TY - THES A1 - Deutschländer, Angela T1 - Über den Beitrag von Valpha- und Jalpha-Segmenten des T-Zellrezeptors von CD8 T-Zellen der Ratte bei RT1f-spezifischer Alloreaktion und positiver Selektion im Thymus T1 - Contribution of TCR Va and Ja segments of rat CD8 T cells during RT1f-dependent alloreactivity and positive thymic selection N2 - Va8.2+ CD8 T-Zellen von LEW.1F Ratten (MHC-Haplotyp f) werden während der Reifung im Thymus zehnfach überselektioniert: 14 Prozent der reifen LEW.1F CD8 T-Zellen exprimieren Va8.2; CD8 T-Zellen von MHC kongenen RT1f- Stämme sind nur zu 1-2 Prozent Va8.2+. Gleichzeitig führt die RT1f-spezifische allogene Stimulation reifer LEW (MHC Haplotyp l) CD8 T-Zellen zu einer bevorzugten Expansion von Va8.2+ T-Zellen. Dies überrascht, da die positive Selektion unreifer Thymozyten eine niedrigere Avidität zwischen T-Zelle und Antigen-präsentierender Zelle erfordern soll als Alloreaktivität. Ein bevorzugter Vb-Gebrauch wurde weder bei RT1f-spezifischer positiver Selektion noch Alloreaktion gefunden. Das Ja-Repertoire von RT1f-alloreaktiven Va8.2 TCR ist restringiert, ihre CDR3a Schleifen sind kurz, homogen und besitzen wenig N-Nukleotidinsertionen; ein hydrophob/amphiphatisches Motiv erhöht wahrscheinlich die Peptidpromiskuität. Va8.2+ LEW.1F T-Zellen besitzen ein weniger restringiertes Ja-Repertoire; ein hydrophobes Motiv der CDR3a-Schleife wurde seltener gefunden; weitere Restriktionen der CDR3a-Schleife fanden wir nicht. Nicht-alloreaktive LEW CD8 T-Zellen zeigten keine Restriktionen im Bereich Ja/CDR3a. Va8.2 vermittelt MHC-spezifische positive Selektion und Alloreaktivität. Alloreaktionen erfordern einen zusätzlichen Beitrag der CDR3a-Schleife, deren Gestaltung wahrscheinlich Kontakte mit einem hochdiversen Peptidsatz und zusätzliche MHC-Molekül-Kontakte ermöglicht. Unsere Ergebnisse sind vereinbar mit Röntgenstrukturanalysen des T-Zellrezeptor (TCR)/pMHC-Komplexes und dem "differential-avidity model" der TCR-vermittelten Antigenerkennung bei thymischer Selektion und Aktivierung reifer T-Zellen. Sie dokumentieren die Bedeutung der Erkennung polymorpher MHC-Strukturen durch keimbahnkodierte TCR-Segmente und sprechen gegen eine ausschließliche Peptidspezifität von positiver Selektion und Alloreaktivität. N2 - Va8+ CD8 T cells of LEW.1F rats (MHC haplotype f) are 10-fold overselected during positive thymic selection. Allostimulation with RT1Af leads to preferential expansion of mature Va8+ LEW (MHC haplotype l) CD8 T cells. This is surprising, since positive selection of immature thymocytes is thought to require a lower avidity between T cell and antigen presenting cell than alloreactivity of peripheral T cells. Va8+ T cell receptor (TCR) variable domains of LEW.1F CD8 T cells, LEW and RT1f-alloreactive LEW CD8 T cells were compared. All variable domains used Va8.2. No preferential expression of Vb-TCR segments was found. RT1f-alloreactive LEW T cells used a restricted Ja repertoire, and their CDR3a loops were short, homogenous in lenghth, and showed little addition of N-nucleotides; a hydrophobic/amphiphatic CDR3a motif, that was found in 40 per cent, possibly increases peptide promiscuity of the TCR. LEW.1F T cells also showed a restricted Ja usage, but to a much smaller extent; a hydrophobic CDR3a motif was found in only 22 per cent. Non-alloreactive LEW T cells showed no restrictions regarding Ja/CDR3a usage. The results demonstrate that a single TCR Va segment can promote both MHC allele-specific positive selection and alloreactivity and that the latter is more dependent on additional contributions of the CDR3a loop, possibly by promoting reactivity with a highly diverse set of MHC-bound peptides or by providing additional MHC contacts. Furthermore the findings argue against an exclusive peptide-specificity of positive thymic selection and alloreactivity. KW - T-Zellrezeptor KW - positive Selektion KW - Alloreaktivität KW - MHC-Molekül KW - Ratte KW - T cell receptor KW - positive selection KW - alloreactivity KW - MHC-molecule KW - rat Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2554 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Börtlein, Charlene A1 - Schumacher, Fabian A1 - Kleuser, Burkhard A1 - Dölken, Lars A1 - Avota, Elita T1 - Role of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM 2) in the control of T cell plasma membrane lipid composition and cholesterol homeostasis JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology N2 - The activity of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM2) to catalyze the conversion of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide and phosphocholine at the cytosolic leaflet of plasma membrane (PM) is important in T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. We recently identified PKCζ as a major NSM2 downstream effector which regulates microtubular polarization. It remained, however, unclear to what extent NSM2 activity affected overall composition of PM lipids and downstream effector lipids in antigen stimulated T cells. Here, we provide a detailed lipidomics analyses on PM fractions isolated from TCR stimulated wild type and NSM2 deficient (ΔNSM) Jurkat T cells. This revealed that in addition to that of sphingolipids, NSM2 depletion also affected concentrations of many other lipids. In particular, NSM2 ablation resulted in increase of lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) which both govern PM biophysical properties. Crucially, TCR dependent upregulation of the important T cell signaling lipid diacylglycerol (DAG), which is fundamental for activation of conventional and novel PKCs, was abolished in ΔNSM cells. Moreover, NSM2 activity was found to play an important role in PM cholesterol transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and production of cholesteryl esters (CE) there. Most importantly, CE accumulation was essential to sustain human T cell proliferation. Accordingly, inhibition of CE generating enzymes, the cholesterol acetyltransferases ACAT1/SOAT1 and ACAT2/SOAT2, impaired TCR driven expansion of both CD4\(^+\) and CD8\(^+\) T cells. In summary, our study reveals an important role of NSM2 in regulating T cell functions by its multiple effects on PM lipids and cholesterol homeostasis. KW - neutral sphingomyelinase-2 KW - T cell receptor KW - plasma membrane KW - lyso-phospholipids KW - diacylglycerol KW - cholesteryl ester Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190596 SN - 2296-634X VL - 7 IS - 226 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Lira, Maria Nathalia A1 - Raman, Sudha Janaki A1 - Schulze, Almut A1 - Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle A1 - Avota, Elita T1 - Neutral Sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM 2) Controls T Cell Metabolic Homeostasis and Reprogramming During Activation JF - Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences N2 - Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM2) is a member of a superfamily of enzymes responsible for conversion of sphingomyelin into phosphocholine and ceramide at the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Upon specific ablation of NSM2, T cells proved to be hyper-responsive to CD3/CD28 co-stimulation, indicating that the enzyme acts to dampen early overshooting activation of these cells. It remained unclear whether hyper-reactivity of NSM2-deficient T cells is supported by a deregulated metabolic activity in these cells. Here, we demonstrate that ablation of NSM2 activity affects metabolism of the quiescent CD4\(^+\) T cells which accumulate ATP in mitochondria and increase basal glycolytic activity. This supports enhanced production of total ATP and metabolic switch early after TCR/CD28 stimulation. Most interestingly, increased metabolic activity in resting NSM2-deficient T cells does not support sustained response upon stimulation. While elevated under steady-state conditions in NSM2-deficient CD4\(^+\) T cells, the mTORC1 pathway regulating mitochondria size, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production is impaired after 24 h of stimulation. Taken together, the absence of NSM2 promotes a hyperactive metabolic state in unstimulated CD4\(^+\) T cells yet fails to support sustained T cell responses upon antigenic stimulation. KW - neutral sphingomyelinase-2 KW - T cell receptor KW - Seahorse XF KW - oxidative phosphorylation KW - ATP-adenosine triphosphate KW - Mitochondria Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-211311 SN - 2296-889X VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herrmann, Thomas A1 - Karunakaran, Mohindar M. T1 - Butyrophilins: γδ T cell receptor ligands, immunomodulators and more JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Butyrophilins (BTN) are relatives of the B7 family (e.g., CD80, PD-L1). They fulfill a wide range of functions including immunomodulation and bind to various receptors such as the γδ T cell receptor (γδTCR) and small molecules. One intensively studied molecule is BTN3A1, which binds via its cytoplasmic B30.2 domain, metabolites of isoprenoid synthesis, designated as phosphoantigen (PAg), The enrichment of PAgs in tumors or infected cells is sensed by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, leading to the proliferation and execution of effector functions to remove these cells. This article discusses the contribution of BTNs, the related BTNL molecules and SKINT1 to the development, activation, and homeostasis of γδ T cells and their immunomodulatory potential, which makes them interesting targets for therapeutic intervention. KW - butyrophilin KW - immune therapy KW - T cell receptor KW - γδ T cell KW - BTN3A1 KW - BTN2A1 KW - phosphoantigen KW - tumor Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265944 SN - 1664-3224 VL - 13 ER -