TY - JOUR A1 - Burgsdorf, Ilia A1 - Slaby, Beate M. A1 - Handley, Kim M. A1 - Haber, Markus A1 - Blom, Jochen A1 - Marshall, Christopher W. A1 - Gilbert, Jack A. A1 - Hentschel, Ute A1 - Steindler, Laura T1 - Lifestyle Evolution in Cyanobacterial Symbionts of Sponges JF - mBio N2 - The "Candidatus Synechococcus spongiarum" group includes different clades of cyanobacteria with high 16S rRNA sequence identity (~99%) and is the most abundant and widespread cyanobacterial symbiont of marine sponges. The first draft genome of a "Ca. Synechococcus spongiarum" group member was recently published, providing evidence of genome reduction by loss of genes involved in several nonessential functions. However, "Ca. Synechococcus spongiarum" includes a variety of clades that may differ widely in genomic repertoire and consequently in physiology and symbiotic function. Here, we present three additional draft genomes of "Ca. Synechococcus spongiarum," each from a different clade. By comparing all four symbiont genomes to those of free-living cyanobacteria, we revealed general adaptations to life inside sponges and specific adaptations of each phylotype. Symbiont genomes shared about half of their total number of coding genes. Common traits of "Ca. Synechococcus spongiarum" members were a high abundance of DNA modification and recombination genes and a reduction in genes involved in inorganic ion transport and metabolism, cell wall biogenesis, and signal transduction mechanisms. Moreover, these symbionts were characterized by a reduced number of antioxidant enzymes and low-weight peptides of photosystem II compared to their free-living relatives. Variability within the "Ca. Synechococcus spongiarum" group was mostly related to immune system features, potential for siderophore-mediated iron transport, and dependency on methionine from external sources. The common absence of genes involved in synthesis of residues, typical of the O antigen of free-living Synechococcus species, suggests a novel mechanism utilized by these symbionts to avoid sponge predation and phage attack. IMPORTANCE While the Synechococcus/Prochlorococcus-type cyanobacteria are widely distributed in the world's oceans, a subgroup has established its niche within marine sponge tissues. Recently, the first genome of sponge-associated cyanobacteria, " Candidatus Synechococcus spongiarum," was described. The sequencing of three representatives of different clades within this cyanobacterial group has enabled us to investigate intraspecies diversity, as well as to give a more comprehensive understanding of the common symbiotic features that adapt "Ca. Synechococcus spongiarum" to its life within the sponge host. KW - marine Synechococcus strains KW - ribosomal RNA genes KW - single cell KW - vertical transmission KW - microbial communities KW - sequence analysis KW - spacer sequences KW - genomic analysis KW - web server KW - reveals Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143117 VL - 6 IS - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Glöckner, Volker T1 - Untersuchungen zur Diversität, Abundanz und vertikalen Weitergabe von Bakterien in marinen Schwämmen T1 - Investigation of the diversity, abundance and vertical transmission of bacteria in marine sponges N2 - Marine Schwämme (Phylum Porifera) gehören mit ihrem ersten Auftreten im Präkambrium vor ungefähr 580 Millionen Jahren zu den ältesten Vertretern der Metazoen weltweit. Ähnlich lange leben sie wahrscheinlich schon in Symbiose mit Mikroorganismen. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit soll der karibische Schwamm Ectyoplasia ferox als Modellsystem zur Erforschung der Schwamm-assoziierten mikrobiellen Konsortien, deren Weitergabe und Interaktionen mit dem Schwamm, vorgestellt werden. Mit Hilfe von 16S rRNA-Genbanken sowie der denaturierenden Gradienten-Gelelektrophorese (DGGE) konnte gezeigt werden, dass Symbionten aus sechs der in E. ferox gefundenen acht Phyla sowie der „sponge-associated unclassified lineage” SAUL vertikal an die nächste Schwammgeneration weitergegeben werden. Mittels phylogenetischer Analysen wurden insgesamt 21 „vertical transmission“ (VT) Cluster identifiziert, von denen 19 in „sponge specific“ Cluster (SSC) bzw. „sponge coral“ Clustern (SCC) lagen. Daraus kann man schließen, dass ein Großteil des mikrobiellen Konsortiums von E. ferox über die reproduktiven Stadien weitergegeben wird. Auch konnten zwei Cyanobakterien identifiziert werden, die nicht in den reproduktiven Stadien vorhanden waren und höchstwahrscheinlich horizontal aus dem umgebenden Meerwasser aufgenommen wurden. Eine Reduzierung von 50% der Symbionten im Mesohyl nach dem „spawning“ zeigte erstmalig experimentell auf, dass Schwammsymbionten aus dem Schwamm in das umgebende Meerwasser gelangen können. In dieser Arbeit wurde zum ersten Mal der „presence vs. activity“-Vergleich zur Feststellung der metabolischen Aktivität von Bakterien auf die DGGE-Methode übertragen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die meisten mikrobiellen Symbionten im Adult-Schwamm, Embryo- sowie Larvalstadium metabolisch aktiv waren. Erste Versuche die Anzahl von Symbionten in den Larven von E. ferox mittels Antibiotika zu reduzieren, verliefen positiv. So wiesen die mit Antibiotika behandelten Larven in der DGGE eine deutliche Reduzierung der Bandenintensität auf. Die Verfügbarkeit aller reproduktiver Stadien von E. ferox sowie die Möglichkeit die Larven im Labor experimentell zu manipulieren, machen E. ferox zu einem geeigneten Modellschwamm für zukünftige Studien bezüglich der vertikalen Weitergabe von Symbionten. N2 - Marine sponges (Phylum: Porifera) first appeared during Precambrian times 580 million years ago and are therefore the oldest metazoans on earth. It is most likely that they are living together in symbiosis with microorganisms from that day on. In this doctoral thesis I introduce the Caribbean sponge Ectyoplasia ferox as a model system for detailed investigations of the sponge associated microbial community, their mode of transmission to the next generation and interactions with their host sponge. The application of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses (DGGE) revealed that symbionts from six out of eight bacterial phyla as well as the ‘sponge-associated unclassified lineage’ (SAUL) were vertically transmitted to the next sponge generation. Phylogenetic analysis identified 21 vertical transmission (VT) clusters, from which 19 VT-clusters were affiliated with sponge-specific clusters (SSC) and sponge-coral clusters (SCC), respectively. This indicated that the majority of the microbial consortia of E. ferox has been passed on vertically via reproductive stages to the next generation. Furthermore two cyanobacterial clades were identified, which were absent from the reproductive stages and therefore seem to have be acquired horizontally from the surrounding seawater. Spawning led to a reduction of 50% of the sponge symbionts in the mesohyl, presenting for the first time experimental evidence, as to how sponge symbionts could end up in surrounding seawater. Moreover the presence vs. activity comparison that was undertaken to assess the metabolic activity of bacteria inside reproductive stages has been applied to DGGE for the first time. The results showed that most of the symbionts were metabolically active in the adult sponge as well as in the embryos and larvae. Initial experiments to reduce the amount of symbiotic bacteria inside larvae were positive. In the antibiotic treated larvae, the DGGE pattern showed a significantly reduced banding pattern intensity. The availability of E. ferox and its reproductive stages, as well as the possibility to maintain and to manipulate larvae in the laboratory makes E. ferox a suitable model-system for future research on vertical transmission. KW - Meeresschwämme KW - Bakterien KW - vertikale Weitergabe KW - Schwammsymbionten KW - Mikroorganismen KW - Symbionten KW - vertical transmission KW - sponge KW - microorganism KW - symbionts KW - Symbiose KW - Vertikale Übertragung KW - Schwamm Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-79327 ER -