TY - JOUR A1 - Oberdörfer, Sebastian A1 - Schraudt, David A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich T1 - Embodied gambling — investigating the influence of level of embodiment, avatar appearance, and virtual environment design on an online VR slot machine JF - Frontiers in Virtual Reality N2 - Slot machines are one of the most played games by players suffering from gambling disorder. New technologies like immersive Virtual Reality (VR) offer more possibilities to exploit erroneous beliefs in the context of gambling. Recent research indicates a higher risk potential when playing a slot machine in VR than on desktop. To continue this investigation, we evaluate the effects of providing different degrees of embodiment, i.e., minimal and full embodiment. The avatars used for the full embodiment further differ in their appearance, i.e., they elicit a high or a low socio-economic status. The virtual environment (VE) design can cause a potential influence on the overall gambling behavior. Thus, we also embed the slot machine in two different VEs that differ in their emotional design: a colorful underwater playground environment and a virtual counterpart of our lab. These design considerations resulted in four different versions of the same VR slot machine: 1) full embodiment with high socio-economic status, 2) full embodiment with low socio-economic status, 3) minimal embodiment playground VE, and 4) minimal embodiment laboratory VE. Both full embodiment versions also used the playground VE. We determine the risk potential by logging gambling frequency as well as stake size, and measuring harm-inducing factors, i.e., dissociation, urge to gamble, dark flow, and illusion of control, using questionnaires. Following a between groups experimental design, 82 participants played for 20 game rounds one of the four versions. We recruited our sample from the students enrolled at the University of Würzburg. Our safety protocol ensured that only participants without any recent gambling activity took part in the experiment. In this comparative user study, we found no effect of the embodiment nor VE design on neither the gambling frequency, stake sizes, nor risk potential. However, our results provide further support for the hypothesis of the higher visual angle on gambling stimuli and hence the increased emotional response being the true cause for the higher risk potential. KW - virtual reality KW - virtual environments KW - immersion KW - gambling KW - risks KW - embodiment KW - avatars Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284662 SN - 2673-4192 VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bartl, Andrea A1 - Wenninger, Stephan A1 - Wolf, Erik A1 - Botsch, Mario A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich T1 - Affordable but not cheap: a case study of the effects of two 3D-reconstruction methods of virtual humans JF - Frontiers in Virtual Reality N2 - Realistic and lifelike 3D-reconstruction of virtual humans has various exciting and important use cases. Our and others’ appearances have notable effects on ourselves and our interaction partners in virtual environments, e.g., on acceptance, preference, trust, believability, behavior (the Proteus effect), and more. Today, multiple approaches for the 3D-reconstruction of virtual humans exist. They significantly vary in terms of the degree of achievable realism, the technical complexities, and finally, the overall reconstruction costs involved. This article compares two 3D-reconstruction approaches with very different hardware requirements. The high-cost solution uses a typical complex and elaborated camera rig consisting of 94 digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras. The recently developed low-cost solution uses a smartphone camera to create videos that capture multiple views of a person. Both methods use photogrammetric reconstruction and template fitting with the same template model and differ in their adaptation to the method-specific input material. Each method generates high-quality virtual humans ready to be processed, animated, and rendered by standard XR simulation and game engines such as Unreal or Unity. We compare the results of the two 3D-reconstruction methods in an immersive virtual environment against each other in a user study. Our results indicate that the virtual humans from the low-cost approach are perceived similarly to those from the high-cost approach regarding the perceived similarity to the original, human-likeness, beauty, and uncanniness, despite significant differences in the objectively measured quality. The perceived feeling of change of the own body was higher for the low-cost virtual humans. Quality differences were perceived more strongly for one’s own body than for other virtual humans. KW - virtual humans KW - 3D-reconstruction methods KW - avatars KW - agents KW - user study Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260492 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gall, Dominik A1 - Roth, Daniel A1 - Stauffert, Jan-Philipp A1 - Zarges, Julian A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich T1 - Embodiment in Virtual Reality Intensifies Emotional Responses to Virtual Stimuli JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Modulating emotional responses to virtual stimuli is a fundamental goal of many immersive interactive applications. In this study, we leverage the illusion of illusory embodiment and show that owning a virtual body provides means to modulate emotional responses. In a single-factor repeated-measures experiment, we manipulated the degree of illusory embodiment and assessed the emotional responses to virtual stimuli. We presented emotional stimuli in the same environment as the virtual body. Participants experienced higher arousal, dominance, and more intense valence in the high embodiment condition compared to the low embodiment condition. The illusion of embodiment thus intensifies the emotional processing of the virtual environment. This result suggests that artificial bodies can increase the effectiveness of immersive applications psychotherapy, entertainment, computer-mediated social interactions, or health applications. KW - embodiment KW - virtual body ownership KW - avatars KW - agency KW - immersive interfaces KW - human-computer interaction KW - affective computing KW - emotions Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245624 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - THES A1 - Roth, Daniel T1 - Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Hybrid Interactions in Virtual Reality T1 - Intrapersonelle, Interpersonelle und Hybride Interaktionen in Virtual Reality N2 - Virtual reality and related media and communication technologies have a growing impact on professional application fields and our daily life. Virtual environments have the potential to change the way we perceive ourselves and how we interact with others. In comparison to other technologies, virtual reality allows for the convincing display of a virtual self-representation, an avatar, to oneself and also to others. This is referred to as user embodiment. Avatars can be of varying realism and abstraction in their appearance and in the behaviors they convey. Such userembodying interfaces, in turn, can impact the perception of the self as well as the perception of interactions. For researchers, designers, and developers it is of particular interest to understand these perceptual impacts, to apply them to therapy, assistive applications, social platforms, or games, for example. The present thesis investigates and relates these impacts with regard to three areas: intrapersonal effects, interpersonal effects, and effects of social augmentations provided by the simulation. With regard to intrapersonal effects, we specifically explore which simulation properties impact the illusion of owning and controlling a virtual body, as well as a perceived change in body schema. Our studies lead to the construction of an instrument to measure these dimensions and our results indicate that these dimensions are especially affected by the level of immersion, the simulation latency, as well as the level of personalization of the avatar. With regard to interpersonal effects we compare physical and user-embodied social interactions, as well as different degrees of freedom in the replication of nonverbal behavior. Our results suggest that functional levels of interaction are maintained, whereas aspects of presence can be affected by avatar-mediated interactions, and collaborative motor coordination can be disturbed by immersive simulations. Social interaction is composed of many unknown symbols and harmonic patterns that define our understanding and interpersonal rapport. For successful virtual social interactions, a mere replication of physical world behaviors to virtual environments may seem feasible. However, the potential of mediated social interactions goes beyond this mere replication. In a third vein of research, we propose and evaluate alternative concepts on how computers can be used to actively engage in mediating social interactions, namely hybrid avatar-agent technologies. Specifically, we investigated the possibilities to augment social behaviors by modifying and transforming user input according to social phenomena and behavior, such as nonverbal mimicry, directed gaze, joint attention, and grouping. Based on our results we argue that such technologies could be beneficial for computer-mediated social interactions such as to compensate for lacking sensory input and disturbances in data transmission or to increase aspects of social presence by visual substitution or amplification of social behaviors. Based on related work and presented findings, the present thesis proposes the perspective of considering computers as social mediators. Concluding from prototypes and empirical studies, the potential of technology to be an active mediator of social perception with regard to the perception of the self, as well as the perception of social interactions may benefit our society by enabling further methods for diagnosis, treatment, and training, as well as the inclusion of individuals with social disorders. To this regard, we discuss implications for our society and ethical aspects. This thesis extends previous empirical work and further presents novel instruments, concepts, and implications to open up new perspectives for the development of virtual reality, mixed reality, and augmented reality applications. N2 - Virtual Reality und weitere Medien- und Kommunikationstechnologien haben einen wachsenden Einfluss auf professionelle Anwendungsbereiche und unseren Alltag. Virtuelle Umgebungen haben das Potenzial, Einfluss darauf zu nehmen, wie Mensche sich selbst wahrnehmen und wie sie mit anderen umgehen. Im Vergleich zu anderen Technologien ermöglicht Virtual Reality die überzeugende Visualisierung einer virtuellen Selbstdarstellung, eines Avatars, sichtbar für den Nutzer/die Nutzerin selbst aber auch für andere. Dies bezeichnet man als Nutzerverk¨orperung. Avatare können von unterschiedlichem Realismus und Abstraktion in Bezug auf ihr Aussehen sowie der Darstellung von Verhaltensweisen geprägt sein. Solche nutzerverkörpernde Schnittstellen wiederum können die Wahrnehmung des Selbst sowie die Wahrnehmung von Interaktionen beeinflussen. Für Forscher/-innen, Designer/-innen und Entwickler/-innen ist es von besonderem Interesse, diese Wahrnehmungseffekte zu verstehen, um sie beispielsweise auf Therapie, assistive Anwendungen, soziale Plattformen oder Spiele anzuwenden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht und bezieht sich auf diese Auswirkungen in drei Bereichen: intrapersonelle Effekte, zwischenmenschliche Effekte sowie Effekte durch soziale Augmentierungen, die durch die Simulation bereitgestellt werden. Im Hinblick auf intrapersonelle Effekte widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit insbesondere der Frage, welche Simulationseigenschaften die Illusion des Besitzens/Innehabens und der Kontrolle eines virtuellen Körpers sowie eine wahrgenommene Veränderung des Körperschemas beeinflussen. Die vorgestellten Studien führen zur Konstruktion eines Instruments zur Erfassung dieser Dimensionen und die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die empfundene Verkörperung besonders von dem Grad der Immersion, der Simulationslatenz sowie dem Grad der Personalisierung des Avatars abhängt. Im Hinblick auf zwischenmenschliche Effekte vergleicht diese Dissertation physische (realweltliche) und virtuelle soziale Interaktionen sowie unterschiedliche Freiheitsgrade in der Replikation nonverbalen Verhaltens. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die funktionalen Ebenen der Interaktion aufrechterhalten werden, während Aspekte der Präsenz durch avatarvermittelte Interaktionen beeinflusst werden und die kollaborative motorische Koordination durch immersive Simulationen gestört werden kann. Die soziale Interaktion besteht aus vielen unbekannten Symbolen und harmonischen Mustern, die das menschliche Verst¨andnis und zwischenmenschliche Beziehungen definieren. Für erfolgreiche virtuelle soziale Interaktionen mag eine bloße Replikation von physikalischenWeltverhaltensweisen auf virtuelle Umgebungen m¨oglich erscheinen. Das Potenzial computervermittelter sozialer Interaktionen geht jedoch über diese bloße Replikation hinaus. Im dritten Bereich dieser Arbeit werden alternative Konzepte vorgeschlagen und evaluiert, wie Computer genutzt werden können, um eine aktive Rolle in sozialen Interaktionen einzunehmen. Diese Technologien werden als hybride Avatar-Agenten-Technologien definiert. Insbesondere wird untersucht, welche Möglichkeiten das soziale Verhalten zu erweitern emtstehen, indem die Verhaltensweisen der Benutzer/-innen entsprechend sozialer Ph¨anomene und Verhaltensweisen modifiziert und transformiert werden. Beispiele sind die nonverbale Spiegelung, der Fokus des Blicks, eine gemeinsame Aufmerksamkeit und die Gruppenbildung. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen argumentiert diese Arbeit, dass solche Technologien für computervermittelte soziale Interaktionen von Vorteil sein könnten, beispielsweise zum Ausgleich fehlender Sensorik, Störungen bei der Datenübertragung oder zur Verbesserung sozialer Präsenz durch visuelle Substitution oder Verstärkung des sozialen Verhaltens. Basierend auf verwandten Arbeiten und präsentierten Ergebnissen wird abgeleitet, dass Computer als soziale Mediatoren fungieren können. Ausgehend von Prototypen und empirischen Studien kann das Potenzial der Technologie, ein aktiver Vermittler in Bezug auf dieWahrnehmung des Selbst sowie dieWahrnehmung sozialer Interaktionen zu sein, unserer Gesellschaft zugutekommen. Dadurch können beispielsweise weitere Methoden zur Diagnose, der Behandlung und Ausbildung sowie der Inklusion von Menschen mit sozialen Störungen ermöglicht werden. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die Auswirkungen auf unsere Gesellschaft und ethische Aspekte diskutiert. Diese Arbeit erweitert frühere empirische Arbeiten und präasentiert darüber hinaus neue Instrumente, Konzepte und Implikationen, um neue Perspektiven für die Entwicklung von Virtual Reality, Mixed Reality und Augmented Reality Anwendungen zu beleuchten. KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation KW - virtual embodiment KW - virtual social interaction KW - hybrid avatar-agent systems KW - collaborative interaction KW - avatars KW - virtual reality KW - augmented reality KW - social artificial intelligence KW - Avatar KW - Künstliche Intelligenz Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-188627 ER -