TY - THES A1 - Thüner, Cornelia T1 - Outcome von Ertrinkungsunfällen in Abhängigkeit von der Ursache und der Erstversorgung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland T1 - Outcome of drowning accidents depending on causes and resuscitation in Germany N2 - Ertrinkungsunfälle sind nicht nur in den USA und Australien, sondern auch in Deutschland ein häufiges Unfallgeschehen, vor allem im Kleinkindesalter. Im Alter von ein bis fünf Jahren stellt der Ertrinkungsunfall in Deutschland sogar die häufigste nichtnatürliche Todesursache dar. Durch die Verbesserung der intensivmedizinischen Maßnahmen, insbesondere der Beatmungstechnik sind die Überlebenschancen gestiegen, leider aber auf Kosten der Morbidität mit neurologisch geschädigten Patienten und im schlimmsten Fall dem apallischen Syndrom. Ziel dieser Studie war, mit epidemiologisch aussagekräftigen Zahlen Ursachen und Folgen von Ertrinkungsunfällen zu untersuchen, um Präventionsstrategien zu erarbeiten. Dazu wurden in einem 2 – Jahreszeitraum Daten von 734 Ertrinkungsunfällen in Deutschland mittels Fragebögen gesammelt und erstmalig ein derart hohes Patientengut mit Hilfe statistischer Tests ausgewertet. 40,2% der Kinder waren zum Zeitpunkt des Ertrinkungsunfalls zwischen ein und drei Jahre alt. Abgesehen von den Warmwasserunfällen in Badewanne und Planschbecken erlitten Knaben weitaus häufiger einen Ertrinkungsunfall. Beinahe – Ertrinkungsunfälle traten in jeder Jahreszeit auf, allerdings mit einem deutlichen Gipfel in den Sommermonaten. Bevorzugt ereigneten sie sich an einem Wochenend- oder Feiertag und in über 50% in den Nachmittagsstunden, abgesehen von den Ertrinkungsunfällen im Säuglingsalter, die in 60% abends ab 18 Uhr geschahen. Als risikoreichstes Gebiet mußten öffentliche Bäder sowie der häusliche Bereich gesehen werden, wobei hier der private Gartenteich mit 22,4% an oberster Stelle rangierte, in denen vorwiegend Kleinkinder mit 48,5% vor allem in den Frühjahrsmonaten ertranken. Ertrinkungsunfälle fanden in jeder denkbaren Wasserstelle statt, selbst bei einer Wassertiefe von minimal 3 cm. Salzwasserunfälle spielten mit 1% eine untergeordnete Rolle. Häufigste Ursache eines Ertrinkungsunfalls war in 56,2% mangelnde Aufsicht. Krampfanfälle waren in nur 1,2% für einen Ertrinkungsunfall verantwortlich, führten aber häufig zu schwerer Beeinträchtigung (100% ateminsuffiziente und 2/3 kreislaufinstabile Kinder) und betrafen mehr Mädchen als Jungen. In 69,3% wurden die Erstmaßnahmen am Unfallort von Laien ausgeführt, in nur 4,7% von Ärzten, die allerdings in 85,6% den Transport zur Klinik leiteten. Eine kardiopulmonale Reanimation mußte in 31,5% aller Ertrinkungsunfälle am Unfallort durchgeführt werden, wobei in 47,8% Kleinkinder betroffen waren. In 13,2% war eine weitere kardiopulmonale Reanimation in der Klinik notwendig. 29,5% der Kinder wurden am Unfallort intubiert und gelangten beatmet in die Klinik. Unabhängig von der Wassertemperatur führten Ertrinkungsunfälle zu Unterkühlung, wobei 75,9% der Kinder mit schwerster Hypothermie unter 28 °C Kleinkinder waren. In 2,7% trat im weiteren stationären Verlauf eine derartige Verschlechterung der pulmonalen Situation auf, dass eine Beatmung notwendig wurde, wobei der Hälfte der Fälle ein ARDS zugrunde lag. Insgesamt entstand ein ARDS in 11,3% und führte in 36,8% zum Tod, konnte andererseits aber auch in 31,5% gesund überlebt werden. Ein Hirnödem entwickelte sich in 16,9%, wovon 48,7% der Verläufe letal waren und 17,1% der Fälle zu einer völligen Genesung führten. Insgesamt führte ein Ertrinkungsunfall in 11,5% zum Tod, in 4% zum apallischen Syndrom und in 5,5% zu neurologischen Defiziten. 79,1% der Kinder überlebten den Beinahe – Ertrinkungsunfall gesund. Erschreckend ist die hohe Mortalität im Kleinkindesalter von 13,3%. Prognostisch günstige Faktoren waren stabile Kreislaufparameter und erhaltene Atmung am Unfallort ( > 98% gesund Kinder) sowie Normothermie bis leichte Hypothermie bis minimal 33 °C (88,9% gesunde Kinder). Insgesamt sollten Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Ertrinkungsunfällen in Deutschland verstärkt werden, in dem die Sorgeberechtigten hinsichtlich Gefahrenstellen, vor allem im häuslichen Bereich sowie der Notwendigkeit der ständigen Beaufsichtigung kleiner Kinder aufgeklärt und in Erste – Hilfe – Maßnahmen eingewiesen werden. N2 - Drowning accidents are not only common in the USA and Australia, but also in Germany, especially with toddlers. They are even the leading cause of injury death among pre-school children aged one to five. Due to a better understanding of near-drowning accidents and technical progress in medical care, particularly improved mechanical ventilation techniques, the chances of survival have risen, unfortunately at expense of an increase in morbidity of drowning victims suffering from neurological impairment, though. In the worst case these victims remain in a persistent vegetative state. The goal of this study was to examine causes and effects of drowning accidents on the basis of epidemiologically relevant figures in order to compile preventive strategies. Within two years, data of 734 childhood drownings that occurred in Germany were collected by means of questionnaires and, for the first time, such a high number of patient data was evaluated by means of statistic tests. 40.2 % of the children were between one and three years old at the time of the drowning accident. Apart from warm water accidents in bath tub and wading pools, near-drowning accidents occurred twice as likely with boys than with girls. Childhood drownings happened in each season, especially in summer. They occurred predominantly on a weekend or on a holiday and in over 50 % of the cases in the afternoon, apart from the submersion incidents of pre-ambulatory infants, 60 % of which happened after 6 pm. High-risk areas were public baths as well as private homes, with ponds ranking highest (22.4 %). Here, in 48.5 % of all cases, toddlers aged one to three drowned in spring time. Drowning accidents took place in each conceivable location, even in water as little as 3 cm deep. With 1 %, salt water accidents played a subordinate role. The most frequent cause of immersion accidents was a momentary lapse of supervision (56.2 %). Seizures were responsible for a submersion incident in only 1.2 % of all cases, but they frequently resulted in heavy impairment (100 % respiratory failure and 2/3 cardiac arrest) and concerned more girls than boys. In 69.3 % of all cases rescue was implemented by laymen, in only 4.7 % by physicians, supervising 85.6 % of all transports to pediatric facilities, though. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation had to be carried out at the submersion site in 31.5 % of all near-drowning accidents; in 47.8 % of all cases toddlers were involved. 13.2 % of all submersion incidents required an additional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in hospitals; 29.5 % of the children had to be intubated at the scene and ventilated on their way to hospital. Independently of the water temperature drowning accidents caused hypothermia, profound hypothermia of less than 28°C affecting 75.9 % of all toddlers. In 2.7 % of all near-drowning accidents pulmonary deterioration occurred during hospitalization and afforded intubations and mechanical ventilation, whereby an ARDS was the basis for half of the cases. On the whole, ARDS developed with 11.3 % of all near-drowning victims, led to death in 36,8% of all cases, but was overcome in 31,5 % of all near-drowning accidents. 16.9 % of all patients developed cerebral edema, which was lethal in 48.7% and led to a complete recovery of the patient in 17.1 % of all cases. On the whole, 11.5 % of the children drowned, 4% of the near-drowning accidents resulted in a vegetative state, and 5.5 % of the cases caused permanent neurological damage. 79.1 % of the children had an intact survival after the near-drowning accident. The high death rate of toddlers aged one to three (13.3 % of all submersion incidents) is really frightening. Children were most likely to survive when they showed spontaneous breathing and cardiac activity at the accident site (98 % of these had a full recovery) as well as normal body temperature or mild hypothermia down to a temperature of 33°C (88.9 % of these survived intact). Summing up it may be said that effective preventive measures should be evaluated in Germany in order to avoid drowning accidents, by educating child care providers about drowning risk factors, particularly in private homes, as well as the necessity for constant supervision of young children, and by instructing them in cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. KW - Ertrinkungsunfälle KW - Beinahe - Ertrinkungsunfälle KW - ARDS KW - Hirnödem KW - Reanimation KW - drowning KW - near drowning KW - ARDS KW - brain edema KW - resuscitation Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-10667 ER - TY - THES A1 - Raslan, Furat T1 - Pathomechanismen und Therapie der Kallikrein-Kinin-System vermittelten Hirnödembildung nach Neurotrauma T1 - Blockade of bradykinin receptor B1 reduces brain injury in a mouse model of neurotrauma N2 - In einem experimentellen Schädel-Hirn-Trauma-Modell der fokalen Kälteläsion bei der Maus wurde die Effektivität der B1R-Blockade untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung dokumentierten auf der Suche nach einer grundlegenden spezifischen Therapie des vasogenen traumatischen Hirnödems die B1R-Blockade als einen potentiellen Ansatz zu Reduktion der sekundären Hirn-schäden. Zum Einen konnte durch die selektive Blockade von B1R mit dem Präparat R-715 nach einer fokalen Kälteläsion im Mausmodell die Hirnschädigung um etwa 75 % gegenüber den Tieren der Kontrollgruppen reduziert werden. Zum Anderen lässt sich nach der B1R-Blockade u. a. eine signifikante Abschwächung des vasogenen Hirnödems um etwa 50 % im Vergleich zu den Tieren der Kontrollgruppen feststellen. Die Reduktion der sekundären Hirnschädigung durch die B1R-Blockade 24 Stunden nach der Läsionsinduktion macht die selektive B1R-Blockade als kausaler Therapie-ansatz eine interessante Behandlungsoption des posttraumatischen vasogenen Hirnödems. N2 - B1R knockout mice showed less neuronal damage and developed significantly smaller brain lesions compared to wild-type controls (2.5±2.6 mm3 vs 11.5±3.9 mm3, mean±SD respectively; n=7; p=0.0008). Pharmacological blockade of B1R with the selective antagonist R-175 likewise salvaged lesioned tissue (2.6±1.4 mm3 vs 12.2±6.1 mm3, mean±SD respectively; n=7; p=0.0034), reduced vasogenic edema and gene expression of vasoactive and proinflammatory cytokines in the lesioned cortex. In contrast, B2R inhibition with Hoe-140 was less effective (p=0.0667). Inhibition of B1R attenuates brain damage in mice and may open new avenues for the management of clinical head injuries. KW - Schädel-Hirn-Trauma KW - Blut-Hirn-Schranke KW - Bradykininantagonist KW - Neuroprotektion KW - Hirnödem KW - Traumatic brain injury KW - brain edema KW - blood brain barier KW - bradykinin antagonist Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71407 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neugebauer, Hermann A1 - Heuschmann, Peter U. A1 - Jüttler, Eric T1 - DEcompressive Surgery for the Treatment of malignant INfarction of the middle cerebral arterY - Registry (DESTINY-R): design and protocols JF - BMC Neurology N2 - Background: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) on the treatment of severe space-occupying infarction of the middle cerebral artery (malignant MCA infarction) showed that early decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is life saving and improves outcome without promoting most severe disablity in patients aged 18-60 years. It is, however, unknown whether the results obtained in the randomized trials are reproducible in a broader population in and apart from an academical setting and whether hemicraniectomy has been implemented in clinical practice as recommended by national and international guidelines. In addition, they were not powered to answer further relevant questions, e. g. concerning the selection of patients eligible for and the timing of hemicraniectomy. Other important issues such as the acceptance of disability following hemicraniectomy, the existence of specific prognostic factors, the value of conservative therapeutic measures, and the overall complication rate related to hemicraniectomy have not been sufficiently studied yet. Methods/Design: DESTINY-R is a prospective, multicenter, open, controlled registry including a 12 months follow-up. The only inclusion criteria is unilateral ischemic MCA stroke affecting more than 50% of the MCA-territory. The primary study hypothesis is to confirm the results of the RCT (76% mRS <= 4 after 12 months) in the subgroup of patients additionally fulfilling the inclusion cirteria of the RCT in daily routine. Assuming a calculated proportion of 0.76 for successes and a sample size of 300 for this subgroup, the width of the 95% CI, calculated using Wilson's method, will be 0.096 with the lower bound 0.709 and the upper bound 0.805. Discussion: The results of this study will provide information about the effectiveness of DHC in malignant MCA infarction in a broad population and a real-life situation in addition to and beyond RCT. Further prospectively obtained data will give crucial information on open questions and will be helpful in the plannig of upcomming treatment studies. KW - registry KW - quality of life KW - territory infaction KW - brain edema KW - hemicraniectomy KW - multicenter KW - crantiectomy KW - predictors KW - stroke KW - trial KW - decompressive surgery KW - ischaemic stroke KW - malignant MCA infarct Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133892 VL - 12 IS - 115 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hopp, Sarah A1 - Nolte, Marc W. A1 - Stetter, Christian A1 - Kleinschnitz, Christoph A1 - Sirén, Anna-Leena A1 - Albert-Weissenberger, Christiane T1 - Alleviation of secondary brain injury, posttraumatic inflammation, and brain edema formation by inhibition of factor XIIa JF - Journal of Neuroinflammation N2 - Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating neurological condition and a frequent cause of permanent disability. Posttraumatic inflammation and brain edema formation, two pathological key events contributing to secondary brain injury, are mediated by the contact-kinin system. Activation of this pathway in the plasma is triggered by activated factor XII. Hence, we set out to study in detail the influence of activated factor XII on the abovementioned pathophysiological features of TBI. Methods: Using a cortical cryogenic lesion model in mice, we investigated the impact of genetic deficiency of factor XII and inhibition of activated factor XII with a single bolus injection of recombinant human albumin-fused Infestin-4 on the release of bradykinin, the brain lesion size, and contact-kinin system-dependent pathological events. We determined protein levels of bradykinin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, CC-chemokine ligand 2, and interleukin-1β by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and mRNA levels of genes related to inflammation by quantitative real-time PCR. Brain lesion size was determined by tetrazolium chloride staining. Furthermore, protein levels of the tight junction protein occludin, integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and brain water content were assessed by Western blot analysis, extravasated Evans Blue dye, and the wet weight-dry weight method, respectively. Infiltration of neutrophils and microglia/activated macrophages into the injured brain lesions was quantified by immunohistological stainings. Results: We show that both genetic deficiency of factor XII and inhibition of activated factor XII in mice diminish brain injury-induced bradykinin release by the contact-kinin system and minimize brain lesion size, blood-brain barrier leakage, brain edema formation, and inflammation in our brain injury model. Conclusions: Stimulation of bradykinin release by activated factor XII probably plays a prominent role in expanding secondary brain damage by promoting brain edema formation and inflammation. Pharmacological blocking of activated factor XII could be a useful therapeutic principle in the treatment of TBI-associated pathologic processes by alleviating posttraumatic inflammation and brain edema formation. KW - factor XII KW - focal brain lesion KW - brain edema Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157490 VL - 14 IS - 39 ER -