TY - JOUR A1 - Nyamekye, Clement A1 - Thiel, Michael A1 - Schönbrodt-Stitt, Sarah A1 - Zoungrana, Benewinde J.-B. A1 - Amekudzi, Leonard K. T1 - Soil and water conservation in Burkina Faso, West Africa JF - Sustainability N2 - Inadequate land management and agricultural activities have largely resulted in land degradation in Burkina Faso. The nationwide governmental and institutional driven implementation and adoption of soil and water conservation measures (SWCM) since the early 1960s, however, is expected to successively slow down the degradation process and to increase the agricultural output. Even though relevant measures have been taken, only a few studies have been conducted to quantify their effect, for instance, on soil erosion and environmental restoration. In addition, a comprehensive summary of initiatives, implementation strategies, and eventually region-specific requirements for adopting different SWCM is missing. The present study therefore aims to review the different SWCM in Burkina Faso and implementation programs, as well as to provide information on their effects on environmental restoration and agricultural productivity. This was achieved by considering over 143 studies focusing on Burkina Faso’s experience and research progress in areas of SWCM and soil erosion. SWCM in Burkina Faso have largely resulted in an increase in agricultural productivity and improvement in food security. Finally, this study aims at supporting the country’s informed decision-making for extending already existing SWCM and for deriving further implementation strategies. KW - soil and water conservation KW - environmental degradation KW - agricultural productivity KW - food security KW - soil erosion KW - Burkina Faso Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197653 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 10 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zoungrana, Benewinde Jean-Bosco A1 - Conrad, Christopher A1 - Amekudzi, Leonard K. A1 - Thiel, Michael A1 - Dapola Da, Evariste A1 - Forkuor, Gerald A1 - Löw, Fabian T1 - Multi-Temporal Landsat Images and Ancillary Data for Land Use/Cover Change (LULCC) Detection in the Southwest of Burkina Faso, West Africa JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Accurate quantification of land use/cover change (LULCC) is important for efficient environmental management, especially in regions that are extremely affected by climate variability and continuous population growth such as West Africa. In this context, accurate LULC classification and statistically sound change area estimates are essential for a better understanding of LULCC processes. This study aimed at comparing mono-temporal and multi-temporal LULC classifications as well as their combination with ancillary data and to determine LULCC across the heterogeneous landscape of southwest Burkina Faso using accurate classification results. Landsat data (1999, 2006 and 2011) and ancillary data served as input features for the random forest classifier algorithm. Five LULC classes were identified: woodland, mixed vegetation, bare surface, water and agricultural area. A reference database was established using different sources including high-resolution images, aerial photo and field data. LULCC and LULC classification accuracies, area and area uncertainty were computed based on the method of adjusted error matrices. The results revealed that multi-temporal classification significantly outperformed those solely based on mono-temporal data in the study area. However, combining mono-temporal imagery and ancillary data for LULC classification had the same accuracy level as multi-temporal classification which is an indication that this combination is an efficient alternative to multi-temporal classification in the study region, where cloud free images are rare. The LULCC map obtained had an overall accuracy of 92%. Natural vegetation loss was estimated to be 17.9% ± 2.5% between 1999 and 2011. The study area experienced an increase in agricultural area and bare surface at the expense of woodland and mixed vegetation, which attests to the ongoing deforestation. These results can serve as means of regional and global land cover products validation, as they provide a new validated data set with uncertainty estimates in heterogeneous ecosystems prone to classification errors. KW - Burkina Faso KW - West Africa KW - multi-temporal images KW - mono-temporal image KW - ancillary data KW - LULCC Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125866 VL - 7 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knauer, Kim A1 - Gessner, Ursula A1 - Fensholt, Rasmus A1 - Forkuor, Gerald A1 - Kuenzer, Claudia T1 - Monitoring agricultural expansion in Burkina Faso over 14 years with 30 m resolution time series: the role of population growth and implications for the environment JF - Remote Sensing N2 - Burkina Faso ranges amongst the fastest growing countries in the world with an annual population growth rate of more than three percent. This trend has consequences for food security since agricultural productivity is still on a comparatively low level in Burkina Faso. In order to compensate for the low productivity, the agricultural areas are expanding quickly. The mapping and monitoring of this expansion is difficult, even on the basis of remote sensing imagery, since the extensive farming practices and frequent cloud coverage in the area make the delineation of cultivated land from other land cover and land use types a challenging task. However, as the rapidly increasing population could have considerable effects on the natural resources and on the regional development of the country, methods for improved mapping of LULCC (land use and land cover change) are needed. For this study, we applied the newly developed ESTARFM (Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model) framework to generate high temporal (8-day) and high spatial (30 m) resolution NDVI time series for all of Burkina Faso for the years 2001, 2007, and 2014. For this purpose, more than 500 Landsat scenes and 3000 MODIS scenes were processed with this automated framework. The generated ESTARFM NDVI time series enabled extraction of per-pixel phenological features that all together served as input for the delineation of agricultural areas via random forest classification at 30 m spatial resolution for entire Burkina Faso and the three years. For training and validation, a randomly sampled reference dataset was generated from Google Earth images and based on expert knowledge. The overall accuracies of 92% (2001), 91% (2007), and 91% (2014) indicate the well-functioning of the applied methodology. The results show an expansion of agricultural area of 91% between 2001 and 2014 to a total of 116,900 km\(^2\). While rainfed agricultural areas account for the major part of this trend, irrigated areas and plantations also increased considerably, primarily promoted by specific development projects. This expansion goes in line with the rapid population growth in most provinces of Burkina Faso where land was still available for an expansion of agricultural area. The analysis of agricultural encroachment into protected areas and their surroundings highlights the increased human pressure on these areas and the challenges of environmental protection for the future. KW - remote sensing KW - Africa KW - agriculture KW - Burkina Faso KW - data fusion KW - ESTARFM framework KW - irrigation KW - land surface phenology KW - Landsat KW - MODIS KW - plantation KW - protected areas KW - TIMESAT Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171905 VL - 9 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Walz, Yvonne A1 - Wegmann, Martin A1 - Dech, Stefan A1 - Vounastou, Penelope A1 - Poda, Jean-Noel A1 - N'Goran, Eliézer K. A1 - Raso, Giovanna A1 - Utzinger, Jürg T1 - Modeling and Validation of Environmental Suitability for Schistosomiasis Transmission Using Remote Sensing JF - PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases N2 - Background Schistosomiasis is the most widespread water-based disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Transmission is governed by the spatial distribution of specific freshwater snails that act as intermediate hosts and human water contact patterns. Remote sensing data have been utilized for spatially explicit risk profiling of schistosomiasis. We investigated the potential of remote sensing to characterize habitat conditions of parasite and intermediate host snails and discuss the relevance for public health. Methodology We employed high-resolution remote sensing data, environmental field measurements, and ecological data to model environmental suitability for schistosomiasis-related parasite and snail species. The model was developed for Burkina Faso using a habitat suitability index (HSI). The plausibility of remote sensing habitat variables was validated using field measurements. The established model was transferred to different ecological settings in Côte d’Ivoire and validated against readily available survey data from school-aged children. Principal Findings Environmental suitability for schistosomiasis transmission was spatially delineated and quantified by seven habitat variables derived from remote sensing data. The strengths and weaknesses highlighted by the plausibility analysis showed that temporal dynamic water and vegetation measures were particularly useful to model parasite and snail habitat suitability, whereas the measurement of water surface temperature and topographic variables did not perform appropriately. The transferability of the model showed significant relations between the HSI and infection prevalence in study sites of Côte d’Ivoire. Conclusions/Significance A predictive map of environmental suitability for schistosomiasis transmission can support measures to gain and sustain control. This is particularly relevant as emphasis is shifting from morbidity control to interrupting transmission. Further validation of our mechanistic model needs to be complemented by field data of parasite- and snail-related fitness. Our model provides a useful tool to monitor the development of new hotspots of potential schistosomiasis transmission based on regularly updated remote sensing data. KW - schistosomiasis KW - Burkina Faso KW - remote sensing KW - surface water KW - habitats KW - agricultural irrigation KW - rivers KW - snails Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125845 VL - 9 IS - 11 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zirkel, Janina T1 - Malaria in Burkina Faso – Chancen für eine neue Strategie mit Hilfe von Methylenblau T1 - Malaria in Burkina Faso - Evaluation of new strategies with methylene blue N2 - Trotz beträchtlicher Anstrengung Malaria zu kontrollieren bzw. zu eradizieren, stellt die Krankheit weiterhin eines der gravierendsten Gesundheitsprobleme unseres Jahrtausends dar. Malaria fordert jährlich zwischen 0,7 und 2,7 Millionen Menschenleben, beeinträchtigt schulische und soziale Entwicklung und hemmt erheblich das Wirtschaftswachstum der betroffenen Länder. In Burkina Faso, einem der ärmsten Länder der Welt, ist Malaria eines der größten Gesundheitsprobleme und ca. ein Drittel aller Todesfälle werden hier Malaria angelastet. Die sich weiter ausbreiteten Resistenzen gegen die gängigen Malariamedikamente machen die Bekämpfung der Malaria zunehmend schwierig. Artemisinin basierende Kombinationstherapien sind aktuell, trotz relativ hoher Therapiekosten und erster Resistenzen, die Erstlinien Behandlung. Effektive und billige neue Kombinationstherapien werden dringend benötigt. In dieser Doktorarbeit wurde das Resistenzpotential von Artemisinin modelliert. Die Homologiemodellierungen unterstützen die These von Krishna und Kollegen von SERCA als einzige Zielstruktur von Artemisinin. Des Weiteren wurde Methylenblau als neues altes Malariamittel evaluiert. Methylenblau ist das erste gegen Malaria eingesetzte Medikament, agiert als ein prooxidatives Agens und inhibiert selektiv und nicht-kompetitiv die P. falciparum Glutathion Reduktase. Die additiven und multiplen Zielprotein Effekte von Methylenblau wurden experimentell untersucht und hier in einem bioinformatischem Modell getestet. Unter dem Einfluss von Methylenblau werden einige Schlüsselenzyme des Redoxstoffwechsels in ihrer Aktivität beeinträchtigt und der Parasit wird verstärkt oxidativem Stress ausgesetzt. Des Weiteren konnte in dieser Dr. Arbeit eine starke Kooperationsbereitschaft der urbanen und ländlichen Bevölkerung an zukünftigen Malaria Projekten gezeigt werden. N2 - Dispite numerous global efforts malaria remains one of the biggest challenges of our millennium. Between 0,7-2,7 million people die from malaria each year. The disease is estimated to be responsible for an annual reduction of economic growth and hampers social und mental development. In Burkina Faso, one of the poorest countries in the world, malaria is the main health challenge and malaria is estimated to be responsible for one third of all death there. The fight against malaria has to cope with more and more resistance. Artemisinin-based combination therapies remain the first line treatment against malaria even when therapy is expensive and resistances are starting to appear. Effective and cheap combination therapies are needed. In this thesis resistance potential of the standard drug Artemisinin was modelled. The structure model data support the results by Krishna and co-workers that this is a principal target for Artemisinins. Furthermore the complementary aspects in order to introduce methylene blue (MB) combination therapies were examined. Methylene blue, the first synthetic drug ever used against malaria, is a subversive substrate and specific inhibitor of P. falciparum glutathione reductase. The additive and multi-target effects of MB are here both modelled and tested regarding redox network attack in the malaria parasite. Under the influence of MB enzyme participating in redox protection are switched of and the parasite is exposed to oxidative stress. Furthermore it could be shown a convincing commitment of rural and urban populations in Burkina Faso to eradicate malaria using a MB combination drug. KW - Methylenblau KW - Malaria KW - Burkina Faso KW - Malaria KW - Burkina Faso KW - methylene blue Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72583 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Tiegna, Janneke A1 - Zanté, Nestor T1 - Forschung über Bürgerwehren in Burkina Faso: Herausforderungen und Strategien des Feldzugangs T1 - Research on Vigilantes in Burkina Faso: Challenges and Strategies of Field Access N2 - Dieses Working Paper veranschaulicht, wie sich die beiden Forscher*innen Janneke Tiegna und Nestor Zanté des Teilprojekts F „Lokale Selbstregelungen für die Herstellung von Sicherheit: Bürgerwehren in Burkina Faso“, während ihres bisherigen Forschungsaufenthalts von September 2019 bis Februar 2020 Zugang in ihre Forschungsgemeinden im Westen und Süden Burkina Fasos verschafft haben. Zanté forschte zu der Selbstverteidigungsgruppe Koglwéogo und Tiegna zu den Dozo-Jäger*innen. Dieses Working Paper erklärt zunächst die Zielgruppe und die Forschungsgebiete und geht dabei kurz auf das Forschungsinteresse ein. Es folgen Erläuterungen zur Vorbereitung auf den Feldaufenthalt. Ausführlich werden die Herausforderungen der Forschung über diese sensible Thematik erläutert sowie Abwehrreaktionen und Widerstände im Feld dargestellt. Anschließend erklären Tiegna und Zanté, mit wel-chen Strategien sie diesen Herausforderungen begegnet sind. N2 - This working paper illustrates how the two researchers, Janneke Tiegna and Nestor Zanté, of Subproject F, „Local Self-Governance for the Provision of Security: Vigilantes in Burkina Faso”, gained access to their research communities in western and southern Burkina Faso during their research stay from September 2019 to February 2020. Zanté conducted research on the Koglwéogo self-defence group and Tiegna on the Dozo hunters. This working paper explains first the target group and the research areas while briefly discussing the research interest. This is followed by explanations of how to prepare for the field visit. The challenges of conducting research on this sensitive topic are explained in detail, and defence reactions and resistance in the field are presented. Tiegna and Zanté then explain the strategies they used to meet these challenges. T3 - LoSAM Working Papers - 4 KW - Burkina Faso KW - Bürgerwehr KW - Ethnologie KW - Feldforschung KW - Koglwéogo KW - Dozo KW - lokale Selbstregelungen KW - ethnography KW - field research KW - Burkina Faso KW - vigilantes KW - Koglwéogo KW - Dozo Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240575 SN - 2698-2684 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stein, Katharina A1 - Coulibaly, Drissa A1 - Stenchly, Kathrin A1 - Goetze, Dethardt A1 - Porembski, Stefan A1 - Lindner, André A1 - Konaté, Souleymane A1 - Linsenmair, Eduard K. T1 - Bee pollination increases yield quantity and quality of cash crops in Burkina Faso, West Africa JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Mutualistic biotic interactions as among flowering plants and their animal pollinators are a key component of biodiversity. Pollination, especially by insects, is a key element in ecosystem functioning, and hence constitutes an ecosystem service of global importance. Not only sexual reproduction of plants is ensured, but also yields are stabilized and genetic variability of crops is maintained, counteracting inbreeding depression and facilitating system resilience. While experiencing rapid environmental change, there is an increased demand for food and income security, especially in sub-Saharan communities, which are highly dependent on small scale agriculture. By combining exclusion experiments, pollinator surveys and field manipulations, this study for the first time quantifies the contribution of bee pollinators to smallholders’ production of the major cash crops, cotton and sesame, in Burkina Faso. Pollination by honeybees and wild bees significantly increased yield quantity and quality on average up to 62%, while exclusion of pollinators caused an average yield gap of 37% in cotton and 59% in sesame. Self-pollination revealed inbreeding depression effects on fruit set and low germination rates in the F1-generation. Our results highlight potential negative consequences of any pollinator decline, provoking risks to agriculture and compromising crop yields in sub-Saharan West Africa. KW - bees KW - pollination KW - Burkina Faso KW - cash crops KW - cotton KW - sesame Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169914 VL - 7 IS - 17691 ER - TY - THES A1 - Marx, Philipp T1 - Aus der Isolation zur Regionalmacht – Eine Analyse der Außenpolitik Burkina Fasos unter Blaise Compaoré T1 - From Isolation to Regional Power - An Analysis of Burkina Faso's Foreign Policy under Blaise Compaoré N2 - Ganze 27 Jahre lang regierte Blaise Compaoré die westafrikanische Republik Burkina Faso. Am 15. Oktober 1987 putschte er sich mit Hilfe eines von ihm angeleiteten Staatsstreichs, bei dem sein Vorgänger Thomas Sankara ermordet wurde, an die Macht. Die außenpolitische Ausgangssituation Burkina Fasos zu Beginn der Amtszeit Blaise Compaorés war verheerend: Die anti-kapitalistische Außenpolitik Sankaras hatte den rohstoffarmen Binnenstaat von seinen wichtigsten politischen und wirtschaftlichen Partnern isoliert und die neue Regierung war durch den gewalttätigen Staatsstreich international gebrandmarkt. Trotz dieser außenpolitisch schwierigen Ausgangslage entwickelte sich Blaise Compaoré im Zeitverlauf seiner präsidialen Amtszeit zu der zentralen Figur der regionalen Diplomatie in Westafrika. Er konnte in den 2000er Jahren durch Konfliktmediationen im unmittelbaren geografischen Umfeld Burkina Fasos eine Führungsrolle in der westafrikanischen Subregion einnehmen. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die außenpolitischen Entwicklungen Burkina Fasos während der präsidialen Amtszeit Blaise Compaorés. Der Fokus der Analyse liegt auf der Frage, wie sich Burkina Faso unter Blaise Compaoré als Regionalmacht in Westafrika etablieren konnte. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die außenpolitischen Mittel, mit denen Blaise Compaoré die Grundsituation der politischen Isolation seines Amtsantritts in eine regionale Führungsrolle in Westafrika umwandeln konnte, herausgestellt. N2 - Blaise Compaoré ruled the West African Republic of Burkina Faso for 27 years. On 15 October 1987, he seized power with the help of a coup d'état instructed by him in which his predecessor Thomas Sankara was murdered. At the beginning of Blaise Compaoré's term of office, Burkina Faso‘s initial foreign policy situation was devastating: The resource-poor and landlocked country was isolated from its most important political and economic partners because of Sankara’s anti-capitalistic foreign policy, and the new government was internationally branded by the violent coup. Despite the difficulty of this initial situation, Blaise Compaoré became the central figure of regional diplomacy in West Africa over the course of his presidential term of office. Through conflict mediation in Burkina Faso's immediate geographical surroundings he was able to take a leading role in the West African subregion in the 2000s. This paper analyzes the developments of Burkina Faso’s foreign policy during Blaise Compaoré's presidential term. The analysis focuses on the question of how Burkina Faso was able to establish itself as a regional power in West Africa under the reign of Blaise Compaoré. In this context the means that enabled Blaise Compaoré to transform the initial situation of political isolation of his inauguration into a regional leadership role in West Africa are highlighted. T3 - Schriftenreihe Junges Afrikazentrum (JAZ) - 9 KW - Burkina Faso KW - Außenpolitikanalyse KW - Foreign Policy KW - Foreign Policy Analysis KW - Außenpolitik KW - Blaise Compaoré KW - Westafrika KW - Konflikt Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-204647 SN - 2199-4315 ER -