TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Lisa A1 - Körner, Anita A1 - Lindau, Berit A1 - Strack, Fritz A1 - Topolinski, Sascha T1 - Open-Minded Midwifes, Literate Butchers, and Greedy Hooligans - The Independent Contributions of Stereotype Valence and Consistency on Evaluative Judgments JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Do people evaluate an open-minded midwife less positively than a caring midwife? Both open-minded and caring are generally seen as positive attributes. However, consistency varies—the attribute caring is consistent with the midwife stereotype while open-minded is not. In general, both stimulus valence and consistency can influence evaluations. Six experiments investigated the respective influence of valence and consistency on evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. In an impression formation paradigm, valence and consistency of stereotypic information about target persons were manipulated orthogonally and spontaneous evaluations of these target persons were measured. Valence reliably influenced evaluations. However, for strongly valenced stereotypes, no effect of consistency was observed. Parameters possibly preventing the occurrence of consistency effects were ruled out, specifically, valence of inconsistent attributes, processing priority of category information, and impression formation instructions. However, consistency had subtle effects on evaluative judgments if the information about a target person was not strongly valenced and experimental conditions were optimal. Concluding, in principle, both stereotype valence and consistency can play a role in evaluative judgments of stereotypic target persons. However, the more subtle influence of consistency does not seem to substantially influence evaluations of stereotyped target persons. Implications for fluency research and stereotype disconfirmation are discussed. KW - stereotypes KW - consistency KW - evaluation KW - valence Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170222 VL - 8 IS - 1723 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Topolinski, Sascha A1 - Strack, Fritz T1 - Corrugator activity confirms immediate negative affect in surprise JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The emotion of surprise entails a complex of immediate responses, such as cognitive interruption, attention allocation to, and more systematic processing of the surprising stimulus. All these processes serve the ultimate function to increase processing depth and thus cognitively master the surprising stimulus. The present account introduces phasic negative affect as the underlying mechanism responsible for this switch in operating mode. Surprising stimuli are schema discrepant and thus entail cognitive disfluency, which elicits immediate negative affect. This affect in turn works like a phasic cognitive tuning switching the current processing mode from more automatic and heuristic to more systematic and reflective processing. Directly testing the initial elicitation of negative affect by surprising events, the present experiment presented high and low surprising neutral trivia statements to N = 28 participants while assessing their spontaneous facial expressions via facial electromyography. High compared to low surprising trivia elicited higher corrugator activity, indicative of negative affect and mental effort, while leaving zygomaticus (positive affect) and frontalis (cultural surprise expression) activity unaffected. Future research shall investigate the mediating role of negative affect in eliciting surprise-related outcomes. KW - phasic affective modulation KW - processing fluency KW - intuition KW - surprise KW - EMG KW - elevator EMG activity KW - facial expressions KW - semantic coherence KW - emotion KW - judgments KW - attention KW - memory KW - affect KW - expectancy Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144068 VL - 6 IS - 134 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Topolinski, Sascha A1 - Zürn, Michael A1 - Schneider, Iris K. T1 - What's in and what's out in branding? A novel articulation effect for brand names JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The present approach exploits the biomechanical connection between articulation and ingestion-related mouth movements to introduce a novel psychological principle of brand name design. We constructed brand names for diverse products with consonantal stricture spots either from the front to the rear of the mouth, thus inwards (e.g., BODIKA), or from the rear to the front, thus outwards (e.g., KODIBA). These muscle dynamics resemble the oral kinematics during either ingestion (inwards), which feels positive, or expectoration (outwards), which feels negative. In 7 experiments (total N = 1261), participants liked products with inward names more than products with outward names (Experiment 1), reported higher purchase intentions (Experiment 2), and higher willingness-to-pay (Experiments 3a-3c, 4, 5), with the price gain amounting to 4-13% of the average estimated product value. These effects occurred across English and German language, under silent reading, for both edible and non-edible products, and even in the presence of a much stronger price determinant, namely fair-trade production (Experiment 5). KW - phonetic symbolism KW - moderating role KW - judgements KW - behavior KW - phonation KW - branding KW - articulation KW - sound symbolism KW - embodiment KW - phasic affective modulation KW - processing fluency KW - semantic coherence KW - affective consequences KW - consumers KW - intuition Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143036 VL - 6 IS - 585 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Körner, Anita A1 - Topolinski, Sascha A1 - Strack, Fritz T1 - Routes to Embodiment JF - Frontiers of Psychology N2 - Research on embodiment is rich in impressive demonstrations but somewhat poor in comprehensive explanations. Although some moderators and driving mechanisms have been identified, a comprehensive conceptual account of how bodily states or dynamics influence behavior is still missing. Here, we attempt to integrate current knowledge by describing three basic psychological mechanisms: direct state induction, which influences how humans feel or process information, unmediated by any other cognitive mechanism; modal priming, which changes the accessibility of concepts associated with a bodily state; sensorimotor simulation, which affects the ease with which congruent and incongruent actions are performed. We argue that the joint impact of these mechanisms can account for most existing embodiment effects. Additionally, we summarize empirical tests for distinguishing these mechanisms and suggest a guideline for future research about the mechanisms underlying embodiment effects. KW - priming KW - simulation KW - grounded cognition KW - embodied cognition KW - metaphors Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125960 VL - 9 IS - 940 ER - TY - THES A1 - Topolinski, Sascha T1 - A fluency-affect intuition model T1 - Ein Fluency-Affekt Modell von Intuition N2 - The present approach highlights a procedural account of intuitive judgments. In intuitions of hidden semantic coherence, people can intuitively detect whether a word triad has a common remote associate (coherent) or not (incoherent) before, and independently from actually retrieving the common associate. The present fluency-affect intuition model (FAIM) maintains that semantic coherence increases the processing fluency for coherent compared to incoherent triads, and that this increased fluency triggers brief and subtle positive affect, which is the experiential basis of these intuitions. Published work concerning 25 experiments is reviewed that gathered empirical support for this model. Furthermore, the impact of fluency and affect was also generalized to intuitions of visual coherence, and intuitions of grammaticality in an artificial grammar learning paradigm. N2 - In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird für eine prozedurale Betrachtungsweise bei der psychologischen Erforschung intuitiver Urteile gestritten. Obwohl intuitive Urteile in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen untersucht werden (z.B. Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 1997; Kahneman & Tversky, 1996; Reber, 1967), sind theoretische Modelle und empirische Arbeiten, die die intuitiven Urteilen zugrunde liegenden Prozesse darstellen, selten (e.g., Koriat & Levy-Sadot, 2001). Anhand des kürzlich entwickelten Fluency-Affekt Intuitionsmodells (FAIM) von Topolinski und Strack (2008, 2009a, 2009b, im Druck-a, im Druck -b) wird exemplarisch ein sozialkognitiver Ansatz dargestellt, der systematisch die Prozesse untersucht, die zu Intuitionen von Kohärenz führen. Bei dieser Art von Intuition erspüren Individuen, ob eine Wortgruppe einen gemeinsamen Assoziaten als Lösungswort hat (z.B. SALZ TIEF GISCHT implizieren MEER), oder nur eine zufällige Wortgruppe ist (z.B. TRAUM BALL BUCH), ohne das Lösungswort abrufen zu können (Bowers, Regehr, Balthazard, & Parker, 1990). Insbesondere nimmt das FAIM an, daß beim Lesen einer kohärenten Worttriade schrittweise deren Lösungswort semantisch aktiviert wird, was die Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit (Fluency) kohärenter Triade erhöht im Vergleich zu inkohärenten Triaden (vgl. Whittlesea, 1993). Diese erhöhte Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit löst automatisch einen positiven Affekt aus (vgl., Reber, Schwarz, & Winkielman, 2004), der als kognitives Gefühl als Urteilsgrundlage herangezogen wird (vgl. Schwarz & Clore, 2007). Es werden insgesamt 24 Experimente aus 5 veröffentlichten Arbeiten des Autoren und 1 unveröffentlichtes Experiment besprochen, die empirische Hinweise für die Gültigkeit des FAIM geliefert haben. Wichtige Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung unter einem prozeduralen Fokus auf intuitive Urteile werden besprochen. KW - Intuition KW - Affekt KW - Metakognition KW - Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit KW - intuitive Urteile KW - processing fluency KW - feelings as informations KW - intuitive judgments Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-38807 ER -