TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Sarah A1 - Lisack, Jaime A1 - Subota, Ines A1 - Zimmermann, Henriette A1 - Reuter, Christian A1 - Mueller, Tobias A1 - Morriswood, Brooke A1 - Engstler, Markus T1 - Unexpected plasiticty in the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei JF - eLife N2 - African trypanosomes cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle. These unicellular parasites are transmitted by the bloodsucking tsetse fly. In the mammalian host’s circulation, proliferating slender stage cells differentiate into cell cycle-arrested stumpy stage cells when they reach high population densities. This stage transition is thought to fulfil two main functions: first, it auto-regulates the parasite load in the host; second, the stumpy stage is regarded as the only stage capable of successful vector transmission. Here, we show that proliferating slender stage trypanosomes express the mRNA and protein of a known stumpy stage marker, complete the complex life cycle in the fly as successfully as the stumpy stage, and require only a single parasite for productive infection. These findings suggest a reassessment of the traditional view of the trypanosome life cycle. They may also provide a solution to a long-lasting paradox, namely the successful transmission of parasites in chronic infections, despite low parasitemia. KW - trypanosoma KW - sleeping sickness KW - tsetse fly KW - transmission KW - life cycle KW - development Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261744 VL - 10 ER - TY - THES A1 - Subota, Ines T1 - Switches in trypanosome differentiation: ALBA proteins acting on post-transcriptional mRNA control T1 - Steuerungsmechanismen der Differenzierung in Trypanosomen: die Rolle von ALBA Proteinen in post-transkriptioneller mRNA Kontrolle N2 - Trypanosoma brucei is a digenetic eukaryotic parasite that develops in different tissues of a mammalian host and a tsetse fly. It is responsible for sleeping sickness in sub-saharan Africa. The parasite cycle involves more than nine developmental stages that can be clearly distinguished by their general morphology, their metabolism and the relative positioning of their DNA-containing organelles. During their development, trypanosomes remain exclusively extracellular and encounter changing environments with different physico-chemical properties (nutritional availability, viscosity, temperature, etc.). It has been proposed that trypanosomes use their flagellum as a sensing organelle, in agreement with the established role of structurally-related cilia in metazoa and ciliates. Recognition of environmental triggers is presumed to be at the initiation of differentiation events, leading to the parasite stage that is the best suited to the new environment. These changes are achieved by the modification of gene expression programmes, mostly underlying post-transcriptional control of mRNA transcripts. We first demonstrate that the RNA-binding proteins ALBA3/4 are involved in specific differentiation processes during the parasite development in the fly. They are cytosolic and expressed throughout the parasite cycle with the exception of the stages found in the tsetse fly proventriculus, as shown by both immunofluorescence and live cell analysis upon endogenous tagging with YFP. Knock-down of both proteins in the developmental stage preceding these forms leads to striking modifications: cell elongation, cell cycle arrest and relocalization of the nucleus in a posterior position, all typical of processes acting in parasites found in the proventriculus region. When ALBA3 is over-expressed from an exogenous copy during infection, it interferes with the relocalization of the nucleus in proventricular parasites. This is not observed for ALBA4 over-expression that does not visibly impede differentiation. Both ALBA3/4 proteins react to starvation conditions by accumulating in cytoplasmic stress granules together with DHH1, a recognized RNA-binding protein. ALBA3/4 proteins also partially colocalize with granules formed by polyA+ RNA in these conditions. We propose that ALBA are involved in trypanosome differentiation processes where they control a subset of developmentally regulated transcripts. These processes involving ALBA3/4 are likely to result from the specific activation of sensing pathways. In the second part of the thesis, we identify novel flagellar proteins that could act in sensing mechanisms. Several protein candidates were selected from a proteomic analysis of intact flagella performed in the host laboratory. This work validates their flagellar localization with high success (85% of the proteins examined) and defines multiple different patterns of protein distribution in the flagellum. Two proteins are analyzed during development, one of them showing down-regulation in proventricular stages. The functional analysis of one novel flagellar membrane protein reveals its rapid dynamics within the flagellum but does not yield a visible phenotype in culture. This is coherent with sensory function that might not be needed in stable culture conditions, but could be required in natural conditions during development. In conclusion, this work adds new pieces to the puzzle of identifying molecular switches involved in developmental mRNA control and environmental sensing in trypanosome stages in the tsetse fly. N2 - Trypanosoma brucei ist ein digenetischer, eukaryotischer Parasit, der zwischen Säugetier und Tsetsefliege alterniert, in welchen er unterschiedliche Gewebe besiedelt. Er ist die Ursache für die Schlafkrankheit in Afrika südlich der Sahara. Der Lebenszyklus der Trypanosomen besteht aus mehr als neun Parasitenstadien, die eindeutig anhand ihrer Morphologie, ihres Metabolismus und der Positionierung ihrer DNA Organellen unterschieden werden können. Trypanosomen bleiben ausschließlich extrazellulär und kommen im Laufe ihres Infektionszyklus mit sich verändernden Umwelteinflüssen in Berührung, z. B. Temperaturschwankungen, Variation in vorhandenen Energiequellen, erhöhte Viskosität usw. In Übereinstimmung mit der anerkannten sensorischen Funktion die Cilien in Vielzellern ausüben, wurde für diese Rolle das strukturverwandte Flagellum in Trypanosomen vorgeschlagen. Die Erkennung wechselnder Umweltparameter ist der vermutliche Auslöser für Differenzierungsprozesse, die ein Entwicklungsstadium hervorbringen, welches am besten an die neue Umgebung angepasst ist. Dies wird durch eine Modifizierung der Genexpression erreicht, die in Trypanosomen fast ausschließlich auf posttranskriptioneller Ebene erfolgt. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass die RNA bindenden Proteine ALBA3 und ALBA4 an der Differenzierung von Trypanosomen in der Tsetsefliege beteiligt sind. Immunfluoreszenzanalyse und Lebendvideomikroskopie von Zellen, die eine an YFP gekoppelte Variante der Proteine enthalten, haben gezeigt, dass sich ALBA3/4 im Zytosol befinden und dass sie in jedem Parasitenstadium exprimiert sind, mit Ausnahme derer, die im Proventrikel der Tsetsefliege zu finden sind. Das Herunterregulieren der Proteine in vorangehenden Stadien, führt zu markanten Veränderungen, die mit denjenigen, die in Parasiten im Proventrikel zu finden sind, vergleichbar sind: z. B. Verlängerung der Zelle, Zellzyklusarrest und Lokalisierung des Zellkerns in eine posteriore Position. Im Gegenteil dazu findet die Umpositionierung des Zellkerns nicht statt, wenn ALBA3 während der Entwicklung des Parasiten in der Tsetsefliege überexprimiert wird. Ein vergleichbarer Effekt wird mit ALBA4 Überexpression nicht erreicht, welches die Entwicklung nicht negativ zu beeinflussen scheint. Wenn Trypanosomen Hungerstress ausgesetzt sind, reichern sich beide ALBA Proteine zusammen mit DHH1, einem anerkannten RNA bindenden Protein, in zytoplasmatischen Aggregaten an, die nur teilweise mit denjenigen kolokalisieren, die durch polyA+ RNA in diesen Bedingungen verursacht werden. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass ALBA Proteine eine wichtige Rolle in der Entwicklung von Trypanosomen spielen und legt nahe, dass sie an der entwicklungsbedingten Kontrolle eines Teils der mRNA Expression beteiligt sind. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit handelt von der Identifizierung neuer flagellarer Proteine, die eine sensorische Funktion haben könnten. Hierfür wurden mehrere Proteinkandidaten aus einer durchgeführten Proteomanalyse intakter Flagellen gewählt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bestätigt die flagellare Lokalisierung der Proteine mit großem Erfolg (85% der untersuchten Proteine) und zeigt, dass sie unterschiedliche Verteilungsmuster vorweisen. Zwei der Proteine werden während der Infektion des Parasiten in der Tsetsefliege untersucht, was aufdeckt, dass eines davon in den Stadien im Proventrikel herunterreguliert ist. Die Funktionsstudie eines neu identifizierten flagellaren Membranproteins weist seine schnelle Dynamik im Flagellum auf, führt jedoch zu keinem sichtbaren Phänotyp in Laborbedingungen. Diese Beobachtung passt zu der Annahme, dass Proteine mit sensorischer Funktion in stabilen Laborverhältnissen nicht essentiell sind aber eine wichtige Rolle während der Entwicklung des Parasiten in natürlichen Bedingungen spielen. Zusammenfassend fügt diese Arbeit Teile zum Puzzle der Identifizierung molekularer Schalter, die in Trypanosomenstadien in der Tsetsefliege an der mRNA Kontrolle und der Erkennung der Umwelt beteiligt sind. KW - Trypanosoma brucei KW - Parasit KW - Entwicklung KW - Tsetsefliege KW - Trypanosomen KW - parasitärer Entwicklungszyklus KW - Differenzierung KW - Tsetse Fliege KW - ALBA Proteine KW - Kontrolle der Genexpression KW - trypanosomes KW - parasite cycle KW - differentiation KW - tsetse fly KW - ALBA proteins KW - gene expression control KW - flagellar sensing proteins KW - FLAMM KW - Genexpression Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-85707 N1 - Durchführung der Experimente am Institut Pasteur, Arbeitsgruppe Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Paris, Frankreich ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dejung, Mario A1 - Subota, Ines A1 - Bucerius, Ferdinand A1 - Dindar, Gülcin A1 - Freiwald, Anja A1 - Engstler, Markus A1 - Boshart, Michael A1 - Butter, Falk A1 - Janzen, Chistian J. T1 - Quantitative proteomics uncovers novel factors involved in developmental differentiation of Trypanosoma brucei JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - Developmental differentiation is a universal biological process that allows cells to adapt to different environments to perform specific functions. African trypanosomes progress through a tightly regulated life cycle in order to survive in different host environments when they shuttle between an insect vector and a vertebrate host. Transcriptomics has been useful to gain insight into RNA changes during stage transitions; however, RNA levels are only a moderate proxy for protein abundance in trypanosomes. We quantified 4270 protein groups during stage differentiation from the mammalian-infective to the insect form and provide classification for their expression profiles during development. Our label-free quantitative proteomics study revealed previously unknown components of the differentiation machinery that are involved in essential biological processes such as signaling, posttranslational protein modifications, trafficking and nuclear transport. Furthermore, guided by our proteomic survey, we identified the cause of the previously observed differentiation impairment in the histone methyltransferase DOT1B knock-out strain as it is required for accurate karyokinesis in the first cell division during differentiation. This epigenetic regulator is likely involved in essential chromatin restructuring during developmental differentiation, which might also be important for differentiation in higher eukaryotic cells. Our proteome dataset will serve as a resource for detailed investigations of cell differentiation to shed more light on the molecular mechanisms of this process in trypanosomes and other eukaryotes. KW - cell differentiation KW - cell cycle and cell division KW - parasitic cell cycles KW - proteomes KW - chromatin KW - parasitic life cycles KW - transcriptome analysis KW - host-pathogen interactions Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146362 VL - 12 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritz, Melanie A1 - Vanselow, Jens A1 - Sauer, Nadja A1 - Lamer, Stephanie A1 - Goos, Carina A1 - Siegel, T. Nicolai A1 - Subota, Ines A1 - Schlosser, Andreas A1 - Carrington, Mark A1 - Kramer, Susanne T1 - Novel insights into RNP granules by employing the trypanosome's microtubule skeleton as a molecular sieve JF - Nucleic Acids Research N2 - RNP granules are ribonucleoprotein assemblies that regulate the post-transcriptional fate of mRNAs in all eukaryotes. Their exact function remains poorly understood, one reason for this is that RNP granule purification has not yet been achieved. We have exploited a unique feature of trypanosomes to prepare a cellular fraction highly enriched in starvation stress granules. First, granules remain trapped within the cage-like, subpellicular microtubule array of the trypanosome cytoskeleton while soluble proteins are washed away. Second, the microtubules are depolymerized and the granules are released. RNA sequencing combined with single molecule mRNA FISH identified the short and highly abundant mRNAs encoding ribosomal mRNAs as being excluded from granules. By mass spectrometry we have identified 463 stress granule candidate proteins. For 17/49 proteins tested by eYFP tagging we have confirmed the localization to granules, including one phosphatase, one methyltransferase and two proteins with a function in trypanosome life-cycle regulation. The novel method presented here enables the unbiased identification of novel RNP granule components, paving the way towards an understanding of RNP granule function. Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126180 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Sarah A1 - Krüger, Timothy A1 - Subota, Ines A1 - Thusek, Sina A1 - Rotureau, Brice A1 - Beilhack, Andreas A1 - Engstler, Markus T1 - Developmental adaptations of trypanosome motility to the tsetse fly host environments unravel a multifaceted in vivo microswimmer system JF - eLife N2 - The highly motile and versatile protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma brucei undergoes a complex life cycle in the tsetse fly. Here we introduce the host insect as an expedient model environment for microswimmer research, as it allows examination of microbial motion within a diversified, secluded and yet microscopically tractable space. During their week-long journey through the different microenvironments of the fly´s interior organs, the incessantly swimming trypanosomes cross various barriers and confined surroundings, with concurrently occurring major changes of parasite cell architecture. Multicolour light sheet fluorescence microscopy provided information about tsetse tissue topology with unprecedented resolution and allowed the first 3D analysis of the infection process. High-speed fluorescence microscopy illuminated the versatile behaviour of trypanosome developmental stages, ranging from solitary motion and near-wall swimming to collective motility in synchronised swarms and in confinement. We correlate the microenvironments and trypanosome morphologies to high-speed motility data, which paves the way for cross-disciplinary microswimmer research in a naturally evolved environment. KW - none KW - tsetse fly KW - Trypanosoma KW - biophysics KW - microswimmer KW - sleeping sickness KW - structural biology Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158662 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Henriette A1 - Subota, Ines A1 - Batram, Christopher A1 - Kramer, Susanne A1 - Janzen, Christian J. A1 - Jones, Nicola G. A1 - Engstler, Markus T1 - A quorum sensing-independent path to stumpy development in Trypanosoma brucei JF - PLoS Pathogens N2 - For persistent infections of the mammalian host, African trypanosomes limit their population size by quorum sensing of the parasite-excreted stumpy induction factor (SIF), which induces development to the tsetse-infective stumpy stage. We found that besides this cell density-dependent mechanism, there exists a second path to the stumpy stage that is linked to antigenic variation, the main instrument of parasite virulence. The expression of a second variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) leads to transcriptional attenuation of the VSG expression site (ES) and immediate development to tsetse fly infective stumpy parasites. This path is independent of SIF and solely controlled by the transcriptional status of the ES. In pleomorphic trypanosomes varying degrees of ES-attenuation result in phenotypic plasticity. While full ES-attenuation causes irreversible stumpy development, milder attenuation may open a time window for rescuing an unsuccessful antigenic switch, a scenario that so far has not been considered as important for parasite survival. KW - Trypanosoma KW - hyperexpression techniques KW - parasitic cell cycles KW - cloning KW - cell cycle and cell division KW - cell differentiation KW - tetracyclines KW - parasitic diseases Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158230 VL - 13 IS - 4 ER -