TY - THES A1 - Kern, Anna T1 - Vaskularisierung von humanen neuralen Organoiden mit mesodermalen Progenitorzellen T1 - Vascularization of human neural organoids with mesodermal progenitor cells N2 - Viele Organoide sind bisher nur stark vereinfachte Modelle der Originalgewebe, da sie nur aus dem Gewebsparenchym bestehen. Um neurale Organoide näher an das Originalgewebe zu bringen, ist ein wichtiger Schritt mesenchymale Anteile zu integrieren. In dieser Arbeit war die wichtige Fragenstellung, ob neurale Organoide sich mit mesodermalen Progenitorzellen zu einem gemeinsamen Gewebe vereinigen lassen. Um die Generierung von neuro-mesenchymalen Organoiden zu erreichen, wurden geeignete Differenzierungsprotokolle zur Erzeugung neuroepithelialer und mesodermaler Aggregate aus humanen induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen etabliert. Anschließend wurden die Sphäroide vereinigt und eingehend histologisch charakterisiert. Darüber hinaus wurde die Organoidentwicklung unter dem Einfluss von Hypoxie analysiert. Um die Organoide anschaulich mit der tatsächlichen Embryogenese vergleichen zu können, wurden Schnitte von Hühnerembryonen angefertigt. Die neuro-mesenchymalen Organoide wurden insgesamt 280 Tage kultiviert und an verschieden Zeitpunkten untersucht. Die hier präsentierten Daten zeigen, dass die erzeugten neuro-mesenchymalen Organoide viele Aspekte der natürlichen Embryogenese in Zellkultur nachahmen können. So wurde die Ausbildung neuralrohrähnlicher Strukturen, die von einem perineuralen Gefäßplexus umgeben sind, gezeigt. Des Weiteren wurde eine Interaktion von Astrozyten/radiale Gliazellen mit dem entstehenden Gefäßnetz beobachtet. Schließlich zeigten sich das Einwandern von mikrogliaartigen Zellen aus dem mesenchymalen Organoidteil in das Nervengewebe. Diese Arbeit bildet die Basis für die Generierung neuro-mesenchymaler Organoide als realistisches Modellsystem für die Entwicklung des Nervensystems. Solche Modellsysteme können für die Erforschung von Krankheiten, Toxizitätsstudien sowie Medikamententests verwendet werden. N2 - Many organoids are so far only highly simplified models of the original tissues, since they consist only of the tissue parenchyma. To bring neural organoids closer to the original tissue, an important step is to integrate mesenchymal parts. In this work, the important question was whether neural organoids can be assembled with mesodermal progenitor cells to form a common tissue. To achieve the generation of neuro-mesenchymal organoids, appropriate differentiation protocols were established to generate neuroepithelial and mesodermal aggregates from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Subsequently, the spheroids were brought in co-culture and characterized histologically in detail. In addition, organoid development under the influence of hypoxia was analyzed. Sections of chicken embryos were prepared to compare the organoids with actual embryogenesis. The neuro-mesenchymal organoids were cultured for a total of 280 days and examined at different time points. The data presented here show that the generated neuro-mesenchymal organoids can mimic many aspects of natural embryogenesis in cell culture. For example, the formation of neural tube-like structures surrounded by a perineural vascular plexus was demonstrated. Furthermore, interaction of astrocytes/radial glial cells with the developing vascular network was observed. Finally, the migration of microglia-like cells from the mesenchymal organoid part into the neural tissue was shown. This work provides the basis for generating neuro-mesenchymal organoids as a realistic model system for nervous system development. Such model systems can be used for disease modeling, toxicity studies as well as drug testing. KW - Organoid KW - Vaskularisierung KW - neural KW - mesodermal KW - Parenchym KW - Stroma KW - vascularization KW - neural KW - mesodermal KW - parenchyma KW - stroma Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-291116 ER - TY - THES A1 - Elsner, Clara Dorothea T1 - Ultrastructural analysis of biogenesis and release of endothelial extracellular vesicles T1 - Ultrastrukturelle Analyse der Biogenese und Freisetzung von endothelialen extrazellulären Vesikeln N2 - Extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated intercellular communication through exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies has been shown to be implicated in various physiological as well as pathological processes such as the development and progression of atherosclerosis. While the cellular machinery controlling EV formation and composition has been studied extensively, little is known about the underlying morphological processes. This study focuses on a detailed ultrastructural analysis of the different steps of EV formation and release in Myocardial Endothelial (MyEnd) and Aortic Endothelial (AoEnd) cells cultured under serum starvation and inflammatory stimulation with TNF-α. Detailed morphological analyses were conducted applying and comparing different high- resolution light and electron microscopic methods. In this study, we could depict all steps of MV biogenesis named in literature. However, during the study of exosome biogenesis, we discovered a yet undescribed process: Instead of a direct fusion with the plasma membrane, multivesicular bodies were incorporated into a new distinct cellular compartment bound by fenestrated endothelium first. This may present a novel step in exosome biogenesis and warrants further study. Regarding the conditions of cell cultivation, we observed that the commonly used serum starvation causes MyEnd cells, but not AoEnd cells, to enter apoptosis after 48 hours. When preparing functional EV studies, we therefore recommend assessing the morphological condition of the serum-starved cells at different cultivation points first. When evaluating MV production, a statistical analysis showed that the more time AoEnd cells spent in cultivation under serum starvation, the higher the percentage of MV producing cells. However, additional TNF-α stimulation induced a significantly higher MV production than serum starvation alone. Lastly, our results show that TNF-α stimulation of AoEnd cells in vitro leads to the upregulation of CD44, an adhesion molecule critical in the early stages of atherosclerosis. CD44 was then depicted on the surface of generated MVs and exosomes. We conclude that under inflammatory conditions, EVs can mediate the transfer of CD44 from endothelial cells to target cells. This could be a novel mechanism by which MVs contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease and should be clarified by further studies. N2 - Extrazelluläre Vesikel (EV), darunter Exosomen, Mikrovesikel (MV) und apoptotische Körperchen, werden von fast allen Zellen des Körpers freigesetzt, transportieren zellspezifische Informationen und sind von großer Bedeutung in der Zell-Zell-Kommunikation. Sie spielen eine zentrale Rolle in verschiedensten physiologischen sowie pathologischen Vorgängen, wie etwa der Atherosklerose. Während die zellulären Mechanismen hinter der Entstehung und Komposition der EV bereits intensiv erforscht wurden, ist noch wenig über die zugrundeliegenden morphologischen Prozesse bekannt. Diese Arbeit präsentiert eine detaillierte ultrastrukturelle Analyse der Bildung und Freisetzung von EV in myokardialen (MyEnd) und aortalen Endothelzellen (AoEnd), die unter Serumentzug sowie inflammatorischer Stimulation mit TNF-α kultiviert wurden. Dazu wendeten wir verschiedene hochauflösende licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Techniken an. Wir konnten alle in der Literatur beschriebenen Schritte der MV-Biogenese darstellen. Bei der Untersuchung der exosomalen Biogenese entdeckten wir jedoch einen bisher unbekannten Prozess: Anstelle einer direkten Fusion der multivesikulären Körperchen mit der Plasmamembran, wurden diese zunächst in ein neues, von fenestriertem Endothel begrenztes, zelluläres Kompartiment integriert. Ferner stellten wir fest, dass der häufig durchgeführte Serumentzug während der Kultivierung bei MyEnd- – allerdings nicht AoEnd- – Zellen nach 48 Stunden zur Apoptose führte. Daher empfehlen wir, bei funktionellen Studien von EV zunächst eine morphologische Untersuchung der unter Serumentzug kultivierten Zellen zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten durchzuführen. Eine statistische Analyse der MV-Produktion zeigte, dass die Zellen umso mehr MV produzierten, je länger sie sich unter Serumentzug befanden. Jedoch induzierte eine zusätzliche Stimulation mit TNF-α eine signifikant höhere MV-Produktion als der alleinige Serumentzug. Wir konnten zeigen, dass eine TNF-α Stimulation von AoEnd Zellen in vitro zu einer vermehrten Expression von CD44 führte – einem vor allem in der Frühphase der Atherosklerose bedeutendem Adhäsionsmolekül. CD44 konnte ebenso auf der Oberfläche von produzierten MV und Exosomen nachgewiesen werden. Wir schließen daraus, dass MV unter inflammatorischen Bedingungen den Transfer von CD44 von Endothelzellen zu Zielzellen vermitteln und so zur Entstehung und Progression von Atherosklerose beitragen können. KW - Vesikel KW - Exosom KW - Endothelzelle KW - Zellkommunikation KW - Atherosklerose KW - Extracellular Vesicles KW - Microvesicles KW - Exosomes KW - Cell-cell communication KW - Electron microscopy Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288526 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlecht, Anja A1 - Wolf, Julian A1 - Boneva, Stefaniya A1 - Prinz, Gabriele A1 - Braunger, Barbara M. A1 - Wieghofer, Peter A1 - Agostini, Hansjürgen A1 - Schlunck, Günther A1 - Lange, Clemens T1 - Transcriptional and distributional profiling of microglia in retinal angiomatous proliferation JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Macular neovascularization type 3, formerly known as retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), is a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration and is associated with an accumulation of myeloid cells, such as microglia (MG) and infiltrating blood-derived macrophages (MAC). However, the contribution of MG and MAC to the myeloid cell pool at RAP sites and their exact functions remain unknown. In this study, we combined a microglia-specific reporter mouse line with a mouse model for RAP to identify the contribution of MG and MAC to myeloid cell accumulation at RAP and determined the transcriptional profile of MG using RNA sequencing. We found that MG are the most abundant myeloid cell population around RAP, whereas MAC are rarely, if ever, associated with late stages of RAP. RNA sequencing of RAP-associated MG showed that differentially expressed genes mainly contribute to immune-associated processes, including chemotaxis and migration in early RAP and proliferative capacity in late RAP, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, MG upregulated only a few angiomodulatory factors, suggesting a rather low angiogenic potential. In summary, we showed that MG are the dominant myeloid cell population at RAP sites. Moreover, MG significantly altered their transcriptional profile during RAP formation, activating immune-associated processes and exhibiting enhanced proliferation, however, without showing substantial upregulation of angiomodulatory factors. KW - AMD KW - Mactel 2 KW - macular neovascularization KW - MNV type 3 KW - retinal angiomatous proliferation KW - RAP KW - microglia KW - RNA sequencing KW - Cx3cr1 KW - CreERT2 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284072 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Nagai, Michiaki A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Braunger, Barbara M. A1 - Förster, Carola Y. T1 - The protective effects of neurotrophins and microRNA in diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and heart failure via regulating endothelial function JF - Biomolecules N2 - Diabetes mellitus is a common disease affecting more than 537 million adults worldwide. The microvascular complications that occur during the course of the disease are widespread and affect a variety of organ systems in the body. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common long-term complications, which include, amongst others, endothelial dysfunction, and thus, alterations in the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). This particularly restrictive physiological barrier is important for maintaining the neuroretina as a privileged site in the body by controlling the inflow and outflow of fluid, nutrients, metabolic end products, ions, and proteins. In addition, people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) have been shown to be at increased risk for systemic vascular complications, including subclinical and clinical stroke, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and nephropathy. DR is, therefore, considered an independent predictor of heart failure. In the present review, the effects of diabetes on the retina, heart, and kidneys are described. In addition, a putative common microRNA signature in diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and heart failure is discussed, which may be used in the future as a biomarker to better monitor disease progression. Finally, the use of miRNA, targeted neurotrophin delivery, and nanoparticles as novel therapeutic strategies is highlighted. KW - diabetic retinopathy KW - diabetes mellitus KW - microvascular complications KW - diabetic nephropathy KW - heart failure KW - microRNA KW - neurotrophins Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285966 SN - 2218-273X VL - 12 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Drenckhahn, Detlev A1 - Zonneveld, Ben T1 - Rubus admirabilis Drenckhahn, eine neue Brombeerart aus dem Formenkreis der Serie Vestiti an der Westküste von Schleswig-Holstein, Deutschland T1 - Rubus admirabilis Drenckhahn, a new bramble species of the series Vestiti at the West coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany JF - Forum Geobotanicum N2 - Rubus admirabilis Drenckhahn is a tetraploid new species of the Rubus section Rubus, series Vestiti. Stem leaves are 5-foliolate, digitate to weakly pedate with elongated, obovate acuminate terminal leaflets, adpressed hairy upper side and light green shimmering, softly hairy under side. Stems are arching (up to 2 m) partly climbing, obtuse-angled, densely hairy and glandular, gray green to dull brown, armed with 10(3–21) /5cm straight slender prickles, mostly 30-45º declining, 4.6(3-7)mm long. Pedicles of inflorescence are densely hairy (patent and partly adpressed), armed with 2–4 (per cm) slender patent to slightly curved prickles (1–2 mm long) and studded with numerous stalked glands (0.3–0.5 mm long) and some bristles. The species tolerates shadow and prefers moist soil. The type locality is probably the species’ site of introduction or genesis. It is located west of the town Garding on the North Frisian peninsula of Eiderstedt (several hundred shrubs), where several non-native Rubus species were probably introduced in the course of reforestation in 1970. Rubus admirabilis spreads south to the town of Heide in Dithmarschen and north to the island of Amrum (maximal range diameter of 70 km) and seems to be in an expansive phase. N2 - Rubus admirabilis Drenckhahn ist eine tetraploide neue Brombeerart der Rubus-Sektion Rubus, Serie Vestiti. Die Stängelblätter sind 5-zählig, hand- bis schwach fußförmig geteilt mit länglich obovaten, zugespitzen Endblättchen und anliegend behaarter Oberseite und hellgrün schimmernder, fühlbar weich behaarter Unterseite. Die Schösslinge sind mäßig bogig (bis zu 2m), teilweise kletternd, stumpfwinklig, graugrün bis stumpfbraun, dicht behaart mit zahlreichen gestielten Drüsen und Borsten. Stachel: 7−15/5 cm, schlank, 4−6mm lang, gerade, überwiegend 30-45º geneigt. Die Blütenstiele sind dicht behaart (abstehend und teilweise anliegend), mit 2−4/cm schlanken, geraden bis leicht gekrümmten Stachelchen (1−2 mm lang) und zahlreichen gestielten Drüsen (0,3−0,5 mm lang) sowie einigen Borsten. Die Art ist schattentolerant und bevorzugt feuchte Böden. Der Typusfundort ist wahrscheinlich der Ansiedlungs- oder Ursprungsort der Art. Er liegt westlich der Stadt Garding auf der nordfriesischen Halbinsel Eiderstedt (mehrere hundert Sträucher und Gebüsche). Dort wurden im Zuge einer Aufforstung 1970 mehrere nichtheimische Brombeerarten eingeschleppt. Rubus admirabilis hat sich südlich bis Heide in Dithmarschen und nördlich bis Amrum ausgebreitet (maximaler Arealdurchmesser von 70 km) und befindet sich in einer expansiven Phase. KW - Rubus section KW - series Vestiti KW - new species KW - neue Brombeerart KW - Schleswig-Holstein KW - Brombeere Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298658 UR - http://forum-geobotanicum.net/articles/vol_10-2021/drenckhahn_zonneveld-rubus_admirabilis/FG---Drenckhahn-Rubus_admirablis.pdf SN - 1867-9315 VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Hongjie A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Madhusudhan, Thati T1 - Regulation of the homeostatic unfolded protein response in diabetic nephropathy JF - Pharmaceuticals N2 - A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that protein homeostasis, also designated as proteostasis, is causatively linked to chronic diabetic nephropathy (DN). Experimental studies have demonstrated that the insulin signaling in podocytes maintain the homeostatic unfolded protein response (UPR). Insulin signaling via the insulin receptor non-canonically activates the spliced X-box binding protein-1 (sXBP1), a highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transcription factor, which regulates the expression of genes that control proteostasis. Defective insulin signaling in mouse models of diabetes or the genetic disruption of the insulin signaling pathway in podocytes propagates hyperglycemia induced maladaptive UPR and DN. Insulin resistance in podocytes specifically promotes activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) dependent pathogenic UPR. Akin to insulin, recent studies have identified that the cytoprotective effect of anticoagulant serine protease-activated protein C (aPC) in DN is mediated by sXBP1. In mouse models of DN, treatment with chemical chaperones that improve protein folding provides an additional benefit on top of currently used ACE inhibitors. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that transmute renal cell specific adaptive responses and that deteriorate renal function in diabetes will enable researchers to develop new therapeutic regimens for DN. Within this review, we focus on the current understanding of homeostatic mechanisms by which UPR is regulated in DN. KW - unfolded protein response KW - ER stress KW - diabetic nephropathy KW - insulin signaling KW - aPC KW - podocytes KW - XBP1 KW - ATF6 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267143 SN - 1424-8247 VL - 15 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Guntas, Gulcan A1 - Rajendran, Ranjithkumar A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Höring, Marcus A1 - Liebisch, Gerhard A1 - Kosanovic, Djuro A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Nagai, Michiaki A1 - Förster, Carola Y. T1 - Quantitative lipidomic analysis of Takotsubo syndrome patients' serum JF - Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine N2 - Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as the transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome, is in contemporary times known as novel acute cardiac syndrome. It is characterized by transient left ventricular apical akinesis and hyperkinesis of the basal left ventricular portions. Although the precise etiology of TTS is unknown, events like the sudden release of stress hormones, such as the catecholamines and the increased inflammatory status might be plausible causes leading to the cardiovascular pathologies. Recent studies have highlighted that an imbalance in lipid accumulation might promote a deviant immune response as observed in TTS. However, there is no information on comprehensive profiling of serum lipids of TTS patients. Therefore, we investigated a detailed quantitative lipid analysis of TTS patients using ES-MSI. Our results showed significant differences in the majority of lipid species composition in the TTS patients compared to the control group. Furthermore, the computational analyses presented was able to link the altered lipids to the pro-inflammatory cytokines and disseminate possible mechanistic pathways involving TNFα and IL-6. Taken together, our study provides an extensive quantitative lipidome of TTS patients, which may provide a valuable Pre-diagnostic tool. This would facilitate the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of the disease and to prevent the development of TTS in the future. KW - TTS KW - inflammation KW - lipids KW - TNF-α KW - IL6 KW - PIK3R1 KW - NF-kappa-B KW - phosphatidylinositol Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270832 SN - 2297-055X VL - 9 IS - 797154 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Feldheim, Jonas A1 - Wend, David A1 - Lauer, Mara J. A1 - Monoranu, Camelia M. A1 - Glas, Martin A1 - Kleinschnitz, Christoph A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo A1 - Braunger, Barbara M. A1 - Meybohm, Patrick A1 - Hagemann, Carsten A1 - Burek, Malgorzata T1 - Protocadherin Gamma C3 (PCDHGC3) is strongly expressed in glioblastoma and its high expression is associated with longer progression-free survival of patients JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Protocadherins (PCDHs) belong to the cadherin superfamily and represent the largest subgroup of calcium-dependent adhesion molecules. In the genome, most PCDHs are arranged in three clusters, α, β, and γ on chromosome 5q31. PCDHs are highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Several PCDHs have tumor suppressor functions, but their individual role in primary brain tumors has not yet been elucidated. Here, we examined the mRNA expression of PCDHGC3, a member of the PCDHγ cluster, in non-cancerous brain tissue and in gliomas of different World Health Organization (WHO) grades and correlated it with the clinical data of the patients. We generated a PCDHGC3 knockout U343 cell line and examined its growth rate and migration in a wound healing assay. We showed that PCDHGC3 mRNA and protein were significantly overexpressed in glioma tissue compared to a non-cancerous brain specimen. This could be confirmed in glioma cell lines. High PCDHGC3 mRNA expression correlated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) in glioma patients. PCDHGC3 knockout in U343 resulted in a slower growth rate but a significantly faster migration rate in the wound healing assay and decreased the expression of several genes involved in WNT signaling. PCDHGC3 expression should therefore be further investigated as a PFS-marker in gliomas. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the PCDHGC3 effects. KW - glioblastoma multiforme KW - glioma KW - astrocytoma KW - recurrence KW - relapse KW - mRNA KW - protein KW - brain KW - expression KW - PCDHGC3 KW - WNT signaling Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284433 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gergs, Ulrich A1 - Jahn, Tina A1 - Schulz, Nico A1 - Großmann, Claudia A1 - Rueckschloss, Uwe A1 - Demus, Uta A1 - Buchwalow, Igor B. A1 - Neumann, Joachim T1 - Protein phosphatase 2A improves cardiac functional response to ischemia and sepsis JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Reversible protein phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification of regulatory proteins involved in cardiac signaling pathways. Here, we focus on the role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) for cardiac gene expression and stress response using a transgenic mouse model with cardiac myocyte-specific overexpression of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2A-TG). Gene and protein expression were assessed under basal conditions by gene chip analysis and Western blotting. Some cardiac genes related to the cell metabolism and to protein phosphorylation such as kinases and phosphatases were altered in PP2A-TG compared to wild type mice (WT). As cardiac stressors, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis in vivo and a global cardiac ischemia in vitro (stop-flow isolated perfused heart model) were examined. Whereas the basal cardiac function was reduced in PP2A-TG as studied by echocardiography or as studied in the isolated work-performing heart, the acute LPS- or ischemia-induced cardiac dysfunction deteriorated less in PP2A-TG compared to WT. From the data, we conclude that increased PP2A activity may influence the acute stress tolerance of cardiac myocytes. KW - protein phosphorylation KW - PP2A KW - transgenic mice KW - heart KW - LPS KW - sepsis KW - ischemia Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284035 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Wörsdörfer, Philipp T1 - Organoids, assembloids and embryoids: New avenues for developmental biology, disease modeling, drug testing and toxicity assessment without animal experimentation JF - Organoids N2 - No abstract available KW - developmental biology KW - organoids Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284101 SN - 2674-1172 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 37 EP - 40 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Behera, Ananyaashree A1 - Jain, Preeti A1 - Ganguli, Geetanjali A1 - Biswas, Mainak A1 - Padhi, Avinash A1 - Pattanaik, Kali Prasad A1 - Nayak, Barsa A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Hagens, Kristine A1 - Redinger, Natalja A1 - Saqib, Mohd A1 - Mishra, Bibhuti B. A1 - Schaible, Ulrich E. A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Sonawane, Avinash T1 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis acetyltransferase suppresses oxidative stress by inducing peroxisome formation in macrophages JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) inhibits host oxidative stress responses facilitating its survival in macrophages; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identified a Mtb acetyltransferase (Rv3034c) as a novel counter actor of macrophage oxidative stress responses by inducing peroxisome formation. An inducible Rv3034c deletion mutant of Mtb failed to induce peroxisome biogenesis, expression of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway intermediates (ACOX1, ACAA1, MFP2) in macrophages, resulting in reduced intracellular survival compared to the parental strain. This reduced virulence phenotype was rescued by repletion of Rv3034c. Peroxisome induction depended on the interaction between Rv3034c and the macrophage mannose receptor (MR). Interaction between Rv3034c and MR induced expression of the peroxisomal biogenesis proteins PEX5p, PEX13p, PEX14p, PEX11β, PEX19p, the peroxisomal membrane lipid transporter ABCD3, and catalase. Expression of PEX14p and ABCD3 was also enhanced in lungs from Mtb aerosol-infected mice. This is the first report that peroxisome-mediated control of ROS balance is essential for innate immune responses to Mtb but can be counteracted by the mycobacterial acetyltransferase Rv3034c. Thus, peroxisomes represent interesting targets for host-directed therapeutics to tuberculosis. KW - peroxisome KW - Rv3034c KW - acetyltransferase KW - macrophages KW - oxidative stress KW - Mycobacterium tuberculosis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284080 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reschke, Moritz A1 - Salvador, Ellaine A1 - Schlegel, Nicolas A1 - Burek, Malgorzata A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Wunder, Christian A1 - Förster, Carola Y. T1 - Isosteviol sodium (STVNA) reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and GM-CSF in an in vitro murine stroke model of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) JF - Pharmaceutics N2 - Early treatment with glucocorticoids could help reduce both cytotoxic and vasogenic edema, leading to improved clinical outcome after stroke. In our previous study, isosteviol sodium (STVNA) demonstrated neuroprotective effects in an in vitro stroke model, which utilizes oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Herein, we tested the hypothesis that STVNA can activate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcriptional activity in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) as previously published for T cells. STVNA exhibited no effects on transcriptional activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, contrary to previous reports in Jurkat cells. However, similar to dexamethasone, STVNA inhibited inflammatory marker IL-6 as well as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secretion. Based on these results, STVNA proves to be beneficial as a possible prevention and treatment modality for brain ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. KW - IL-6 KW - ischemia KW - isosteviol sodium (STVNA) KW - dexamethasone KW - glucocorticoid receptor KW - cerebEND Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-286275 SN - 1999-4923 VL - 14 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rajendran, Ranjithkumar A1 - Rajendran, Vinothkumar A1 - Gupta, Liza A1 - Shirvanchi, Kian A1 - Schunin, Darja A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Giraldo-Velásquez, Mario A1 - Berghoff, Martin T1 - Interferon beta-1a versus combined interferon beta-1a and oligodendrocyte-specific FGFR1 deletion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Recombinant beta interferons-1 (IFNβ-1) are used as first line therapies in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the CNS. IFNβ-1a/b has moderate effects on the prevention of relapses and slowing of disease progression. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF receptors (FGFRs) are known to play a key role in the pathology of MS and its model EAE. To investigate the effects of short-term treatment with s.c. IFNβ-1a versus the combined application of s.c. IFNβ-1a and oligodendrocyte-specific deletion of FGFR1 (Fgfr1\(^{ind−/−}\) mice) in MOG\(_{35-55}\)-induced EAE. IFNβ-1a (30 mg/kg) was applied s.c. from days 0–7 p.i. of EAE in controls and Fgfr1\(^{ind−/−}\) mice. FGFR signaling proteins associated with inflammation/degeneration in MS/EAE were analyzed by western blot in the spinal cord. Further, FGFR1 in Oli-neu oligodendrocytes were inhibited by PD166866 and treated with IFNβ-1a (400 ng/mL). Application of IFNβ-1a over 8 days resulted in less symptoms only at the peak of disease (days 9–11) compared to controls. Application of IFNβ-1a in Fgfr1\(^{ind−/−}\) mice resulted in less symptoms primarily in the chronic phase of EAE. Fgfr1\(^{ind−/−}\) mice treated with IFNβ-1a showed increased expression of pERK and BDNF. In Oli-neu oligodendrocytes, treatment with PD166866 and IFNβ-1a also showed an increased expression of pERK and BDNF/TrkB. These data suggest that the beneficial effects in the chronic phase of EAE and on signaling molecules associated with ERK and BDNF expression are caused by the modulation of FGFR1 and not by interferon beta-1a. FGFR may be a potential target for therapy in MS. KW - FGFR1 KW - interferon beta-1a KW - oligodendrocytes KW - EAE KW - multiple sclerosis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290401 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 20 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rohde, Jörn T1 - Identifizierung von Schlüsselgenen, die an der Bildung von tertiär lymphatischen Organen im zentralen Nervensystem in einem B-Zell-abhängigen Mausmodell der Multiplen Sklerose beteiligt sind T1 - Identification of key genes who are involved in the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs in the central nervous system in a B-cell-dependent mouse model of multiple sclerosis. N2 - Bei Patienten, die an einer speziellen Form der MS erkrankten, konnten Entzündungsinfiltrate in den Meningen nachgewiesen werden, die in ihrem Aufbau lymphoidem Gewebe ähnelten. Das Auftreten dieser Infiltrate war mit einem schwereren Krankheitsverlauf assoziiert. Das Mausmodell der B-Zell-abhängigen MP4-induzierten experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis (EAE) zeigt in den Kleinhirnen der Mäuse Infiltrate, die den Infiltraten beim Menschen ähneln. Wir nutzten die MP4-induzierte EAE, um die Mechanismen der Erkrankungsentstehung und Progression besser zu verstehen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es intakte und stabile Ribonukleinsäuren (RNA) aus den Infiltraten der Mäuse zu isolieren. Sowie Identifizierung von Gene, die während verschiedener Stadien der zerebralen Entzündungsreaktion hochreguliert waren. Wir verglichen die Möglichkeiten der RNA-Isolation bei Paraffin-eingebettetem Gewebe und kryofixiertem Gewebe. Um die Vergleichbarkeit der Qualitäts- und Quantitätsanalyse zu gewährleisten, wurde für jede Probe eine RNA Integritätsnummer (RIN) ermittelt. Wir führten eine Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) und anschließende Gensequenzierung der zerebralen Infiltrate bei Mäusen durch, bei denen eine MP4-abhängige EAE ausgelöst wurde. Des Weiteren verglichen wir die Ergebnisse mit den Expressionsprofilen von sekundär lymphatischen Organen (SLOs). Insgesamt konnten wir 43 Gene herausfiltern, die im Vergleich zu den Kontrollgruppen hochreguliert waren. Die Entwicklung von ektopen lymphatischen Strukturen (ELS) im zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS) ist ein komplexer und bisher wenig verstandener Prozess. In dieser Studie beobachteten wir 43 Gene, die während der Entwicklung von B- Zell-Infiltraten in den Kleinhirnen von MP4-immunisierten Mäusen signifikant hochreguliert waren. Von diesen Genen wurden bereits 14 im Zusammenhang mit der MS erwähnt und sind zum Teil Gegenstand aktiver Forschung. N2 - In patients suffering from a specific form of MS, inflammatory infiltrates were detected in the meninges, which were similar in their structure to lymphoid tissue. The presence of these infiltrates was associated with a more severe disease progression. The mouse model of B-cell-dependent MP4-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) shows infiltrates in the cerebellums of mice that are similar in structure and organization to infiltrates in humans. The aim of this work was first to isolate intact and stable ribonucleic acids (RNA) from mouse infiltrates. We then identified genes that were upregulated in the B-cell infiltrates during the cerebral inflammatory response. We compared the potential for RNA isolation in paraffin-embedded tissue and cryofixed tissue. We performed laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by gene sequencing of cerebral B-cell infiltrates in mice. MOG:35-55-induced EAE was used as a B-cell-independent control model. Furthermore, we compared the results with the expression profiles of secondary lymphoid organs. RNA isolation from cryofixed tissue was superior to that from paraffin-embedded tissue. In this study, we observed 43 genes that were significantly upregulated during the development of B-cell infiltrates in the cerebellums of MP4-immunized mice. Of these genes, 14 have already been mentioned in the context of MS and some are the subject of active research. However, some of the remaining genes also show promising immunological properties. The exact role of the genes and possibly their influence on each other offer great scope for further research. KW - Multiple Sklerose KW - MP4 KW - EAE KW - Tertiär lymphatische Organe Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267669 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dunkel, Franz G. A1 - Drenckhahn, Detlev A1 - Zonneveld, Ben ED - Meierott, Lenz ED - Drenckhahn, Detlev ED - Dunkel, Franz G. ED - Ewald, Jörg ED - Fleischmann, Andreas T1 - Forum Geobotanicum 10 (2021/2022) N2 - Forum Geobotanicum is an electronic journal devoted to disseminate information concerning geographical distribution, ecology, morphology, taxonomy and conservation of vascular plants in the European Union with a main focus on middle Europe. It covers from molecular biology to environmental aspects. The focus is to publish original papers, reviews and announcements for the educated generalist as well as the specialist in this broad field. Forum Geobotanicum does not aim to supplant existing paper journals, but will be much more flexible in format, publication time and world-wide distribution than paper journals. Many important studies are being currently published in local journals and booklets and some of them are published privately. Hence, these studies will become aware to only a limited readership. Forum Geobotanicum will encourage authors of such papers to submit them as special issues of the journal. Moreover, the journal is planning to build up an E-mail-address section to support communication between geobotanists in Europe. The editors are optimistic that this electronic journal will develop to a widely used communication forum that will help to stimulate activities in the entire field of geobotany in middle Europe. To overcome problems of long term archivation and effective taxonomic publication of articles published electronically in Forum Geobotanicum, print versions of each volume of the journal and appropriate digital storage devices will be delivered freely to selected university libraries and state libraries in middle Europe. N2 - Forum Geobotanicum ist eine elektronische Plattform, deren Zielsetzung darin besteht, neue Erkenntnisse der geobotanischen Forschung in der Europäischen Union mit Schwerpunkt Mitteleuropa umfassend zu verbreiten. Das Journal befasst sich mit allen Fragen von Verbreitung, Ökologie, Morphologie und Taxonomie von Gefäßpflanzen und soll das gesamte Spektrum der Geobotanik von molekularbiologischen Aspekten bis zu Umwelt- und Naturschutzfragen abdecken. Der Hauptfokus liegt auf der Publikation von Originaluntersuchungen und Übersichtsartikeln sowie Behandlung aktueller Fragen des Naturschutzes. Die Zielgruppen sind Personen mit Allgemeinkenntnissen in der Botanik und Floristik sowie Spezialisten auf den Gebieten der Geobotanik und Pflanzensystematik. Das Journal soll keine Zeitschrift in Druckform ersetzen, sondern eine Ergänzung zu den traditionellen Publikationsorganen bilden. Der Vorteil der Zeitschrift liegt in ihrer Flexibilität und raschen Publikationszeit nach Begutachtung der eingereichten Manuskripte und den Möglichkeiten, in größerem Umfang Fotografien und andere Abbildungen zu veröffentlichen. Der Vorteil einer elektronischen Zeitschrift besteht weiterhin darin, dass die Veröffentlichungen weltweit jedermann sofort zugänglich sind. Viele durchaus wichtige Untersuchungen aus dem Bereich der Geobotanik erscheinen in lokalen Publikationsorganen, wie Jahrbüchern und Heimatkalendern, oder auch im Eigenverlag. Da solche Veröffentlichungen bibliographisch kaum erfasst werden, können sie auch nicht in adäquater Weise wahrgenommen werden. Forum Geobotanicum soll ermöglichen, dass auch solche Publikationen in einer Literaturrubrik bekannt gemacht werden und ggf. nach Klärung von Copyright-Fragen als Supplemente der Zeitschrift ins Netz gestellt werden. Forum Geobotanicum nutzt die Vorteile des Internets, indem es abrufbare Hilfen, wie ein Verzeichnis von Adressen, Pflanzenlisten etc. zur Verfügung stellt. Insgesamt soll die Kommunikation zwischen Geobotanikern in Mitteleuropa erleichtert und eine Kommunikationsplattform etabliert werden, die die Aktivitäten auf dem gesamten Wissenschaftsgebiet stimuliert. Das Journal ist uneigennützig und für Autoren und Benutzer kostenfrei. Für die Kostendeckung sind Sponsoren erwünscht, denen eine begrenzte Möglichkeit zur Darstellung eingeräumt werden kann. In der Anfangsphase wird das Journal von einem kleinen Herausgebergremiumbetrieben. Sollte sich Forum Geobotanicum erfolgreich weiter entwickeln, ist an eine Erweiterung des Herausgebergremiums auf Experten aus allen Nationen des mitteleuropäischen Raums gedacht. Um eine langfristige Verfügbarkeit der Publikationen zu gewährleisten, wird jeder Jahrgang von Forum Geobotanicum ausgedruckt, gebunden und mit digitalem Datenträger versehen an ausgewählte Universitätsbibliotheken, Landes- und Staatsbibliotheken Deutschlands und wichtiger Städte Mitteleuropas zur Archivierung und Ausleihe versandt. KW - Geobotanik KW - Pflanzengeographie Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-298926 SN - 1867-9315 VL - 10(2021/2022) ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kustiati, Ulayatul A1 - Ergün, Suleyman A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Nugrahaningsih, Dwi Aris Agung A1 - Kusindarta, Dwi Liliek A1 - Wihadmadyatami, Hevi T1 - Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Inhibits cell migration of human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) by downregulation of integrin αvβ3, α5β1, and VEGF JF - Scientia Pharmaceutica N2 - Adenocarcinoma lung cancer is a type of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), which accounts for 85% of lung cancer incidence globally. The therapies that are being applied, both conventional therapies and antibody-based treatments, are still found to have side effects. Several previous studies have demonstrated the ability of the ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (EEOS) as an ethnomedicine with anti-tumor properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn. ethanolic extract in inhibiting the proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration of A549 cells (NSCLC). The adhesion as well as the migration assay was performed. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the expression of αvβ3 integrins, α5β1 integrins, and VEGF. The cells were divided into the following treatment groups: control (non-treated/NT), positive control (AP3/inhibitor β3 80 µg/mL), cisplatin (9 µg/mL), and EEOS at concentrations of 50, 70, 100, and 200 µg/mL. The results showed that EEOS inhibits the adhesion ability and migration of A549 cells, with an optimal concentration of 200 µg/mL. ELISA testing showed that the group of A549 cells given EEOS 200 µg/mL presented a decrease in the optimal expression of integrin α5β1, integrin αvβ3, and VEGF. KW - EEOS KW - A549 cell line KW - integrin α5β1 KW - integrin αvβ3 KW - VEGF Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290540 SN - 2218-0532 VL - 90 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lauer-Schmaltz, Sandra T1 - Durchflusszytometrische Analyse CEACAM1-exprimierender Immunzellen bei Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose T1 - Flow cytometric analysis of CEACAM1-expressing immune cells in patients with multiple sclerosis N2 - Da die Pathogenese der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) bis heute nicht vollständig geklärt ist, befassten wir uns mit der Rolle CEACAM1-exprimierender Immunzellen bei Patienten mit MS und untersuchten diese mittels durchflusszytometrischer Untersuchung. Bei CEACAM1 (Carcinoembryonic-antigen-related cell adhesion molecule) handelt es sich um ein Zelladhäsionsmolekül, das sowohl an inter- als auch intrazellulären Signalmechanismen modulatorisch beteiligt ist. Anhand unserer Ergebnisse scheint CEACAM1 keine zentrale Rolle in der Pathogenese der MS zu spielen. Es ließ sich jedoch eine signifikante Erhöhung CD56+dim NK-Zellen (natürliche Killerzellen) im peripheren Blut von Patienten mit schubförmig remittierender MS feststellen. Dies stützt die These, dass die „dim“-Subpopulation der NK-Zellen eine proinflammatorische Rolle in der Pathogenese der MS einnehmen könnte. Demnach sollte in Zukunft hinsichtlich der Entwicklung neuer Biomarker in der MS der Fokus auf NK-Zellen und Monozyten sowie deren Subpopulationen gerichtet werden. N2 - Since the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still not completely understood we examined the role of CEACAM1-expressing immune cells in patients with MS. CEACAM1 (carcinoembryonic-antigen-related cell adhesion molecule) can modulate inter- as well as intracellular interactions. By flow cytometric analysis we measured the frequency of different immune cells as well as the frequency of CEACAM1-expressing immune cells, mainly in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Our results suggest that CEACAM1-expressing immune cells do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of MS. Interestingly, the percentage of CD56+ dim natural killer cells (NK cells) was increased in patients with RRMS supporting the hypothesis that the „dim“ subpopulation of NK cells might contribute to the pathogenesis of MS in a proinflammatory way. Future studies should hence focus on examining the role of NK cells, monocytes and their subpopulations in MS aiming at finding possible new biomarkers. KW - Durchflusscytometrie KW - Immunozyt KW - Multiple Sklerose KW - CEACAM1 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289138 ER - TY - THES A1 - Vix, Patrick T1 - Die Rolle des Zelladhäsionsmoleküls Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) bei der lymphogenen Metastasierung des Prostatakarzinoms (PCa) T1 - The role of the cell adhesion molecule carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) in lymphogenous metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) N2 - Der epithelialen Präsenz des Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) in Prostatadrüsen wird eine tumorsupprimierende Funktion zugeschrieben. Maligne Veränderungen des Prostatadrüsenepithels bei einem PCa führen zu einer Abnahme der epithelialen CEACAM1-Expression, zu einem Verlust der Zellpolarität und zu einer erhöhten Zellproliferation (prostatische intraepitheliale Neoplasie (PIN)). Während des PIN-Stadiums exprimieren benachbarte Blut- und Lymphgefäße CEACAM1. CEACAM1 selbst wirkt pro-angiogen und stimuliert die Gefäßneubildung und auch die Neubildung von Lymphgefäßen, Lymphangiogenese. Seine Rolle in der Tumor-Lymphangiogenese und dadurch bedingten Metastasierung von Tumoren wurde bisher nicht ausreichend geklärt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Rolle von CEACAM1 bei der lymphogenen PCa-Metastasierung anhand von immunhistochemischen (IHC) Analysen am humanem PCa-Prostata- und Lymphknoten-(LN)-Gewebe, sowie im Mausmodell zu analysieren. Laut den Immunfluoreszenzanalysen traten in den PIN-Arealen signifikant mehr CEACAM1-positive Blut- und Lymphgefäße auf, als in den darauffolgenden Tumorstadien. Weiter wurde eine CEACAM1-Expression in LN-Sinusgewebe bereits bei Niedrig-Risiko-Patienten (pN0) detektiert. Diese frühe CEACAM1-Expression trat auch in den LN im PCa-Mausmodell auf. Weiter wurde im LN-Gewebe von „Hoch-Risiko“-Patienten (pN1) eine luminale CEACAM1-Expression innerhalb der aus Tumorzellen bestehenden Drüsen beobachtet, die mit der CEACAM1-Expression in nativen Prostatadrüsen vergleichbar ist. Auch das angiogen-aktivierte Gefäßendothel von pN0- und pN1-LN war CEACAM1-positiv. Bei Hoch-Risiko-Patienten (pN1) nahmen die CEACAM1-positiven Blut- und Lymphgefäße im Tumorstroma mit zunehmender Dedifferenzierung des Gewebes ab. Die CEACAM1/PSA-Doppelimmun-fluoreszenzanalysen ergaben eine heterogene Expression der beiden Marker bei Intermediate-risk-Patienten und mit zunehmender Dedifferenzierung des Tumorgewebes einen epithelialen Verlust der CEACAM1-Expression in den PSA-positiven G3-Tumordrüsen. Das Fehlen von PSA in pN0-LN und die nachweisbare Expression von PSA in pN1-LN bestätigten PSA als geeigneten PCa-Zellmarker in LN. In pN1-LN ohne Drüsenbildung traten Zellansammlungen mit einer nach außen gerichteten CEACAM1-positiven Front und einem im Zentrum liegenden PSA-positiven Bereich auf. Diese Befunde belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen der endothelialen CEACAM1-Expression im Sinus und der Mikrometastasierungswahrscheinlichkeit im pN0-LN-Gewebe von PCa-Patienten. Potentiell lässt sich daher im Niedrig-Risiko-PCa-Patientenkollektiv über eine CEACAM1-Bestimmung in LN das Risiko für eine Metastasierung frühzeitig erkennen. N2 - The epithelial presence of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) in prostate glands is thought to have a tumor suppressive function. Malignant changes in the prostate gland epithelium in PCa result in a decrease in epithelial CEACAM1 expression, loss of cell polarity, and increased cell proliferation (prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)). During the PIN stage, adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels express CEACAM1. CEACAM1 itself acts pro-angiogenically and stimulates new vessel formation and also new lymph vessel formation, lymphangiogenesis. Its role in tumor lymphangiogenesis and consequent tumor metastasis has not been adequately elucidated. The aim of this work was to analyze the role of CEACAM1 in lymphogenic PCa metastasis using immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses on human PCa prostate and lymph node (LN) tissues, as well as mouse models. According to the immunofluorescence analyses, significantly more CEACAM1-positive blood and lymphatic vessels occurred in PIN areas than in subsequent tumor stages. Further, CEACAM1 expression in LN sinusoidal tissue was detected as early as in low-risk patients (pN0). This early CEACAM1 expression also occurred in the LN in the PCa mouse model. Furthermore, luminal CEACAM1 expression within glands composed of tumor cells was observed in LN tissue from "high-risk" patients (pN1), comparable to CEACAM1 expression in native prostate glands. The angiogenic-activated vascular endothelium of pN0- and pN1-LN was also CEACAM1-positive. In high-risk patients (pN1), CEACAM1-positive blood and lymphatic vessels in the tumor stroma decreased with increasing tissue dedifferentiation. CEACAM1/PSA double-immunofluorescence analyses revealed heterogeneous expression of the two markers in intermediate-risk patients and epithelial loss of CEACAM1 expression in PSA-positive G3 tumor glands with increasing tumor tissue dedifferentiation. The absence of PSA in pN0-LN and the detectable expression of PSA in pN1-LN confirmed PSA as a suitable PCa cell marker in LN. In pN1-LN without gland formation, cell accumulations occurred with an outward CEACAM1-positive front and a PSA-positive area located in the center. These findings demonstrate a correlation between endothelial CEACAM1 expression in the sinus and micrometastasis probability in pN0-LN tissue of PCa patients. Potentially, therefore, in the low-risk PCa patient population, CEACAM1 determination in LN allows early detection of the risk for metastasis. KW - CEACAM1 KW - lymphogene Metastasenbildung KW - Prostatakarzinom Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jordan, Martin C. A1 - Bröer, David A1 - Fischer, Christian A1 - Heilig, Philipp A1 - Gilbert, Fabian A1 - Hölscher-Doht, Stefanie A1 - Kalogirou, Charis A1 - Popp, Kevin A1 - Grunz, Jan-Peter A1 - Huflage, Henner A1 - Jakubietz, Rafael G. A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Meffert, Rainer H. T1 - Development and preclinical evaluation of a cable-clamp fixation device for a disrupted pubic symphysis JF - Communications Medicine N2 - Background Traumatic separation of the pubic symphysis can destabilize the pelvis and require surgical fixation to reduce symphyseal gapping. The traditional approach involves open reduction and the implantation of a steel symphyseal plate (SP) on the pubic bone to hold the reposition. Despite its widespread use, SP-fixation is often associated with implant failure caused by screw loosening or breakage. Methods To address the need for a more reliable surgical intervention, we developed and tested two titanium cable-clamp implants. The cable served as tensioning device while the clamp secured the cable to the bone. The first implant design included a steel cable anterior to the pubic symphysis to simplify its placement outside the pelvis, and the second design included a cable encircling the pubic symphysis to stabilize the anterior pelvic ring. Using highly reproducible synthetic bone models and a limited number of cadaver specimens, we performed a comprehensive biomechanical study of implant stability and evaluated surgical feasibility. Results We were able to demonstrate that the cable-clamp implants provide stability equivalent to that of a traditional SP-fixation but without the same risks of implant failure. We also provide detailed ex vivo evaluations of the safety and feasibility of a trans-obturator surgical approach required for those kind of fixation. Conclusion We propose that the developed cable-clamp fixation devices may be of clinical value in treating pubic symphysis separation. KW - pubic symphysis KW - cable-clamp implants KW - SP-fixation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-299800 VL - 2 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bail, Kathrin T1 - Der Effekt von Fingolimod auf die B-Zell-Distribution und -Aggregation in einem chronischen Mausmodell der Multiplen Sklerose T1 - Differential effects of FTY720 on B-cell distribution and aggregation in a chronic mouse model of multiple sclerosis N2 - Hintergrund - Die Multiple Sklerose (MS) ist bis heute eine nur teilweise verstandene Autoimmunerkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS). Das Tiermodell der experimentellen autoimmunen Enzephalomyelitis (EAE) ermöglicht die Erforschung von Teilaspekten der Pathogenese der MS und kann zur Etablierung von Therapeutika herangezogen werden. Die MP4-abhängige EAE ermöglicht als Mausmodell die gezielte Erforschung der Rolle der B-Zelle als Akteur in der Pathogenese der MS. Diese Dissertation untersuchte den Effekt des S1P1-Rezeptor-Modulators FTY720 (Fingolimod) auf die Immunantwort der autoreaktiven B-Zellen in der Peripherie sowie im ZNS. Methoden - MP4-immunisierte Mäuse erhielten 50 Tage nach dem EAE-Krankheitsbeginn oral appliziertes FTY720 über einen Zeitraum von 30 Tagen. Die Tiere wurden nach dem Auftreten der Krankheitssymptome täglich klinisch evaluiert. Die MP4-spezifische B-Zell-Immunantwort und die MP4-spezifische humorale Immunreaktion wurden mittels ELISPOT und ELISA ausgewertet. Die Verteilung der T- und B-Zell-Anteile im peripheren Blut der Mäuse sowie die Aufteilung der B-Zell-Subsets in der Milz wurden mittels Durchflusszytometrie quantifiziert. Mittels Immunhistochemie wurden die B- und T-Zell-Ansammlungen im ZNS der Mäuse hinsichtlich ihrer Entwicklung in tertiär lymphatische Organe (TLOs) untersucht. Ergebnisse - In diesem Versuchsaufbau zeigte FTY720 keine signifikante Verbesserung des klinischen Krankheitsverlaufes der Tiere. Der Anteil von T-Zellen im peripheren Blut der Mäuse war unter der Therapie mit FTY720 signifikant reduziert, während die Anzahl an B-Zellen nicht-signifikant beeinflusst wurde. Bei der Untersuchung der B-Zell-Subtypen in der Milz fiel zunächst ein erhöhter Anteil an B220+-B-Zellen auf, während die Verteilung der weiteren Subsets nicht-signifikant verändert war. Unter der Therapie mit FTY720 zeigte sich keine Reduktion bereits etablierter B-Zell-Aggregate im ZNS, allerdings ist eine inhibierte Entwicklung in TLOs zu diskutieren. Zusammenfassung - Diese Arbeit impliziert unterschiedliche Effekte von FTY720 auf die B-Zellen in einem B-Zell-abhängigen chronischen Mausmodell der MS. N2 - Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) has remained a partially understood autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) triggered in animals is commonly used to study the pathogenesis of MS and to establish therapeutic agents. MP4-induced EAE represents a murine model of MS that allows targeted research on B cells, which have been a much-discussed protagonist in MS pathogenesis. This study investigates the effect of the S1P1 receptor modulator FTY720 (fingolimod) on the autoreactive B cell response as well as on the B cell distribution both in the periphery and the CNS. Methods Oral FTY720 application for a duration of 30 days was initiated in MP4-immunized mice 50 days after EAE onset. After immunization, clinical symptoms were monitored daily. The MP4-specific B cell and antibody response were studied using ELISPOT and ELISA. The distribution of peripheral B and T cells in the blood as well as B cell subsets in the spleen was evaluated by flow cytometry. The formation of B cell aggregates in the CNS and their development into tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) was studied by histology and immunohistochemistry. Results In this study, FTY720 did not significantly alter clinical EAE. Peripheral T cell numbers in the blood appeared to be significantly reduced after FTY720 treatment while the percentage of B cells were only slightly diminished. Evaluation of the B cell subsets in the spleen revealed a significantly higher percentage of B220+ B cells in FTY720-treated mice, whereas other B cell subtypes remained unaffected. Furthermore, there was no effect on already developed B cell aggregates in the CNS after FTY720 application, however treatment seemed to affect the evolution of B cell aggregates into TLOs. Conclusions This study implies differential effects of FTY720 treatment on the B cell compartment in a chronic B cell-dependent model of MS. KW - Multiple Sklerose KW - B-Zelle KW - Tiermodell KW - Experimentelle autoimmune Enzephalomyelitis KW - EAE KW - Fingolimod KW - FTY720 KW - MP4-EAE Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269282 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bielmeier, Christina B. A1 - Schmitt, Sabrina I. A1 - Kleefeldt, Nikolai A1 - Boneva, Stefaniya K. A1 - Schlecht, Anja A1 - Vallon, Mario A1 - Tamm, Ernst R. A1 - Hillenkamp, Jost A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Neueder, Andreas A1 - Braunger, Barbara M. T1 - Deficiency in retinal TGFβ signaling aggravates neurodegeneration by modulating pro-apoptotic and MAP kinase pathways JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling has manifold functions such as regulation of cell growth, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that it also acts in a neuroprotective manner. We recently showed that TGFβ receptor type 2 (Tgfbr2) is upregulated in retinal neurons and Müller cells during retinal degeneration. In this study we investigated if this upregulation of TGFβ signaling would have functional consequences in protecting retinal neurons. To this end, we analyzed the impact of TGFβ signaling on photoreceptor viability using mice with cell type-specific deletion of Tgfbr2 in retinal neurons and Müller cells (Tgfbr2\(_{ΔOC}\)) in combination with a genetic model of photoreceptor degeneration (VPP). We examined retinal morphology and the degree of photoreceptor degeneration, as well as alterations of the retinal transcriptome. In summary, retinal morphology was not altered due to TGFβ signaling deficiency. In contrast, VPP-induced photoreceptor degeneration was drastically exacerbated in double mutant mice (Tgfbr2\(_{ΔOC}\); VPP) by induction of pro-apoptotic genes and dysregulation of the MAP kinase pathway. Therefore, TGFβ signaling in retinal neurons and Müller cells exhibits a neuroprotective effect and might pose promising therapeutic options to attenuate photoreceptor degeneration in humans. KW - TGFβ signaling KW - retina KW - retinitis pigmentosa KW - neuro-/photoreceptor degeneration KW - MAP kinase pathway KW - ferroptosis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-283971 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 23 IS - 5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Upcin, Berin T1 - Contribution of vascular adventitia-resident progenitor cells to new vessel formation in \(ex\) \(vivo\) 3D models T1 - Der Beitrag der Gefäßwandadventitia-residenten Vorläuferzellen zur Neovaskularisation in \(ex\) \(vivo\) 3D Modellen N2 - Ongoing research to fight cancer, one of the dominant diseases of the 21st century has led to big progress especially when it comes to understanding the tumor growth and metastasis. This includes the discovery of the molecular mechanisms of tumor vascularization, which is critically required for establishment of tumor metastasis. Formation of new blood vessels is the first step in tumor vascularization. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular basis of tumor vascularization attracted a significant effort studying in biomedical research. The blood vessels for supplying tumor can be formed by sprouting from pre-existing vessels, a process called angiogenesis, or by vasculogenesis, that is de novo formation of blood vessels from not fully differentiated progenitor cell populations. Vasculogenic endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can either be activated from populations in the bone marrow reaching the pathological region via the circulation or they can be recruited from local reservoirs. Neovessel formation influences tumor progression, hence therapeutic response model systems of angiogenesis/vasculogenesis are necessary to study the underlying mechanisms. Although, initially the research in this area focused more on angiogenesis, it is now well understood that both angiogenesis and postnatal vasculogenesis contribute to neovessel formation in adult under both most pathological as well as physiological conditions. Studies in the last two decades demonstrate that in addition to the intimal layer of fully differentiated mature endothelial cells (ECs) and various smaller supplying vessels (vasa vasorum) that can serve as a source for new vessels by angiogenesis, especially the adventitia of large and medium size blood vessels harbors various vascular wall-resident stem and progenitor cells (VW-SPCs) populations that serve as a source for new vessels by postnatal vasculogenesis. However, little is known about the potential role of VW-SPCs in tumor vascularization. To this end, the present work started first to establish a modified aortic ring assay (ARA) using mouse aorta in order to study the contribution of vascular adventitia-resident VW-SPCs to neovascularization in general and in presence of tumor cells. ARA is already established an ex vivo model for neovascularization allows to study the morphogenetic events of complex new vessel formation that includes all layers of mature blood vessels, a significant advantage over the assays that employ monolayer endothelial cell cultures. Moreover, in contrast to assays employing endothelial cells monocultures, both angiogenic and vasculogenic events take place during new vessel formation in ARA although the exact contribution of these two processes to new vessel formation cannot be easily distinguished in conventional ARA. Thus, in this study, a modified protocol for the ARA (mdARA) was established by either removing or keeping the aortic adventitia in place. The mdARA allows to distinguish the role of VW-SPCs from those of other aortic layers. The present data show that angiogenic sprouting from mature aortic endothelium was markedly delayed when the adventitial layer was removed. Furthermore, the network between the capillary-like sprouts was significantly reduced in absence of aortic adventitia. Moreover, the stabilization of new sprouts by assembling the NG2+ pericyte-like cells that enwrapped the endothelial sprouts from the outside was improved when the adventitial layer remained in place. Next, mimicking the tumor-vessel adventitia-interaction, multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) and aortic rings (ARs) with or without adventitia of C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) mice were confronted within the collagen gel and cultured ex vivo. This 3D model enabled analysis of the mobilization, migration and capillary-like sprouts formation by VW-SPCs within tumor-vessel wall-interface in comparison to tumor-free side of the ARs. Interestingly, while MCTS preferred the uptake of single vascular adventitia-derived cells, neural spheroids were directly penetrated by capillary-like structures that were sprouted from the aortic adventitia. In summary, the model established in this work allows to study new vessel formation by both postnatal vasculogenesis and angiogenesis under same conditions. It can be applied in various mouse models including reporter mouse models, e.g. Cxcr1 CreER+/mTmG+/- mice, in which GFP-marked macrophages of the vessel wall were directly observed as they mobilized from their niche and migrated into collagen gel. Another benefit of the model is that it can be used for testing different factors such as small molecules, growth factors, cytokines, and drugs with both pro- and anti-angiogenic/vasculogenic effects. N2 - Die Forschungsarbeiten der letzten Jahrzehnte zur Bekämpfung der Krebserkrankung, einer der dominierenden Krankheiten des 21. Jahrhunderts, haben zu großen Fortschritten, insbesondere im Verständnis bezüglich der Tumormetastasierung geführt. Dies schließt die Prozesse der Tumorvaskularisierung als einen der initialen Schritte der Metastasierung mit ein, die nach wie vor nicht ausreichend geklärt sind. Die Blutgefäßbildung zur Versorgung des Tumorgewebes kann durch die Anagiogenese, die als Einsprießen neuer Gefäße aus den bereits vorhandenen Blutgefäßen definiert wird, oder durch die Vaskulogenese, die als Gefäßneubildung aus Stamm- und Vorläuferzellen beschrieben wird, sichergestellt werden. Noch nicht vollständig ausdifferenzierte endotheliale Vorläuferzellen (EPCs) werden dabei nach dem bisherigen Kenntnistand aus dem Knochenmark rekrutiert und erreichen die Regionen der Gefäßneubildung über die Blutzirkulation und können dort zur de novo Formierung neuer Blutgefäße auch beim Erwachsenen beitragen. Untersuchungen der letzten zwei Dekaden haben gezeigt, dass solche Vorläuferzellen auch aus lokalen Reservoiren, wie z.B. aus der Gefäßwandadventitia der bereits existierenden Blutgefäße mobilisiert werden. Da die Bildung neuer Gefäße einen direkten Einfluss auf die Tumorprogression hat, sind entsprechende Modellsysteme notwendig, um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen möglichst präzise zu untersuchen. Obwohl sich die Forschung der Tumorvaskularisierung zunächst auf Prozesse der Angiogenese konzentrierte, ist es mittlerweile ausreichend belegt, dass auch die Vaskulogenese zur Tumorvaskularisierung beiträgt und somit die Tumorprogression beeinflusst. Anhand einer Vielzahl an Studien der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte konnte demonstriert werden, dass sich, neben der Intimaschicht, die vollständig differenzierte Endothelzellen (ECs) enthält und kleineren Gefäßwand-versorgenden Blutgefäßen, der sogenannten Vasa vasorum in der Adventitia der großen Gefäße, auch Populationen gefäßwandresidenter Stamm- und Vorläuferzellen (VW-SPCs) in der äußeren Gefäßwandschicht, nämlich der Adventitia fast aller Gefäßabschnitte nachweisen lassen. Obwohl diese als Quelle neuer Gefäße in der postnatalen Vaskulogenese beschrieben sind, ist nach wie vor wenig über die potenzielle Rolle von VW-SPCs in der Tumorvaskularisation bekannt. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zuerst ein modifiziertes Aortic Ringassay (ARA) unter Verwendung der Mausaorta etabliert, um den Beitrag der VW-SPCs zur Neovaskularisierung im Allgemeinen und zur Tumorvaskularisierung im Speziellen ex vivo untersuchen zu können. ARA ist ein bereits seit einigen Jahrzehnten etabliertes ex vivo Modell zur Untersuchung der Gefäßneubildung durch Angiogenese. Mittels ARA kann die Bildung komplexer vaskulärer Strukturen in Präsenz aller Wandschichten reifer Blutgefäße untersucht werden, was einen wesentlichen Vorteil gegenüber der Verwendung von Endothelzellkulturen in Monolayer bedeutet. Hierbei ist jedoch anzumerken, dass in ARA sowohl angiogene als auch vaskulogene Prozesse zur Gefäßbildung beitragen, aber der genaue Beitrag beider Prozesse schwer oder kaum voneinander unterscheidbar ist. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ein modifiziertes ARA-Protokoll etabliert (mdARA), in welchem die aortale Adventitia vor dem Beginn des ARA entweder entfernt oder belassen wurde und somit die Rolle der VW-SPCs bei der Gefäßsprossung von den Zellen anderer Aortenwandschichten differenziert studiert werden konnte. Die dabei generierten Daten zeigen, dass sich die angiogene Aussprossung aus dem reifen Aortenendothel nach Entfernung der adventitialen Schicht deutlich verzögerte. Darüber hinaus war das Netzwerk zwischen den kapillarartigen Sprossen in Abwesenheit der Aortenadventitia signifikant reduziert. Mehr noch, das Belassen der adventitialen Wandstruktur führte zu einer verbesserten Stabilisierung neuer Gefäßsprossen. Als sichtbares Korrelat hierfür zeigte sich eine stärkere und bessere Anlagerung der NG2+ Perizyten-ähnlichen Zellen zu den endothelialen Kapillar-ähnlichen Aussprossungen von außen, wie Perizyten an der Kapillarwand in situ. Als nächstes wurden die Aortenringe (ARs) von C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP)-Mäusen mit multizellulären Tumor-Sphäroiden (MCTS) in Kollagengel ko-kultiviert, um die Interaktion zwischen Tumor und Gefäßwand-Adventitia ex vivo nachzuahmen. Dieses 3D Modell ermöglichte die Analyse der Mobilisierung und Migration der VW-SPCs von der aortalen Adventitia sowohl zu der Tumorseite in den Tumor-Gefäßwand-Interfaces als auch zu der tumorfreien Seite der Aortenringe. Interessanterweise wurde die Kapillarsprossung im Tumor-Gefäßwand-Interface an der Grenze zum MCTS gestoppt und die VW-SPCs als Einzelzellen in die MCTS aufgenommen. Demgegenüber wurde auf der tumor-freien Seite der Aortenringe eine deutlich längere Kapillaraussprossung beobachtet. Im Gegensatz zu MCTS resultierte die Ko-Kultivierung der ARs mit neuronalen Spheroiden darin, dass die aus der aortalen Adventitia aussprossenden Kapillar-ähnlichen Strukturen direkt in die neuronalen Spheroide penetrierten. Zusammenfassend berücksichtigt dieses neuartige in vitro 3D-Modell sowohl Angiogenese als auch Vaskulogenese und bietet vielfältige Vorteile, wie zum Beispiel die Kompatibilität zu verschiedenen Mausmodellen einschließlich der Reporter-Mausmodelle, wie z.B. die in dieser Arbeit gezeigte Verwendung der Aorta von Cxcr1 CreER+/mTmG+/- um die GFP-markierten Makrophagen aus der Gefäßwand bei der Gefäßaussprossung studieren zu können. Des Weiteren ist dieses Model auch für Testung unterschiedlicher Faktoren und Therapeutika einschließlich der anti-angiogenen und -vasculogenen Substanzen unter ex vivo Bedingungen geeignet.   KW - Progenitor KW - Adventitia Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-255070 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleefeldt, Florian A1 - Upcin, Berin A1 - Bömmel, Heike A1 - Schulz, Christian A1 - Eckner, Georg A1 - Allmanritter, Jan A1 - Bauer, Jochen A1 - Braunger, Barbara A1 - Rueckschloss, Uwe A1 - Ergün, Süleyman T1 - Bone marrow-independent adventitial macrophage progenitor cells contribute to angiogenesis JF - Cell Death & Disease N2 - Pathological angiogenesis promotes tumor growth, metastasis, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Macrophages are key players in these processes. However, whether these macrophages differentiate from bone marrow-derived monocytes or from local vascular wall-resident stem and progenitor cells (VW-SCs) is an unresolved issue of angiogenesis. To answer this question, we analyzed vascular sprouting and alterations in aortic cell populations in mouse aortic ring assays (ARA). ARA culture leads to the generation of large numbers of macrophages, especially within the aortic adventitia. Using immunohistochemical fate-mapping and genetic in vivo-labeling approaches we show that 60% of these macrophages differentiate from bone marrow-independent Ly6c\(^{+}\)/Sca-1\(^{+}\) adventitial progenitor cells. Analysis of the NCX\(^{−/-}\) mouse model that genetically lacks embryonic circulation and yolk sac perfusion indicates that at least some of those progenitor cells arise yolk sac-independent. Macrophages represent the main source of VEGF in ARA that vice versa promotes the generation of additional macrophages thereby creating a pro-angiogenetic feedforward loop. Additionally, macrophage-derived VEGF activates CD34\(^{+}\) progenitor cells within the adventitial vasculogenic zone to differentiate into CD31\(^{+}\) endothelial cells. Consequently, depletion of macrophages and VEGFR2 antagonism drastically reduce vascular sprouting activity in ARA. In summary, we show that angiogenic activation induces differentiation of macrophages from bone marrow-derived as well as from bone marrow-independent VW-SCs. The latter ones are at least partially yolk sac-independent, too. Those VW-SC-derived macrophages critically contribute to angiogenesis, making them an attractive target to interfere with pathological angiogenesis in cancer and atherosclerosis as well as with regenerative angiogenesis in ischemic cardiovascular disorders. KW - macrophages KW - angiogenesis KW - bone marrow-derived monocytes Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-299724 VL - 13 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Sven A1 - Alt, Yvonne A1 - Deoghare, Nikita A1 - Krüger, Sarah A1 - Kern, Anna A1 - Rockel, Anna Frederike A1 - Wagner, Nicole A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Wörsdörfer, Philipp T1 - A blood vessel organoid model recapitulating aspects of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and vessel wall maturation JF - Organoids N2 - Blood vessel organoids are an important in vitro model to understand the underlying mechanisms of human blood vessel development and for toxicity testing or high throughput drug screening. Here we present a novel, cost-effective, and easy to manufacture vascular organoid model. To engineer the organoids, a defined number of human induced pluripotent stem cells are seeded in non-adhesive agarose coated wells of a 96-well plate and directed towards a lateral plate mesoderm fate by activation of Wnt and BMP4 signaling. We observe the formation of a circular layer of angioblasts around days 5–6. Induced by VEGF application, CD31\(^+\) vascular endothelial cells appear within this vasculogenic zone at approximately day 7 of organoid culture. These cells arrange to form a primitive vascular plexus from which angiogenic sprouting is observed after 10 days of culture. The differentiation outcome is highly reproducible, and the size of organoids is scalable depending on the number of starting cells. We observe that the initial vascular ring forms at the interface between two cell populations. The inner cellular compartment can be distinguished from the outer by the expression of GATA6, a marker of lateral plate mesoderm. Finally, 14-days-old organoids were transplanted on the chorioallantois membrane of chicken embryos resulting in a functional connection of the human vascular network to the chicken circulation. Perfusion of the vessels leads to vessel wall maturation and remodeling as indicated by the formation of a continuous layer of smooth muscle actin expressing cells enwrapping the endothelium. In summary, our organoid model recapitulates human vasculogenesis, angiogenesis as well as vessel wall maturation and therefore represents an easy and cost-effective tool to study all steps of blood vessel development and maturation directly in the human setting without animal experimentation. KW - organoid KW - blood vessel KW - vasculogenesis KW - angiogenesis KW - induced pluripotent stem cells Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284043 SN - 2674-1172 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 41 EP - 53 ER -