TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wunsch, Marie
A1  - Zhang, Wenji
A1  - Hanson, Jodi
A1  - Caspell, Richard
A1  - Karulin, Alexey Y.
A1  - Recks, Mascha S.
A1  - Kuerten, Stefanie
A1  - Sundararaman, Srividya
A1  - Lehmann, Paul V.
T1  - Characterization of the HCMV-Specific CD4 T Cell Responses that Are Associated with Protective Immunity
JF  - Viruses
N2  - Most humans become infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Typically, the immune system controls the infection, but the virus persists and can reactivate in states of immunodeficiency. While substantial information is available on the contribution of CD8 T cells and antibodies to anti-HCMV immunity, studies of the T\(_{H}\)1, T\(_{H}\)2, and T\(_{H}\)17 subsets have been limited by the low frequency of HCMV-specific CD4 T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Using the enzyme-linked Immunospot\(^{®}\) assay (ELISPOT) that excels in low frequency measurements, we have established these in a sizable cohort of healthy HCMV controllers. Cytokine recall responses were seen in all seropositive donors. Specifically, interferon (IFN)-\({\gamma}\) and/or interleukin (IL)-17 were seen in isolation or with IL-4 in all test subjects. IL-4 recall did not occur in isolation. While the ratios of T\(_{H}\)1, T\(_{H}\)2, and T\(_{H}\)17 cells exhibited substantial variations between different individuals these ratios and the frequencies were relatively stable when tested in samples drawn up to five years apart. IFN-\({\gamma}\) and IL-2 co-expressing polyfunctional cells were seen in most subjects. Around half of the HCMV-specific CD4 cells were in a reversible state of exhaustion. The data provided here established the T\(_{H}\)1, T\(_{H}\)2, and T\(_{H}\)17 characteristic of the CD4 cells that convey immune protection for successful immune surveillance against which reactivity can be compared when the immune surveillance of HCMV fails.
KW  - memory cells
KW  - hcv infection
KW  - signature
KW  - Enzyme-Linked Immunospot assay (ELISPOT)
KW  - cytokine secretion kinetics
KW  - chronic viral infection
KW  - HCMV infection
KW  - CD4 T cells
KW  - exhaustion
KW  - activation
KW  - human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
KW  - B cells
KW  - cytomegalovirus
KW  - elispot
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151462
VL  - 7
SP  - 4414
EP  - 4437
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Helaß, Madeleine
A1  - Haag, Georg Martin
A1  - Bankstahl, Ulli Simone
A1  - Gencer, Deniz
A1  - Maatouk, Imad
T1  - Burnout among German oncologists: a cross-sectional study in cooperation with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie Quality of Life Working Group
JF  - Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
N2  - Purpose
Oncologists are at an increased risk of developing burnout, leading to negative consequences in patient care and in professional satisfaction and quality of life. This study was designed to investigate exhaustion and disengagement among German oncologists and assess the prevalence of burnout among oncologists within different professional settings. Furthermore, we wanted to examine possible relations between sociodemographic factors, the oncological setting, professional experience and different aspects of burnout.

Methods
In a cross-sectional study design, an Internet-based survey was conducted with 121 oncologists between April and July 2020 using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, which contains items on exhaustion, disengagement, and burnout. Furthermore, sociodemographic data of the participants were assessed. The participants were members of the Working Group Medical Oncology (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie) within the German Cancer Society.

Results
The survey showed a burnout prevalence of 43.8%, which correlated with age and professional experience; that is, the prevalence is particularly high among younger oncologists. Exhaustion is closely related to employment status; that is, it was significantly higher among employed oncologists. There were remarkably low levels of disengagement among oncologists, highlighting the own demand to fulfil job requirements despite imminent or actual overburdening in daily work.

Conclusion
More support is necessary to mitigate the professional stressors in the healthcare system. To ensure quality medical care, employees should be offered preventive mental health services early in their careers.
KW  - burnout
KW  - exhaustion
KW  - disengagement
KW  - Oldenburg burnout inventory
KW  - oncologist
KW  - prevalence
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324446
VL  - 149
IS  - 2
ER  -