TY  - JOUR
A1  - Herrmann, Marietta
A1  - Diederichs, Solvig
A1  - Melnik, Svitlana
A1  - Riegger, Jana
A1  - Trivanović, Drenka
A1  - Li, Shushan
A1  - Jenei-Lanzl, Zsuzsa
A1  - Brenner, Rolf E.
A1  - Huber-Lang, Markus
A1  - Zaucke, Frank
A1  - Schildberg, Frank A.
A1  - Grässel, Susanne
T1  - Extracellular Vesicles in Musculoskeletal Pathologies and Regeneration
JF  - Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
N2  - The incidence of musculoskeletal diseases is steadily increasing with aging of the population. In the past years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained attention in musculoskeletal research. EVs have been associated with various musculoskeletal pathologies as well as suggested as treatment option. EVs play a pivotal role in communication between cells and their environment. Thereby, the EV cargo is highly dependent on their cellular origin. In this review, we summarize putative mechanisms by which EVs can contribute to musculoskeletal tissue homeostasis, regeneration and disease, in particular matrix remodeling and mineralization, pro-angiogenic effects and immunomodulatory activities. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present the most frequently used cell source for EV generation for musculoskeletal applications, and herein we discuss how the MSC phenotype can influence the cargo and thus the regenerative potential of EVs. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (iMPs) may overcome current limitations of MSCs, and iMP-derived EVs are discussed as an alternative strategy. In the last part of the article, we focus on therapeutic applications of EVs and discuss both practical considerations for EV production and the current state of EV-based therapies.
KW  - extracellular vesicles
KW  - exosomes
KW  - musculoskeletal diseases
KW  - MSC
KW  - iMP
KW  - cell-free therapeutics
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222882
SN  - 2296-4185
VL  - 8
ER  -