TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Hünig, T.
A1  - Schimpl, A.
A1  - Wecker, E.
T1  - Kinetics of cellular oncogene expression in mouse lymphocytes ; I. Expression of c-myc and c-ras Ha in T lymphocytes induced by various mitogens
N2  - Murine spienie T lymphocytes display maximal cellular myc gene (c-myc) expression already 3 h after concanavalin A timulation and sub equent down-regulation before the onset of DNA syntbesis. Stimulation by leucoagglulinin in the prcsence or absence of interleukin 2 Ieads to only low initiaJ Ievels of c-myc-specific RNA which, however, increase later on. A similar pattero of c-myc expression is shown by the Lyt- 2+ T cell subpopulation stimuiated with eilher concanavalin A or leucoagglutinin in the prescncc of interleukin 2. Although eH]thyn1idine incorporation was identical, the leucoagglutinin-stimulated Lyt-2+ T cells werc void of any demon. trable c-mycspeci. fic RNA at 3 h post-stimulation. Thus, the kinetics of c-myc expression in mause T lymphocytes arenot at all uniform, but depend on the mitogen and the subpopulation. [n contrast, lcvel8 of c-rasH•-spccific R A wcre always low at early times, always increased towards tbe onset ofDNA synthesis and down-regulationwas not observed.
KW  - Immunologie
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54803
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grummt, F.
A1  - Weinmann-Dorsch, C.
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Lux, A.
T1  - Zinc as a second messenger of mitogenic induction
N2  - DNA synthesis and adenosine(S')tetraphosphate(S ')adenosine (Ap.A) levels decrease in cells treated with EDTA. The inhibitory effect of EDTA can be reversed with micro molar amounts of ZnCI2• ZnCh in micromolar concentrations also inhibits Ap.A hydrolase and stimulates amino acid-dependent Ap.A synthesis, suggesting that Zn2+ is modulating intracellular Ap.A pools. Serum addition to GI-arrested cells enhances uptake of Zn, whereas serum depletion leads to a fivefold decrease of the rates of zinc uptake. These results are discussed by regarding Zn2+ as a putative 'second messenger' of mitogenic induction and Ap.A as a possible 'third messenger' and trigger of DNA synthesis.
KW  - Immunologie
Y1  - 1986
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54799
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - von Brunn, A.
A1  - Schachner, M.
T1  - Recombinant peripheral myelin protein P\(_o\) confers both adhesion and neurite outgrowth promoting properties
N2  - To probe into the functional properties of the major peripheral myelin cell surface glycoprotein P 0 , its ability to confer adhesion and neurite outgrowth-promoting properfies was studied in cell culture. Tothis aim, Po was expressed as integral membrane glycoprotein at the surface of CV -1 cells with the help of a recombinant vaccinia virus expression system. Furthermore, the immunoglobulin-like extracellular domain of P0 (P0 -ED) was expressed as soluble profein in a bacterial expression system and used as substrafe coated to plastic dishes or as competitor in cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth-promoting assays. The adhesion of P0 -expressing CV-1 cells to P0 -ED substrafe was specifically inhibitable by polyclonal Po antibodies (54% :t 6% ). In addition, the specific interaction between Po molecules could be reduced ( 49% ± 8%) by adding soluble P0 -ED to the culture medium, demonstrating that the homophilic inter~ction between recombinant Po molecules can be mediated, at least on one partner of interacting molecules, by the unglycosylated Ig-like domain. Substrate-coated p -ED also conferred adhesion and neurite outgrowth ability to dorsal root ganglion neurons with neurites of a mean length of about 150 ,_..m. This neurite outgrowth was specifically inhibitable by soluble P" (74% ± 14%) and P 0 antibodies (65% ± 9% ). These observations indicate that Po is capable of displaying two different types of functional roles in the myelination process of . peripheral nerves: The heterophilic interaction with neurons may be responsible for the recognition between axon and myelinating Schwann cell at the onset of myelination, whereas the homophilic interacton may indicate its roJe in the selfrecognition of the apposing loops of Schwann cell surface membranes during the myelination process and in the mature compact myelin sheath.
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - immunoglobulin superfamily
KW  - peripheral nervous system
KW  - vaccinia virus
KW  - Po
Y1  - 1990
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54841
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Kirchhoff, F.
A1  - Archelos, J.
A1  - Schachner, M.
T1  - Downregulation of Myelin Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) on Schwann cells by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha affects neurite outgrowth
N2  - To investigate the influence of inflammatory cytokines on the potential of peripheral nerves to regenerate, we analyzed the effect of interferon-y (lFN-y) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) on the ability of immortalized Schwann cells to mediate outgrowth of neurites from primary DRG neurons. We found that IFN-y and TNF-a synergistically inhibited the neurite outgrowth-promoting properties of the Schwann cells by spedfically dowllregulating myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) at the levels of mRNA and cell surface protein by approximately 60%. Antibodies to MAG inhibited the outgrowth of neurites on Schwann cells to the same extent as treatment with the two cytokines. Since MAG appears to be involved in both neurite outgrowth and myelination, our findings may provide evidence for a mechanism, by wh ich inflammatory cytokines interfere with Schwann cell-neuron interactions.
KW  - Immunologie
Y1  - 1991
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54850
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jaffey, P.
A1  - Chan, L.-N. L.
A1  - Shao, J.
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Chan, T.-S.
T1  - Retinoic acid inhibition of serum-induced c-fos transcription in a fibrosarcoma cell line
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Immunologie
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54863
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle
A1  - Brinkmann, R.
A1  - Tas, P.
A1  - Halbrügge, M.
A1  - Walter, U.
A1  - Holmes, H.C.
A1  - ter Meulen, Volker
T1  - HIV-1 gp120 receptor on CD4-negative brain cells activates a tyrosine kinase
N2  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in the human brain Ieads to characteristic neuropathological changes, which may result indirectly from interactions of the envelope glycoprotein gp 120 with neurons and/or glial cells. We therefore investigated the binding of recombinant gp120 (rgp120) to human neural cells and its effect on int~acellular.s.ignallin~. Herewe pre~ent evidence that rgp120, besides binding to galactocerebroside or galactosyl-sulfatlde, spec1f1cally bmds to a protem receptor of a relative molecular mass of approximately 180,000 Da (180 kDa) pre~ent. on the CD4-negative glioma cells D-54, but not on Molt4 T lymphocytes. Binding of rgp120 to this receptor rap1dly 1nduced a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of 130- and 115-kDa p~oteins. The c~ncentration of intracellular calciumwas not affected by rgp120 in these cells. Our data suggest a novel Signal transduc1ng HIV-1 gp120 receptor on CD4-negative glial cells, which may contribute to the neuropathological changes observed in HIV-1-infected brains.
KW  - Immunologie
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54872
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Bayer, M.
A1  - Löffler, S.
A1  - ter Meulen, V.
T1  - Spontaneous and differentiation dependent regulation of measles virus gene expression in human glial cells
N2  - The expression of measles virus (MV) in six different permanent human glioma cell lines (D-54, U-251, U-138, U-105, U-373, and D-32) was analyzed. Although all celllines were permissive for productive replication of all MV strains tested, U-251, D-54, and D-32 cells spontaneously revealed restrictions of MV transcription similar to those observed for primary rat astroglial cells and brain tissue. In vitro differentiation of D-54 and U-251 cells by substances affecting tbe intracellular cyclic AMP Ievel caused a significant reduction of tbe expression of tbe viral proteins after 18, 72, and 144 b of infection. This pronounced restriction was not paralleled to a comparable Ievel by an inhibition of tbe syntbesis and biological activity in vitro of virus·specific mRNAs as sbown by quantitative Northem (RNA) blot analyses and in vitro translation. The block in viral protein syntbesis could not be attributed to tbe induction of type I interferon by any of tbe substances tested. Our findings indicate tbat down-regulation of MV gene expression in human brain cells can occur by a cell type-rlependent regulation of tbe viral mRNA transcription and a differentiation-dependent regulation of translation, botb of wbicb may be crucial for the establisbment of persistent MV infections in tbe centrat nervous system.
KW  - Immunologie
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54913
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Archelos, J. J.
A1  - Roggenbuck, K.
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Toyka, K. V.
A1  - Hartung, H. P.
T1  - Detection and quantification of antibodies to the extracellular domain of Po during experimental allergic neuritis
N2  - Quantification of the peripheral nerve myelin glycoprotein PO and antibodies to PO is difficult due to insolubility of PO in physiological solutions. We have overcome this problern by using the water-soluble recombinant form of the extracellular domain of PO (PO-ED) and describe newly developed assays which allow detection and quantitation of PO and antibodies to PO, in serum and cerebraspinal fluid (CSF). These sensitive and specific assays based on the ELISA technique were used to study humoral immune responses to PO during experimental autoimmune ("allergic") neuritis (EAN). In order to establish these tests, monoclonal antiborlies to different epitopes of rodent and human PO-ED were produced. A two-antibody sandwich-ELISA allowing quantitation of PO Oower detection Iimit of 0.5 ngjml or 30 fmoljml) and an antibody-capture ELISA (lower detection Iimit 1 ng specific antibody jml) to detect antiborlies to PO in serum and CSF were developed. EAN was induced in rats by active immunization with bovine myelin or the neuritogenic protein P2 or by adoptive transfer using P2 specific CD4 positive T cells. Serum and CSF were assayed for the presence of PO-ED and antibodies to PO-ED or P2. Antibodies to PO-ED were detected during active myelin-induced EAN, but not during P2-induced or adaptive transfer EAN. The anti-PO-ED antibodies in the CSF showed a correJation with disease activity. In contrast, in the same model antibodies to P2 persisted long after the disease ceased. No soluble PO-Iike fragments could be found in serum or CSF during any of the three types of EAN. We conclude that PO may be a B-eeil epitope in EAN. These findings warrant a screen for antibodies to PO-ED in human immune neuropathies.
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - PO
KW  - Extracellular domain
KW  - Neuritis
KW  - GBS
KW  - Auto-antibodies
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54896
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, S.
A1  - ter Meulen, Volker
T1  - Differential induction of cytokines after primary and persistent measles virus infections of human glial cells
N2  - The effect of measles virus (MV) infection on mRNA expression and protein synthesis of cytokines in human malignant glioma celllines (0-54 and U-251) was investigated. Primary MV infections led in both celllines to the induction of interleukin-1 fJ (ll-1 (3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-(3 (IFN-fJ), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). ln contrast, persistently infected astrocytoma lines continually produced IL-6 (two out of 12 lines high Ievels) and IFN-ß, whereas only 1 out of 121ines synthesized TNF-a and none IL-1ß. The pathways for induction of IL-1fJ and TNF-a expression were not suppressed by the persistent MV infection, since IL-1ß and TNF-a could be induced by external stimuli Jike diacylglycerol analog plus calcium ionophore. lnterestingly, persistently infected astrocytoma cells synthesized considerably higher Ievels of ll-1ß and TNF-a than uninfected cells afteradditional external induction. These results suggest that in the centrat nervous system (CNS) of SSPE patients a percentage of persistently infected astrocytes may continually synthesize IL-6 and IFN-ß, and in the presence of additional external stimuli, as possibly provided by activated lymphocytes, might ovarexpress the inflammatory cytokines IL-1 ß and TNF-a. This may be of pathogenetic significance in CNS diseases associated with persistent MV infections.
KW  - Immunologie
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54907
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Archelos, JJ
A1  - Roggenbuck, K.
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Linington, C.
A1  - Toyka, KV
A1  - Hartung, H.-P.
T1  - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the extracellular domain of PO
N2  - Seven monoclonal antibodies were raised against the immunoglobulin-like extracellular domain of PO (POED), the major protein of peripheral nervous system myelin. Mice were immunized with purified recombinant rat PO-ED. After fusion, 7 clones (POI-P07) recognizing either recombinant, rat, mouse, or human PO-ED were selected by ELlS A and were characterized by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and a competition assay. Antibodies belonged to the IgG or IgM class, and P04-P07, reacted with PO in fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded sections of human or rat peripheral nerve, but not with myelin proteins of the central nervous system of either species. Epitope specificity of the antibodies was determined by a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a direct ELlS A using short synthetic peptides spanning the entire extracellular domain of PO. These assays showed that POl and P02 exhibiting the same reaction pattern in Western blot and immunohistochemistry reacted with different distant epitopes of PO. Furthermore, the monoclonal antibodies P05 and P06 recognized 2 different epitopes in close proximity within the neuritogenic extracellular sequence of PO. This panel of monoclonal antibodies, each binding to a different epitope of the extracellular domain of PO, will be useful for in vitro and in vivo studies designed to explore the role of PO during myelination and in demyelinating diseases of the peripheral nervous system.
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - peripheral nervous system
KW  - myelin
KW  - epitope specificity
KW  - demyelination
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54889
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Probstmeier, R.
A1  - Bilz, A.
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürger
T1  - Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule and polysialic acid during early mouse embryogenesis
N2  - The expression of the neural cell adhesion molccule (N-CAM) and a 2-8 linked polysialic acid (PSA), whieh is believed to be predominantly expressed on N-CAM, was investigated during early embryonie development ofthe mouse (embryonic days 7.5 to 10.0). By immunoeytoehemistry, in tissue sections, N-CAM and PSA were not detectable at embryonie day 7.5 but were expressed in the prominent body regions such as somites, unsegmented mesoderm, developing heart, and neuroectoderm at embryonie day 8.0 N-CAM and PSA immunoreaetivities were always predominantly associated with tbe plasma membrane. No tissue could be detected which was positive for PSA but negative for N-CAM. In Western blot analysis of whole embryos, by contrast, only the lightly sialylated and PSA-negative 180 and 140 kD isoforms of N-CAM werc present at embryonie day 8.0 and strong expression of PSA-bearing, heavily sialylated N-CAM was not detectable before embryonie day 10.0. In Western blot analysis of N-CAM immunoaffinity purifled from whole embryos and digested with neuraminidase as weil as in Northern blot analysis, the 120 kD isoform of N-CAM or its eorresponding mRN A were not expressed in detectable amounts during the time period investigated.
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - embryo
KW  - mouse
KW  - N-CAM
KW  - sialic acid
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54921
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dunster, L.M.
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - Löffler, S.
A1  - Lankes, W.
A1  - Schwartz-Albiez, R.
A1  - Lottspeich, F.
A1  - ter Meulen, V.
T1  - Moesin: a cell membrane protein linked with susceptibility to measles virus infection
N2  - Measles virus is a highly contagious virus causing acute and persistent diseases in man, the receptor of which is still not weil characterized. We have isolated a monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated mAb 119, which specifically inhibits measles virus infection of susceptible celllines in a dosa-dependent manner. This antibody precipitates a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 75 kDa from 1251 surface-labeled cells and its epitope is present on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, human celllines, and the African green monkey cellline Vero. Affinity chromatography of detergent-solubilized cell membrane proteins over a Sepharose column with covalently bound mAb 119 led to the partial purification of the 75-kOa protein. Preincubation of measles virus with this affinity-purified protein inhibited measles virus infection dose dependently. Aminoacid microseq,uencing of this protein revealed its identity with the human membrane-organizing extension spike protein moesin, a protein intra- and extracellularly associated with the plasma membrane of cells. Subsequently, an antibody raised against purified moesin (mAb 38/87) was also found to specifically inhibit measles virus infection of susceptible cells and confirmed our data obtained with mAb 119. Our data suggest that moesin is acting as a receptor for measles virus.
KW  - Immunologie
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54931
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle
A1  - Schnorr, J.-J.
A1  - Dunster, L. M.
A1  - Schneider-Schaulies, Jürgen
A1  - ter Meulen, Volker
T1  - The role of host factors in measles virus persistence
N2  - As critical steps in the life cycle oJ measles virus (Mfl), the e.fficiency of uptake into and replication in susceptible host cells are governed by cellular determinants. Measles virus infections of cells of the human CNS are characterized by particular constraints imposed on v1:ral transcription and translation attenuating viral gene Junctions and thus contributing to the pathogenesis oJ MV persistence in these cells.
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - CNS infection
KW  - MV receptor
KW  - MV transcription
KW  - unwindase
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54944
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Duttu, Vallabhapurapu Subrahmanya
T1  - Regulation of B lymphocyte terminal differentiation and death by the transcription factor Blimp-1
T1  - Regulation von B zell terminalen differenzierung und death by transcriptionfaktor Blimp-1
N2  - B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) und X-box-binding protein-1” (XBP-1) sind als Transkriptionsfaktoren unverzichtbar für die terminale Differenzierung von B-Lymphozyten zu Immunglobulin (Ig)-sezernierenden Plasmazellen. Ebenso stellen die unfolded protein response (UPR) und das Spleißen von XBP-1, beides ausgelöst durch erhöhte Ig-Produktion, entscheidende Schritte auf dem Weg zur Plasmazellentstehung dar. Allerdings ist das Molekül/ sind die Moleküle nach wie vor unbekannt, die diesen beiden Ereignissen in der Signalkaskade vorgeschaltet sind. Da die ektope Expression von Blimp-1 in B-Zellen hinreicht, diese zu Plasmazellen zu differenzieren, erscheint es plausibel, dass Blimp-1 das Molekül sein könnte, das die Auslösung einer UPR und das Spleißen von XBP-1 steuert. Dieser Möglichkeit wurde durch ektope Expression von Blimp-1 in der Maus-B-Zell-Lymphomlinie WEHI 231 und in primären B-Zellen aus der Milz von Mäusen nachgegangen. Die ektope Expression von Blimp-1 führte in beiden Zelltypen zur Erhöhung der Ig Produktion, zum Spleißen von XBP-1 und zur Sekretion von Immunglobulinen. Interessanterweise war der N-terminale Anteil von Blimp-1, bestehend aus den Aminosäuren 1-751, hinreichend, um diese Effekte auszulösen, während der C-Terminus, der die Aminosäuren 465-856 umfaßte, keinen Effekt hatte. Darüberhinaus, wurde die Expression von BIP, dessen Gen ein UPR-Zielgen ist, durch ektope Expression von Blimp-1 bzw. dessen N-Terminus in primären B-Zellen erhöht. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass Blimp-1, speziell dessen N-terminale Domäne, hinreichend ist, um eine UPR und die Prozessierung von XBP-1 auszulösen, was zur Ig-Sekretion von B-Zellen führt.
N2  - B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) and X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1) are indispensible transcription factors required for B lymphocyte terminal differentiation into Ig secreting plasma cells. Occurrence of an unfolded protein response (UPR) and XBP-1 splicing, due to elevated Ig levels, are critical events during plasma cell generation. However, the upstream molecule sufficient to trigger these events remain elusive. Because ectopic expression of Blimp-1 in B cells is sufficient to generate plasma cells, it is plausible that Blimp-1 might be the upstream molecule, sufficient for the induction of UPR and XBP-1 splicing. The results from the current study indicate that ectopic expression of Blimp-1 or its N-terminal domain, in B cells, is sufficient to induce XBP-1 splicing, UPR and Ig (immunoglobulin) secretion. Further more Blimp-1 is able to directly repress the antiapoptotic gene A1, by binding to specific DNA elements in A1 promoter. This repression of A1 by Blimp-1 seems to be an important prerequisite for Plasma cell differentiation because ectopic expression of A1 in primary B cells resulted in reduced immunoglobulin secretion.
KW  - B-Lymphozyt
KW  - Zelldifferenzierung
KW  - Transkriptionsfaktor
KW  - Blimp-1
KW  - B-zells
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - Blimp-1
KW  - B-cells
KW  - Immunology
Y1  - 2005
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-17158
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Nußbaumer, Judith
T1  - Die Übertragung von Toxoplasma gondii über die Muttermilch und deren immunologische Konsequenzen : Arbeiten im Rattenmodell
T1  - Transmission of Toxoplama gondii via mother`s milk and consequences in the immune response
N2  - In dieser Arbeit wurden im Versuchstier Ratte die Transmission von T.gondii über die Muttermilch und deren immunologische Konsequenzen analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich Rattenmilch als labordiagnostisches Medium eignet, wobei der direkte visuelle Parasitennachweis mit dem Lichtmikroskop, trotz verschiedender Aufbereitungsmethoden erfolglos blieb. Auch die PCR eignete sich für unsere Versuche nicht als Nachweismethode. Als geeignte und sensitive Methode für den Parasitennachweis in Rattenmilch stellte sich die Anzucht auf humanen Vorhautfibroblasten (HFF-Zellkultur)dar, wobei bereits zwei Tachyzoiten, die in vitro zu Milch nicht infizierter Tiere gegeben wurden, ausreichten, um eine HFF-Zelle zu infizieren. Immunisierungsexperimente wurden durchgeführt, um die Frage zu klären, ob die im Serum von Jungtieren nachgewiesenen Toxoplasma-spezifischen Immunglobulinen über die Muttermilch aufgenommen worden sein könnten. Es gelang in Milch und Serum der Ammen, sowie im Serum der Jungtiere, T. gondii spezifische Immunglobuline nachzuweisen. Die Transmission des Parasiten als freier Tachyzoit wurde in dieser Arbeit simuliert. Tachyzoiten von T. gondii wurden in verschiedener Dosierung in Rattenmilch angereichert und 48 Stunden alten Ratten verabreicht. Die humorale und zelluläre Immunantwort wurde getestet. Tachyzoiten, die über die Milch aufgenommen wurden, können eine Infektion auslösen. Ratten wurden schließlich auf natürlichem Wege über Milch mit T. gondii infiziert, die humorale Immunantwort bestimmt und der Gehalt der infizierten Rattenmilch an Immunglobulinen überprüft. Die Antikörperkonzentration in Serum und Milch der Ammen zeigte eine deutliche Korrelation und im Serum der Nachkommen ließen sich ebenfalls Antikörper nachweisen. Zeichen einer Infektion fanden sich jedoch nicht. Die Rattenmilch kann also T. gondii und toxoplasmaspezifische Immunglobuline enthalten, die von Nachkommen aufgenommen werden. Den Mechanismus der Parasitenübertragung und die Rolle maternaler parasitenspezifischer Immunglobuline für Infektion und parasitenspezifische Immunantwort der Nachkommen gilt es jedoch noch zu klären.
N2  - The transmission of T. gondii via mother`s milk and the consequences in the immune response was tested in this work. We could show, that it is possible to work with milk, but it wasn`t possible to find the parasite in milk by the use of common microscopy. The use of the PCR wasn`t a good method for the detection of the parasite in our experiments. But milk was found positive for the presence of parasites by infection of human foreskin fibroblasts. In addition, rats were immunized to answer the question of the possiblity of the transmission of immunoglobulins via mother`s milk to the offsprings. We could find immunoglobulins in the milk and blood of immunized nurse-rats and in the blood of the offsprings. The transmission of the parasite as free tachyzoite was simulated and the humoral and cellular immune response was tested. Tachyzoites taken in via milk can stimulate an infection. Finally nurse-rats were infected with T. gondii via the natural route and the humoral immune response of the infected rats and of the offspring of uninfected rats which were fed by the nurse-rats was detected. We could find immunoglobulins in the blood of the offsprings but no signs of an infection. You can find T. gondii and immunoglobulins in the milk of an infected rat, both can be transmitted to offsprings. The mechanism of the transmission of the parasite and the importance of maternal immunoglobulins for an infection and immune response has still to be analysed.
KW  - Toxoplasma gondii
KW  - Ratte
KW  - Milch
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - Toxoplasma gondii
KW  - rat
KW  - milk
KW  - Immunology
Y1  - 2006
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-23006
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Monzón Casanova, Elisa
T1  - Rat iNKT Cells: Phenotype and Function
T1  - Ratten iNKT Zellen: Phänotyp und Funktion
N2  - iNKT cells are a population of T cells with unique characteristics. In contrast to most αβ T cells which recognize peptides presented by highly polymorphic MHC molecules, iNKT cells are reactive to glycolipids presented by CD1d, a non-polymorphic MHC-I like molecule. Moreover, whereas MHC-restricted αβ T cells bear highly variable receptors (TCRs) formed after somatic recombination of the V(D)J gene segments, the TCR of iNKT cells is formed by an invariant α chain, which always contains the same gene segments: AV14 and AJ18; and a β chain of limited BV gene usage: BV8S2, BV7 or BV2, in the mouse. This invariant α chain is the reason for which these cells are named “i” and the NK part of their name refers to the expression of receptors typical of natural killer (NK) cells. iNKT cells recognize glycolipids of endogenous and microbial origin. After activation they secrete large amounts of very different cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-4 and thus influence immune responses and pathological conditions. One of the most potent iNKT cell agonists, recognized by the semi-invariant TCR, is the synthetic glycolipid α-Galactosylceramide (α-Gal). iNKT cells can be visualized using CD1d-multimeric complexes loaded with α-Gal and flow cytometry, since this reagent has enough avidity to stain these cells. Interestingly, mouse iNKT cells can be stained with human α-Gal-loaded CD1d oligomers and human iNKT cells can also be visualized with mouse α-Gal-loaded CD1d oligomers, indicating a high degree of conservation of the recognition of α-Gal presented by CD1d through evolution. Previous studies showed that rats have the genes necessary to build semi-invariant TCRs: They have a CD1d homologue; one or two BV8S2 homologues and interestingly, up to ten AV14 gene segments, which are highly conserved when compared to the mouse genes. Importantly, it has been shown at least for two of these AV14 gene segments that they can produce invariant TCRα chains which, when coexpressed with BV8-containing β chains, react to α-Gal presented by rat CD1d. Furthermore, ex vivo stimulation of primary splenocytes with α-Gal results in the secretion of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Surprisingly, rat semi-invariant TCRs do not recognize α-Gal presented by mouse CD1d and accordingly, mouse α-Gal-loaded CD1d tetramers failed to stain a discrete population of rat iNKT cells. Taking all together, despite that strong evidence suggested that iNKT cells are present in the rat, the direct identification of such population and the analysis of CD1d-restricted immune responses were still pending for this species. Hence the work presented in this doctoral thesis was aimed to identify iNKT cells, to analyze their phenotype and also to study the distribution and function of CD1d in the rat. For these purposes, we produced essential reagents which were still lacking such as rat specific anti-CD1d monoclonal antibodies and rat CD1d oligomers. Importantly, two of three anti-rat CD1d monoclonal antibodies (all of them generated in our laboratory before this thesis was initiated) also recognized mouse CD1d and therefore allowed a direct comparison of CD1d expression between rat and mouse. Whereas CD1d distribution in the hematopoietic system was found to be extremely similar between these two species; in non-lymphatic tissues important differences were observed. Interestingly, CD1d protein was detected at not yet described sites such as the rat exocrine pancreas and rat and mouse Paneth cells. These monoclonal antibodies did not only allowed the analysis of CD1d expression, but also the first demonstration of the function of rat CD1d as an antigen presenting molecule, since cytokine release in response to α-Gal was blocked when they were added to ex vivo cultures of rat primary cells. Staining of primary rat iNKT cells (possible now with the newly generated rat CD1d oligomers) revealed interesting similarities with human iNKT cells. First, we observed that rat iNKT cells are only a minority among all NKR-P1A/B positive T cells. Human iNKT cells constitute also a very small proportion of NKR-P1A (CD161) expressing T cells, whereas in mice inbred strains which express NKR-P1C (NK1.1), most of NKRP1C expressing T cells are iNKT cells. Second, the majority of rat iNKT cells are either CD4 or DN and only a small proportion expresses CD8β. These findings are similar to humans and different to mice which lack CD8+ iNKT cells. Third, analysis of various inbred rat strains demonstrated different iNKT cell frequencies which correlated with cytokine secretion after α-Gal stimulation of primary cells. In comparison to mice, iNKT cell numbers are markedly reduced in rats. In F344 rats, inbred rat strain which released the highest cytokine amounts after α-Gal stimulation, approximately 0.25% and 0.1% of total liver and spleen lymphocytes, respectively, are iNKT cells. In contrast, in LEW rats iNKT cells were practically absent and neither IL-4 nor IFN-γ were detected after stimulation of primary cells with α-Gal. Once more, these frequencies are very close to those observed in humans. Last, as reported for human peripheral blood cells, rat iNKT cells could be easily expanded in vitro by adding α-Gal to cultures of intrahepatic lymphocytes, whereas the expansion of mouse iNKT cells was not possible using the same protocol. The presence of a multimember AV14 gene segment family in the rat is an intriguing characteristic. These AV14 gene segments are extremely homologous except in the CDR2α region. Based on the amino acid sequence of this region they have been divided into two different types: Type I and II. A specific tissue distribution of the different types was proposed in the first study where the presence of several AV14 gene segments was described. We also analyzed the AV14 gene segment usage in F344 and LEW inbred rat strains. In F344 rats we found no preferential usage of either AV14 gene segment type in the spleen and the liver but type II AV14 gene segments appeared more frequently in the thymus. In contrast, LEW rats show a preferential usage of type I AV14 gene segments in all three compartments analyzed: Thymus, spleen and liver. Taken all together, the usage of newly generated reagents allowed to gain novel insights into CD1d expression in the rat and in the mouse and to directly identify rat iNKT cells for the first time. The phenotypic and functional analysis of rat iNKT cells revealed numerous similarities with human iNKT cells. These are of special interest, since rats serve to investigate several pathological conditions including models for autoimmune diseases. The possibility now to analyze iNKT cells and CD1d-restricted T cell responses in the rat might help to understand the pathogenesis of such diseases. In addition, the uncomplicated in vitro expansion and culture of rat iNKT cells should facilitate the analysis of the immunomoldulatory capacities of these cells.
N2  - iNKT Zellen sind eine Population von T Zellen mit einigen Besonderheiten. Anders als die meisten αβ T Zellen, deren T Zell Rezeptoren (TZRs) für von hochpolymorphen MHC Molekülen präsentierte Peptide spezifisch sind, erkennen iNKT Zellen Glycolipide die von CD1d, einem nicht polymorphem MHC-I artigen Moleküle, präsentiert werden. Während MHC-restringierte αβ T Zellen sehr unterschiedliche TZRs haben, die nach somatischer Rekombination der V(D)J Gensegmente generiert werden, besteht der TZR der iNKT Zellen aus einer invarianten α Kette und einer β Kette mit einem limitierten BV Gen Repertoire (BV8S2, BV7 und BV2 in Maus). Die invariante α Kette, auf die das i im Namen der iNKT Zellen verweist, enthält in der Maus immer AV14 und AJ18 kodierte V-Regionen. Das NK in ihrem Namen verweist darauf, dass sie häufig NK-Zell typische Oberflächenmoleküle exprimieren. iNKT Zellen erkennen Glycolipide endogenen und mikrobiellen Ursprungs und sezernieren nach Aktivierung große Mengen verschiedener Zytokine wie zum Beispiel IL-4 und IFN-γ. Auf diese Weise beeinflussen sie Immunantwort und pathologische Zustände. Eine der potentesten iNKT-Zell-TZR Agonisten ist das α-Galactosylceramid (α-Gal) und α-Gal beladene CD1d-Multimere ermöglichen es iNKT Zellen zu färben und mittels Durchflusszytometrie sichtbar zu machen. Die hohe Konservierung der iNKT TZR-CD1d Interaktion ermöglicht es sogar, Maus iNKT Zellen mittels α-Gal beladenen humanen CD1d-Multimere zu färben. Vorhergehende Studien zeigten, dass Ratten die notwendigen Gene für die Generierung der semi-invarianten TZR haben: Sie besitzen ein CD1d Homolog, ein oder zwei BV8S2 Homologe und bis zu zehn AV14 Gensegmente, die im Vergleich zu den Maus-AV14 Genen hoch konserviert sind. Mehrere dieser AV14 Gensegmenten wurden mit AJ18 zusammen rearrangiert gefunden und für mindestens zwei dieser invarianten α Ketten wurde gezeigt, dass sie zusammen mit BV8 enthaltenden β Ketten TZR bilden, die von CD1d präsentiertes α-Gal erkennen. Weiterhin wurde gezeigt, dass primäre Ratten- Milzzellen und intrahepatische Lymphozyten nach Kultur mit α-Gal IL-4 und IFN-γ sezernieren. Auf Grund dieser Befunde und der starken Konservierung der CD1d Gene und der Gene, die die semi-invarianten TZR kodieren, überrascht es, dass keine definierte Zellpopulation von intrahepatischen Rattenlymphozyten mittels α-Gal beladenen Maus CD1d-Tetrameren gefärbt wurde. Zusammengefasst kann gesagt werden, dass die direkte Identifizierung der Zellen und die Analyse der CD1d restringierten Immunantworten in der Ratten noch austand, obwohl es starke Hinweise für die Existenz der iNKT Zellen in dieser Art gab. Infolgedessen sind die Ziele dieser Arbeit: die Identifizierung der Ratten iNKT Zellen, die Analyse ihres Phänotyps und die Untersuchung der CD1d-restringierten Immunantworten. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurden noch fehlende essentielle Reagenzien hergestellt, wie die ersten Ratten-CD1d spezifischen monoklonalen Antikörper und Ratten CD1d Oligomere. Zwei der drei charakterisierten monoklonalen Antikörpern erkennen sowohl Ratten CD1d als auch Maus CD1d. Dies ermöglichte den direkten Vergleich der CD1d Expression zwischen beiden Spezies (diese Antikörper wurden in unserem Labor vor dem Anfang dieser Doktorarbeit hergestellt). Während die CD1d Verteilung im hämatopoetischen System beider Arten äußerst ähnlich ist, wurden in nicht lymphatischen Geweben sehr starke Unterschiede gefunden. Interessanterweise wurde das CD1d Protein auch an noch nicht beschriebenen Stellen wie im exokrinen Pankreas der Ratte und in Paneth Zellen von Maus und Ratte beobachtet. Die monoklonalen Antikörper erlaubten nicht nur die Analyse der CD1d Verteilung, sondern auch den Beweis der Funktion von CD1d als Antigen präsentierendes Molekül, weil die Zugabe der Antikörper zu ex vivo Kulturen von primären Zellen die Sekretion von Zytokinen bei der Stimulation mit α-Gal hemmt. Färbungen von primären Ratten iNKT Zellen, jetzt möglich durch die neu generierte Ratten CD1d-Dimere, zeigten interessante Gemeinsamkeiten mit humanen iNKT Zellen. Es wurde erstens beobachtet, dass Ratten iNKT Zellen nur eine Minderheit unter allen NKR-P1A/B positiven T Zellen sind. Dies ähnelt den humanen iNKT Zellen, die ebenfalls auch nur ein sehr kleinen Teil der NKR-P1A (CD161) exprimierenden T Zellen stellen, während in Mausstämmen, die NKR-P1C (NK1.1) exprimieren, die Mehrheit der NKR-P1C positiven T Zellen iNKT Zellen sind. Zweitens sind die meisten Ratten iNKT Zellen CD4 positiv oder doppelt negativ während nur ein kleiner Anteil CD8β exprimiert. Diese Befunde gleichen denen mit humanen iNKTs und unterscheiden sich von Maus iNKTs, die immer CD8β negativ sind. Drittens zeigt die Analyse von verschiedenen Rattenstämmen, ähnlich wie beim Menschen, 10-100 fach geringere Frequenzen von iNKT Zellen als in der Maus. In F344 Ratten sind etwa 0.25% aller Lymphozyten in der Leber und etwa 0.1% aller Milzzellen iNKT Zellen. Wobei dies der Rattenstamm ist, der die größte Mengen an Zytokinen nach α-Gal Stimulation produziert. In LEW Ratten, die keine Zytokine nach α-Gal Stimulation produzierten, konnten iNKT Zellen praktisch nicht gefärbt werden. Schließlich konnten, wie bei humanen peripherischen Blutzellen beobachtet, Ratten iNKT Zellen durch alleinige Zugabe von α-Gal in vitro expandiert werden, während dies mit Maus iNKT Zellen nicht möglich war. Eine faszinierende bislang nur in der Ratte gemachte Beobachtung ist die Existenz einer AV14 Multigenfamilie, deren Mitglieder bis auf die CDR2 kodierende Region hochhomolog sind. Basiert auf der Aminosäuresequenz dieser Region wurde diese Familie in zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt: Typ I und II. Die erste Studie, in der diese zwei verschiedenen Typen beschrieben wurden, schlug eine spezifische Gewebsverteilung von AV14 positiven TCR vor. Wir haben ebenfalls die Benutzung dieser AV14 Gene in F344 und LEW Inzuchtrattenstämmen analysiert und gefunden, dass es in F344 Leber und Milz keine Präferenz für einen bestimmten AV14 Typ gibt. Jedoch wurde der Typ II häufiger in F344 Thymus gefunden. Im Vergleich zeigen LEW Ratten eine bevorzugte Benutzung des Typ I in allen analysierten Geweben (Thymus, Milz und Leber). Zusammengefasst kann gesagt werden, dass diese Studie mit Hilfe neu generierter Reaganzien neue Erkenntnisse zur CD1d Expression in Ratte und Maus gewonnen wurden und erstmals eine direkte phänotypische und funktionelle Analyse von iNKT Zellen der Ratte durchgeführt wurde. Es wurden eine Reihe von Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen iNKT Zellen von Ratte und Mensch gefunden. Diese sind vor allem deshalb von Interesse, da das Versuchstier Ratte für eine Reihe von Autoimmunkrankheiten und andere pathologische Zustände als Modellorganismus dient. Es ist zu erwarten, dass weitere Untersuchungen von CD1d-restringierten Zellen der Ratte neue Einsichten in die Genese dieser Krankheiten ermöglicht. Darüberhinaus sollte die in der Ratte beobachtete einfach durchzuführende in vitro Kultur und Expansion von iNKT Zellen eine Analyse ihrer immunmodulatorischen Eigenschaften deutlich erleichtern.
KW  - Ratte
KW  - Natürliche Killerzelle
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - CD1d
KW  - rat
KW  - NKT
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56526
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Gulde, Tobias Simon
T1  - Die molekulare Grundlage für die höhere Sensitivität regulatorischer CD4\(^+\) T-Zellen im Vergleich zu konventionellen CD4\(^+\) T-Zellen gegenüber der Stimulation mit CD28 Superagonisten
T1  - The molecular basis for the higher sensitivity of regulatory CD4\(^+\) T cells as compared to conventional CD4\(^+\) T cells  to CD28 superagonistic stimulation
N2  - In Ratten und Mäusen aktiviert der superagonistische anti-CD28 monoklonale Antikörper (CD28SA) vorzugsweise regulatorische T-Zellen. In niedriger Dosierung führt CD28SA zu einer fast ausschließlichen Aktivierung von regulatorischen T-Zellen (Tregs). Diese Beobachtung konnte inzwischen auch für menschliche Zellen in Zellkultur bestätigt werden. 
In gesunden und freiwilligen Testpersonen deutet die Zytokin-Antwort nach Applikationen von niedrigen CD28SA-Dosen darauf hin, dass sich diese Beobachtung auch in-vivo bewahrheitet. Eine Gabe von CD28SA in niedriger Dosierung, die zu einer exklusiven Aktivierung von regulatorischen T-Zellen führt, könnte somit in der Behandlung von Autoimmunkrankheiten oder von entzündlichen Erkrankungen eingesetzt werden.
Eine mechanistische Erklärung für dieses Phänomen blieb lange Zeit unklar. Die CD28SA-vermittelte T-Zell-Aktivierung ist abhängig von der Verstärkung von basalen tonischen Signalen, die T-Zellen über ihren T-Zell-Rezeptor erhalten. Diese Tatsache führte zu der Hypothese, dass die schwachen, tonischen Signale, die konventionelle CD4+ T-Zellen in Abwesenheit ihrer spezifischen Antigene über den T-Zell-Rezeptor erhalten, ein stärkeres CD28 Signal für ihre Aktivierung benötigen als die selbstreaktiven regulatorischen T-Zellen, die ein stärkeres Selbstpeptid-TCR Signal erhalten. 
In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Blockade von MHC-Klasse-II-Molekülen in Mäusen, in-vitro und in-vivo, den Vorteil der regulatorischen T-Zellen gegenüber den konventionellen T-Zellen bezüglich der Antwort auf niedrige CD28SA Dosierungen, aufhebt.
N2  - In rats and mice, CD28 superagonistic mAb (CD28SA) preferentially activate regulatory T-cells, resulting in near exclusive Treg activation at low CD28SA doses. This observation has recently also been extended to cell culture studies in humans, and the cytokine response of healthy volunteers to low-dose CD28SA application suggests that it also holds true in vivo, and thus can be utilized for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. A mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon, however, remained uncertain for a long time. Given that CD28SA-mediated T-cell activation depends on the amplification of basal tonic TCR signals, the hypothesis was tested that the weak tonic TCR signals received by conventional CD4 T-cells in absence of their cognate antigen require more CD28 signalling input than the stronger TCR signals perceived by self-reactive regulatory T-cells. 
The experiments of this thesis provide strong evidence that in mice, blockade of MHC class II in vitro or in vivo abrogates the advantage of Treg over Tconv in the response to low CD28SA doses.
KW  - Regulatorischer T-Lymphozyt
KW  - Antigen CD28
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - T-Lymphozyt
KW  - regulatorische T Zellen
KW  - CD28 Superagonisten
KW  - konventionelle CD4 T Zellen
KW  - T Zellen
KW  - regulatory t cells
KW  - cd28 superagonists
KW  - CD4 positiv T cells
KW  - t cells
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-283962
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Eckert, Ina-Nathalie
T1  - Molecular markers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their functional role for homing and in disease models in mice
T1  - Molekulare Marker von myeloiden Suppressorzellen und ihre funktionelle Rolle für deren zielgerichtete Migration und bei Krankheitsmodellen in Mäusen
N2  - MDSCs are suppressive immune cells with a high relevance in various pathologies including cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic infections. Surface marker expression of MDSCs resembles monocytes and neutrophils which have immunostimulatory functions instead of suppressing T cells. Therefore, finding specific surface markers for MDSCs is important for MDSC research and therapeutic MDSC manipulation. In this study, we analyzed if the integrin VLA-1 has the potential as a novel MDSC marker. VLA-1 was expressed by M-MDSCs but not by G-MDSCs as well as by Teff cells. VLA-1 deficiency did not impact iNOS expression, the distribution of M-MDSC and G-MDSC subsets, and the suppressive capacity of MDSCs towards naïve and Teff cells in vitro. In mice, VLA-1 had no effect on the homing capability of MDSCs to the spleen, which is a major reservoir for MDSCs. Since the splenic red pulp contains collagen IV and VLA-1 binds collagen IV with a high affinity, we found MDSCs and Teff cells in this area as expected. We showed that T cell suppression in the spleen, indicated by reduced T cell recovery and proliferation as well as increased apoptosis and cell death, partially depended on VLA-1 expression by the MDSCs. In a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, MDSC injection prior to disease onset led to a decrease of the disease score, and this effect was significantly reduced when MDSCs were VLA-1 deficient. The expression of Sema7A by Teff cells, a ligand for VLA-1 which is implicated in negative T cell regulation, resulted in a slightly stronger Teff cell suppression by MDSCs compared to Sema7A deficient T cells. Live cell imaging and intravital 2-photon microscopy showed that the interaction time of MDSCs and Teff cells was shorter when MDSCs lacked VLA 1 expression, however VLA-1 expression had no impact on MDSC mobility. Therefore, the VLA-1-dependent interaction of MDSC and Teff cells on collagen IV in the splenic red pulp is implicated MDSC-mediated Teff cell suppression.
N2  - MDSCs sind suppressive Immunzellen mit hoher Relevanz bei verschiedenen Krankheiten, einschließlich Krebs, Autoimmunerkrankungen und chronischen Infektionen. Die Expression der Oberflächenmarker von MDSCs ähnelt Monozyten und Neutrophilen, welche im Gegensatz zu MDSCs immunstimulatorische Funktionen haben. Daher es wichtig für die Forschung und die therapeutische Manipulation von MDSCs, spezifische Oberflächenmarker für MDSCs zu identifizieren. In dieser Studie haben wir analysiert, ob das Integrin VLA-1 das ein möglicher neuer MDSC-Marker ist.
Effektor-T-Zellen und M-MDSCs, aber nicht G-MDSCs exprimierten VLA-1. VLA-1-Defizienz hatte keinen Einfluss auf die iNOS-Expression, die Verteilung der M-MDSC- und G-MDSC-Subpopulationen und die suppressive Kapazität von MDSCs gegenüber naiven und Effektor-T-Zellen in vitro. In Mäusen hatte VLA-1 keinen Einfluss auf die Fähigkeit zur zielgerichteten Migration von MDSCs zur Milz, welche ein wichtiges Reservoir für MDSCs ist. Da die rote Pulpa der Milz Kollagen IV enthält und VLA-1 Kollagen IV mit hoher Affinität bindet, fanden wir wie erwartet MDSCs und Effektor-T-Zellen in diesem Bereich. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die T Zell-Suppression in der Milz, indiziert durch verringerte T-Zell-Wiederfindung und  Proliferation sowie erhöhte Apoptose und Zelltod, teilweise von der VLA 1-Expression von MDSCs abhing. In einem Mausmodell für Multiple Sklerose führte die MDSC-Injektion vor Induktion der Krankheit zu einer Verringerung des Krankheits-Scores, und dieser Effekt war signifikant verringert, wenn MDSCs VLA-1-defizient waren. Die Expression von Sema7A durch Effektor-T-Zellen, ein Ligand für VLA-1, der mit negativer T Zell-Regulierung assoziiert ist, führte zu einer etwas stärkeren Effektor-T-Zell-Suppression durch MDSCs im Vergleich zu Sema7A-defizienten T-Zellen. Live-Cell-Imaging und intravitale 2-Photonen-Mikroskopie zeigten eine kürzere Interaktionszeit von MDSCs und Effektor-T-Zellen bei VLA-1 defizienten MDSCs, jedoch hatte die VLA-1-Expression keinen Einfluss auf die MDSC-Mobilität. Die Verwendung von VLA-1 bei der Identifizierungsstrategie von in vitro generierten MDSCs führte zu einer reineren Trennung von iNOS+ und Arg1+ Zellen von Zellen ohne Expression von Suppressormarkern. In Brusttumor-tragenden Mäusen und BCG-infizierten Mäusen, welche etablierte Modelle für die MDSC-Generierung in vivo sind, wurde VLA-1 nicht von endogenen MDSCs hochreguliert, daher ist VLA-1 möglicherweise kein geeigneter MDSC Marker in vivo. In BCG-infizierten Mäusen fanden wir CD16.2 (FcγRIV), welcher möglicherweise an der MDSC-vermittelten Immunsuppression beteiligt ist, in M-MDSCs und G-MDSCs hochreguliert, daher könnte CD16.2 ein neuer potenzieller MDSC-Marker in vivo sein. Die Analyse veröffentlichter RNA-Sequenzierungs- und Proteomikdaten von MDSCs ergab Markerkandidaten, die von MDSCs hochreguliert wurden, einschließlich VCAN und FCN1.
KW  - Immunologie
KW  - Immunsuppression
KW  - Maus
KW  - Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
KW  - Integrin
KW  - VLA-1
KW  - Homing
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319974
ER  -