TY - JOUR A1 - Ampattu, Biju Joseph A1 - Hagmann, Laura A1 - Liang, Chunguang A1 - Dittrich, Marcus A1 - Schlüter, Andreas A1 - Blom, Jochen A1 - Krol, Elizaveta A1 - Goesmann, Alexander A1 - Becker, Anke A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Schoen, Christoph T1 - Transcriptomic buffering of cryptic genetic variation contributes to meningococcal virulence JF - BMC Genomics N2 - Background: Commensal bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis sometimes cause serious disease. However, genomic comparison of hyperinvasive and apathogenic lineages did not reveal unambiguous hints towards indispensable virulence factors. Here, in a systems biological approach we compared gene expression of the invasive strain MC58 and the carriage strain α522 under different ex vivo conditions mimicking commensal and virulence compartments to assess the strain-specific impact of gene regulation on meningococcal virulence. Results: Despite indistinguishable ex vivo phenotypes, both strains differed in the expression of over 500 genes under infection mimicking conditions. These differences comprised in particular metabolic and information processing genes as well as genes known to be involved in host-damage such as the nitrite reductase and numerous LOS biosynthesis genes. A model based analysis of the transcriptomic differences in human blood suggested ensuing metabolic flux differences in energy, glutamine and cysteine metabolic pathways along with differences in the activation of the stringent response in both strains. In support of the computational findings, experimental analyses revealed differences in cysteine and glutamine auxotrophy in both strains as well as a strain and condition dependent essentiality of the (p)ppGpp synthetase gene relA and of a short non-coding AT-rich repeat element in its promoter region. Conclusions: Our data suggest that meningococcal virulence is linked to transcriptional buffering of cryptic genetic variation in metabolic genes including global stress responses. They further highlight the role of regulatory elements for bacterial virulence and the limitations of model strain approaches when studying such genetically diverse species as N. meningitidis. KW - neisseria meningitidis KW - MITE KW - virulenceregulatory evolution KW - systems biology KW - metabolism KW - cryptic KW - genetic variation KW - stringent response KW - relA Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157534 VL - 18 IS - 282 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biju, Joseph A1 - Schwarz, Roland A1 - Linke, Burkhard A1 - Blom, Jochen A1 - Becker, Anke A1 - Claus, Heike A1 - Goesmann, Alexander A1 - Frosch, Matthias A1 - Müller, Tobias A1 - Vogel, Ulrich A1 - Schoen, Christoph T1 - Virulence Evolution of the Human Pathogen Neisseria meningitidis by Recombination in the Core and Accessory Genome JF - PLoS One N2 - Background Neisseria meningitidis is a naturally transformable, facultative pathogen colonizing the human nasopharynx. Here, we analyze on a genome-wide level the impact of recombination on gene-complement diversity and virulence evolution in N. meningitidis. We combined comparative genome hybridization using microarrays (mCGH) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 29 meningococcal isolates with computational comparison of a subset of seven meningococcal genome sequences. Principal Findings We found that lateral gene transfer of minimal mobile elements as well as prophages are major forces shaping meningococcal population structure. Extensive gene content comparison revealed novel associations of virulence with genetic elements besides the recently discovered meningococcal disease associated (MDA) island. In particular, we identified an association of virulence with a recently described canonical genomic island termed IHT-E and a differential distribution of genes encoding RTX toxin- and two-partner secretion systems among hyperinvasive and non-hyperinvasive lineages. By computationally screening also the core genome for signs of recombination, we provided evidence that about 40% of the meningococcal core genes are affected by recombination primarily within metabolic genes as well as genes involved in DNA replication and repair. By comparison with the results of previous mCGH studies, our data indicated that genetic structuring as revealed by mCGH is stable over time and highly similar for isolates from different geographic origins. Conclusions Recombination comprising lateral transfer of entire genes as well as homologous intragenic recombination has a profound impact on meningococcal population structure and genome composition. Our data support the hypothesis that meningococcal virulence is polygenic in nature and that differences in metabolism might contribute to virulence. KW - population genetics KW - DNA recombination KW - meningococcal disease KW - recombinant proteins KW - genomic databases KW - comparative genomics KW - neisseria meningitidis KW - homologous recombination Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137960 VL - 6 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Endres, Leo M. A1 - Jungblut, Marvin A1 - Divyapicigil, Mustafa A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Stigloher, Christian A1 - Christodoulides, Myron A1 - Kim, Brandon J. A1 - Schubert-Unkmeir, Alexandra T1 - Development of a multicellular in vitro model of the meningeal blood-CSF barrier to study Neisseria meningitidis infection JF - Fluids and Barriers of the CNS N2 - Background Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening disease that occurs when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis cross the meningeal blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (mBCSFB) and infect the meninges. Due to the human-specific nature of N. meningitidis, previous research investigating this complex host–pathogen interaction has mostly been done in vitro using immortalized brain endothelial cells (BECs) alone, which often do not retain relevant barrier properties in culture. Here, we developed physiologically relevant mBCSFB models using BECs in co-culture with leptomeningeal cells (LMCs) to examine N. meningitidis interaction. Methods We used BEC-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iBECs) or hCMEC/D3 cells in co-culture with LMCs derived from tumor biopsies. We employed TEM and structured illumination microscopy to characterize the models as well as bacterial interaction. We measured TEER and sodium fluorescein (NaF) permeability to determine barrier tightness and integrity. We then analyzed bacterial adherence and penetration of the cell barrier and examined changes in host gene expression of tight junctions as well as chemokines and cytokines in response to infection. Results Both cell types remained distinct in co-culture and iBECs showed characteristic expression of BEC markers including tight junction proteins and endothelial markers. iBEC barrier function as determined by TEER and NaF permeability was improved by LMC co-culture and remained stable for seven days. BEC response to N. meningitidis infection was not affected by LMC co-culture. We detected considerable amounts of BEC-adherent meningococci and a relatively small number of intracellular bacteria. Interestingly, we discovered bacteria traversing the BEC-LMC barrier within the first 24 h post-infection, when barrier integrity was still high, suggesting a transcellular route for N. meningitidis into the CNS. Finally, we observed deterioration of barrier properties including loss of TEER and reduced expression of cell-junction components at late time points of infection. Conclusions Here, we report, for the first time, on co-culture of human iPSC derived BECs or hCMEC/D3 with meningioma derived LMCs and find that LMC co-culture improves barrier properties of iBECs. These novel models allow for a better understanding of N. meningitidis interaction at the mBCSFB in a physiologically relevant setting. KW - brain endothelial cells KW - bacterial meningitis KW - meningeal blood-csf barrier KW - induced pluripotent stem cells KW - neisseria meningitidis KW - leptomeningeal cells Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300208 VL - 19 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Leimbach, Thomas T1 - Konstruktion und Charakterisierung von Lebendvakzine-Kandidaten auf der Basis von siaD-Deletionsmutanten von Neisseria meningitidis Serogruppe B T1 - Construction and characterisation of siaD-deleted mutants of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B as a meningococcal vaccine N2 - In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde für die Entwicklung eines Lebendimpfstoffs zum Schutz vor Infektionen durch Neisseria meningitidis Serogruppe B zunächst ein geeigneter Impfstamm aus mehreren Neisserienstämmen der Serogruppe B, ST-32 Komplex, ausgewählt. In diesem sollte anschließend die Sicherheit für den Impfstoff-Empfänger durch die unabhängige Deletion sowohl eines Virulenzgens als auch eines Gens, das die homologe Rekombination der Neisserien bedingt, garantiert werden. Als Virulenzgen wurde siaD deletiert, das für ein essentielles Enzym der Kapselbiosynthese kodiert (Edwards et al., 1994). Dabei wurde eine neue Transformationsmethode eingesetzt (modifiziert nach Gunn und Stein; Gunn und Stein, 1996). Die kapsellose siaD-Deletionsmutante wurde dann genotypisch und phänotypisch anhand verschiedener Adhärenz- und Invasionsassays an humanen Epithel-, Endothel- und Dendritischen Zellen geprüft. Dabei fanden sich Unterschiede im Adhärenz und Invasionsverhalten im Vergleich zu einer anderen siaD-Mutante des gleichen Wildtyps. Diese Unterschiede wurden durch eine im Westernblot nachgewiesene, bei beiden siaD-Mutanten unterschiedliche Opa-Expression begründet, da das Opa-Protein als Protein der äußeren Bakterienmembran Oberflächenproteine von humanen Epithel- und Endothelzellen bindet und so zur Adhärenz an die Zielzellen führt (Virji et al., 1993, 1995). Weiterhin sollte in der siaD-Deletionsmutante das für die homologe Rekombination essentielle recA-Gen deletiert werden (Koomey und Falkow, 1987; Miller und Kokjohn, 1990). Der Nachweis einer recA-Deletion gelang trotz mehrfacher Ansätze mit der neuen Transformationsmethode nicht, da die Deletionsrate von recA wahrscheinlich unter der Sensitivität der hier verwendeten Analysemethoden lag. N2 - The selection of a possible live-vaccine candidate for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B and the attenuation of this wildtype by deletion of a virulence gene and a gene for homologous recombination are being described in this thesis. Firstly several wildtypes of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B are being screened for their ability to proliferate and adhere to human epithelial cells and a wildtype of the ST-32 complex is being selected as the most fitting live-vaccine candidate. In the next step the virulence gene siaD, encoding the polysialyltransferase (Edwards et al., 1994), is being deleted in this wildtype by a new transformation method (modified after Gunn und Stein; Gunn und Stein, 1996), followed by genotypical and phenotypical screening of the unencapsulated, siaD-deleted mutant. The unencapsulated mutant showed unexpected differences in its ability to interact with human epithelial, endothelial and dendritic cells compared to another unencapsulated, siaD-deleted mutant of the same wildtype. A westernblot proved this to be caused by a different opa-expression, a protein of the outer membrane, which is important for the interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with human cells (Virji et al., 1993, 1995). After deleting siaD several attempts are being done to delete the recA gene, which is important for homologous recombination (Koomey und Falkow, 1987; Miller und Kokjohn, 1990), with the same transformation method, but a deletion of recA is not being proved. This may be caused by the sensitivity of the used analysing methods, which may be too low for the transformation rate of this gene. KW - neisseria meningitidis KW - meningokokken-impfstoff KW - lebendvakzine KW - siaD KW - Kapsel KW - neisseria meningitidis KW - meningococcal vaccine KW - live-vaccine KW - siaD KW - capsule Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13738 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maiden, Martin C. J. A1 - Frosch, Matthias T1 - Can we, should we, eradicate the meningococcus? JF - Vaccine N2 - The eradication of infectious agents is an attractive means of disease control that, to date, has been achieved for only one human pathogen, the smallpox virus. The introduction of vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis into immunisation schedules, and particularly the conjugate polysaccharide vaccines which can interrupt transmission, raises the question of whether disease caused by this obligate human bacterium can be controlled, eliminated, or even eradicated. The limited number of meningococcal serogroups, lack of an animal reservoir, and importance of meningococcal disease are considerations in favour of eradication; however, the commensal nature of most infections, the high diversity of meningococcal populations, and the lack of comprehensive vaccines are all factors that suggest that this is not feasible. Indeed, any such attempt might be harmful by perturbing the human microbiome and its interaction with the immune system. On balance, the control and possible elimination of disease caused by particular disease-associated meningococcal genotypes is a more achievable and worthwhile goal. KW - population biology KW - epidemiology KW - vaccines KW - neisseria meningitidis Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125646 VL - 30 IS - Suppl. 2 ER -