TY  - JOUR
A1  - Karak, Suvendu
A1  - Stepanenko, Vladimir
A1  - Addicoat, Matthew A.
A1  - Keßler, Philipp
A1  - Moser, Simon
A1  - Beuerle, Florian
A1  - Würthner, Frank
T1  - A Covalent Organic Framework for Cooperative Water Oxidation
JF  - Journal of the American Chemical Society
N2  - The future of water-derived hydrogen as the “sustainable energy source” straightaway bets on the success of the sluggish oxygen-generating half-reaction. The endeavor to emulate the natural photosystem II for efficient water oxidation has been extended across the spectrum of organic and inorganic combinations. However, the achievement has so far been restricted to homogeneous catalysts rather than their pristine heterogeneous forms. The poor structural understanding and control over the mechanistic pathway often impede the overall development. Herein, we have synthesized a highly crystalline covalent organic framework (COF) for chemical and photochemical water oxidation. The interpenetrated structure assures the catalyst stability, as the catalyst’s performance remains unaltered after several cycles. This COF exhibits the highest ever accomplished catalytic activity for such an organometallic crystalline solid-state material where the rate of oxygen evolution is as high as ∼26,000 μmol L\(^{–1}\) s\(^{–1}\) (second-order rate constant k ≈ 1650 μmol L s\(^{–1}\) g\(^{–2}\)). The catalyst also proves its exceptional activity (k ≈ 1600 μmol L s\(^{–1}\) g\(^{–2}\)) during light-driven water oxidation under very dilute conditions. The cooperative interaction between metal centers in the crystalline network offers 20–30-fold superior activity during chemical as well as photocatalytic water oxidation as compared to its amorphous polymeric counterpart.
KW  - water oxidation
KW  - sustainable energy source
KW  - covalent organic framework
KW  - catalyst
KW  - crystalline
KW  - catalysis
KW  - nanoparticles
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287591
UR  - https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.2c07282
SN  - 0002-7863
VL  - 144
IS  - 38
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Aido, Ahmed
A1  - Zaitseva, Olena
A1  - Wajant, Harald
A1  - Buzgo, Matej
A1  - Simaite, Aiva
T1  - Anti-Fn14 antibody-conjugated nanoparticles display membrane TWEAK-like agonism
JF  - Pharmaceutics
N2  - Conventional bivalent IgG antibodies targeting a subgroup of receptors of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF) including fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (anti-Fn14) typically display no or only very limited agonistic activity on their own and can only trigger receptor signaling by crosslinking or when bound to Fcγ receptors (FcγR). Both result in proximity of multiple antibody-bound TNFRSF receptor (TNFR) molecules, which enables engagement of TNFR-associated signaling pathways. Here, we have linked anti-Fn14 antibodies to gold nanoparticles to mimic the “activating” effect of plasma membrane-presented FcγR-anchored anti-Fn14 antibodies. We functionalized gold nanoparticles with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) linkers and then coupled antibodies to the PEG surface of the nanoparticles. We found that Fn14 binding of the anti-Fn14 antibodies PDL192 and 5B6 is preserved upon attachment to the nanoparticles. More importantly, the gold nanoparticle-presented anti-Fn14 antibody molecules displayed strong agonistic activity. Our results suggest that conjugation of monoclonal anti-TNFR antibodies to gold nanoparticles can be exploited to uncover their latent agonism, e.g., for immunotherapeutic applications.
KW  - Fn14
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - surface modification
KW  - drug-delivery
KW  - anti-TNFRSF receptor (TNFR) antibodies
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242710
SN  - 1999-4923
VL  - 13
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Brachner, Andreas
A1  - Fragouli, Despina
A1  - Duarte, Iola F.
A1  - Farias, Patricia M. A.
A1  - Dembski, Sofia
A1  - Ghosh, Manosij
A1  - Barisic, Ivan
A1  - Zdzieblo, Daniela
A1  - Vanoirbeek, Jeroen
A1  - Schwabl, Philipp
A1  - Neuhaus, Winfried
T1  - Assessment of human health risks posed by nano-and microplastics is currently not feasible
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
N2  - The exposure of humans to nano-and microplastic particles (NMPs) is an issue recognized as a potential health hazard by scientists, authorities, politics, non-governmental organizations and the general public. The concentration of NMPs in the environment is increasing concomitantly with global plastic production and the usage of plastic materials. NMPs are detectable in numerous aquatic organisms and also in human samples, therefore necessitating a risk assessment of NMPs for human health. So far, a comprehensive risk assessment of NMPs is hampered by limited availability of appropriate reference materials, analytical obstacles and a lack of definitions and standardized study designs. Most studies conducted so far used polystyrene (PS) spheres as a matter of availability, although this polymer type accounts for only about 7% of total plastic production. Differently sized particles, different concentration and incubation times, and various biological models have been used, yielding hardly comparable data sets. Crucial physico-chemical properties of NMPs such as surface (charge, polarity, chemical reactivity), supplemented additives and adsorbed chemicals have been widely excluded from studies, although in particular the surface of NMPs determines the interaction with cellular membranes. In this manuscript we give an overview about the critical parameters which should be considered when performing risk assessments of NMPs, including novel reference materials, taking into account surface modifications (e.g., reflecting weathering processes), and the possible role of NMPs as a substrate and/or carrier for (pathogenic) microbes. Moreover, we make suggestions for biological model systems to evaluate immediate toxicity, long-term effects and the potential of NMPs to cross biological barriers. We are convinced that standardized reference materials and experimental parameters along with technical innovations in (nano)-particle sampling and analytics are a prerequisite for the successful realization of conclusive human health risk assessments of NMPs.
KW  - nanoplastics
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - microplastics
KW  - microparticles
KW  - human exposure
KW  - biological barriers
KW  - biofilm
KW  - microbe carrier
KW  - toxicity
KW  - neurotoxicity
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219423
SN  - 1660-4601
VL  - 17
IS  - 23
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vogel, Patrick
A1  - Rückert, Martin Andreas
A1  - Friedrich, Bernhard
A1  - Tietze, Rainer
A1  - Lyer, Stefan
A1  - Kampf, Thomas
A1  - Hennig, Thomas
A1  - Dölken, Lars
A1  - Alexiou, Christoph
A1  - Behr, Volker Christian
T1  - Critical Offset Magnetic PArticle SpectroScopy for rapid and highly sensitive medical point-of-care diagnostics
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been adapted for many applications, e.g., bioassays for the detection of biomarkers such as antibodies, by controlled engineering of specific surface properties. Specific measurement of such binding states is of high interest but currently limited to highly sensitive techniques such as ELISA or flow cytometry, which are relatively inflexible, difficult to handle, expensive and time-consuming. Here we report a method named COMPASS (Critical-Offset-Magnetic-Particle-SpectroScopy), which is based on a critical offset magnetic field, enabling sensitive detection to minimal changes in mobility of MNP ensembles, e.g., resulting from SARS-CoV-2 antibodies binding to the S antigen on the surface of functionalized MNPs. With a sensitivity of 0.33 fmole/50 µl (≙7 pM) for SARS-CoV-2-S1 antibodies, measured with a low-cost portable COMPASS device, the proposed technique is competitive with respect to sensitivity while providing flexibility, robustness, and a measurement time of seconds per sample. In addition, initial results with blood serum demonstrate high specificity.
KW  - biochemical assays
KW  - characterization and analytical techniques
KW  - magnetic properties and materials
KW  - nanoparticles
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300893
VL  - 13
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Niederdraenk, Franziska
T1  - Ensemble-Modellierung von Röntgenbeugungsdaten zur Strukturbestimmung von Nanopartikeln
T1  - Ensemble modeling of X-ray diffraction data for the geometric structure determination of nanoparticles
N2  - Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die geometrische Struktur von Nanopartikeln mittels Pulver-Röntgenbeugung und einem neuen Analyse-Verfahren, der Ensemble-Modellierung (EM), zu ermitteln. Die genaue Aufklärung der kristallinen Struktur ist ein Schlüssel für die Entwicklung exakter theoretischer Modelle und damit für ein besseres Verständnis der Nanoteilchen und deren Eigenschaften. Dabei fußt die Methode auf einem atomaren Modell und berechnet daraus das Beugungsbild der Teilchen. Neben der Auswertung verschiedener Proben sollte ebenso das Potential der Methode überprüft werden - auch im Vergleich zu Standardmethoden wie der Rietveld-Verfeinerung oder einer Einzellinien-Anpassung. Im Gegensatz zur EM beinhalten letztere kein explizites Nanoteilchenmodell. Insgesamt kamen drei typische Nanopartikel-Systeme zum Einsatz: Zunächst wurden fünf ZnO-Proben untersucht, die aufgrund ihrer verschiedenen Liganden deutlich unterschiedliche Partikelgrößen zeigten. Die präsentierten CdS-Nanoteilchen bildeten dagegen mit unter 100 Atomen bereits den Übergang zur Clusterphysik. Das letzte Kapitel stellte schließlich drei Proben mit deutlich komplexeren Core-Shell-Partikeln vor, welche aus einem CdSe-Kern und einer ZnS-Schale bestehen. Dabei konnten mit Hilfe der EM für alle Systeme sehr viel detailliertere Aussagen gemacht werden, als mit den Standardmethoden. Anhand der ersten vorgestellten ZnO-Probe wurde gezeigt, wie man sich bei der Auswertung mit der EM schrittweise dem besten Modell nähert, indem man, startend mit der Partikelform, anschließend weitere komplexe Merkmale implementiert. In dem ZnO-Kapitel wurde ersichtlich, dass die Liganden eine große Rolle spielen - nicht nur für die Größe der Nanopartikel, sondern auch für deren Qualität. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass der Ligand TG beinahe defektfreie Nanoteilchen liefert, während die Stabilisatoren DACH und DMPDA den Einbau von Stapelfehlern begünstigen. In den jeweiligen Vergleichen mit der Rietveld- und Einzellinien-Anpassung fiel auf, dass diese Methoden für kleine Nanoteilchen Resultate liefern, die als deutlich weniger vertrauenswürdig einzustufen sind als jene, die mit der EM erhalten wurden. Der Grund sind die für kleine Teilchen nicht vernachlässigbaren Faktoren wie eine (anisotrope) Form, Oberflächeneffekte, Parameter-Verteilungen etc., welche nur mit der EM berücksichtigt werden können. Noch ungenauer fällt die Analyse per Absorptionsspektroskopie plus theoretischen Methoden aus. Die einzige CdS-Probe wies mit ca. 1.3 nm Durchmesser besonders kleine Nanoteilchen auf. Das zugehörige Beugungsbild zeigte daher nur noch sehr wenige Strukturen, was bereits die Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur erschwerte. Bei nur noch einigen gestapelten Schichten verloren auch die Stapelfehler ihre ursprüngliche Bedeutung. Die maßgebliche Frage bestand somit darin, ob man bei Kristalliten mit unter 100 Atomen noch von einer "normalen" Kristallstruktur sprechen kann, oder ob hier bereits andere Strukturformen vorliegen, z.B. ähnlich den C60-Molekülen. Da die EM solche Hohl-Strukturen ebenfalls simulieren kann, wäre der nächste Schritt, diese für sehr kleine Partikel im Vergleich zu den üblichen Kristallstrukturen zu testen. Bei den drei betrachteten Core-Shell-Proben zeigte die EM abermals ihre große Stärke, indem sie es ermöglichte, die deutlich komplexeren Teilchen realistisch zu simulieren. So war es möglich, die experimentellen Röntgenbeugungs-Daten hervorragend wiederzugeben, was mit keiner der Standardmethoden gelang. Hierfür war es nötig, neben dem CdSe-Kern eine zusätzliche ZnS-Schalenstruktur einzuführen. Zwar konnte bei den Proben mit der EM alleine nicht eindeutig festgestellt werden, welcher ZnS-Schalentypus vorliegt, es wurden jedoch diverse Anhaltspunkte gefunden, die für ein lokal-epitaktisches Wachstum auf dem CdSe-Kern sprechen. Für die Methode der EM selbst lässt sich in der Retrospektive folgendes fest halten: Sie ist den Standard-Techniken wie der Rietveld-Verfeinerung für sehr kleine Nanopartikel deutlich überlegen. Der Grund dafür sind die vielfältig modellierbaren Strukturen, welche Defekte, Oberflächeneffekte, Parameterverteilungen etc. beinhalten können. Ein weiterer großer Pluspunkt der EM gegenüber anderen Methoden besteht in der Möglichkeit, die immer populärer werdenden Core-Shell-Partikel mit vielfältigen Schalenarten zu simulieren, wobei hier auch noch weitere komplexere Optionen für Schalen, z.B. zweierlei Schalen (Core-Shell-Shell-Teilchen), vorstellbar sind. Die Tatsache, dass all diese Merkmale zudem intrinsisch in dem berechneten Beugungsbild enthalten sind, ist von besonderem Gewicht, da dies bedeutet, keine künstlichen Parameter einführen und diese interpretieren zu müssen. Solange eine gewisse Atomanzahl pro Partikel nicht überschritten wird, und v.a. bei defektbehafteten Nanoteilchen, stellt die EM somit die erste Wahl dar.
N2  - The goal of this thesis was to determine the geometric structure of very small nanoparticles by means of powder x-ray diffraction and a novel analysis method called Ensemble Modeling (EM). The knowledge of the crystalline structure is a key feature to develop new theoretical models and thus to better understand the particles' properties. The analysis method itself is based on an atomic model of the particles, which is used to calculate the diffraction pattern via the Debye formula. Apart from the investigation of several nanoparticle samples, the capability of the new technique was tested - especially in comparison to commonly used standard methods like the Rietveld refinement or single-line fits. In contrast to the EM, these methods do not contain a real model of the particles. Altogether, three characteristic nanoparticle systems were used: First of all, five ZnO samples were investigated, which showed different particle sizes (2-15 nm) due to the use of different stabilizing molecules. In contrast, the CdS particles presented here had a diameter of only 1.3 nm, which is already at the transition to cluster physics. The last chapter introduced three samples of the more complex core-shell-nanoparticles, which, in this case, consisted of a CdSe core and a ZnS shell. By applying the EM as analysis method, all particle systems could be investigated in much more detail than with other analysis methods. The first ZnO sample served as an example to explain the stepwise procedure of the EM. After the particle shape was determined, more and more complex features were implemented in order to eventually arrive at the atomic model best reproducing the real particle ensemble. In case of the ZnO samples it was shown that the ligands play a significant role - not only for the size of the particles but also for their structural quality. A further finding due to the analysis with the EM is the high amount of stacking faults for particles stabilized with the ligands DACH or DMPDA, while TG favors a defect-free growth of ZnO nanoparticles. In comparison to the Rietveld method or to a single-line fit, the results for small nanoparticles given by the EM are much more reliable, since none of the other fitting methods can take features like the (anisotropic) particle shape, surface effects or parameter distributions into account. The same holds for a particles' size analysis via UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy together with theoretical models. The EM, in contrast, can account for all of these sophisticated structural features. The only CdS sample in this work contained extremely small particles of about 1.3 nm in diameter. The according diffraction pattern thus shows very broad reflections and little usable structure, thereby hindering a straight-forward analysis. Since the CdS particles consisted of only a few stacked layers, even the concept of stacking faults looses its meaning. The question arises, whether the term "crystal structure" is still appropriate for a particle with less than 100 Atoms. For instance, it would be possible that the particles form hollow structures similar to the C60 molecules. Since these structures can be simulated with the EM as well, this could be one next step to further analyse the XRD data of the CdS sample. The last chapter of this thesis introduced three samples of core-shell-nanoparticles, each with a CdSe core and a ZnS shell. Here again, the power of the EM method was demonstrated by forming a realistic model of these much complexer particles. The calculated diffraction patterns reproduced the experimental data very well - in contrast to all other analysis methods. The success of the EM was due to the implementation of an additional ZnS structure in the simulated model. Even if the shell type of this additional structure could not clearly be identified by XRD and our analysis, there is some strong evidence for a local epitaxy of the ZnS on the CdSe core. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the EM method is far superior to any of the standard techniques for the diffraction pattern analysis of small nanoparticles. The particular strengths of the EM are the manifold structures, which can be simulated, together with defects, surface effects, parameter distributions etc. A further advantage over the other analysis methods is the possibility to form realistic core-shell-particles with a diversity of shell types. Even more complex shells are conceivable, e.g. a mixed shell or the double shell of the core-shell-shell-particles. All these features are intrinsically included in the models and thus in the diffraction patterns, i.e., no artificial parameters must be introduced and later be interpreted. As long as a certain amount of atoms per particle is not exceeded, and, especially for particles containing many defects, the EM introduced here should thus be preferred.
KW  - Nanopartikel
KW  - Röntgenstrukturanalyse
KW  - Ensemble-Modellierung
KW  - Core-shell Nanoteilchen
KW  - CdSe/ZnS Nanoteilchen
KW  - Strukturbestimmung
KW  - Röntgenbeugung
KW  - Zinkoxid
KW  - Cadmiumselenid
KW  - XRD
KW  - structure determination
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - ensemble modeling
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-52218
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Griebel, Dragan
T1  - Fluoreszente, hybride Nanosensoren auf Silicatbasis für die Bioanalytik
T1  - Fluorescent, hybrid silica nanosensors for bioanalytic applications
N2  - Es wurde ein Leitpartikeltyp mit hoher Fluoreszenz sowie einem Absorptionsbereich oberhalb von 600 nm evaluiert. Zur Anbindung der hochspezifisch wirkenden Antikörper wurde die Teilchenoberfläche mit Carboxylgruppen funktionalisiert. Die Darstellung dieser sphärischen, komplex aufgebauten erfolgte über eine nasschemische Synthese. Die synthetisierten Partikel besitzen eine hohe Fluoreszenzintensität, gutes Chromatographierverhalten und spezifische Beladbarkeit mit monoklonalen Antikörpern (z.B. Troponin T) auf einer mit Carboxylgruppen modifizierten Partikeloberfläche. Auf die Partikel mit dem favorisierten Fluorophor musste eine zusätzliche Silicathülle aufkondensiert werden, damit diese im Anschluss erfolgreich mit Antikörpern beladen werden konnte. Die erhaltenen partikulären Systeme wurden sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ charakterisiert. Die Fluoreszenzintensität dieser dotierten Kern-Schale-Partikel konnte soweit optimiert werden, dass sich klinisch relevante und noch höhere Sensitivitäten in Prüfteststreifen detektieren ließen. Weiterhin wurden neuartige Fluoralkylsilan und Fluorophor codotierte Silicat-Nanopartikel synthetisiert, die auf Anhieb eine gute untere Nachweisgrenze von Troponin erzielten. Durch UV-VIS- und Fluoreszenz-Untersuchungen sowie Konjugations- und Prüfteststreifen-Versuche konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Cokondensation des Fluoralkylsilans in einer Erhöhung von Absorption und Fluoreszenz der Partikel resultiert. Weitere Untersuchungen von zeigten, dass eine zusätzliche Oberflächenmodifizierung mit Fluoralkylsilan zu einer signifikanten Verschlechterung der Konjugationseigenschaften mit Antikörpern führt. Alternative Detekorreagenzien und -methoden wurden ebenfalls untersucht. So konnte der kationische Komplex Tris-(1,10-phenantrolin)ruthenium(II)-dichlorid erfolgreich in monodisperse Silicat-Partikel eingebaut werden. Aufgrund ihrer geringen Sauerstoffpermeabilität sind sie als impermeabler Referenzstandard in O2-Sensoren geeignet. Eine andere untersuchte Detektionsmethode basiert auf zeitaufgelöster Fluoreszenz (TRF). Hierbei werden hauptsächlich Lanthanoid-Komplexe eingesetzt. Am besten untersucht sind Europium-Komplexe, welche meistens Diketone als Liganden besitzen. Bislang konnten diese neutralen Komplexe jedoch nicht in polare Silicatpartikel-Matrizes eingebaut werden. Durch Einsatz von 3,3,3-Trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilan gelang es erstmalig, einen Europium(III)-tris-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-naphthoyl)-1,3-butandion-Komplex (Eu(TNB)3) in hydrophobierte Silicat-Nanopartikeln physikalisch einzubauen. TRF-Messungen zeigten Abklingzeiten von ca. 300 µs. In diesem bislang nicht verfügbaren Partikel-Typ konnten positive Eigenschaften von Latex- und Silicatpartikeln kombiniert werden. Auch einige Porphyrinkomplexe mit langen Fluoreszenzlebensdauern sind in Silicat-Nanopartikel eingebaut worden. Der neutrale Komplex 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrin-Pd(II) konnte nur durch vorhergehende Silanisierung erfolgreich eingebunden werden. Die erhaltenen sphärischen Partikel weisen eine Größenverteilung von 200-300 nm auf. Ein weiteres, kationisches Porphyrin (5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21,23H-porphyrin-Zn(II)) konnte ebenfalls erfolgreich in etwa 140 nm große Silicat-Nanopartikel blutungsstabil eingebaut werden.
N2  - The aim was to develop monodisperse detector reagents based on nanoparticles, that can be used as biosensors for medical diagnostics and other bioanalytical applications. A particle-type with a high fluorescence intensity and an absorption range around or above 600 nm was evaluated. The particle surface was functionalized with carboxyl groups to allow for covalent attachment of specific antibodies through which the particles can bind to target molecules. The synthesis of these complex spherical particles was done following the wet-chemical Sol-Gel-Process. The particles could be adjusted to the desired requirements: high fluorescence quantum yields, good chromatographic behaviour , efficient conjugation of antibodies (e.g. Troponin T) to a carboxyl modified particle surface. The nanoparticles with the favoured fluorophore had first to be covered with an additional silica shell in order to prepare them for loading with antibodies afterwards. The resulting particles have been characterized qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Furthermore, novel silica nanoparticles have been synthesized by cocondensation of a fluoroalkylsilane and a fluorophore. UV-VIS- and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as conjugational and biosensor tests showed that the cocondensation has positive effects on the absorption and on the fluorescence of the particles. Alternative detection reagents and methods have also been investigated. Thus, the cationic complex Tris-(1,10-phenantrolin)ruthenium(II)-dichloride could successfully be integrated into monodisperse silica particles. These particles are suitable as a standard substrate in O2-sensors because of their low oxygen permeability. The required physical entrapment quantity of the complex as well as the desired low permeability could be demonstrated successfully. Time resolved flourescence (TRF) was applied as an additional detection method. Mainly lanthanoid complexes are used within this method. Most commonly used are Eu(III)-b-diketonate complexes. Up to now, these neutral complexes could not be integrated into the polar silica particle matrix. For the first time, an Europium(III)-tris-4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-naphthoyl)-1,3-butandion-complex (Eu(TNB)3 could be embedded into silica particles hydrophobized with 3,3,3-Trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane. The embedment into the 140 nm diameter nanoparticles has been proved quantitatively as well as qualitatively TRF measurements detected a fluorescence lifetime of approximately 300 µs. In this - up to now- unique particle type the positive properties of latex particles and silica particles could be combined. Some porphyrin complexes possess long fluorescence lifetimes and, therefore, have been investigated. The neutral 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphyrin-Pd(II) complex could only be integrated successfully into silica nanoparticles after having been silanized. The resulting spheric particles have a particle size distribution of 200- 300 nm. Another cationic porphyrin (5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-21,23H-porphyrin-Zn(II)) could also be integrated successfully and without bleeding into 140 nm sized monodisperse silica particles.
KW  - Silicate
KW  - Nanopartikel
KW  - Fluoreszenzmarkierung
KW  - Biologisches Material
KW  - Analyse
KW  - Nanosilicatpartikel
KW  - hybrid
KW  - Fluoreszenz
KW  - nano
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - hybrid
KW  - fluorescence
Y1  - 2003
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-6153
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Radeloff, Katrin
A1  - Radeloff, Andreas
A1  - Tirado, Mario Ramos
A1  - Scherzad, Agmal
A1  - Hagen, Rudolf
A1  - Kleinsasser, Norbert H.
A1  - Hackenberg, Stephan
T1  - Long-Term Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Differentiation and Cytokine Secretion of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells
JF  - Materials
N2  - Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are widely utilized, for example in manufacturing paints and in the cosmetic industry. In addition, there is raising interest in the application of NPs in stem cell research. However, cytotoxic, genotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects were shown for NPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ZnO-NPs on cytokine secretion and differentiation properties of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs). Human ASCs were exposed to the subtoxic concentration of 0.2 mu g/mL ZnO-NPs for 24 h. After four weeks of cultivation, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation procedures were performed. The multi-differentiation potential was confirmed histologically and using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, the gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspase 3 was analyzed. Over the course of four weeks after ZnO-NPs exposure, no significant differences were detected in the gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and caspase 3 compared to non-exposed cells. The differentiation was also not affected by the ZnO-NPs. These findings underline the fact, that functionality of ASCs is likely to be unaffected by ZnO-NPs, despite a long-term disposition of NPs in the cells, supposing that the starting concentration was safely in the non-toxic range. This might provide important information for single-use nanomedical applications of ZnO-NPs.
KW  - zinc oxide
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - toxicity
KW  - differentiation potential
KW  - human adipose-derived stromal cells
KW  - stem cells
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224779
VL  - 12
IS  - 1823
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Han, Luyang
A1  - Wiedwald, Ulf
A1  - Biskupek, Johannes
A1  - Fauth, Kai
A1  - Kaiser, Ute
A1  - Ziemann, Paul
T1  - Nanoscaled alloy formation from self-assembled elemental Co nanoparticles on top of Pt films
JF  - Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
N2  - The thermally activated formation of nanoscale CoPt alloys was investigated, after deposition of self-assembled Co nanoparticles on textured Pt(111) and epitaxial Pt(100) films on MgO(100) and SrTiO3(100) substrates, respectively. For this purpose, metallic Co nanoparticles (diameter 7 nm) were prepared with a spacing of 100 nm by deposition of precursor-loaded reverse micelles, subsequent plasma etching and reduction on flat Pt surfaces. The samples were then annealed at successively higher temperatures under a H2 atmosphere, and the resulting variations of their structure, morphology and magnetic properties were characterized. We observed pronounced differences in the diffusion and alloying of Co nanoparticles on Pt films with different orientations and microstructures. On textured Pt(111) films exhibiting grain sizes (20–30 nm) smaller than the particle spacing (100 nm), the formation of local nanoalloys at the surface is strongly suppressed and Co incorporation into the film via grain boundaries is favoured. In contrast, due to the absence of grain boundaries on high quality epitaxial Pt(100) films with micron-sized grains, local alloying at the film surface was established. Signatures of alloy formation were evident from magnetic investigations. Upon annealing to temperatures up to 380 °C, we found an increase both of the coercive field and of the Co orbital magnetic moment, indicating the formation of a CoPt phase with strongly increased magnetic anisotropy compared to pure Co. At higher temperatures, however, the Co atoms diffuse into a nearby surface region where Pt-rich compounds are formed, as shown by element-specific microscopy.
KW  - alloy
KW  - CoPt
KW  - HRTEM
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - XMCD
KW  - Co
KW  - epitaxy
KW  - magnetometry
KW  - Pt
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142869
VL  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Joshi, Sanjeev
T1  - Preparation and characterization of CdS nanoparticles
T1  - DPräparat und characktereisierung von CdS Nanopartikeln
N2  - Zusammenfassung CdS-Nanoteilchen mit Größen zwischen 1.1 und 4.2 nm wurden in Äthanol und mit Thioglycerol (TG)-Hülle synthetisiert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die nass-chemische Synthese ohne Wasser und die Verwendung von TG als Hülle folgende Vorteile bieten: Es konnten kleinere Teilchen hergestellt und eine schmalere Größenverteilung erzielt werden. Zusätzlich wird dem Altern der Teilchen vorgebeugt, und die Ergebnisse sind besser reproduzierbar. Hochaufgelöste Photoemissions-Messungen an kleinen CdS-Teilchen (1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8; 1.8 nm mit Glutathion-Hülle) ergaben Beiträge von fünf verschiedenen Schwefelatom-Typen zum S 2p-Gesamt Signal. Außerdem wurde beobachtet, dass Nanoteilchen unterschiedlicher Größe und/oder mit unterschiedlichen Hüllen-Substanzen verschiedene Photoemissionsspektren zeigen und verschieden starke Strahlenschäden aufweisen. Bei den 1.4 nm großen CdS-Teilchen entsprechen die Komponenten des S 2p-Signals entweder Schwefelatomen mit unterschiedlichen Cd-Nachbarn, Thiol-Schwefelatomen oder teilweise oxidiertem Schwefel. Die jeweilige Zuweisung der Schwefeltypen erfolgte über Intensitäts-Änderungen der einzelnen S 2p-Komponenten als Funktion der Photonenenergie und des Strahlenschadens. Die Daten der 1.4 nm großen CdS-Teilchen wurden mit PES-Intensitäts-Rechnungen verglichen, die auf einem neuen Strukturmodell-Ansatz basieren. Von den drei verwendeten CdS-Strukturmodellen konnte nur ein Modell mit 33 S-Atomen die Variation der experimentellen Intensitäten richtig wieder geben. Modelle von größeren Nanoteilchen mit beispielsweise 53 S-Atomen zeigen Abweichungen von den experimentellen Daten der 1.4 nm-Teilchen. Auf diese Weise kann indirekt auf die Größe der gemessenen Teilchen geschlossen werden. Die Intensitätsrechnungen wurden zum einen „per Hand“ zur groben Abschätzung durchgeführt, zum anderen wurden exaktere Berechnungen mit einem von L. Weinhardt und O. Fuchs entwickelten Programm angestellt. Diese bestätigen die Ergebnisse der Abschätzung. Zudem wurde festgestellt, dass die inelastische freie Weglänge λ keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Modellrechnungen hat. Die gemessenen Intensitäts-Änderungen konnten zwar mit mehreren leicht verchiedenen Modellen erklärt werden, allerdings führte nur ein kugelförmiges Teilchen-Modell auch zu den richtigen Intensitätsverhältnissen der einzelnen S 2p-Komponenten. Weiterhin konnte beobachtet werden, dass die elektronische Bandlücke größer ist als die optische Bandlücke. Bei den PES-Messungen wurden einige wichtige Einflüsse sichtbar. So spielen strahlenbedingte Effekte eine große Rolle. Kenntnisse über die Zeitskala solcher Effekte ermöglichen PES-Aufnahmen mit guter Signal-Qualität und erlauben eine Extraploation zur Situation ohne Strahlenschaden. Auch die Dünnschicht-Präparation beeinflusst die Spektren. Beispielsweise zeigten mit Elektrophorese hergestellte Filme Hinweise auf Agglomeration. Schichten, die per Tropfen-Deposition erzeugt wurden, weisen spektrale Änderungen am Rand der Probe auf, und Filme aus Nanoteilchen-Pulver waren nicht homogen. Mikro-Raman Experimente, die in Kollaboration mit Dr. M. Schmitt und Prof. W. Kiefer durchgeführt wurden, ließen große Unterschiede in den Spektren von Nanoteilchen und TG in Lösung erkennen. Dies wurde vor allem auf das Fehlen von S – H –Bindungen zurückgeführt und zeigt damit, dass alle TG-Moleküle verwertet oder ausgewaschen wurden.
N2  - Very small, thioglycerol (TG)-capped CdS nanoparticles were synthesized by a wet chemical technique and investigated in the framework of this thesis. Also glutathione-capped particles were investigated for a comparison of the capping agents. High-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy using high-brilliance synchrotron radiation was applied as the major tool for the characterization of these particles. Additionally, the particles were investigated with UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, XPS using a laboratory source, valence band photoemission spectroscopy (VBPES), near-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS), and micro-Raman spectroscopy to address various aspects of the particles. In the beginning, an overview on size quantization effects is given to create a theoretical background behind the work presented in this thesis. Furthermore, an overview of various conventional techniques for size determination is presented. Exact information about size, shape and size distribution of nanoparticles is not yet achievable because of experimental limitations of the various size determination methods. Nanoparticles, with a range of sizes from 1.1 to 4. 2 nm, were synthesized using non-aqueous preparation and a TG capping. It is demonstrated that the use of the non-aqueous wet chemical synthesis method enables the production of very small particles and prohibits the aging of the particles. Furthermore, TG capping leads to a significant improvement for a narrow size distribution. Moreover, the results are very reproducible with TG capping and non-aqueous synthesis. Monodispersed particles can be produced by a size selective precipitation method, however, the reproducibility is questionable due to the aqueous medium of the synthesis in this case. High-resolution photoemission measurements on the small particles, i.e., 1.1 nm (CdS-A), 1.4 nm (CdS-B), 1.7 nm (CdS-C), and 1.8 nm (CdS-D, glutathione-capped), revealed five components as constituents of the S 2p signal after a careful data evaluation. Furthermore, it was observed that the particles with different sizes and capping show differences in the photoemission spectra and also in the beam damage behaviour. The different components of CdS-B were assigned as S atoms with different Cd neighbors, S atoms from thiol and S atoms in a partially oxidized state, based on the observed intensity changes of these components as a function of photon energy and beam damage, and on previous photoemission work on CdS nanoparticles [23, 45]. Furthermore, it was found that this assignment cannot be directly transferred to other particles. A new approach of structural model-based photoemission intensity calculations in comparison with the experimental data is presented. This enables us to understand subtle features in the photoemission spectra, in particular the intensity changes of the different components as a function of photon energy and beam exposure. This approach is especially applied to CdS-B (as some structural information for this particle is avialable from XRD), using three different structural models. It is found that a structural model with 33 S atoms can explain the experimental intensity changes of CdS-B. Furthermore, it is found that the photoemission spectra can be used to determine the particle size indirectly, as other plausible models show significant deviation from the experimental data. To study the various aspects by calculations, such as the influence of the particle shape and of the value of the mean free path, a program developed with L. Weinhardt and O. Fuchs is used for the intensity calculations. In order to determine a reasonable value of the mean free path for the used photon energies, two different equations from previous reports (Seah et al. and Powell et al.) are applied. As average mean free path values for the two photon energies we chose 5.5 ± 2 Å (254 eV) and 14 ± 2 Å (720 eV). The program calculation confirms the result of simple “manual” calculations of the different models. Moreover, it is tested that the value of , used in the calculations does not produce any significant influence on the calculation results. Another interesting feature is derived from the calculations that a model with a rather round shape produces similar intensity ratios for the different components to those of the data. Thus this new approach of analysis of photoemission spectra offers a way to determine particle sizes and to some extent to give an impression of the approximate particle shape. Furthermore, it is observed that the electronic band gap is larger compared to the optical band gap, which was attributed to an enhanced electron-hole correlation for optical absorption in small particles. The XPS experiments performed in the laboratory using an x-ray tube, show that the thin films produced from a freshly synthesized nanoparticle solution are fairly homogeneous and non-charging. Moreover, annealing experiments indicated that TG-capped particles posses less thermal stability as compared to MPA-capped particles. It was demonstrated that beam-induced effects play a major role. However, the knowledge of the time scale for such effects gives the possibility to record photoemission spectra with fairly good signal quality and to extrapolate to zero radiation damage. Further, particles with different sizes and capping show different beam damage behaviour. The thin film preparation by electrophoresis results in significant changes in the spectrum indicating agglomeration, while the drop-deposition technique points towards spectral changes on the rim of the sample, which can be avoided by focusing the radiation to the centre of the deposited dried drop. Micro-Raman experiments carried out in collaboration with C. Dem, Dr. M. Schmitt and Prof. W. Kiefer exhibited major differences in the spectra of nanoparticles as compared to those of the capping molecule thioglycerol. For instance, the absence of the S-H vibrational modes indicates the consumption or removal of all unreacted capping molecules. There is definitely a need for further detailed investigations concerning various interesting aspects of this work. For instance, it would be of significance to extend the program calculations to more models. Also more information about the band gap opening has to be gathered in order to find out the reason for the larger electronic band gap as compared to the optical band gap. The photoemission analysis approach using a model calculation has to be extended to differently prepared nanoparticles, in particular, to address the differences in the location of the various species in the particle as a function of preparation. The efforts of XRD simulations by C. Kumpf et al. [50] may reveal significant new information about the particle size and the size distribution. It can be expected that the program calculations, if extended to more models, can prove the potential of photoelectron spectroscopy to serve as a tool for size and shape determination of nanoparticles, which is a new contribution to the investigation of nanoparticles.
KW  - Cadmiumsulfid
KW  - Nanopartikel
KW  - Nanopartikel
KW  - Photoemission
KW  - XRD
KW  - UV-VIS
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - XPS
KW  - monodispersity
KW  - UV-VIS
KW  - Photoemission
Y1  - 2005
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13395
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Blömer, Steffen
T1  - Synthese von modifizierten Eisenoxid-Nanopartikeln für die MR-Tomographie
T1  - Synthesis of modified iron oxide nanoparticles for MRI
N2  - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden magnetische Kolloide auf der Basis von Eisenoxid-Nanopartikeln hergestellt, die eine erhöhte Verweildauer im Blutstrom aufweisen sollten. Die Hüllmoleküle bestehen aus zwei Teilen: Direkt an den Phosphor gebunden eine hydrophobe Alkylkette aus vier bis zehn CH2-Einheiten, und daran anschließend eine Methoxy-terminierte Polyethylenglykol (PEG)-Kette. Die PEG-Kette sollte sowohl die Hydrophilie der fertigen Partikel als auch den nötigen Schutz gegen Phagozytose gewährleisten. Diese speziellen Phosphonsäuren wurden dann dazu verwendet, Magnetit-Nanopartikel stabil einzuhüllen.
N2  - The present dissertation deals with the preparation of magnetic colloids on the basis of iron oxide nanoparticles exhibiting an extended lifetime in the bloodstream. The coating molecules were made up of two parts: A hydrophobic alkyl chain of four to ten CH2 groups, and a methoxy-terminated polyethyleneglycol (PEG) chain. The PEG chain was included to make the particles hydrophilic and to protect them from phagocytosis. These specially designed phosphonic acids were then used to coat magnetite nanoparticles.
KW  - Eisenoxide
KW  - Nanopartikel
KW  - NMR-Tomographie
KW  - Kontrastmittel
KW  - Polyethylenglykole
KW  - Magnetresonanztomographie
KW  - PEG
KW  - iron oxide
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - MRI
KW  - contrast agent
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66068
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ickrath, Pascal
A1  - Wagner, Martin
A1  - Scherzad, Agmal
A1  - Gehrke, Thomas
A1  - Burghartz, Marc
A1  - Hagen, Rudolf
A1  - Radeloff, Katrin
A1  - Kleinsasser, Norbert
A1  - Hackenberg, Stephan
T1  - Time-Dependent Toxic and Genotoxic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles after Long-Term and Repetitive Exposure to Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
N2  - Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) are widely spread in consumer products. Data about the toxicological characteristics of ZnO-NP is still under controversial discussion. The human skin is the most important organ concerning ZnO-NP exposure. Intact skin was demonstrated to be a sufficient barrier against NPs; however, defect skin may allow NP contact to proliferating cells. Within these cells, stem cells are the most important toxicological target for NPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP at low-dose concentrations after long-term and repetitive exposure to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). Cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP were measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, genotoxicity was evaluated by the comet assay. For long-term observation over 6 weeks, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied. The results of the study indicated cytotoxic effects of ZnO-NP beginning at high concentrations of 50 μg/mL and genotoxic effects in hMSC exposed to 1 and 10 μg/mL ZnO-NP. Repetitive exposure enhanced cyto- but not genotoxicity. Intracellular NP accumulation was observed up to 6 weeks. The results suggest cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of ZnO-NP. Even low doses of ZnO-NP may induce toxic effects as a result of repetitive exposure and long-term cellular accumulation. This data should be considered before using ZnO-NP on damaged skin.
KW  - zinc oxide
KW  - ZnO
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - cytotoxicity
KW  - toxicity
KW  - genotoxicity
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169932
VL  - 14
IS  - 12
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Radeloff, Katrin
A1  - Radeloff, Andreas
A1  - Ramos Tirado, Mario
A1  - Scherzad, Agmal
A1  - Hagen, Rudolf
A1  - Kleinsasser, Norbert H.
A1  - Hackenberg, Stephan
T1  - Toxicity and functional impairment in human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (hASCs) following long-term exposure to very small iron oxide particles (VSOPs)
JF  - Nanomaterials
N2  - Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), such as very small iron oxide NPs (VSOPs) can be used for targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment or tissue engineering. Another important field of application is the labelling of mesenchymal stem cells to allow in vivo tracking and visualization of transplanted cells using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For these NPs, however, various toxic effects, as well as functional impairment of the exposed cells, are described. The present study evaluates the influence of VSOPs on the multilineage differentiation ability and cytokine secretion of human adipose tissue derived stromal cells (hASCs) after long-term exposure. Human ASCs were labelled with VSOPs, and the efficacy of the labelling was documented over 4 weeks in vitro cultivation of the labelled cells. Unlabelled hASCs served as negative controls. Four weeks after labelling, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation was histologically evaluated and quantified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Changes in gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and caspase 3 were determined over 4 weeks. Four weeks after the labelling procedure, labelled and unlabelled hASCs did not differ in the gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and caspase 3. Furthermore, the labelling procedure had no influence on the multidifferentiation ability of hASC. The percentage of labelled cells decreased during in vitro expansion over 4 weeks. Labelling with VSOPs and long-term intracellular disposition probably have no influence on the physiological functions of hASCs. This could be important for the future in vivo use of iron oxide NPs.
KW  - iron oxide nanoparticles
KW  - VSOP
KW  - nanoparticles
KW  - toxicity
KW  - differentiation potential
KW  - human adipose-derived stromal cells
KW  - stem cells
KW  - long-term exposure
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-203676
SN  - 2079-4991
VL  - 10
IS  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Eber, Marcus
T1  - Wirksamkeit und Leistungsfähigkeit von nanoskaligen Fließregulierungsmitteln
T1  - Effectiveness and efficiency of nanoscale glidants
N2  - Zusammenfassend stellen sich die hydrophoben Nanomaterialien als die optimalen Fließregulierungsmittel dar (Ausnahme: Printex® G). Die Agglomerate des hochpotenten hydrophoben Ruß-Derivats Printex® 95 liegen von Herstellerseite bereits in genügend zerkleinerter Form vor, so daß keine weitere Zerkleinerung während des Mischvorganges erforderlich ist. Infolgedessen adsorbiert es mit höchster Geschwindigkeit an die Oberfläche der Schüttgutpartikel und übernimmt dort die Funktion von Oberflächenrauhigkeiten. In der Folge der werden die interpartikulären Haftkräfte sehr schnell minimiert. Im Gegensatz zu den hydrophilen Nanomaterialien zeigt Printex® 95 keinen ausgeprägten Wiederanstieg der Zugspannungen selbst nach sehr langen Mischzeiten von 4320 Minuten. Durch die Verwendung des hydrophoben Ruß-Derivates Printex® 95 werden Pulvermischungen erhalten, die zudem weitestgehend unempfindlich sind gegenüber Kapillarkräften bei erhöhten Umgebungsfeuchten. Das hydrophobe Printex® 95 vereint damit praktisch alle gewünschten Eigenschaften eines optimalen Fließregulierungsmittels und es kann als Modellsubstanz für die Entwicklung noch potenterer Nanomaterialien dienen. Bisher stand das nicht abschließend beurteilte cancerogene Potential dieses Stoffes einer breiten Anwendung entgegen.
N2  - Summing up it can be said that hydrophobic nanomaterials are highly potent glidants (with exception of Printex® G). The agglomerates of the top-rated hydrophobic Printex® 95 are already small enough because of the manufacturing process, so that they do not have to be broken up during the mixing process. As a consequence, Printex® 95 is adsorbed most quickly on the surface of corn starch to fulfill the function of surface asperities. Because of this increasing surface roughness the interparticle forces are rapidly diminished. In contrast to all the hydrophilic nanomaterials, Printex® 95 does not show a pronounced re-increase in tensile strength even after a blending time of 4320 minutes. Moreover the binary powder mixtures with Printex® 95 are very robust against capillary forces at higher moisture levels. Altogether, it can combine all the requested demands for a top-rated glidant and may also serve as a model nanomaterial in order to develop further glidants. So far it could not be applied broadly since its cancerigenous potential has not been finally evaluated.
KW  - Nanostrukturiertes Material
KW  - Hydrophobe Wechselwirkung
KW  - Fließverhalten
KW  - Schüttgut
KW  - AFM
KW  - Fließfähigkeit
KW  - intermolekulare Kräfte
KW  - Nanopartikel
KW  - SPM
KW  - flowability
KW  - intermolecular forces
KW  - nanoparticles
Y1  - 2004
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-9026
ER  -