TY - JOUR A1 - Zinner, Christoph A1 - Sperlich, Billy A1 - Wahl, Patrick A1 - Mester, Joachim T1 - Classification of selected cardiopulmonary variables of elite athletes of different age, gender, and disciplines during incremental exercise testing JF - SpringerPlus N2 - Incremental exercise testing is frequently used as a tool for evaluating determinants of endurance performance. The available reference values for the peak oxygen uptake \((VO_{2peak})\), % of \(VO_{2peak}\) , running speed at the lactate threshold \((v_{LT})\), running economy (RE), and maximal running speed \((v_{peak})\) for different age, gender, and disciplines are not sufficient for the elite athletic population. The key variables of 491 young athletes (age range 12–21 years; 250 males, 241 females) assessed during a running step test protocol \((2.4 m s^{−1} ; increase 0.4 m s^{−1} 5 min^{−1})\) were analysed in five subgroups, which were related to combat-, team-, endurance-, sprint- and power-, and racquet-related disciplines. Compared with female athletes, male athletes achieved a higher \(v_{peak}\) (P = 0.004). The body mass, lean body mass, height, abs. \(VO_{2peak} (ml min^{−1})\), rel. \(VO_{2peak} (ml kg^{−1} min^{−1})\), rel. \(VO_{2peak} (ml min^{−1} kg^{−0.75})\), and RE were higher in the male participants compared with the females (P < 0.01). The % of \(VO_2\) at \(v_{LT}\) was lower in the males compared with the females (P < 0.01). No differences between gender were detected for the \(v_{LT}\) (P = 0.17) and % of \(VO_2\) at \(v_{LT}\) (P = 0.42). This study is one of the first to provide a broad spectrum of data to classify nearly 500 elite athletes aged 12–21 years of both gender and different disciplines. KW - performance KW - data KW - competition KW - reference values Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126275 VL - 4 IS - 544 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sponsler, Douglas A1 - Kallnik, Katharina A1 - Requier, Fabrice A1 - Classen, Alice A1 - Maihoff, A. Fabienne A1 - Sieger, Johanna A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf T1 - Floral preferences of mountain bumble bees are constrained by functional traits but flexible through elevation and season JF - Oikos N2 - Patterns of resource use by animals can clarify how ecological communities have assembled in the past, how they currently function and how they are likely to respond to future perturbations. Bumble bees (Hymentoptera: Bombus spp.) and their floral hosts provide a diverse yet tractable system in which to explore resource selection in the context of plant–pollinator networks. Under conditions of resource limitation, the ability of bumble bees species to coexist should depend on dietary niche overlap. In this study, we report patterns and dynamics of floral morphotype preferences in a mountain bumble bee community based on ~13 000 observations of bumble bee floral visits recorded along a 1400 m elevation gradient. We found that bumble bees are highly selective generalists, rarely visiting floral morphotypes at the rates predicted by their relative abundances. Preferences also differed markedly across bumble bee species, and these differences were well-explained by variation in bumble bee tongue length, generating patterns of preference similarity that should be expected to predict competition under conditions of resource limitation. Within species, though, morphotype preferences varied by elevation and season, possibly representing adaptive flexibility in response to the high elevational and seasonal turnover of mountain floral communities. Patterns of resource partitioning among bumble bee communities may determine which species can coexist under the altered distributions of bumble bees and their floral hosts caused by climate and land use change. KW - resource selection KW - coexistence KW - competition KW - foraging KW - niche KW - pollinator Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259653 VL - 2022 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seibt, Beate A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Likowski, Katja U. A1 - Weyers, Peter T1 - Facial mimicry in its social setting JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In interpersonal encounters, individuals often exhibit changes in their own facial expressions in response to emotional expressions of another person. Such changes are often called facial mimicry. While this tendency first appeared to be an automatic tendency of the perceiver to show the same emotional expression as the sender, evidence is now accumulating that situation, person, and relationship jointly determine whether and for which emotions such congruent facial behavior is shown. We review the evidence regarding the moderating influence of such factors on facial mimicry with a focus on understanding the meaning of facial responses to emotional expressions in a particular constellation. From this, we derive recommendations for a research agenda with a stronger focus on the most common forms of encounters, actual interactions with known others, and on assessing potential mediators of facial mimicry. We conclude that facial mimicry is modulated by many factors: attention deployment and sensitivity, detection of valence, emotional feelings, and social motivations. We posit that these are the more proximal causes of changes in facial mimicry due to changes in its social setting. KW - cultural differences KW - political leaders KW - mimicry KW - cooperation KW - self-focused attention KW - emotional empathy KW - nonconscious mimicry KW - expressive displays KW - gender differences KW - speech anxiety KW - behavior KW - responses KW - facial expression KW - EMG KW - competition KW - mood Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151415 VL - 6 IS - 1122 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hovestadt, Thomas A1 - Poethke, Hans J. A1 - Messner, Stefan T1 - Variability in dispersal distances generates typical successional patterns: a simple simulation model N2 - More recently, it became clear that conclusions drawn from traditional ecological theory may be altered substantially if the spatial dimension of species interactions is considered explicitly. Regardless of the details of these models, spatially explicit simulations of ecological processes have nearly universally shown that spatial or spatio-temporal patterns in species distributions can emerge even from homogeneous starting conditions; limited dispersal is one of the key factors responsible for the development of such aggregated and patchy distributions (cf., Pacala 1986, Holmes et al. 1994, Molofsky 1994, Tilman 1994, Bascompte and Sole 1995, 1997, 1998, Jeltsch et al. 1999). In line with these ideas, we wish to draw attention to the fact that in heterogeneous landscapes differences in characteristic dispersal distances between species are a sufficient precondition for the emergence of a successional pattern. We will use a simple, spatially explicit simulation program to demonstrate the validity of this statement. We will also show that the speed of the successional progress depends on scale and heterogeneity in the distribution of suitable habitat. KW - community KW - competition KW - environments KW - habitats KW - life-history Y1 - 2000 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48178 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Horn, Melanie A1 - Mitesser, Oliver A1 - Hovestadt, Thomas A1 - Yoshii, Taishi A1 - Rieger, Dirk A1 - Helfrich-Förster, Charlotte T1 - The circadian clock improves fitness in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - It is assumed that a properly timed circadian clock enhances fitness, but only few studies have truly demonstrated this in animals. We raised each of the three classical Drosophila period mutants for >50 generations in the laboratory in competition with wildtype flies. The populations were either kept under a conventional 24-h day or under cycles that matched the mutant’s natural cycle, i.e., a 19-h day in the case of pers mutants and a 29-h day for perl mutants. The arrhythmic per0 mutants were grown together with wildtype flies under constant light that renders wildtype flies similar arrhythmic as the mutants. In addition, the mutants had to compete with wildtype flies for two summers in two consecutive years under outdoor conditions. We found that wildtype flies quickly outcompeted the mutant flies under the 24-h laboratory day and under outdoor conditions, but perl mutants persisted and even outnumbered the wildtype flies under the 29-h day in the laboratory. In contrast, pers and per0 mutants did not win against wildtype flies under the 19-h day and constant light, respectively. Our results demonstrate that wildtype flies have a clear fitness advantage in terms of fertility and offspring survival over the period mutants and – as revealed for perl mutants – this advantage appears maximal when the endogenous period resonates with the period of the environment. However, the experiments indicate that perl and pers persist at low frequencies in the population even under the 24-h day. This may be a consequence of a certain mating preference of wildtype and heterozygous females for mutant males and time differences in activity patterns between wildtype and mutants. KW - competition KW - mutants KW - resonance theory KW - mating preference KW - fertility Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-195738 SN - 1664-042X VL - 10 IS - 1374 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gottberg, Hans-Döring von T1 - Wirkungsanalyse der gesetzlichen Buchpreisbindung in Deutschland T1 - Analysis of the effects of statutory retail price maintenance for books in Germany N2 - Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Preisbindung auf dem deutschen Buchmarkt. Diese stellt eine absolute Ausnahmesituation dar, da sie für andere Wirtschaftszweige per se verboten ist. Das gilt umso mehr, als im Jahr 2002 das Preisbindungsgesetz eingeführt wurde und alle Verlage ihre Bücher – mit wenigen Ausnahmen – nunmehr preisbinden müssen. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser Rahmenbedingungen setzt eine Wirkungsanalyse bei den Auswirkungen der Preisbindung auf das Preis-, Serviceniveau und die Branchendynamik an. Die Gegenüberstellung einer Situation mit und ohne Preisbindung wird dadurch erschwert, dass empirische Belege spärlich sind, da die Preisbindung seit über 100 Jahren den deutschen Buchmarkt bestimmt. Zunächst werden Lücken im Preisbindungsgesetz herausgearbeitet, die den Spielraum für noch möglichen Preiswettbewerb aufzeigen. Als Kernstück der Arbeit werden stilisierte Aussagen zum Verhaltenspotential der Marktakteure durch ein eigenes theoretisches Modell ermittelt. Dabei sind im zentralen Vergleich der Preisbindung mit einer preisbindungsfreien Situation die Resultate nicht eindeutig. Eine Aufhebung der Preisbindung hat danach keine eindeutige Wirkung auf die Entwicklung von Preisen und Service. Je nach Bedeutung der Preis- und Servicesensitivitäten bei latenten versus fluktuierenden Nachfragesituationen können sich Preise und Service unterschiedlich entwickeln. Entgegen der häufigen Aussagen in der politischen Diskussion können nach Aufhebung der Preisbindung Preise und Serviceniveau auch ansteigen, wenn der Servicewettbewerb zur Gewinnung von Kunden einen hohen Stellenwert hat. Das Aussagenspektrum bekommt einen Branchenbezug durch Berücksichtigung von ökonomischen Prozessen, insbesondere produktions- und vertriebsspezifischen Besonderheiten des Buchmarktes. Dynamische, gerade auch preisbindungsabhängige Entwicklungen werden aufgezeigt, die mit einem positiven Effizienzbeitrag die grundsätzliche effizienzmindernde Wirkung einer Preisbindung zumindest abmildern. Zu nennen ist hier u.a. eine Transaktionskosten mindernde enge Verzahnung des stationären Bucheinzelhandels mit dem Großhandel. Erkennbar ist aber auch eine Entwicklung, in der ein zunehmender Marktanteil von Geschäftsmodellen mit niedrigpreisigen bzw. preisbindungsfreien Büchern. Konsumenten erhalten damit eine größere Wahlmöglichkeit zwischen preis- und serviceinduzierten Angeboten. Fallstudien von größeren Unternehmen des Buchhandels bekräftigen die Vermutung, dass trotz Preisbindung die Flanke „Konzentration im Buchhandel“ weiterhin offen ist. Gerade von Seite der Großunternehmen wird mittels spezifischen Geschäftsmodellen im Ergebnis die Preisbindung partiell außer Kraft gesetzt. N2 - The subject of this thesis is retail price maintenance (RPM) in the German book market. This is an exceptional situation, since the practice is forbidden in other sectors of the economy. This applies all the more, since new legislation in the year 2002 requires all publishers – with very few exceptions – to fix prices for their books. This analysis considers the effects of RPM on the price, the level of service and the market sector dynamics. A comparison of the situation with and without RPM is hampered by a lack of empirical research, since the German book market has been subject to price maintenance for over 100 years. Firstly, legal exceptions, allowing some margin for price competition are investigated. In the central part of the thesis, a theoretical model is developed in order to predict the behaviour of participants in the market. In the principal comparison between a regulated and an unregulated price system, this model does not lead to any unambiguous conclusions. Accordingly, the abolition of RPM would not have any clear cut effect on the levels of price or of service. The levels of price and service may develop differently in situations of latent or of fluctuating demand, depending on the relative importance of price and service. In contrast to frequently stated political opinions, levels of price and service may even rise after abolition of RPM, if competition in service proves important in winning new customers. The conclusions are reached under consideration of the specific economic processes, in particular production and marketing, in the book industry. Dynamic effects resulting from RPM are shown, whose positive impact on efficiency help to counteract the fundamental tendency of RPM to promote inefficiency in the market. Worthy of mention is the reduction of transaction costs resulting from the close coupling between the retail and wholesale markets. On the other hand, an increasing market share is being gained by business models dealing in books with low or unregulated prices. This results in a greater choice between service oriented and price oriented book dealers. Case studies by large book dealers have strengthened the assumption, that there is still scope for greater concentration in the book market. Furthermore, large book dealers are able to develop specific business models which partially undermine the statutory price maintenance. KW - Deutschland KW - Buchpreis KW - Preisbindung KW - Preisbindung KW - Buchmarkt KW - Wettbewerb KW - Service KW - Verlag KW - retail price maintenance KW - book market KW - competition KW - service KW - publishing house Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13657 ER -