TY - JOUR A1 - Kiermasch, David A1 - Rieder, Philipp A1 - Tvingstedt, Kristofer A1 - Baumann, Andreas A1 - Dyakonov, Vladimir T1 - Improved charge carrier lifetime in planar perovskite solar cells by bromine doping JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The charge carrier lifetime is an important parameter in solar cells as it defines, together with the mobility, the diffusion length of the charge carriers, thus directly determining the optimal active layer thickness of a device. Herein, we report on charge carrier lifetime values in bromine doped planar methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI\(_3\)) solar cells determined by transient photovoltage. The corresponding charge carrier density has been derived from charge carrier extraction. We found increased lifetime values in solar cells incorporating bromine compared to pure MAPbI\(_3\) by a factor of ~2.75 at an illumination intensity corresponding to 1 sun. In the bromine containing solar cells we additionally observe an anomalously high value of extracted charge, which we deduce to originate from mobile ions. KW - devices for energy harvesting KW - solar cells Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147976 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kiermasch, David A1 - Fischer, Mathias A1 - Gil-Escrig, Lidón A1 - Baumann, Andreas A1 - Bolink, Henk J. A1 - Dyakonov, Vladimir A1 - Tvingstedt, Kristofer T1 - Reduced Recombination Losses in Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells by Postfabrication Treatment JF - Solar RRL N2 - The photovoltaic perovskite research community has now developed a large set of tools and techniques to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE). One such arcane trick is to allow the finished devices to dwell in time, and the PCE often improves. Herein, a mild postannealing procedure is implemented on coevaporated perovskite solar cells confirming a substantial PCE improvement, mainly attributed to an increased open-circuit voltage (V\(_{OC}\)). From a V\(_{OC}\) of around 1.11 V directly after preparation, the voltage improves to more than 1.18 V by temporal and thermal annealing. To clarify the origin of this annealing effect, an in-depth device experimental and simulation characterization is conducted. A simultaneous reduction of the dark saturation current, the ideality factor (n\(_{id}\)), and the leakage current is revealed, signifying a substantial impact of the postannealing procedure on recombination losses. To investigate the carrier dynamics in more detail, a set of transient optoelectrical methods is first evaluated, ascertaining that the bulk carrier lifetime is increased with device annealing. Second, a drift-diffusion simulation is used, confirming that the beneficial effect of the annealing has its origin in effective bulk trap passivation that accordingly leads to a reduction of Shockley–Read–Hall recombination rates. KW - defects KW - heating KW - lifetimes KW - passivation KW - perovskite solar cells KW - recombination KW - Shockley–Read–Hall Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258003 VL - 5 IS - 11 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kiermasch, David T1 - Charge Carrier Recombination Dynamics in Hybrid Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells T1 - Ladungsträger-Rekombinationsdynamik in hybriden metall-halogenid Perowskit-Solarzellen N2 - In order to facilitate the human energy needs with renewable energy sources in the future, new concepts and ideas for the electricity generation are needed. Solar cells based on metal halide perovskite semiconductors represent a promising approach to address these demands in both single-junction and tandem configurations with existing silicon technology. Despite intensive research, however, many physical properties and the working principle of perovskite PVs are still not fully understood. In particular, charge carrier recombination losses have so far mostly been studied on pure films not embedded in a complete solar cell. This thesis aimed for the identification and quantification of charge carrier recombination dynamics in fully working devices under conditions corresponding to those under real operation. To study different PV systems, transient electrical methods, more precisely Open-Circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD), Transient Photovoltage (TPV) and Charge Extraction (CE), were applied. Whereas OCVD and TPV provide information about the recombination lifetime, CE allows to access the charge carrier density at a specific illumination intensity. The benefit of combining these different methods is that the obtained quantities can not only be related to the Voc but also to each other, thus enabling to determine also the dominant recombination mechanisms.The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of recombination losses in fully working perovskite solar cells and the experimental techniques which are applied to determine these losses. N2 - Um künftig den menschlichen Energiebedarf in Zukunft mit erneuerbaren Energiequellen zu decken sind neue Konzepte und Ideen für die Stromerzeugung erforderlich. Solarzellen auf der Basis von hybriden Perowskit-Halbleitern stellen einen vielversprechenden Ansatz dar, um dieser Anforderung – beispielsweise in Tandem-Konfigurationen zusammen mit Silizium– gerecht zu werden. Trotz intensiver Forschung sind viele physikalische Eigenschaften und das Funktionsprinzip dieser neuartigen Solarzellen immer noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Insbesondere wurden die Rekombinationsverluste bisher meist nur an reinen Schichten untersucht, welche nicht in einen kompletten Solarzellenaufbau integriert waren. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielte auf die Identifizierung und Quantifizierung der Ladungsträger-Rekombinationsdynamik in voll funktionsfähigen Solarzellen unter Bedingungen, die denen im realen Betrieb entsprechen, ab. Um verschiedene PV-Systeme zu untersuchen wurden transiente elektrische Methoden, genauer gesagt OCVD, TPV und CE, angewandt. Während OCVD und TPV Informationen über die Rekombinationslebensdauer liefern, erlaubt CE die Berechnung der Ladungsträgerdichte. Die Kombination dieser Methoden hat den Vorteil, dass die erhaltenen Größen miteinander in Verbindung gesetzt werden können und somit umfangreiche Rückschlüsse auf die zugrundeliegende Rekombinationmechanismen ermöglichen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zu einem besseren Verständnis der Rekombinationsverluste in voll funktionsfähigen Perowskit-Solarzellen und der experimentellen Techniken, die zur Bestimmung dieser Verluste angewandt werden, beizutragen. KW - Solarzelle KW - Perovskite KW - Solar Cell KW - Recombination Dynamics KW - Transient Electrical Methods KW - Charge Carrier Lifetime KW - Capacitive Effects Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208629 ER -