Eichner, Felizitas A. A1 - Greger, Helmut A1 - Hein, Grit A1 - Heuschmann, Peter A1 - John, Dennis A1 - Kestler, Hans A. A1 - Krefting, Dagmar A1 - Langguth, Berthold A1 - Meybohm, Patrick A1 - Probst, Thomas A1 - Reichert, Manfred A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Störk, Stefan A1 - Terhorst, Yannik A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Pryss, Rüdiger T1 - Corona Health — A Study- and Sensor-Based Mobile App Platform Exploring Aspects of the COVID-19 Pandemic JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Physical and mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic is typically assessed via surveys, which might make it difficult to conduct longitudinal studies and might lead to data suffering from recall bias. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) driven smartphone apps can help alleviate such issues, allowing for in situ recordings. Implementing such an app is not trivial, necessitates strict regulatory and legal requirements, and requires short development cycles to appropriately react to abrupt changes in the pandemic. Based on an existing app framework, we developed Corona Health, an app that serves as a platform for deploying questionnaire-based studies in combination with recordings of mobile sensors. In this paper, we present the technical details of Corona Health and provide first insights into the collected data. Through collaborative efforts from experts from public health, medicine, psychology, and computer science, we released Corona Health publicly on Google Play and the Apple App Store (in July 2020) in eight languages and attracted 7290 installations so far. Currently, five studies related to physical and mental well-being are deployed and 17,241 questionnaires have been filled out. Corona Health proves to be a viable tool for conducting research related to the COVID-19 pandemic and can serve as a blueprint for future EMA-based studies. The data we collected will substantially improve our knowledge on mental and physical health states, traits and trajectories as well as its risk and protective factors over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and its diverse prevention measures. KW - mobile health KW - ecological momentary assessment KW - digital phenotyping KW - longitudinal studies KW - mobile crowdsensing Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242658 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Van de Kerkhof, Noortje W. A. A1 - Feenstra, Ilse A1 - van der Heijden, Frank M. M. A. A1 - de Leeuw, Nicole A1 - Pfundt, Rolph A1 - Stöber, Gerald A1 - Egger, Jos I. M. A1 - Verhoeven, Willem M. A. T1 - Copy number variants in a sample of patients with psychotic disorders: is standard screening relevant for actual clinical practice? JF - Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment N2 - With the introduction of new genetic techniques such as genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridization, studies on the putative genetic etiology of schizophrenia have focused on the detection of copy number variants (CNVs), ie, microdeletions and/or microduplications, that are estimated to be present in up to 3% of patients with schizophrenia. In this study, out of a sample of 100 patients with psychotic disorders, 80 were investigated by array for the presence of CNVs. The assessment of the severity of psychiatric symptoms was performed using standardized instruments and ICD-10 was applied for diagnostic classification. In three patients, a submicroscopic CNV was demonstrated, one with a loss in 1q21.1 and two with a gain in 1p13.3 and 7q11.2, respectively. The association between these or other CNVs and schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses and their clinical implications still remain equivocal. While the CNV affected genes may enhance the vulnerability for psychiatric disorders via effects on neuronal architecture, these insights have not resulted in major changes in clinical practice as yet. Therefore, genome-wide array analysis should presently be restricted to those patients in whom psychotic symptoms are paired with other signs, particularly dysmorphisms and intellectual impairment. KW - microarrays KW - spectrum disorders KW - schizophrenia KW - gene KW - psychopathology KW - polymorphisms KW - microdeletion KW - perspectives KW - association KW - environment KW - copy number variants KW - 1q21 KW - 7q11.2 KW - 1p13.3 Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134769 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Glotzbach-Schoon, Evelyn A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Ewald, Heike A1 - Tröger, Christian A1 - Baumann, Christian A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas T1 - Contextual fear conditioning in virtual reality is affected by 5HTTLPR and NPSR1 polymorphisms: effects on fear-potentiated startle JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - The serotonin (5-HT) and neuropeptide S (NPS) systems are discussed as important genetic modulators of fear and sustained anxiety contributing to the etiology of anxiety disorders. Sustained anxiety is a crucial characteristic of most anxiety disorders which likely develops through contextual fear conditioning. This study investigated if and how genetic alterations of the 5-HT and the NPS systems as well as their interaction modulate contextual fear conditioning; specifically, function polymorphic variants in the genes coding for the 5-HT transporter (5HTT) and the NPS receptor (NPSR1) were studied. A large group of healthy volunteers was therefore stratified for 5HTTLPR (S+ vs. LL carriers) and NPSR1 rs324981 (T+ vs. AA carriers) polymorphisms resulting in four genotype groups (S+/T+, S+/AA, LL/T+, LL/AA) of 20 participants each. All participants underwent contextual fear conditioning and extinction using a virtual reality (VR) paradigm. During acquisition, one virtual office room (anxiety context, CXT+) was paired with an unpredictable electric stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US), whereas another virtual office room was not paired with any US (safety context, CXT−). During extinction no US was administered. Anxiety responses were quantified by fear-potentiated startle and ratings. Most importantly, we found a gene × gene interaction on fear-potentiated startle. Only carriers of both risk alleles (S+/T+) exhibited higher startle responses in CXT+ compared to CXT−. In contrast, anxiety ratings were only influenced by the NPSR1 polymorphism with AA carriers showing higher anxiety ratings in CXT+ as compared to CXT−. Our results speak in favor of a two level account of fear conditioning with diverging effects on implicit vs. explicit fear responses. Enhanced contextual fear conditioning as reflected in potentiated startle responses may be an endophenotype for anxiety disorders. KW - 5HTTLPR KW - NPSR1 KW - gene × gene interaction KW - contextual fear conditioning KW - fear-potentiated startle Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96516 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gründahl, Marthe A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Maier, Lisa A1 - Hewig, Johannes A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Hein, Grit T1 - Construction and validation of a scale to measure loneliness and isolation during social distancing and its effect on mental health JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - A variety of factors contribute to the degree to which a person feels lonely and socially isolated. These factors may be particularly relevant in contexts requiring social distancing, e.g., during the COVID-19 pandemic or in states of immunodeficiency. We present the Loneliness and Isolation during Social Distancing (LISD) Scale. Extending existing measures, the LISD scale measures both state and trait aspects of loneliness and isolation, including indicators of social connectedness and support. In addition, it reliably predicts individual differences in anxiety and depression. Data were collected online from two independent samples in a social distancing context (the COVID-19 pandemic). Factorial validation was based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA; Sample 1, N = 244) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; Sample 2, N = 304). Multiple regression analyses were used to assess how the LISD scale predicts state anxiety and depression. The LISD scale showed satisfactory fit in both samples. Its two state factors indicate being lonely and isolated as well as connected and supported, while its three trait factors reflect general loneliness and isolation, sociability and sense of belonging, and social closeness and support. Our results imply strong predictive power of the LISD scale for state anxiety and depression, explaining 33 and 51% of variance, respectively. Anxiety and depression scores were particularly predicted by low dispositional sociability and sense of belonging and by currently being more lonely and isolated. In turn, being lonely and isolated was related to being less connected and supported (state) as well as having lower social closeness and support in general (trait). We provide a novel scale which distinguishes between acute and general dimensions of loneliness and social isolation while also predicting mental health. The LISD scale could be a valuable and economic addition to the assessment of mental health factors impacted by social distancing. KW - loneliness KW - social isolation KW - social distancing KW - depression KW - anxiety Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269446 SN - 1664-0640 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Araragi, Naozumi A1 - Mlinar, Boris A1 - Baccini, Gilda A1 - Gutknecht, Lise A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter A1 - Corradetti, Renato T1 - Conservation of 5-HT1A receptor-mediated autoinhibition of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in mice with altered 5-HT homeostasis JF - Frontiers in Neuropharmacology N2 - Firing activity of serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is controlled by inhibitory somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors. This autoinhibitory mechanism is implicated in the etiology of disorders of emotion regulation, such as anxiety disorders and depression, as well as in the mechanism of antidepressant action. Here, we investigated how persistent alterations in brain 5-HT availability affect autoinhibition in two genetically modified mouse models lacking critical mediators of serotonergic transmission: 5-HT transporter knockout (Sert-/-) and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 knockout (Tph2-/-) mice. The degree of autoinhibition was assessed by loose-seal cell-attached recording in DRN slices. First, application of the 5-HT1A-selective agonist R(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin showed mild sensitization and marked desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors in Tph2-/- mice and Sert-/- mice, respectively. While 5-HT neurons from Tph2-/- mice did not display autoinhibition in response to L-tryptophan, autoinhibition of these neurons was unaltered in Sert-/- mice despite marked desensitization of their 5-HT1A autoreceptors. When the Tph2-dependent 5-HT synthesis step was bypassed by application of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP), neurons from both Tph2-/- and Sert-/- mice decreased their firing rates at significantly lower concentrations of 5-HTP compared to wildtype controls. Our findings demonstrate that, as opposed to the prevalent view, sensitivity of somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors does not predict the magnitude of 5-HT neuron autoinhibition. Changes in 5-HT1A receptor sensitivity may rather be seen as an adaptive mechanism to keep autoinhibition functioning in response to extremely altered levels of extracellular 5-HT resulting from targeted inactivation of mediators of serotonergic signaling. KW - serotonin transporter KW - tryptophan hydroxylase-2 KW - knockout KW - dorsal raphe nucleus KW - autoinhibition KW - 5-HT1A receptor Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97098 ER - TY - THES A1 - Müller, Kerstin Anni T1 - Computergestützte 3D-Rekonstruktionen und stereologische Untersuchungen an Thalamus und Striatum von normalen und pathologisch veränderten Gehirnen des Menschen T1 - Computer assisted 3D-reconstructions and stereological investigations of thalamus and striatum of normal and pathological changed human brains N2 - Es wurden insgesamt sieben Gallozyanin-gefärbte Schnittserien durch die rechte oder linke Hemisphäre von zwei Kontrollfällen (männlich, 28 Jahre, rechte Hemisphäre, weiblich, 65 Jahre, linke Hemisphäre), einem Fall mit Megalenzephalie (männlich, 48 Jahre, linke Hemisphäre), einem Fall von M. Little (65 Jahre, männlich, linke Hemisphäre), einem Fall von Alzheimerscher Krankheit (85 Jahre, weiblich, linke Hemisphäre) und einem Fall mit Huntingtonscher Krankheit (männlich, 49 Jahre, beide Hemisphären) verwendet. Die zentralen Anteile der Hemisphären mit den kompletten Schnittserien durch Thalami und Corpora striata wurden mit einer digitalen Kamera in Nahaufnahmetechnik aufgenommen, mit einem kommerziellen Bildbearbeitungs-programm (Adobe Photoshop 6.0®) aufbereitet und die derart aufbereiteten Bilder am Computer mit einer Computer gestützten 3D-Rekonstruktionssoftware (Amira®) verar-beitet. Ein wesentlicher Schritt in der Bearbeitung besteht in der Abgrenzung von Thalamus und Striatum von den benachbarten Strukturen. Die hohe Schnittdicke von 440 µm erleichterte dabei die zytoarchitektonische Abgrenzung beider Kerngebiete. Anders als erwartet unterliegen auch Serienschnitte mit einer Dicke von 440 µm Schrumpfungsartefakten, die nicht immer auf den ersten Blick erkennbar sind. Aus diesem Grund beschränken sich die 3D-Rekonstruktionen nicht auf das manuelle Abgrenzen von Strukturen. Vielmehr müssen alle Schnitte sorgfältig den Koordinaten des Raumes angepasst, hintereinander in der z-Achse angeordnet und bei Bedarf gedreht und verschoben werden. Die Rekonstruktionssoftware bietet für diese Prozedur eine halbautomatische Unterstützung. Einzelne stark verformte Schnitte mussten aber dennoch teilweise aufwändig der Serie angepasst werden. Amira® bietet vielseitige Möglichkeiten in der Darstellung der räumlich rekonstruierten Schnitte. Durch Interpolation werden die Rohdaten zum Teil stark verändert und die ursprünglich kantigen und eckigen Formen zunehmend geglättet. Diese Glättung ist der Erfahrung/Willkür des Untersuchers anheim gestellt und folglich werden die Grenzen zwischen einer realistischen 3D-Rekonstruktion und einer Fiktion fließend. Neben 3D-Rekonstruktionen lassen sich mit Amira auch die Volumina von Striatum und Thalamus berechnen. Diese Daten wurden mit den stereologisch bestimmten Kernvolumina und Nervenzellzahlen verglichen. Grundsätzlich liegen die mit Amira erhobenen Volumenwerte zwischen 1,4 und 6,65% unter den stereologisch geschätzten Werten. Diese Diskrepanz ist bei der bekannten biologischen Variabilität des menschlichen ZNS akzeptabel und im Vergleich mit Literaturangaben und -abbildungen dürften Form und Größe der rekonstruierten Thalami und Corpora striata der Wirklichkeit weitgehend entsprechen. Die Nervenzellzahlen schwanken dabei in einem weiten Bereich zwischen rund 71 Millionen im Striatum bei Megalenzephalie und weniger als 7 Millionen bei Chorea Huntington. Im Thalamus liegt die Nervenzellzahl zwischen rund 18 Millionen (Kontrollfall) und etwas mehr als 6 Millionen bei dem untersuchten Fall mit M. Little. Berücksichtigt man die vielfältigen physiologischen Verbindungen zwischen Thalamus und Striatum, so lassen die Schwankungen in den Nervenzellzahlen auf komplexe Interaktionen und Defizite bei den untersuchten Fällen schließen. Im Ergebnis unerwartet ist die weitgehende Konstanz in Form und Aussehen von Thalamus und Striatum im Endstadium von Alzheimerscher Demenz und bei einem Fall von M. Little. Offensichtlich stehen globale Atrophie- bzw. Degenerationsprozesse bei der Alzheimerschen Krankheit im Vordergrund mit der Folge, dass Thalamus und Striatum trotz deutlicher Nervenzellausfälle bei erhöhter Zahl von Gliazellen insgesamt nur wenig kleiner werden. Allerdings tat sich bei dem Fall mit M. Alzheimer an der Ventralseite des Thalamus eine Rinne auf, die bei den anderen untersuchten Fällen nicht gefunden und deren Ursache nicht geklärt werden konnte. Dramatisch erschienen die Größen- und Formveränderung des Striatum beim Chorea-Huntington-Fall. Nervenzell- und Gliazellausfälle im Striatum bei Chorea Huntington dürften die ausgeprägten makroskopischen Veränderungen erklären. Die Kombination von Serienschnitttechnik mit hoher Schnittdicke und einer Computer gestützten 3D-Rekonstruktion bietet bisher nie da gewesene und faszinierende Aspekte vom Bau des menschlichen ZNS. Nach Import in spezielle Computersoftware zur Animation von 3D-Modellen eröffnen die 3D-Rekonstruktionen auch neue Aspekte in der Präsentation der vermuteten Funktionsweise des ZNS. Dabei sollte aber in Anbetracht der komplexen methodischen Faktoren immer eine kritische Distanz zu vielfältigen Darstellungsformen am Bildschirm gewahrt bleiben. N2 - In total we investigated seven gallocyanin stained slice series through the right and left hemisphere of two control cases (man, age 28, right hemisphere, female, age 65, left hemisphere), one case of Megalencephaly (man, age 48, left hemisphere), one case of M. Little (man, age 65, left hemisphere), one case of Alzheimers Disease (female, age 85, left hemisphere) and one case of Huntingtons Disease (man, age 49, both hemispheres). The central parts of the hemispheres with the complete slice series through thalamus and striatum were captured with a digital camera and processed with a commercial picture-processing-programme (Adobe Photoshop 6.0®) and the result was further processed to 3D-models with another software (Amira®). One fundamental step in this procedure is the demarcation between thalamus and striatum and their sourrounding cell groups. The high slice thickness of 440 µm makes this much easier. Different from our expactation we found shrinking artefacts even in slices with a thickness of 440 µm, which were not always visible at first sight. For this reason we had to do more than manual demarcation of the structures, e.g. arrangement of all slices in a row in z-axes and rotation of the slices when needed. The reconstruction software can do this semiautomatically, but in some cases we had to do this on our own in a very difficult procedure. Amira® has a lot of possibilities to show the reconstructed slices. The original database is transformated during the reconstruction procedure so that the models are influenced subjective. Besides 3D-reconstructions we can measure the volume of striatum and thalamus with Amira®. We compared this data with the volumes determined with stereological methods and can say that the volumes measured with Amira® lay 1,4-6,65% under the volumes determined with stereological methods. This different is acceptabel in the face of biological variability. The amount of neurons extend from 71 millions in striatum with Megalencephaly to 7 millions in striatum with Huntingtons Disease. In the thalamus it extends from18 millions in a control case to 6 millions in a M.Little case. Unexpected was the constant form and shape of thalamus and striatum in the late stages of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers Disease. We suggest that the undergoing neurons are replaced by glia and so the macroscopical form remains nearly constant. On the other hand we could see dramatically changes in form and size of the striatum in the Huntingtons Disease case. The combination of serial slice technique with high sliche thickness and computer supported 3D-reconstruction offers new and fascinating aspects of the human central nervous system. Knowing the complex methods to get to this reconstructions one should always observe these models critical. KW - Dreidimensionale Rekonstruktion KW - Corpus striatum KW - Thalamus KW - corpus striatum KW - thalamus KW - reconstruction Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-24472 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kircher, Stefan Josef T1 - Computergestützte 3D-Rekonstruktionen und stereologische Untersuchungen am Mandelkernkomplex von normalen und pathologisch veränderten Gehirnen des Menschen T1 - Computer based 3D reconstruction and stereologic analysis of the amygdala complex of normal and pathological human brains N2 - Der Mandelkernkomplex (Amygdala) ist ein Kerngebiet im medialen Temporallappen, das zum limbischen System gehört und dem eine wichtige Rolle in der Regulation von Gefühlen, sozialem Verhalten, Affekten, Gedächtnis und Sexualität zugeschrieben wird. Die mit Hilfe der 3D-Software Amira erstellten dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktionen des Mandelkernkomplexes von Kontrollfällen und Personen mit M. Alzheimer, Chorea Huntington, M. Little und Megalenzephalie basierten auf den mikroskopisch ausgewerteten zytoarchitektonischen Abgrenzungen der amygdaloiden Kerngebiete der nach Nissl gefärbten Hirnschnittpräparate. Die quantitativen Ergebnisse wurden mit bewährten stereologischen Methoden verglichen und den mit Post-mortem- und In-vivo-Verfahren generierten Ergebnissen anderer Studien gegenüber gestellt. Dabei wurden die Nomenklatur und die Abgrenzung der einzelnen Kerne diskutiert und auf exogene und biologische Volumen und Zelldichte beeinflussende Faktoren eingegangen, die die exakte und reproduzierbare Volumenbestimmung des menschlichen ZNS und seiner Komponenten erschweren. Unter Berücksichtigung von Schrumpfungsfaktoren und mehr oder minder großen Differenzen in der Abgrenzung des Mandelkernkomplexes sind die eigenen Daten mit bisher veröffentlichten Untersuchungen gut vergleichbar. Die in dieser Arbeit beschriebene Methode der dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktion von Hirnstrukturen eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten der Darstellung und Animation, die entscheidende wissenschaftliche Kenntnisse und wichtige Hinweise zur Auswertung MRT-basierter Morphometrie liefern und damit zur Diagnostik neuropsychiatrischer Erkrankungen beitragen kann. N2 - The amygdala complex is located in the medial temporal lobe, belongs to the limbic system and is involved in the regulation of feelings, social behaviour, affects, memory and sexuality. With support of the 3D Software Amira three-dimensional reconstructions of the amygdala of control cases and people with Alzheimer’s Disease, Chorea Huntington, Little’s Disease and Megalenzephalie based on microscopic controlled cytoarchitectural boundaries of the amygdaloid nucleus areas of Nissl coloured serial brain sections have been created. The quantitative results were compared with approved stereologic methods and with other post-mortem and in vivo defined procedures. Thereby the nomenclature and the demarcation of the individual nuclei have been discussed and the exogenous and biological volumes as well as the influencing factors of the cell-density, which complicate the precise and reproducible determination of the volume of the human CNS and its components, were considered. Under consideration of the shrinking factors and more or less big differences in the demarcation of the amygdala complex our results are well comparable with previously released studies. The three-dimensional reconstruction of brain structures opens up a wide range of new possibilities for presentation and animation as thoroughly described in this study. It will probably lead to significant scientific knowledge and important hints about the evaluation of NMR-based morphometry, which can contribute to the diagnostics of neuropsychiatric diseases as well. KW - Mandelkernkomplex KW - Amygdala KW - 3D-Rekonstruktion KW - amygdala KW - 3D reconstruction Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-20747 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosenbaum, David A1 - Blum, Leonore A1 - Schweizer, Paul A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. A1 - Ehlis, Ann-Christine A1 - Metzger, Florian G. T1 - Comparison of speed versus complexity effects on the hemodynamic response of the trail making test in block designs JF - Neurophotonics N2 - The use of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in block designs provides measures of cortical activity in ecologically valid environments. However, in some cases, the use of block designs may be problematic when data are not corrected for performance in a time-restricted block. We sought to investigate the effects of task complexity and processing speed on hemodynamic responses in an fNIRS block design. To differentiate the effects of task complexity and processing speed, 20 subjects completed the trail making test (TMT) in two versions (TMT-A versus TMT-B) and three different speed levels (slow versus moderate versus fast). During TMT-A, subjects are asked to connect encircled numbers in numerically ascending order (1-2-3 ... ). In the more complex TMT-B, subjects are instructed to connect encircled numbers and letters in alternating ascending order (1-A-2-B ... ). To illustrate the obscuring effects of processing speed on task complexity, we perform two different analyses. First, we analyze the classical measures of oxygenated blood, and second, we analyze the measures corrected for the number of processed items. Our results show large effects for processing speed within the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and superior parietal lobule (SPL). The TMT contrast did not show significant effects with classical measures, although trends are observed for higher activation during TMT-B. When corrected for processed items, higher activity for TMT-B in comparison to TMT-A is found within the SPL. The results are discussed in light of recent research designs, and simple to use correction methods are suggested. (c) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. KW - functional near-infrared spectroscopy KW - trail making test KW - processing speed KW - task complexity Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226982 VL - 5 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meier, Sandra M. A1 - Kähler, Anna K. A1 - Bergen, Sarah E. A1 - Sullivan, Patrick F. A1 - Hultman, Christina M. A1 - Mattheisen, Manuel T1 - Chronicity and Sex Affect Genetic Risk Prediction in Schizophrenia JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder with immense personal and societal costs; identifying individuals at risk is therefore of utmost importance. Genomic risk profile scores (GRPS) have been shown to significantly predict cases-control status. Making use of a large-population based sample from Sweden, we replicate a previous finding demonstrating that the GRPS is strongly associated with admission frequency and chronicity of SCZ. Furthermore, we were able to show a substantial gap in prediction accuracy between males and females. In sum, our results indicate that prediction accuracy by GRPS depends on clinical and demographic characteristics. KW - schizophrenia KW - polygenic risk score KW - prediction KW - sex KW - course Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205677 SN - 1664-0640 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grünblatt, Edna A1 - Bartl, Jasmin A1 - Iuhos, Diana-Iulia A1 - Knezovic, Ana A1 - Trkulja, Vladimir A1 - Riederer, Peter A1 - Walitza, Susanne A1 - Salkovic-Petrisic, Melita T1 - Characterization of cognitive deficits in spontaneously hypertensive rats, accompanied by brain insulin receptor dysfunction JF - Journal of Molecular Psychiatry N2 - Background The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been used to model changes in the central nervous system associated with cognitive-related disorders. Recent human and animal studies indicate a possible relationship between cognitive deficits, insulin resistance and hypertension. We aimed to investigate whether cognitively impaired SHRs develop central and/or peripheral insulin resistance and how their cognitive performance is influenced by the animal’s sex and age as well as strains used for comparison (Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto/WKY). Methods Three and seven-month-old SHR, Wistar, and WKY rats were studied for their cognitive performance using Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Passive Avoidance tests (PAT). Plasma glucose and insulin were obtained after oral glucose tolerance tests. Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum status of insulin-receptor (IR) β-subunit and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) and their phosphorylated forms were obtained via ELISA. Results SHRs performed poorly in MWM and PAT in comparison to both control strains but more pronouncedly compared to WKY. Females performed poorer than males and 7-month-old SHRs had poorer MWM performance than 3-month-old ones. Although plasma glucose levels remained unchanged, plasma insulin levels were significantly increased in the glucose tolerance test in 7-month-old SHRs. SHRs demonstrated reduced expression and increased activity of IRβ-subunit in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum with different regional changes in phospho/total GSK3β ratio, as compared to WKYs. Conclusion Results indicate that cognitive deficits in SHRs are accompanied by both central and peripheral insulin dysfunction, thus allowing for the speculation that SHRs might additionally be considered as a model of insulin resistance-induced type of dementia. KW - spontaneously hypertensive rat KW - age KW - control strain KW - gender KW - glycogen synthase kinase-3β KW - insulin resistance KW - learning and memory Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149593 VL - 3 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Osmanovic, Jelena T1 - Changes in gene expression of brain insulin system in STZ icv - damaged rats - relevance to Alzheimer disease N2 - Ratten, die intrazerebroventricular (icv) mit Streptozotocin (STZ) behandelt werden, eignen sich gut als Tiermodelle für die sporadische Alzheimererkrankung (sAD). In der hier vorgelegten Arbeit wurden Veränderungen bezüglich der Insulinkonzentration sowie einiger Bestandteile der Insulinrezeptor (IR) – Signalkaskade in Rattengehirnen, welche icv mit STZ behandelt wurden, zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten untersucht. Die Auswirkungen von STZ auf die zerebrale IR-Signalkaskade wurden dann mit denen von chronisch erhöhten Corticosteronkonzentrationen verglichen. In dieser Studie wurde im Hippocampus eine verminderte mRNA-Expression von Insulin, der IR sowie des insulinabbauenden Enzyms (IDE) nachgewiesen; bezüglich der tau-mRNA-Expression konnten jedoch in diesem Gehirnareal der mit STZ behandelten Ratten keine Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Die Resultate der Insulin-, IR- und IDE-mRNA-Expression fielen bei den mit Corticosteron behandelten Ratten ähnlich aus Im Gegensatz hierzu nahm die tau-mRNA-Expression bei Ratten, die mit Corticosterone behandelt wurden, zu, was auch für eine sAD kennzeichnend ist. Sowohl bei den mit STZ als auch bei den mit Corticosteronen behandelten Ratten konnten Verhaltensanomalien beobachtet werden. Die in dieser Arbeit erzielten Resultate deuten darauf hin, dass viele Merkmale einer sAD experimentell durch eine Beeinträchtigung des Insulin/IR-Signalwegs sowie eine chronische Erhöhung der Corticosteronkonzentration hervorgerufen werden können. Dies untermauert wiederum unsere Hypothese, dass es sich bei sAD um eine neuroendokrine Störung handelt, die mit gehirnspezifischen Fehlfunktionen in der Insulin/IR-Signalkaskade einhergeht, welche zum Teil durch erhöhte Corticosteronkonzentrationen ausgelöst werden können. Auf Grund der in dieser Arbeit erzielten Resultate stellt sich die Frage, ob -Amyloid (A) ein Auslöser oder eine Konsequenz einer sAD darstellt. Die hier vorgelegte Arbeit last den Schlus zu, dass bei sAD-Tiermodellen ein Zusammenhang zwischen primären Fehlfunktionen im zerebralen Insulinsystem und dadwol sekundär ausgeloster A-Pathologie besteht. Weiterfübende Untersuchungen wird aber notwendig um diese Aussagen zu bestätigen. N2 - This research was aimed to evaluate the time-course of changes in the brain insulin and some elements of the insulin receptor (IR) signalling cascade in the streptozotocin-intracerebroventricullarly (STZ-icv) treated rats representing experimental model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (sAD) and to compare them with effects of chronically increased corticosterone on the brain insulin system. This study shows down-regulation in mRNA expression of insulin, insulin receptor (IR), and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) but no changes were observed in the expression of tau mRNA in hippocampus of STZ-icv treated rats. Comparing these results to the ones found in corticosterone treated rats similarities at the level of insulin, IR and IDE mRNA expression can be assumed. In contrast tau mRNA expression in corticosterone treated rats were increased, data which are in line with sAD. Behavioural deficits were found in both STZ-icv and corticosterone treated rats. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that many of the characteristic features of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (sAD) can be produced experimentally by impairing the insulin/IR signaling pathway combined with a chronic increase of corticosterone. This supports our hypothesis that sAD represents a neuro-endocrine disorder associated with brain-specific disregulation in insulin and IR signaling, caused in part by increased level of corticosterone. In line with that our study puts a question on the classical amyloid β (Aβ) hypothesis, supporting the view of brain insulin system dysfunction as a trigger for the Aβ pathology in an experimental sAD model. KW - Insulin KW - Alzheimer-Krankheit KW - streptozotocin KW - brain insulin system KW - Alzheimer disease Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-29603 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinsen, Helmut A1 - Heinsen, Y. L. T1 - Cerebellar capillaries: qualitative and quantitative observations in young and senile rats N2 - Ultrastructural changes including reduced electron density, reduction in polysemes and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum occur in the cytoplasrn of endothelial cells and pericytes in the cerebellar cortex of senile virgin female Han: WIST-rats in cornparison to 3-month old virgin rats. Processes of pericytes cover less of the capillary surface in the cerebellar cortex of senile rats; moreover, arithmetic and harmonic mean thickness of the endothelium and relative volume of mitochondria in endothelial cells and pericytes are reduced, w hereas the luminal diameter of the capillaries, harmonic and arithmetic mean thickness of pericytes and their processes and of the basal laminae between endothelial cells and astrocytes (abbreviated BAL 1), pericytes and astrocytes (BAL 2) and endothelial cells and pericytes (BAL 3) increase. The increase in harmonic mean thickness of the basal laminae is statistically significant (α<=0.05) and compensates for a decrease in thickness of capillary endothelium. Consequently, the total barrier mass and thickness of cerebellar cortical capillaries in senile animals is higher than in young individuals. KW - Medizin KW - Capillaries KW - Blood-brain barrier KW - Quantitative anatomy KW - Cerebellar cortex KW - Senile rats Y1 - 1983 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-59924 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Georg C. A1 - Almos, Peter A1 - McNeill, Rhiannon V. A1 - Jansch, Charline A1 - Lesch, Klaus‐Peter T1 - Cellular effects and clinical implications of SLC2A3 copy number variation JF - Journal of Cellular Physiology N2 - SLC2A3 encodes the predominantly neuronal glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), which facilitates diffusion of glucose across plasma membranes. The human brain depends on a steady glucose supply for ATP generation, which consequently fuels critical biochemical processes, such as axonal transport and neurotransmitter release. Besides its role in the central nervous system, GLUT3 is also expressed in nonneural organs, such as the heart and white blood cells, where it is equally involved in energy metabolism. In cancer cells, GLUT3 overexpression contributes to the Warburg effect by answering the cell's increased glycolytic demands. The SLC2A3 gene locus at chromosome 12p13.31 is unstable and prone to non‐allelic homologous recombination events, generating multiple copy number variants (CNVs) of SLC2A3 which account for alterations in SLC2A3 expression. Recent associations of SLC2A3 CNVs with different clinical phenotypes warrant investigation of the potential influence of these structural variants on pathomechanisms of neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, and immune diseases. In this review, we accumulate and discuss the evidence how SLC2A3 gene dosage may exert diverse protective or detrimental effects depending on the pathological condition. Cellular states which lead to increased energetic demand, such as organ development, proliferation, and cellular degeneration, appear particularly susceptible to alterations in SLC2A3 copy number. We conclude that better understanding of the impact of SLC2A3 variation on disease etiology may potentially provide novel therapeutic approaches specifically targeting this GLUT. KW - copy number variation KW - energy metabolism KW - glucose transporter KW - GLUT3 KW - neurodegeneration KW - neurodevelopment KW - SLC2A3 Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218009 VL - 235 IS - 12 SP - 9021 EP - 9036 ER -