TY - THES A1 - Huang, Shouguang T1 - Role of ABA-induced Ca\(^{2+}\) signals, and the Ca\(^{2+}\)-controlled protein kinase CIPK23, in regulation of stomatal movements T1 - Rolle von ABA-abhängigen Ca\(^{2+}\) Signalen, und der Ca\(^{2+}\)-gesteuerten Proteinkinase CIPK23, bei der Regulation der Spaltöffnungsbewegungen N2 - Stomata are pores in the leaf surface, formed by pairs of guard cells. The guard cells modulate the aperture of stomata, to balance uptake of CO2 and loss of water vapor to the atmosphere. During drought, the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) provokes stomatal closure, via a signaling chain with both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent branches. Both branches are likely to activate SLAC1-type (Slow Anion Channel Associated 1) anion channels that are essential for initiating the closure of stomata. However, the importance of the Ca2+-dependent signaling branch is still debated, as the core ABA signaling pathway only possesses Ca2+-independent components. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to address the role of the Ca2+-dependent branch in the ABA signaling pathway of guard cells. In the first part of the thesis, the relation between ABA-induced Ca2+ signals and stomatal closure was studied, with guard cells that express the genetically encoded Ca2+-indicator R-GECO1-mTurquoise. Ejection of ABA into the guard cell wall rapidly induced stomatal closure, however, only in ¾ of the guard cells ABA evoked a cytosolic Ca2+ signal. A small subset of stomata (¼ of the experiments) closed without Ca2+ signals, showing that the Ca2+ signals are not essential for ABA-induced stomatal closure. However, stomata in which ABA evoked Ca2+ signals closed faster as those in which no Ca2+ signals were detected. Apparently, ABA-induced Ca2+ signals enhance the velocity of stomatal closure. In addition to ABA, hyperpolarizing voltage pulses could also trigger Ca2+ signals in wild type guard cells, which in turn activated S-type anion channels. However, these voltage pulses failed to elicit S-type anion currents in the slac1/slah3 guard cells, suggesting that SLAC1 and SLAH3 contribute to Ca2+-activated conductance. Taken together, our data indicate that ABA-induced Ca2+ signals enhance the activity of S-type anion channels, which accelerates stomatal closure. The second part of the thesis deals with the signaling pathway downstream of the Ca2+ signals. Two types of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase modules (CPKs and CBL/CIPKs) have been implicated in guard cells. We focused on the protein kinase CIPK23 (CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase 23), which is activated by the Ca2+-dependent protein CBL1 or 9 (Calcineurin B-Like protein 1 or 9) via interacting with the NAF domain of CIPK23. The CBL1/9-CIPK23 complex has been shown to affect stomatal movements, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. We addressed this topic by using an estrogen-induced expression system, which specifically enhances the expression of wild type CIPK23, a phosphomimic CIPK23T190D and a kinase dead CIPK23K60N in guard cells. Our data show that guard cells expressing CIPK23T190D promoted stomatal opening, while CIPK23K60N enhanced ABA-induced stomatal closure, suggesting that CIPK23 is a negative regulator of stomatal closure. Electrophysiological measurements revealed that the inward K+ channel currents were similar in guard cells that expressed CIPK23, CIPK23T190D or CIPK23K60N, indicating that CIPK23-mediated inward K+ channel AKT1 does not contribute to stomatal movements. Expression of CIPK23K60N, or loss of CIPK23 in guard cells enhanced S-type anion activity, while the active CIPK23T190D inhibited the activity of these anion channels. These results are in line with the detected changes in stomatal movements and thus indicate that CIPK23 regulates stomatal movements by inhibiting S-type anion channels. CIPK23 thus serves as a brake to control anion channel activity. Overall, our findings demonstrate that CIPK23-mediated stomatal movements do not depend on CIPK23-AKT1 module, instead, it is achieved by regulating S-type anion channels SLAC1 and SLAH3. In sum, the data presented in this thesis give new insights into the Ca2+-dependent branch of ABA signaling, which may help to put forward new strategies to breed plants with enhanced drought stress tolerance, and in turn boost agricultural productivity in the future. N2 - Stomata sind Poren in der Blattoberfläche, die von einem Paar von Schließzellen gebildet werden. Die Schließzellen kontrollieren den Öffnungsweite der stomatären Pore, um die Aufnahme von CO2 und den Verlust von Wasserdampf in die Atmosphäre auszubalancieren. Während Trockenperioden bewirkt das Phytohormon Abscisinsäure (ABA) einen Stomaschluss über eine Signalkaskade, welche über Ca2+-abhängige und Ca2+-unabhängige Pfade verfügt. Beide Pfade aktivieren wahrscheinlich Anionenkanäle aus der SLAC1 Familie (Slow Anion Channel Associated 1), welche essentiell sind um den Stomaschluss einzuleiten. Allerdings wird über die Wichtigkeit des Ca2+-abhängigen Pfades noch immer diskutiert, da der ABA-Hauptsignalweg ausschließlich Ca2+-unabhängige Komponenten beinhaltet. Aus diesem Grund war das Ziel dieser Thesis, die Rolle des Ca2+-abhängigen Pfades im ABA-Signalweg aufzulösen. Im ersten Teil der Thesis wurde mit Schließzellen, die den genetisch kodierten Ca2+-Sensor R-GECO1-mTurquoise exprimierten, der Zusammenhang zwischen ABA-induzierten Ca2+ Signalen und dem Stomaschluss untersucht. Die Injektion von ABA in die Zellwand von Schließzellen bewirkte einen schnellen Stomaschluss, jedoch wurde nur bei drei Vierteln der Zellen auch ein zytosolisches Ca2+ Signal erzeugt. Ein kleiner Teil der Stomata (in einem Viertel der Experimente) schloss sich ohne Ca2+ Signal, was zeigt, dass die Ca2+ Signale nicht essentiell für den ABA-induzierten Stomaschluss sind. Es schlossen sich jedoch Stomata schneller, in deren Schließzellen ABA-induzierte Ca2+ Signale detektiert wurden. ABA-induzierte Ca2+-Signale verbesserten also offenbar die Geschwindigkeit des Stomaschlusses. Neben ABA konnten Ca2+ Signale in wildtypischen Schließzellen auch durch hyperpolarisierende Spannungspulse erzeugt werden, welche daraufhin S-Typ Anionenkanäle aktivierten. Diese Spannungspulse konnten jedoch in slac1/slah3 Schließzellen keine S-typischen Anionenströme hervorrufen, was darauf hindeutet, dass SLAC1 und SLAH3 zur Ca2+-aktivierten Leitfähigkeit beitragen. Zusammengefasst deuten unsere Daten darauf hin, dass ABA-induzierte Ca2+ Signale die Aktivität von S-Typ Anionenkanälen verbessern und somit den Stomaschluss beschleunigen. Der zweite Teil der Thesis befasst sich mit dem Signalweg, der den Ca2+-Signalen nachgeschaltet ist. Es wurden zwei Typen Ca2+-abhängiger Proteinkinase-Module (CPKs und CBL/CIPKs) in Schließzellen nachgewiesen. Wir haben uns auf die Proteinkinase CIPK23 (CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase 23) konzentriert, welche von den Ca2+-abhängigen Proteinen CBL1 und CBL9 (Calcineurin B-Like Protein 1 oder 9) über Interaktion mit der NAF Domäne des CIPK23 aktiviert wird. Es konnte bereits gezeigt werden, dass der CBL1/CIPK23 Komplex die stomatäre Bewegung beinflusst, jedoch sind die zugrunde liegenden molekularen Mechanismen bisher weitgehend unbekannt geblieben. Wir haben dieses Thema mit einem Östrogen-induzierten Expressionssystem untersucht, welches spezifisch in Schließzellen die Expression von wildtypischem CIPK23 erhöhte. Hinzu kamen Experimente mit einer phosphomimetischen CIPK23T190D und einer CIPK23K60N mit disfunktionaler Kinasedomäne. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass CIPK23T190D exprimierende Schließzellen eine verbesserte Stomaöffnung aufwiesen, während CIPK23K60N den ABA-induzierten Stomaschluss förderte, was auf eine negativ regulierende Rolle von CIPK23 beim Stomaschluss hindeutet. Elektrophysiologische Messungen zeigten, dass die einwärtsgerichteten K+-Ströme in CIPK23-, CIPK23T190D- oder CIPK23K60N-exprimierenden Schließzellen vergleichbar waren, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Aktivierung von AKT1 durch CIPK23 nicht zur stomatären Bewegung beiträgt. Allerdings führte die Expression von CIPK23K60N, wie auch der Verlust von CIPK23, in Schließzellen zu einer erhöhten S-typischen Anionenkanalaktivität, während eine CIPK23T190D-Expression diese Anionenkanalaktivität inhibierte. Diese Ergebnisse stimmen mit den Beobachtungen zu den gezeigten Veränderungen der stomatären Bewegung überein und deuten daher auf eine regulierende Rolle von CIPK23 für die stomatäre Bewegung durch die Inhibierung von S-Typ Anionenkanälen hin. Insgesamt beweisen unsere Befunde, dass die CIPK23-vermittelte stomatäre Bewegung nicht durch eine Interaktion von CIP23 mit AKT1, sondern durch die Regulierung der S-Typ Anionenkanäle SLAC1 und SLAH3 vermittelt wird. Zusammengefasst ergeben die in dieser Thesis präsentierten Daten neue Einblicke in den Ca2+-abhängigen Pfad des ABA-Signalwegs. Dies könnte in Zukunft helfen neue Strategien zur Zucht von Pflanzen mit verbesserter Trockenstresstoleranz zu entwickeln und somit die agrarwirtschaftliche Produktivität zu erhöhen. KW - Stomata KW - guard cells KW - ABA KW - OST1 KW - SLAC1 KW - anion channels KW - Ca2+ signal KW - CIPK23 KW - AKT1 KW - K+ channels KW - drought stress Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204737 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jones, Jeffrey J. A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Geilfus, Christoph‐Martin A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. T1 - The green light gap: a window of opportunity for optogenetic control of stomatal movement JF - New Phytologist N2 - Green plants are equipped with photoreceptors that are capable of sensing radiation in the ultraviolet‐to‐blue and the red‐to‐far‐red parts of the light spectrum. However, plant cells are not particularly sensitive to green light (GL), and light which lies within this part of the spectrum does not efficiently trigger the opening of stomatal pores. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of stomatal responses to light, which are either provoked via photosynthetically active radiation or by specific blue light (BL) signaling pathways. The limited impact of GL on stomatal movements provides a unique option to use this light quality to control optogenetic tools. Recently, several of these tools have been optimized for use in plant biological research, either to control gene expression, or to provoke ion fluxes. Initial studies with the BL‐activated potassium channel BLINK1 showed that this tool can speed up stomatal movements. Moreover, the GL‐sensitive anion channel GtACR1 can induce stomatal closure, even at conditions that provoke stomatal opening in wild‐type plants. Given that crop plants in controlled‐environment agriculture and horticulture are often cultivated with artificial light sources (i.e. a combination of blue and red light from light‐emitting diodes), GL signals can be used as a remote‐control signal that controls stomatal transpiration and water consumption. KW - anion channel KW - channelrhodopsin KW - Chl KW - guard cell KW - ion channel KW - light‐gated KW - membrane potential KW - phototropin Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-293724 VL - 236 IS - 4 SP - 1237 EP - 1244 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bazihizina, Nadia A1 - Böhm, Jennifer A1 - Messerer, Maxim A1 - Stigloher, Christian A1 - Müller, Heike M. A1 - Cuin, Tracey Ann A1 - Maierhofer, Tobias A1 - Cabot, Joan A1 - Mayer, Klaus F. X. A1 - Fella, Christian A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Al‐Rasheid, Khaled A. S. A1 - Alquraishi, Saleh A1 - Breadmore, Michael A1 - Mancuso, Stefano A1 - Shabala, Sergey A1 - Ache, Peter A1 - Zhang, Heng A1 - Zhu, Jian‐Kang A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Scherzer, Sönke T1 - Stalk cell polar ion transport provide for bladder‐based salinity tolerance in Chenopodium quinoa JF - New Phytologist N2 - Chenopodium quinoa uses epidermal bladder cells (EBCs) to sequester excess salt. Each EBC complex consists of a leaf epidermal cell, a stalk cell, and the bladder. Under salt stress, sodium (Na\(^{+}\)), chloride (Cl\(^{−}\)), potassium (K\(^{+}\)) and various metabolites are shuttled from the leaf lamina to the bladders. Stalk cells operate as both a selectivity filter and a flux controller. In line with the nature of a transfer cell, advanced transmission electron tomography, electrophysiology, and fluorescent tracer flux studies revealed the stalk cell’s polar organization and bladder‐directed solute flow. RNA sequencing and cluster analysis revealed the gene expression profiles of the stalk cells. Among the stalk cell enriched genes, ion channels and carriers as well as sugar transporters were most pronounced. Based on their electrophysiological fingerprint and thermodynamic considerations, a model for stalk cell transcellular transport was derived. KW - halophyte KW - polar ion transport KW - quinoa KW - salt tolerance KW - stalk cell Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287222 VL - 235 IS - 5 SP - 1822 EP - 1835 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scherzer, Sönke A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Iosip, Anda A1 - Kreuzer, Ines A1 - Yokawa, Ken A1 - Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. A1 - Heckmann, Manfred A1 - Hedrich, Rainer T1 - Ether anesthetics prevents touch-induced trigger hair calcium-electrical signals excite the Venus flytrap JF - Scientific reports N2 - Plants do not have neurons but operate transmembrane ion channels and can get electrical excited by physical and chemical clues. Among them the Venus flytrap is characterized by its peculiar hapto-electric signaling. When insects collide with trigger hairs emerging the trap inner surface, the mechanical stimulus within the mechanosensory organ is translated into a calcium signal and an action potential (AP). Here we asked how the Ca\(^{2+}\) wave and AP is initiated in the trigger hair and how it is feed into systemic trap calcium-electrical networks. When Dionaea muscipula trigger hairs matures and develop hapto-electric excitability the mechanosensitive anion channel DmMSL10/FLYC1 and voltage dependent SKOR type Shaker K\(^{+}\) channel are expressed in the sheering stress sensitive podium. The podium of the trigger hair is interface to the flytrap’s prey capture and processing networks. In the excitable state touch stimulation of the trigger hair evokes a rise in the podium Ca2+ first and before the calcium signal together with an action potential travel all over the trap surface. In search for podium ion channels and pumps mediating touch induced Ca\(^{2+}\) transients, we, in mature trigger hairs firing fast Ca\(^{2+}\) signals and APs, found OSCA1.7 and GLR3.6 type Ca\(^{2+}\) channels and ACA2/10 Ca\(^{2+}\) pumps specifically expressed in the podium. Like trigger hair stimulation, glutamate application to the trap directly evoked a propagating Ca\(^{2+}\) and electrical event. Given that anesthetics affect K\(^+\) channels and glutamate receptors in the animal system we exposed flytraps to an ether atmosphere. As result propagation of touch and glutamate induced Ca\(^{2+}\) and AP long-distance signaling got suppressed, while the trap completely recovered excitability when ether was replaced by fresh air. In line with ether targeting a calcium channel addressing a Ca\(^{2+}\) activated anion channel the AP amplitude declined before the electrical signal ceased completely. Ether in the mechanosensory organ did neither prevent the touch induction of a calcium signal nor this post stimulus decay. This finding indicates that ether prevents the touch activated, glr3.6 expressing base of the trigger hair to excite the capture organ. KW - biophysics KW - drug discovery KW - physiology KW - plan sciences Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300411 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dindas, Julian A1 - Dreyer, Ingo A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. T1 - A voltage-dependent Ca\(^{2+}\) homeostat operates in the plant vacuolar membrane JF - New Phytologist N2 - Cytosolic calcium signals are evoked by a large variety of biotic and abiotic stimuli and play an important role in cellular and long distance signalling in plants. While the function of the plasma membrane in cytosolic Ca\(^{2+}\) signalling has been intensively studied, the role of the vacuolar membrane remains elusive. A newly developed vacuolar voltage clamp technique was used in combination with live-cell imaging, to study the role of the vacuolar membrane in Ca\(^{2+}\) and pH homeostasis of bulging root hair cells of Arabidopsis. Depolarisation of the vacuolar membrane caused a rapid increase in the Ca\(^{2+}\) concentration and alkalised the cytosol, while hyperpolarisation led to the opposite responses. The relationship between the vacuolar membrane potential, the cytosolic pH and Ca2+ concentration suggests that a vacuolar H\(^{+}\)/Ca\(^{2+}\) exchange mechanism plays a central role in cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. Mathematical modelling further suggests that the voltage-dependent vacuolar Ca\(^{2+}\) homeostat could contribute to calcium signalling when coupled to a recently discovered K\(^{+}\) channel-dependent module for electrical excitability of the vacuolar membrane. KW - voltage clamp KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - calcium signalling KW - computational cell biology KW - cpYFP cytosolic pH reporter KW - R-GECO1 cytosolic Ca\(^{2+}\) reporter KW - TPC1 channel KW - vacuolar membrane Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259627 VL - 230 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Ding, Meiqi A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. A1 - Dreyer, Ingo A1 - Scherzer, Sönke A1 - Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S A1 - Gao, Shiqiang A1 - Nagel, Georg A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Konrad, Kai R. T1 - Optogenetic control of the guard cell membrane potential and stomatal movement by the light-gated anion channel GtACR1 JF - Science Advances N2 - Guard cells control the aperture of plant stomata, which are crucial for global fluxes of CO\(_2\) and water. In turn, guard cell anion channels are seen as key players for stomatal closure, but is activation of these channels sufficient to limit plant water loss? To answer this open question, we used an optogenetic approach based on the light-gated anion channelrhodopsin 1 (GtACR1). In tobacco guard cells that express GtACR1, blue- and green-light pulses elicit Cl\(^-\) and NO\(_3\)\(^-\) currents of -1 to -2 nA. The anion currents depolarize the plasma membrane by 60 to 80 mV, which causes opening of voltage-gated K+ channels and the extrusion of K+. As a result, continuous stimulation with green light leads to loss of guard cell turgor and closure of stomata at conditions that provoke stomatal opening in wild type. GtACR1 optogenetics thus provides unequivocal evidence that opening of anion channels is sufficient to close stomata. KW - abscisic-acid activation KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - H+-atpase KW - signal transduction KW - potassium channel KW - intact plants KW - K+ channels KW - R-type KW - CO2 KW - SLAC1 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260925 VL - 7 IS - 28 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Yi A1 - Maierhofer, Tobias A1 - Rybak, Katarzyna A1 - Sklenar, Jan A1 - Breakspear, Andy A1 - Johnston, Matthew G. A1 - Fliegmann, Judith A1 - Huang, Shouguang A1 - Roelfsema, M. Rob G. A1 - Felix, Georg A1 - Faulkner, Christine A1 - Menke, Frank L.H. A1 - Geiger, Dietmar A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Robatzek, Silke T1 - Anion channel SLAH3 is a regulatory target of chitin receptor-associated kinase PBL27 in microbial stomatal closure JF - eLife N2 - In plants, antimicrobial immune responses involve the cellular release of anions and are responsible for the closure of stomatal pores. Detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induces currents mediated via slow-type (S-type) anion channels by a yet not understood mechanism. Here, we show that stomatal closure to fungal chitin is conferred by the major PRRs for chitin recognition, LYK5 and CERK1, the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase PBL27, and the SLAH3 anion channel. PBL27 has the capacity to phosphorylate SLAH3, of which S127 and S189 are required to activate SLAH3. Full activation of the channel entails CERK1, depending on PBL27. Importantly, both S127 and S189 residues of SLAH3 are required for chitin-induced stomatal closure and anti-fungal immunity at the whole leaf level. Our results demonstrate a short signal transduction module from MAMP recognition to anion channel activation, and independent of ABA-induced SLAH3 activation. KW - plants Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-202631 VL - 8 ER -