TY - CHAP A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Information processing in children's choices among bets N2 - Children's information processing of risky choice alternatives was investigated in two studies without using verbal reports. In Study 1, the ability to integrate the probabilities and the payoffs of simple bets was examined using the rating scale methodology. Children's choices among three of those simple bets were recorded also. By cross-classifying the children's choice and rating behavior it was shown that a three-stage developmental hypothesis of decision making is not sufficient. A four-stage hypothesis is proposed. In Study 2, the influence of enlarging the presented number of alternatives from two to three and the influence of the similarity of the alternatives on children's choice probabilities was examined with those bets. Children's choice behavior was probabilistic and was influenced only by enlarging the presented number of alternatives. These results suggest that a Bayesian approach, based on two probabilistic choice models, should not be applied in order to analyze children's choice behavior. The functional measurement approach is, as was demonstrated in Study 1, a powerful implement to further the understanding of the development of decision making. KW - Kognitive Entwicklung / Informationsverarbeitung / Kind / Informationsintegration Y1 - 1980 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-44169 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krüger, Hans-Peter A1 - Lehmacher, Walter A1 - Wall, K. - D. T1 - The Fourfold Table up to N=80 T1 - Die Vierfeldtafel bis N=80 N2 - No abstract available. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1981 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87053 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kohnen, Ralf A1 - Krüger, Hans-Peter T1 - Tranquillizer effects in an experimental analog of verbal examinations N2 - In an experimental analog of verbal examinations, the call-up situation, the effects of two dosages of a tranquillizing agent (lopirazepam) are compared to placebo treatment. 72 male and female, healthy, young volunteers have been randomly assigned to 12 groups of 6 subjects each. Pulse frequency and performance were registered. The results indicated differential drug effects which were interpreted according to the hypotheses of "differential effects of social stressors". If a situation was highly challenging for a subject, the application of a tranquillizer in an adequately high dosage enabled him to perform well in spite of or because of strong increases in pulse frequency. KW - Tranquillizer KW - Social stress KW - Examination KW - Healthy subjects KW - Differential effects of stressors KW - Telemetry KW - Activation Y1 - 1982 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41617 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Krüger, Hans-Peter T1 - What differentiates a differential psychopharmacology? N2 - The methodological implications of a differential psychopharmacology are discussed. It is shown that the technique of stratifying subjects with personality scores depends on one basic assumption: the personality score is not affected by the other experimental factors. Two experiments are reported in which pre- and posttest (after the experiment) scores were measured. The pre-post-differences showed themselves to be affected by the medication. It is argued that in psychopharmacological experimentation an additional step must be included. All non-treatment factors must be examined for their stability in the course of the experiment. If they are stable, usual evaluation may take place. If changes are attributable to the treatment, personality scores must be regarded as dependent variables. They have to be evaluated together with the other observables with a multivariate model. Additionally, a procedure like this yields as "experimental differential psychology" a self-reliant contribution to the problems of differential psychology. KW - Differential psychopharmacology KW - differential psychology KW - drug-personality interaction KW - methodology of differential psychopharmacology Y1 - 1983 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41248 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang A1 - Treiber, Bernhard T1 - Classroom differences in the determination of achievement changes N2 - This study addresses three themes that recur in the research on student achievement: (a) developmental modeling ofintraindividual changes in achievement over time; (b) examination of the differences among subgroups within a classroom in the determinants of achievement; (c) description of the interactions among instructional variables in determining achievement differences. Eight classrooms were preselected on the basis of their widely differing slopes obtained in a regression analysis of pre- and posttest achievement scores. Mathematics achievement differences among sixth graders were analyzed in a four-wave design and explained by aptitude and instructional variables in a structural equation framework provided by LISREL. The results demonstrate the local nature of achievement models in that neither their measurement nor structural components proved generalizable across both groups of classrooms. Mention is also made, however, of technical problems and analytical ambiguities in the interpretation of these results. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61991 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ellgring, Johann Heinrich T1 - The study of nonverbal behavior and its applications: State of the art in Europe N2 - No abstract available Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-42997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheibler, Dieter A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang T1 - Monte Carlo Tests of the accuracy of Cluster analysis algorithms: A comparison of hierarchical and nonhierarchical methods N2 - Nine hierarchical and four nonhierarchical clustering algorithms were compared on their ability to resolve 200 multivariate normal mixtures. The effects of coverage, similarity measures, and cluster overlap were studied by including different levels of coverage for the hierarchical algorithms, Euclidean distances and Pearson correlation coefficients, and truncated multivariate normal mixtures in the analysis. The results confirmed the findings of previous Monte Carlo studies on clustering procedures in that accuracy was inversely related to coverage, and that algorithms using correlation as the similarity measure were significantly more accurate than those using Euclidean distances. No evidence was found for the assumption that the positive effects of the use of correlation coefficients are confined to unconstrained mixture models. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62000 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sodian, Beate A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang A1 - Perlmutter, Marion T1 - Recall, clustering, and metamemory in young children N2 - Thirty-two 4-year-olds and thirty-two 6-year-olds were tested for free and cued recall following either play-and-remember or sort-and-remember instructions and assessed for their metamemory of the efficacy of conceptual and perceptual sorting strategies. The younger children recalled significantly more items under sort-and-remember than under play-and-remember instructions, whereas no significant recall differences between instructional conditions were found for the older children. However, 6-year-olds showed higher levels of recall than 4-year-olds in both instructional conditions. Category cues were much more effective than color cues, regardless of age. In addition, clustering scores indicated that conceptual organization at both encoding and retrieval increased with age and with instruction. These results show that from 4 to 6 years of age children are learning to spontaneously employ memory strategies. In addition, they highlight the increasing importance of conceptual organization to retention of young children. Finally, the metamemory data suggest that there may be a lag between children’s articulated declarative knowledge about the usefulness of conceptual organization and their procedural use of it. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62014 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang T1 - The role of conceptual knowledge and metamemory in the development of organizational processes in memory N2 - The present study investigated the relationshtp between developmental shifts in the organization of materials and developmental changes in deliberate strategy use. Second and fourth grade children were presented with clusterable sort/recall lists representing the factorial combinations of high and low interitem association, and high and low category relatedness. Strategy use in the task was rated by the experimenter and also assessed via self reports. General and task-related strategy knowledge tmetamemoryt was also examined. Second graders displayed more category clustering during recall for highly associated items than for weakly associated items. whereas older children’s recall organization (but not recall) was unaffected by this organizational dimension. Correlations among measures of metamemory and organizational behavior indicated that second graders in general were unaware of the importance of categorization strategies for facilitation of recall. On the other hand. sorting during study and task-related metamemory were the most important predictors of fourth graders’ recall performance, thus indicating that most fourth graders used categorization strategies deliberately. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang A1 - Borkowski, John G. A1 - Kurtz, Beth E. A1 - Kerwin, Kathleen T1 - Metamemory and motivation: a comparison of strategy use and Performance in German and American children N2 - No abstract available KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62031 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kohnen, Ralf A1 - Krüger, Hans-Peter T1 - Drug Effects on Human Social Behavior: Chances in Talking Activities Induced by CGP 361/A, a Beta-blocking Agent N2 - No abstract available Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-41228 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pressley, Michael A1 - Cariglia-Bull, Teresa A1 - Deane, Shelley A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang T1 - Short-term memory, verbal competence, and age as predictors of imagery instructional effectiveness N2 - No abstract available KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62046 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang A1 - Körkel, Joachim A1 - Weinert, Franz E. T1 - The effects of intelligence, self-concept, and attributional style on metamemory and memory behaviour N2 - No abstract available KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62050 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang T1 - Book Reviews: Cognition, Metacognition, and Reading N2 - No abstract available KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62079 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Implicit psychological theories in legal thought on sentencing and liability N2 - No abstract available KW - Haftung KW - Urteil KW - Verkündung Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47093 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hommers, Wilfried T1 - Review of "Roskam, E.E., & Suck, R. (Eds.): Progress in mathematical psychology. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1987, pp. 538." N2 - No abstract available Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-43525 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang A1 - Sodian, Beate T1 - Metamemory-memory behavior relationships in young children: Evidence from a memory-for-location task N2 - No abstract available KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62062 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Hans-Peter A1 - Stuckenberg, Annette A1 - Vollrath, Mark T1 - Stability and Variability in Interactive Behavior as Measured by Methods of "Speech Chronemics" N2 - Dyadic interaction is modelled os an adaptive process between personality of the partners involved and the characteristics of the theme. The theme structure and the principles which control the adaptation process are referred to as "syntality". The material of the studies reported are the speech signals of the verbal interaction reduced to an on-off pattern. In a first study individual speech behavior was found to remain stable in dyads even if partners changed. The second study showed the stability of the speech patterns for different interaction themes even if dyads changed. These apparently contradictory results are reconciled by introducing the concept of "adaptive stability". Individual speech behavior does not happen at a stable activity level, but is characterized by a constant relationship (" less" or "more") to the respective activity of the other partner. Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40908 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ellgring, Johann Heinrich T1 - Facial expression as a behavioral indicator of emotional states N2 - This article gives an overview of possibilities for the assessment offacial behavior. With regard to validity, results from a longitudinal study of 36 depressed patients and nine controls as weil as often schizophrenic patients and their relatives will be referred to. These results are used to illustrate the following principles which have to be taken into account when studying facial behavior: a) communication strongly facilitates facial expression, b) activation of facial behavior follows the "principle of least effort", and c) the principle of individual specificity applies to the association of nonverbal behavior and mood states. Making allowance for these principles has, among others, consequences a) for situations or conditions under which to asses behavior (specifically conditions of communication), b) for data analysis (e.g., dealing with frequent and rare events), and c) for empirical or experimental strategies (e.g., aggregation of single-case longitudinal comparisons). From the results on facial behavior during depression it can be concluded that the nonverbal reaction tendencies of endogenous and neurotic depressed patients differ. Moreover, the differential behavioral pattems observed cast doubt on the assumption of a homogeneity of affects in depression. Taking into account the conditions which govern it, facial behavior has proved to be a valid and, especially, a differential indicator for pathoIogic affective states and their changes. Given the fact that a psychiatric illness generally incorporates emotional problems it is more than surprising that little attention has been paid to the systematic study of emotional behavior. Some of the reasons for this will be clarified in the following. N2 - Dieser Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über die Möglichkeiten zur Erfassung mimischen Verhaltens. Zur Bewertung der Validität werden Ergebnisse aus einer Verlaufsuntersuchung an 36 depressiven Patienten und neun Kontrollpersonen sowie von zehn schizophrenen Patienten und ihren Angehörigen herangezogen. Diese Ergebnisse sollen die folgenden Prinzipien, die bei der Untersuchung mimischen Verhaltens zu berücksichtigen sind, illustrieren: a) Kommunikation erleichtert in hohem Maße das Auftreten mimischen Ausdrucks, b) die Aktivierung mimischen Verhaltens folgt dem "Prinzip des geringsten Aufwandes", und c) auf die Beziehung zwischen nonverbalem Verhalten und Stimmungszuständen trifft das Prinzip der Individuenzpezifität zu. Aus diesen Prinzipien ergeben sich Konsequenzen a)für die Situationen oder Bedingungen, unter denen Verhalten zu erfassen ist (speziell Bedingungen der Kommunikation), b) für die Datenanalyse (z. B. die statistische Behandlung häufiger und seltener Ereignisse) und c) für empirische oder experimentelle Strategien (z. B. die Aggregation von Einzelfall-Verlaufsbeobachtungen). Aus den Ergebnissen zum mimischen Verhalten in der Depression kann geschlossen werden, daß sich endogen und neurotisch depressive Patienten hinsichtlich ihrer nonverbalen Reaktionstendenzen unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus stellen die differentiellen Verhaltensmuster die Annahme einer Affekthomogenität in der Depression in Frage. Berücksichtigt man die Bedingungen, die das mimische Verhalten steuern, so erweist es sich als valider und insbesondere differentieller Indikator für pathologische affektive Zustände und deren Veränderungen. Angesichts der Tatsache, daß eine psychiatrische Erkrankung im allgemeinen emotionale Probleme beinhaltet, so ist es mehr als erstaunlich, daß bisher dem Studium des unmittelbaren emotionalen Ausdrucksverhaltens so wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wurde. Einigen Gründen hierfür wollen wir im folgenden nachgehen. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-58753 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bossert, Sabine A1 - Meiler, Caroline A1 - Laessle, Reinhold A1 - Ellgring, Heiner A1 - Pirke, Karl-Martin T1 - Responses to visual perception of food in eating disorders N2 - No abstract available KW - Psychologie Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-58762 ER -