TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Sfärlea, Anca A1 - Blumenthal, Terry T1 - Your emotion or mine: labeling feelings alters emotional face perception—an ERP study on automatic and intentional affect labeling JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Empirical evidence suggests that words are powerful regulators of emotion processing. Although a number of studies have used words as contextual cues for emotion processing, the role of what is being labeled by the words (i.e., one's own emotion as compared to the emotion expressed by the sender) is poorly understood. The present study reports results from two experiments which used ERP methodology to evaluate the impact of emotional faces and self- vs. sender-related emotional pronoun-noun pairs (e.g., my fear vs. his fear) as cues for emotional face processing. The influence of self- and sender-related cues on the processing of fearful, angry and happy faces was investigated in two contexts: an automatic (experiment 1) and intentional affect labeling task (experiment 2), along with control conditions of passive face processing. ERP patterns varied as a function of the label's reference (self vs. sender) and the intentionality of the labeling task (experiment 1 vs. experiment 2). In experiment 1, self-related labels increased the motivational relevance of the emotional faces in the time-window of the EPN component. Processing of sender-related labels improved emotion recognition specifically for fearful faces in the N170 time-window. Spontaneous processing of affective labels modulated later stages of face processing as well. Amplitudes of the late positive potential (LPP) were reduced for fearful, happy, and angry faces relative to the control condition of passive viewing. During intentional regulation (experiment 2) amplitudes of the LPP were enhanced for emotional faces when subjects used the self-related emotion labels to label their own emotion during face processing, and they rated the faces as higher in arousal than the emotional faces that had been presented in the “label sender's emotion” condition or the passive viewing condition. The present results argue in favor of a differentiated view of language-as-context for emotion processing. KW - emotion regulation KW - language-as-context KW - affect labeling KW - face processing KW - event-related brain potentials KW - social context KW - social cognition KW - perspective taking Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97065 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Blechert, Jens T1 - Time course of electrocortical food-cue responses during cognitive regulation of craving JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In our current obesogenic environment, exposure to visual food-cues can easily lead to craving and overeating because short-term, pleasurable effects of food intake dominate over the anticipated long-term adverse effects such as weight gain and associated health problems. Here we contrasted these two conditions during food-cue presentation while acquiring event-related potentials (ERPs) and subjective craving ratings. Female participants (n = 25) were presented with either high-calorie (HC) or low-calorie (LC) food images under instructions to imagine either immediate (NOW) or long-term effects (LATER) of consumption. On subjective ratings for HC foods, the LATER perspective reduced cravings as compared to the NOW perspective. For LC foods, by contrast, craving increased under the LATER perspective. Early ERPs (occipital N1, 150-200 ms) were sensitive to food type but not to perspective. Late ERPs (late positive potential, LPP, 350-550 ms) were larger in the HC-LATER condition than in all other conditions, possibly indicating that a cognitive focus on negative long-term consequences induced negative arousal. This enhancement for HC-LATER attenuated to the level of the LC conditions during the later slow wave (550-3000 ms), but amplitude in the HC-NOW condition was larger than in all other conditions, possibly due to a delayed appetitive response. Across all conditions, LPP amplitudes were positively correlated with self-reported emotional eating. In sum, results reveal that regulation effects are secondary to an early attentional analysis of food type and dynamically evolve over time. Adopting a long-term perspective on eating might promote a healthier food choice across a range of food types. KW - EEG KW - disorder examination questionnaire KW - eating disorder KW - emotion regulation KW - future directions KW - attention KW - brain KW - high-calorie KW - german version KW - bulimia nervosa KW - chocolate images KW - event-related potentials KW - eating KW - calorie content KW - food-cues KW - food craving KW - LPP KW - slow wave Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122566 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 IS - 669 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kiesel, Elisabeth T1 - Präfrontale Aktivierungsmuster bei der Emotionsregulationsstrategie der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung - eine kombinierte EKP - fNIRS - Studie - T1 - Prefrontal activation patterns during distraction - a combined EEG -fNIRS -study - N2 - Vorherige Studien beschreiben bei der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung präfrontale Aktivierungen im rechten DLPFC und DMPFC. Diese Studie wollte untersuchen, ob die Aufmerksamkeitslenkung durch Richten des Fokus auf nicht -emotionale Bildinhalte innerhalb eines Stimulus zu präfrontalen Effekten führt. Dazu wurde eine kombinierte Messung aus EEG, fNIRS und emotionalem Arousal erhoben. Die Bedingungen beinhalteten entweder das passive Bildbetrachten oder die Aufmerksamkeitslenkung. Das EEG wurde als Kontrollbedingung erhoben, um zu replizieren, dass die Aufmerksamkeitslenkung auf nicht –emotionale Bildinhalte zu einer Reduktion des LPP und des emotionalen Arousals führt. In dieser Studie konnte sowohl ein reduziertes LPP als ein geringeres emotionales Arousal bei der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung beschrieben werden. In der fNIRS zeigten sich jedoch weder ein signifikanter Emotions- noch ein signifikanter Regulationseffekt, sodass keine Aktivierungen präfrontal bei der Aufmerksamkeitslenkung beschrieben werden konnte. Es sind somit weiterführende Studien zur Aufmerksamkeitslenkung notwendig, ob die Aufmerksamkeitslenkung zu präfrontalen Aktivierungen führt, und ob diese mit der fNIRS abgebildet werden können. N2 - Recent studies showed prefrontal activation in the right DLPFC and DMPFC during distraction. The present study sought to determine whether distraction by directing attention to less arousing aspects within an emotional stimulus leads to prefrontal activation in a combined measurement of fnirs, EEG and emotional arousal. Trials included a passive viewing and a directed attention portion. The EEG was used as a control condition to replecate that distraction by directing attention to non - arousing areas of an unpleasant picture results in a decreased LPP and a reduced emotional arousal. Directing attention to non – arousing aspects of an emotional stimulus resulted in a decreased LPP and a reduced emotional arousal. In this study we couldn’t describe either a significant emotional or a significant regulation effect. Thus distraction by directing attention to less arousing aspects within an emotional stimulus didn’t show any prefrontal effects with fnirs. So further studies are necessary to determine whether distraction can be examined with fnirs with regard to prefrontal activation pattern. KW - Emotionsregulation KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - emotion regulation KW - Aufmerksamkeitslenkung KW - distraction KW - fNIRS Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163146 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tupak, Sara T1 - Modulators of Prefrontal Fear Network Function: An Integrative View T1 - Modulatoren präfrontaler Furchtnetzwerkfunktion: Ein integrativer Ansatz N2 - Regulating our immediate feelings, needs, and urges is a task that we are faced with every day in our lives. The effective regulation of our emotions enables us to adapt to society, to deal with our environment, and to achieve long‐term goals. Deficient emotion regulation, in contrast, is a common characteristic of many psychiatric and neurological conditions. Particularly anxiety disorders and subclinical states of increased anxiety are characterized by a range of behavioral, autonomic, and neural alterations impeding the efficient down‐regulation of acute fear. Established fear network models propose a downstream prefrontal‐amygdala circuit for the control of fear reactions but recent research has shown that there are a range of factors acting on this network. The specific prefrontal cortical networks involved in effective regulation and potential mediators and modulators are still a subject of ongoing research in both the animal and human model. The present research focused on the particular role of different prefrontal cortical regions during the processing of fear‐relevant stimuli in healthy subjects. It is based on four studies, three of them investigating a different potential modulator of prefrontal top‐down function and one directly challenging prefrontal regulatory processes. Summarizing the results of all four studies, it was shown that prefrontal functioning is linked to individual differences in state anxiety, autonomic flexibility, and genetic predisposition. The T risk allele of the neuropeptide S receptor gene, a recently suggested candidate gene for pathologically elevated anxiety, for instance, was associated with decreased prefrontal cortex activation to particularly fear‐relevant stimuli. Furthermore, the way of processing has been found to crucially determine if regulatory processes are engaged at all and it was shown that anxious individuals display generally reduced prefrontal activation but may engage in regulatory processes earlier than non‐anxious subjects. However, active manipulation of prefrontal functioning in healthy subjects did not lead to the typical behavioral and neural patterns observed in anxiety disorder patients suggesting that other subcortical or prefrontal structures can compensate for an activation loss in one specific region. Taken together, the current studies support prevailing theories of the central role of the prefrontal cortex for regulatory processes in response to fear‐eliciting stimuli but point out that there are a range of both individual differences and peculiarities in experimental design that impact on or may even mask potential effects in neuroimaging research on fear regulation. N2 - Tagtäglich sind wir gefordert, die Kontrolle über unsere unmittelbaren Gefühle und Bedürfnisse zu bewahren und diese zu regulieren. Die effektive Kontrolle unserer Emotionen ermöglicht es uns, uns unserer Umgebung und Gesellschaft anzupassen und langfristige Ziele zu erreichen. Defizitäre Emotionsregulation, im Gegensatz, charakterisiert eine Reihe von psychiatrischen und neurologischen Erkrankungen. Vor allem Angststörungen und subklinisch erhöhte Ängstlichkeit zeichnen sich durch eine Reihe von behavioralen, vegetativen und neuronalen Abweichungen aus, welche sich störend auf die effiziente Furchtregulation auswirken. Gängige Modelle des Furchtnetzwerks gehen davon aus, dass Furchtreaktionen durch eine top‐down Verschaltung von Präfrontalkortex und Amygdala reguliert werden. Neure Studien jedoch haben gezeigt, dass dieses Netzwerk durch eine Reihe von Faktoren beeinflusst wird. Die spezifischen präfrontalen kortikalen Netzwerke, die an einer effektiven Regulation beteiligt sind und deren potentielle Mediatoren und Modulatoren sind jedoch noch immer Gegenstand heutiger Forschung, sowohl im Tier‐, als auch im Menschenmodell. Der Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit richtete sich speziell auf die Rolle verschiedener Regionen des Präfrontalkortex während der Verarbeitung furchtrelevanter Reize bei gesunden Probanden. Die Arbeit basiert auf vier Studien, von denen drei jeweils einen potentiellen Modulator präfrontaler top-down Funktion näher untersuchten, während jene regulatorischen Prozesse in einer weiteren Studie gezielt manipuliert wurden. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Präfrontalfunktion mit individuellen Unterschieden in Ängstlichkeit, vegetativer Flexibilität und genetischer Prädisposition assoziiert ist. So wurde beispielsweise das T Risikoallel des Neuropeptid S Rezeptor Gens, ein erst kürzlich entdecktes Kandidatengen für pathologisch erhöhte Ängstlichkeit, speziell während der Darbietung furchtrelevanter Reize mit geringerer Präfrontalkortex Aktivierung in Verbindung gebracht. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Art der Verarbeitung im Wesentlichen bestimmt, ob überhaupt regulatorische Vorgänge in Gang gesetzt werden und dass insbesondere ängstliche Probanden eine allgemein verminderte präfrontale Aktivierung zeigen. Die Ergebnisse deuten jedoch auch darauf hin, dass diese regulatorischen Prozesse bei Ängstlichen möglicherweise früher aktiviert werden als bei weniger Ängstlichen. Das aktive Eingreifen in die Präfrontalfunktion bei Gesunden führte jedoch nicht zu den typischen neuronalen und Verhaltensmustern, wie sie bei Patienten mit Angststörungen beobachtet werden, was wiederum die Annahme nahe legt, dass andere subkortikale oder präfrontale Strukturen für eine Aktivitätsverringerung in einer bestimmten Region kompensieren können. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die vorliegenden Ergebnisse aktuelle Theorien einer zentralen Rolle des Präfrontalkortex in Bezug auf regulatorische Prozesse während der Konfrontation mit furchtrelevanten Reizen untermauern, jedoch auch zeigen, dass es eine Reihe an individuellen Charakteristika und Feinheiten im jeweiligen experimentellen Design gibt, die potentielle Effekte in Bildgebungsstudien zur Furchtregulation beeinflussen oder sogar maskieren können. KW - Neurogenetik KW - NIR-Spektroskopie KW - Furcht KW - Herzfrequenzvariabilität KW - ranskranielle magnetische Stimulation KW - Emotionsregulation KW - Präfrontaler Cortex KW - Theta Burst Stimulation KW - Neuropeptid S Rezeptor Gen KW - emotionale Interferenz KW - emotion regulation KW - prefrontal cortex KW - theta burst stimulation KW - neuropeptide S receptor gene KW - emotional interference KW - Angst KW - Neurowissenschaften Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85673 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grossheinrich, Nicola A1 - Firk, Christine A1 - Schulte-Rüther, Martin A1 - von Leupoldt, Andreas A1 - Konrad, Kerstin A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Looking while unhappy: a mood-congruent attention bias toward sad adult faces in children JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A negative mood-congruent attention bias has been consistently observed, for example, in clinical studies on major depression. This bias is assumed to be dysfunctional in that it supports maintaining a sad mood, whereas a potentially adaptive role has largely been neglected. Previous experiments involving sad mood induction techniques found a negative mood-congruent attention bias specifically for young individuals, explained by an adaptive need for information transfer in the service of mood regulation. In the present study we investigated the attentional bias in typically developing children (aged 6–12 years) when happy and sad moods were induced. Crucially, we manipulated the age (adult vs. child) of the displayed pairs of facial expressions depicting sadness, anger, fear and happiness. The results indicate that sad children indeed exhibited a mood specific attention bias toward sad facial expressions. Additionally, this bias was more pronounced for adult faces. Results are discussed in the context of an information gain which should be stronger when looking at adult faces due to their more expansive life experience. These findings bear implications for both research methods and future interventions. KW - eye tracking KW - emotion regulation KW - mood induction KW - attention bias KW - major depression KW - adaptive role Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177688 VL - 9 IS - 2577 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheiner, Christin A1 - Daunke, Andrea A1 - Seidel, Alexandra A1 - Mittermeier, Sabrina A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Kölch, Michael A1 - Buerger, Arne T1 - LessStress - how to reduce stress in school: evaluation of a universal stress prevention in schools: study protocol of a cluster-randomised controlled trial JF - Trials N2 - Background Chronic stress is detrimental to health, and children and young people have had to cope with significantly more stress since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, stress at school and in relation to learning is a major problem in this age group. Studies in Germany have indicated that the pandemic has led to a reduced quality of life (QoL) and an increased risk for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Schools are an ideal setting for interventions against stress, which is one of the strongest predictors for the development of psychosocial problems. The present study seeks to address stress by means of a short prevention training programme in schools, including emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion. In addition to information material for self-study, students should have the opportunity to actively deal with the topic of stress and develop coping strategies within a short space of time. In contrast to very long stress reduction programmes that often last several weeks, the programme is delivered in just 90 min. Methods The effectiveness of the short and economical prevention programme LessStress will be examined in a cluster-randomised controlled trial (RCT) encompassing 1894 students. At several measurement time points, students from two groups (intervention and control) will be asked about their subjectively perceived stress levels, among other aspects. Due to the clustered nature of the data, mainly multilevel analyses will be performed. Discussion In Germany, there are no nationwide universal prevention programmes for students against stress in schools, and this gap has become more evident since the outbreak of the pandemic. Universal stress prevention in schools may be a starting point to promote resilience. By dealing with stress in a healthy way, mental health can be strengthened and maintained. Moreover, to reach at-risk students at an early stage, we advocate for a stronger networking between child psychiatry and schools. KW - stress reduction KW - selfcompassion KW - mindfulness KW - emotion regulation KW - resilience KW - prevention KW - RCT KW - school KW - stress Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300393 VL - 24 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Lingdan A1 - Winkler, Markus H. A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Li, Yonghui A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Emotion regulation in heavy smokers: experiential, expressive and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Emotion regulation dysfunctions are assumed to contribute to the development of tobacco addiction and relapses among smokers attempting to quit. To further examine this hypothesis, the present study compared heavy smokers with non-smokers (NS) in a reappraisal task. Specifically, we investigated whether non-deprived smokers (NDS) and deprived smokers (DS) differ from non-smokers in cognitive emotion regulation and whether there is an association between the outcome of emotion regulation and the cigarette craving. Sixty-five participants (23 non-smokers, 22 NDS, and 20 DS) were instructed to down-regulate emotions by reappraising negative or positive pictorial scenarios. Self-ratings of valence, arousal, and cigarette craving as well as facial electromyography and electroencephalograph activities were measured. Ratings, facial electromyography, and electroencephalograph data indicated that both NDS and DS performed comparably to nonsmokers in regulating emotional responses via reappraisal, irrespective of the valence of pictorial stimuli. Interestingly, changes in cigarette craving were positively associated with regulation of emotional arousal irrespective of emotional valence. These results suggest that heavy smokers are capable to regulate emotion via deliberate reappraisal and smokers' cigarette craving is associated with emotional arousal rather than emotional valence. This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic use of reappraisal to replace maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in nicotine addicts. KW - negative affect KW - regulation strategies KW - positive emotions KW - craving KW - late positive potential KW - nicotine addiction KW - smoking KW - emotion regulation KW - reappraisal KW - facial electromyography KW - brain reactivity KW - down regulation KW - unpleasant pictures KW - anxiety sensitivity KW - facial expressions KW - cigarette smokers KW - smoking motives Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145225 VL - 6 IS - 1555 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buerger, Arne A1 - Emser, Theresa A1 - Seidel, Alexandra A1 - Scheiner, Christin A1 - von Schoenfeld, Cornelia A1 - Ruecker, Viktoria A1 - Heuschmann, Peter U. A1 - Romanos, Marcel T1 - DUDE - a universal prevention program for non-suicidal self-injurious behavior in adolescence based on effective emotion regulation: study protocol of a cluster-randomized controlled trial JF - Trials N2 - Background Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has become a substantial public health problem. NSSI is a high-risk marker for the development and persistence of mental health problems, shows high rates of morbidity and mortality, and causes substantial health care costs. Thus, there is an urgent need for action to develop universal prevention programs for NSSI before adolescents begin to show this dangerous behavior. Currently, however, universal prevention programs are lacking. Methods The main objective of the present study is to evaluate a newly developed universal prevention program (“DUDE – Du und deine Emotionen / You and your emotions”), based on a skills-based approach in schools, in 3200 young adolescents (age 11–14 years). The effectiveness of DUDE will be investigated in a cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) in schools (N = 16). All groups will receive a minimal intervention called “Stress-free through the school day” as a mental health literacy program to prevent burnout in school. The treatment group (N = 1600; 8 schools) will additionally undergo the universal prevention program DUDE and will be divided into treatment group 1 (DUDE conducted by trained clinical psychologists; N = 800; 4 schools) and treatment group 2 (DUDE conducted by trained teachers; N = 800; 4 schools). The active control group (N = 1600; 8 schools) will only receive the mental health literacy prevention. Besides baseline assessment (T0), measurements will occur at the end of the treatment (T1) and at 6- (T2) and 12-month (T3) follow-up evaluations. The main outcome is the occurrence of NSSI within the last 6 months assessed by a short version of the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI-9) at the 1-year follow-up (primary endpoint; T3). Secondary outcomes are emotion regulation, suicidality, health-related quality of life, self-esteem, and comorbid psychopathology and willingness to change. Discussion DUDE is tailored to diminish the incidence of NSSI and to prevent its possible long-term consequences (e.g., suicidality) in adolescents. It is easy to access in the school environment. Furthermore, DUDE is a comprehensive approach to improve mental health via improved emotion regulation. KW - universal prevention KW - NSSI KW - self-injury KW - emotion regulation KW - RCT KW - school-based prevention KW - adolescence Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265874 VL - 23 ER - TY - THES A1 - Baur, Ramona T1 - Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Emotion Processing, and Emotion Regulation in Virtual Reality T1 - Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter, Emotionsverarbeitung und Emotionsregulation in virtueller Realität N2 - Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Besides, increasing evidence points to ADHD patients showing emotional dysfunctions and concomitant problems in social life. However, systematic research on emotional dysfunctions in ADHD is still rare, and to date most studies lack conceptual differentiation between emotion processing and emotion regulation. The aim of this thesis was to systematically investigate emotion processing and emotion regulation in adult ADHD in a virtual reality paradigm implementing social interaction. Emotional reactions were assessed on experiential, physiological, and behavioral levels. Experiment 1 was conducted to develop a virtual penalty kicking paradigm implying social feedback and to test it in a healthy sample. This paradigm should then be applied in ADHD patients later on. Pleasant and unpleasant trials in this paradigm consisted of hits respectively misses and subsequent feedback from a virtual coach. In neutral trials, participants were teleported to different spots of the virtual stadium. Results indicated increased positive affectivity (higher valence and arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, and higher expression rates of positive emotional behavior) in response to pleasant compared to neutral trials. Reactions to unpleasant trials were contradictory, indicating increased levels of both positive and negative affectivity, compared to neutral trials. Unpleasant vs. neutral trials revealed lower valence ratings, higher arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, slightly lower corrugator activations, and higher expression rates of both positive and negative emotional behavior. The intensity of emotional reactions correlated with experienced presence in the virtual reality. To better understand the impact of hits or misses per se vs. hits or misses with coach feedback healthy participants’ emotional reactions, only 50% of all shots were followed by coach feedback in experiment 2. Neutral trials consisted of shots over the free soccer field which were followed by coach feedback in 50 % of all trials. Shots and feedback evoked more extreme valence and arousal ratings, higher zygomaticus activations, lower corrugator activations, and higher skin conductance responses than shots alone across emotional conditions. Again, results speak for the induction of positive emotions in pleasant trials whereas the induction of negative emotions in unpleasant trials seems ambiguous. Technical improvements of the virtual reality were reflected in higher presence ratings than in experiment 1. Experiment 3 investigated emotional reactions of adult ADHD patients and healthy controls after emotion processing and response-focused emotion regulation. Participants successively went through an ostensible online ball-tossing game (cyber ball) inducing negative emotions, and an adapted version of the virtual penalty kicking game. Throughout cyber ball, participants were included or ostracized by two other players in different experimental blocks. Participants were instructed to explicitly show, not regulate, or hide their emotions in different experimental blocks. Results provided some evidence for deficient processing of positive emotions in ADHD. Patients reported slightly lower positive affect than controls during cyber ball, gave lower valence ratings than controls in response to pleasant penalty kicking trials, and showed lower zygomaticus activations than controls especially during penalty kicking. Patients in comparison with controls showed slightly increased processing of unpleasant events during cyber ball (higher ratings of negative affect, especially in response to ostracism), but not during penalty kicking. Patients showed lower baseline skin conductance levels than controls, and impaired skin conductance modulations. Compared to controls, patients showed slight over-expression of positive as well as negative emotional behavior. Emotion regulation analyses revealed no major difficulties of ADHD vs. controls in altering their emotional reactions through deliberate response modulation. Moreover, patients reported to habitually apply adaptive emotion regulation strategies even more frequently than controls. The analyses of genetic high-risk vs. low-risk groups for ADHD across the whole sample revealed similar results as analyses for patients vs. controls for zygomaticus modulations during emotion processing, and for modulations of emotional reactions due to emotion regulation. To sum up, the virtual penalty kicking paradigm proved to be successful for the induction of positive, but not negative emotions. The importance of presence in virtual reality for the intensity of induced emotions could be replicated. ADHD patients showed impaired processing of primarily positive emotions. Aberrations in negative emotional responding were less clear and need further investigation. Results point to adult ADHD in comparison to healthy controls suffering from baseline deficits in autonomic arousal and deficits in arousal modulation. Deficits of ADHD in the deliberate application of response-focused emotion regulation could not be found. N2 - Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) ist gekennzeichnet durch Symptome der Unaufmerksamkeit und Hyperaktivität/Impulsivität. Zudem sprechen zunehmende Befunde für emotionale Defizite und damit einhergehende soziale Probleme bei ADHS. Bisher gibt es jedoch kaum systematische Untersuchungen zu emotionalen Defiziten bei ADHS, und die meisten bisherigen Studien trennen nicht klar zwischen den Konzepten der Emotionsverarbeitung und Emotionsregulation. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, Emotionsverarbeitung und Emotionsregulation bei erwachsenen ADHS Patienten in einem Paradigma in virtueller Realität mit sozialer Interaktion zu untersuchen. Emotionale Reaktionen wurden auf Erlebnisebene, physiologischer Ebene und Verhaltensebene erfasst. In Experiment 1 wurde ein virtuelles Elfmeterparadigma mit sozialem Feedback entwickelt und an einer gesunden Stichprobe getestet. Dieses Paradigma sollte später mit ADHS Patienten verwendet werden. Angenehme und unangenehme Versuchsdurchgänge bestanden aus Treffern bzw. gehaltenen Torschüssen und einer darauffolgenden Rückmeldung von einem virtuellen Trainer. In neutralen Durchgängen wurden die Teilnehmer zu verschiedenen Punkten im virtuellen Stadion teleportiert. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für erhöhte positive Affektivität (höhere Valenz- und Arousalratings, höhere Zygomaticusaktivität, mehr positiver emotionaler Ausdruck) durch angenehme im Vergleich zu neutralen Durchgängen. Reaktionen auf unangenehme im Vergleich zu neutralen Durchgängen waren widersprüchlich und sprechen für erhöhte positive und negative Affektivität. Unangenehme vs. neutrale Durchgänge führten zu niedrigeren Valenzratings, höheren Arousalratings, höherer Zygomaticusaktivität, etwas niedrigerer Corrugatoraktivität und mehr positivem und negativem emotionalen Ausdruck. Die Intensität emotionaler Reaktionen korrelierte mit dem Präsenzerleben in der virtuellen Realität. Um den Einfluss von Torschüssen allein vs. Torschüssen mit Trainerrückmeldung auf emotionale Reaktionen bei Gesunden besser zu verstehen, folgte in Experiment 2 nur auf 50 % aller Schüsse eine Trainerrückmeldung. Neutrale Durchgänge bestanden aus freien Schüssen über das Fußballfeld, auf die zu 50 % eine Trainerrückmeldung folgte. Schüsse mit Rückmeldung führten durchgängig zu stärkeren Valenz- und Arousalratings, höherer Zygomaticusaktivität, niedrigerer Corrugatoraktivität, und höheren Hautleitfähigkeits- reaktionen als Schüsse allein. Auch diese Ergebnisse sprechen für die Induktion positiver Emotionen durch angenehme Durchgänge, während die Induktion negativer Emotionen durch unangenehme Durchgänge uneindeutig scheint. Technische Verbesserungen der virtuellen Realität schlugen sich in höherem Präsenzerleben als in Experiment 1 nieder. Experiment 3 untersuchte emotionale Reaktionen von erwachsenen ADHS Patienten und gesunden Kontrollen nach Emotionsverarbeitung und reaktionsfokussierter Emotions- regulation. Versuchsteilnehmer absolvierten nacheinander ein vorgebliches Online-Ballspiel (Cyber Ball) welches negative Emotionen induzierte, und eine weiterentwickelte Version des virtuellen Elfmeterspiels. Während Cyber Ball wurden die Teilnehmer von zwei anderen Mitspielern in verschiedenen Versuchsblöcken entweder eingeschlossen oder ausgeschossen. Die Teilnehmer wurden in verschiedenen Versuchsblöcken instruiert, ihre Emotionen entweder deutlich zu zeigen, nicht zu regulieren, oder zu verbergen. Einige Ergebnisse sprechen für eine defizitäre Verarbeitung positiver Emotionen bei ADHS. Patienten berichteten niedrigeren positiven Affekt als Kontrollen während Cyber Ball, niedrigere Valenzratings als Kontrollen nach angenehmen Elfmeterdurchgängen, und zeigten niedrigere Zygomaticusaktivität als Kontrollen insbesondere während des Elfmeterschießens. Im Vergleich zu Kontrollen zeigten Patienten eine leicht verstärkte Verarbeitung von unangenehmen Ereignissen beim Cyber Ball (höhere Ratings von negativem Affekt v.a. nach Ausschluss), aber nicht beim Elfmeterschießen. Patienten zeigten eine niedrigere Baseline- Hautleitfähigkeit als Kontrollen, sowie beeinträchtigte Hautleitfähigkeitsmodulationen. Im Vergleich zu Kontrollen zeigten Patienten leicht erhöhten Ausdruck von positiven und negativen Emotionen. Emotionsregulationsanalysen zeigten keine bedeutenden Einschränkungen von ADHS vs. Kontrollen im Verändern ihrer emotionalen Reaktionen durch absichtliche reaktionsfokussierte Emotionsregulation. Außerdem gaben Patienten an, gewohnheitsmäßig sogar häufiger als Kontrollen adaptive Emotionsregulationsstrategien anzuwenden. Der Vergleich einer genetischen Hochrisikogruppe mit einer Niedrigrisikogruppe für ADHS über die gesamte Stichprobe zeigte ähnliche Ergebnisse wie die Analysen für Patienten vs. Kontrollen in der Modulation von Zygomaticusaktivität während der Emotionsverarbeitung, sowie in der Modulation emotionaler Reaktionen durch Emotionsregulation. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass das virtuelle Elfmeterparadigma geeignet scheint, um positive, aber nicht negative Emotionen zu induzieren. Die Bedeutsamkeit von Präsenzerleben in einer virtuellen Realität für die Intensität von induzierten Emotionen konnte repliziert werden. ADHS Patienten zeigten Beeinträchtigungen v.a. in der Verarbeitung von positiven Emotionen. Abweichungen in der negativen emotionalen Reagibilität waren weniger eindeutig und sollten weiter untersucht werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass erwachsene ADHS Patienten im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen eine niedrigere autonome Erregbarkeit bei Baseline und Defizite in der Erregbarkeitsmodulation zeigen. Es zeigten sich keine Defizite von ADHS in der absichtlichen Anwendung von ausdrucksfokussierter Emotionsregulation. KW - emotion processing KW - Emotionsverarbeitung KW - Emotionsregulation KW - ADHS KW - virtuelle Realität KW - virtual reality KW - adult ADHD KW - emotion regulation KW - Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom KW - Erwachsener KW - Gefühl Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142064 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haspert, Valentina A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Reicherts, Philipp T1 - Acceptance-Based Emotion Regulation Reduces Subjective and Physiological Pain Responses JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Acceptance-based regulation of pain, which focuses on the allowing of pain and pain related thoughts and emotions, was found to modulate pain. However, results so far are inconsistent regarding different pain modalities and indices. Moreover, studies so far often lack a suitable control condition, focus on behavioral pain measures rather than physiological correlates, and often use between-subject designs, which potentially impede the evaluation of the effectiveness of the strategies. Therefore, we investigated whether acceptance-based strategies can reduce subjective and physiological markers of acute pain in comparison to a control condition in a within-subject design. To this end, participants (N = 30) completed 24 trials comprising 10 s of heat pain stimulation. Each trial started with a cue instructing participants to welcome and experience pain (acceptance trials) or to react to the pain as it is without employing any regulation strategies (control trials). In addition to pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings, heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were recorded. Results showed significantly decreased pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings for acceptance compared to control trials. Additionally, HR was significantly lower during acceptance compared to control trials, whereas SC revealed no significant differences. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of acceptance-based strategies in reducing subjective and physiological pain responses relative to a control condition, even after short training. Therefore, the systematic investigation of acceptance in different pain modalities in healthy and chronic pain patients is warranted. KW - pain regulation KW - emotion regulation KW - acceptance KW - cognitive strategies KW - acute pain KW - acceptance-based strategy KW - psychological modulation of pain KW - pain ratings Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207220 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 11 ER -