TY - THES A1 - Manthey, Laura T1 - The Shape of the Frontal Bone T1 - Die Form des Os frontale N2 - The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the frontal bone in the forensic context with special emphasis on its shape. Analyses on 19th and 20th century Euro-American and German crania were performed in terms of population differences, sexual dimorphism, secular change, and metopism. It could clearly be seen that the frontal bone on its own already provides a lot of information toward the biological profile of an individual. Overall, using size and shape combined for analyses would always produce the best results, followed by shape only and then size only. Nevertheless, Log_Centroid_Size was the best sex-discriminating variable in the size-shape combined analyses for both populations. Population differences as well as sexual dimorphism could both be assessed (with varying accuracy) using size only and shape only respectively. Very little secular change between the 19th and 20th century was found for the frontal in both groups respectively, with the secular change that could be seen mostly being shape variation. Metopism analysis was only performed on German crania, because the presence or absence of a metopic suture was not documented for the Euro-American crania. Unfortunately, the results of these analyses were very limited due to too small sample sizes for the overall low percentage of metopism. The metopic frontal was once again found to be short in relation to its width and presenting a more rounded frontal curvature. The attempt of creating a formula to morphometrically assess the presence of metopism was not successful. The results of this thesis suggest that forensic case work on skeletal remains would greatly benefit from a broader application of Geometric Morphometrics and consequently from larger databases containing shape data as well as more advanced and user-friendly software for this type of analyses. N2 - Ziel dieser Arbeit war ein umfassender Überblick über die Nutzbarkeit von Form-Daten des Os frontale im forensischen Kontext. Hierzu wurden die Daten von euro-amerikanischen und deutschen Individuen (jeweils mit Geburtsjahren im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert) in Bezug auf Populationsunterschiede, Geschlechtsunterschiede, säkulare Veränderungen und das Auftreten einer Sutura metopica untersucht. Es zeigte sich deutlich, dass das Os frontale allein eine Vielzahl an Informationen zur Erstellung des biologischen Profils eines Skelettfundes beinhaltet. Insgesamt erzielte die Nutzung von Form- und Größendaten gemeinsam in allen Untersuchungen die besten Ergebnisse, gefolgt von Form allein und Größe allein. Nichtsdestotrotz war die Größenvariable in beiden Populationen das einflussreichste Unterscheidungsmerkmal zwischen den Geschlechtern in der kombinierten Größen-Form-Analyse. Das Os frontale zeigte in beiden Gruppen nur sehr wenige säkulare Veränderungen zwischen dem 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Die vorhandenen Unterschiede fanden sich größtenteils in der Form. Die Sutura metopica konnte wegen fehlender amerikanischer Daten nur für den deutschen Datensatz untersucht werden. Leider war auch der deutsche Datensatz im Verhältnis zum generell geringen Auftreten der Sutura metopica zu klein, um verlässliche Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Wie schon in früheren Studien zum Thema, war auch in dieser das Os frontale mit Sutura metopica relativ kurz in Relation zur Breite und die Form seiner Kurvatur runder als in Individuen ohne Sutura metopica. Der Versuch, eine Formel zur morphometrischen Bestimmung des Vorhandenseins einer Sutura metopica zu erstellen, scheiterte leider ebenso. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen deutlich, dass die forensische Analyse von Skelettfunden sehr von einer ausgedehnteren Einbeziehung von Form-Daten profitieren würde. Hierzu bräuchte es größere Datensätze, die Form-Daten beinhalten und bessere, nutzerfreundlichere Software für diese Art Untersuchungen. Die Grundvoraussetzungen sind bereits gegeben. KW - shape KW - forensic anthropology KW - frontal bone KW - geometric morphometrics KW - fordisc Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298986 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Münchow, Hannes A1 - Mengelkamp, Christoph A1 - Bannert, Maria T1 - The better you feel the better you learn: do warm colours and rounded shapes enhance learning outcome in multimedia learning? JF - Education Research International N2 - The aim of the present study was to examine whether fostering positive activating affect during multimedia learning enhances learning outcome. University students were randomly assigned to either a multimedia learning environment designed to induce positive activating affect through the use of “warm” colours and rounded shapes () or an affectively neutral environment that used achromatic colours and sharp edges (). Participants learned about the topic of functional neuroanatomy for 20 minutes and had to answer several questions for comprehension and transfer afterwards. Affective states as well as achievement goal orientations were investigated before and after the learning phase using questionnaires. The results show that participants in the affectively positive environment were superior in comprehension as well as transfer when initial affect was strong. Preexperimental positive affect was therefore a predictor of comprehension and a moderator for transfer. Goal orientations did not influence these effects. The findings support the idea that positive affect, induced through the design of the particular multimedia learning environment, can facilitate performance if initial affective states are taken into account. KW - shape KW - learning outcome KW - multimedia learning KW - colour Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158566 VL - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scorcelletti, Matteo A1 - Kara, Serhan A1 - Zange, Jochen A1 - Jordan, Jens A1 - Semler, Oliver A1 - Schönau, Eckhard A1 - Rittweger, Jörn A1 - Ireland, Alex A1 - Seefried, Lothar T1 - Lower limb bone geometry in adult individuals with X-linked hypophosphatemia: an observational study JF - Osteoporosis International N2 - Summary We assessed lower-limb geometry in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and controls. We found large differences in multiple measures including femoral and tibial torsion, bowing and cross-sectional area and acetabular version and coverage which may contribute to clinical problems such as osteoarthritis, fractures and altered gait common in XLH. Purpose Individuals with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) are at risk of lower-limb deformities and early onset of osteoarthritis. These two factors may be linked, as altered biomechanics is a risk factor for osteoarthritis. This exploratory evaluation aims at providing clues and concepts for this association to facilitate future larger-scale and longitudinal studies on that aspect. Methods For this observational study, 13 patients with XLH, aged 18–65 years (6 female), were compared with sex-, age- and weight-matched healthy individuals at a single German research centre. Femoral and hip joint geometry, including femoral and tibial torsion and femoral and tibial shaft bowing, bone cross-sectional area (CSA) and acetabular version and coverage were measured from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Results Total femoral torsion was 29° lower in individuals with XLH than in controls (p < 0.001), mainly resulting from lower intertrochanteric torsion (ITT) (p < 0.001). Femoral lateral and frontal bowing, tibial frontal bowing, mechanical axis, femoral mechanical–anatomical angle, acetabular version and acetabular coverage were all greater and tibial torsion lower in individuals with XLH as compared to controls (all p < 0.05). Greater femoral total and marrow cavity CSA, greater tibial marrow cavity CSA and lower cortical CSA were observed in XLH (all p < 0.05). Discussion We observed large differences in clinically relevant measures of tibia and particularly femur bone geometry in individuals with XLH compared to controls. These differences may plausibly contribute to clinical manifestations of XLH such as early-onset osteoarthritis, pseudofractures and altered gait and therefore should be considered when planning corrective surgeries. KW - bone KW - femur KW - geometry KW - shape KW - XLH Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324655 VL - 33 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Paul, Torsten Johann A1 - Kollmannsberger, Philip T1 - Biological network growth in complex environments: A computational framework JF - PLoS Computational Biology N2 - Spatial biological networks are abundant on all scales of life, from single cells to ecosystems, and perform various important functions including signal transmission and nutrient transport. These biological functions depend on the architecture of the network, which emerges as the result of a dynamic, feedback-driven developmental process. While cell behavior during growth can be genetically encoded, the resulting network structure depends on spatial constraints and tissue architecture. Since network growth is often difficult to observe experimentally, computer simulations can help to understand how local cell behavior determines the resulting network architecture. We present here a computational framework based on directional statistics to model network formation in space and time under arbitrary spatial constraints. Growth is described as a biased correlated random walk where direction and branching depend on the local environmental conditions and constraints, which are presented as 3D multilayer grid. To demonstrate the application of our tool, we perform growth simulations of a dense network between cells and compare the results to experimental data from osteocyte networks in bone. Our generic framework might help to better understand how network patterns depend on spatial constraints, or to identify the biological cause of deviations from healthy network function. Author summary We present a novel modeling approach and computational implementation to better understand the development of spatial biological networks under the influence of external signals. Our tool allows us to study the relationship between local biological growth parameters and the emerging macroscopic network function using simulations. This computational approach can generate plausible network graphs that take local feedback into account and provide a basis for comparative studies using graph-based methods. KW - osteocyte network KW - connectome KW - mechanisms KW - generation KW - shape Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231373 VL - 16 IS - 11 ER -