TY - JOUR A1 - Hausman, Hannah A1 - Kubik, Veit T1 - Delayed metacomprehension judgments do not directly improve learning from texts JF - Journal of Intelligence N2 - Making judgments of learning (JOLs) after studying can directly improve learning. This JOL reactivity has been shown for simple materials but has scarcely been investigated with educationally relevant materials such as expository texts. The few existing studies have not yet reported any consistent gains in text comprehension due to providing JOLs. In the present study, we hypothesized that increasing the chances of covert retrieval attempts when making JOLs after each of five to-be-studied text passages would produce comprehension benefits at 1 week compared to restudy. In a between-subjects design, we manipulated both whether participants (N = 210) were instructed to covertly retrieve the texts, and whether they made delayed target-absent JOLs. The results indicated that delayed, target-absent JOLs did not improve text comprehension after 1 week, regardless of whether prior instructions to engage in covert retrieval were provided. Based on the two-stage model of JOLs, we reasoned that participants’ retrieval attempts during metacomprehension judgments were either insufficient (i.e., due to a quick familiarity assessment) or were ineffective (e.g., due to low retrieval success). KW - JOL reactivity KW - judgments of learning KW - metacomprehension KW - covert retrieval Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-323361 SN - 2079-3200 VL - 11 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hilger, Kirsten A1 - Häge, Anne-Sophie A1 - Zedler, Christina A1 - Jost, Michael A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Virtual reality to understand pain-associated approach behaviour: a proof-of-concept study JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Pain-associated approach and avoidance behaviours are critically involved in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Empirical research suggests a key role of operant learning mechanisms, and first experimental paradigms were developed for their investigation within a controlled laboratory setting. We introduce a new Virtual Reality paradigm to the study of pain-related behaviour and investigate pain experiences on multiple dimensions. The paradigm evaluates the effects of three-tiered heat-pain stimuli applied contingent versus non-contingent with three types of arm movements in naturalistic virtual sceneries. Behaviour, self-reported pain-related fear, pain expectancy and electrodermal activity were assessed in 42 healthy participants during an acquisition phase (contingent movement-pain association) and a modification phase (no contingent movement-pain association). Pain-associated approach behaviour, as measured by arm movements followed by a severe heat stimulus, quickly decreased in-line with the arm movement-pain contingency. Slower effects were observed in fear of movement-related pain and pain expectancy ratings. During the subsequent modification phase, the removal of the pain contingencies modified all three indices. In both phases, skin conductance responses resemble the pattern observed for approach behaviour, while skin conductance levels equal the pattern observed for the self-ratings. Our findings highlight a fast reduction in approach behaviour in the face of acute pain and inform about accompanying psychological and physiological processes. We discuss strength and limitations of our paradigm for future investigations with the ultimate goal of gaining a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in chronic pain development, maintenance, and its therapy. KW - anxiety KW - human behaviour Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357817 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huestegge, Lynn A1 - Pieczykolan, Aleks A1 - Koch, Iring T1 - A Gestalt account of human behavior is supported by evidence from switching between single and dual actions JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The question of how behavior is represented in the mind lies at the core of psychology as the science of mind and behavior. While a long-standing research tradition has established two opposing fundamental views of perceptual representation, Structuralism and Gestalt psychology, we test both accounts with respect to action representation: Are multiple actions (characterizing human behavior in general) represented as the sum of their component actions (Structuralist view) or holistically (Gestalt view)? Using a single-/dual-response switch paradigm, we analyzed switches between dual ([A + B]) and single ([A], [B]) responses across different effector systems and revealed comparable performance in partial repetitions and full switches of behavioral requirements (e.g., in [A + B] → [A] vs. [B] → [A], or [A] → [A + B] vs. [B] → [A + B]), but only when the presence of dimensional overlap between responses allows for Gestalt formation. This evidence for a Gestalt view of behavior in our paradigm challenges some fundamental assumptions in current (tacitly Structuralist) action control theories (in particular the idea that all actions are represented compositionally with reference to their components), provides a novel explanatory angle for understanding complex, highly synchronized human behavior (e.g., dance), and delimitates the degree to which complex behavior can be analyzed in terms of its basic components. KW - cognitive neuroscience KW - human behaviour KW - learning and memory Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357862 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Human perception of spatial frequency varies with stimulus orientation and location in the visual field JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Neuroanatomical variations across the visual field of human observers go along with corresponding variations of the perceived coarseness of visual stimuli. Here we show that horizontal gratings are perceived as having lower spatial frequency than vertical gratings when occurring along the horizontal meridian of the visual field, whereas gratings occurring along the vertical meridian show the exact opposite effect. This finding indicates a new peculiarity of processes operating along the cardinal axes of the visual field. KW - neuroscience KW - psychology Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357888 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheiner, Christin A1 - Seis, Christian A1 - Kleindienst, Nikolaus A1 - Buerger, Arne T1 - Psychopathology, protective factors, and COVID-19 among adolescents: a structural equation model JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019 and the associated restrictions, mental health in children and adolescents has been increasingly discussed in the media. Negative impacts of the pandemic, including a sharp increase in psychopathology and, consequently, reduced quality of life, appear to have particularly affected children and young people, who may be especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of isolation. Nevertheless, many children and adolescents have managed to cope well with the restrictions, without deterioration of their mental health. The present study therefore explored the links between COVID-19 infection (in oneself or a family member, as well as the death of a family member due to the virus), protective factors such as self-efficacy, resilience, self-esteem, and health-related quality of life, and measures of psychopathology such as depression scores, internalizing/externalizing problems, emotion dysregulation, and victimization. For this purpose, we examined data from 2129 adolescents (mean age = 12.31, SD = 0.67; 51% male; 6% born outside of Germany) using a structural equation model. We found medium to high loadings of the manifest variables with the latent variables (COVID-19, protective factors, and psychopathology). Protective factors showed a significant negative correlation with psychopathology. However, COVID-19 had a weak connection with psychopathology in our sample. External pandemic-related factors (e.g., restrictions) and their interaction with existing psychopathology or individual protective factors appear to have a greater influence on young people’s mental health than the impact of the virus per se. Sociopolitical efforts should be undertaken to foster prevention and promote individual resilience, especially in adolescence. KW - adolescence KW - mental health KW - psychopathology KW - protective factors KW - COVID-19 Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-304475 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 20 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Changes in body perception following virtual object manipulation are accompanied by changes of the internal reference scale JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Changes in body perception often arise when observers are confronted with related yet discrepant multisensory signals. Some of these effects are interpreted as outcomes of sensory integration of various signals, whereas related biases are ascribed to learning-dependent recalibration of coding individual signals. The present study explored whether the same sensorimotor experience entails changes in body perception that are indicative of multisensory integration and those that indicate recalibration. Participants enclosed visual objects by a pair of visual cursors controlled by finger movements. Then either they judged their perceived finger posture (indicating multisensory integration) or they produced a certain finger posture (indicating recalibration). An experimental variation of the size of the visual object resulted in systematic and opposite biases of the perceived and produced finger distances. This pattern of results is consistent with the assumption that multisensory integration and recalibration had a common origin in the task we used. KW - human behaviour KW - perception Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357876 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lenhard, Alexandra A1 - Minten, Marie-Pierre A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang T1 - When biology takes over: TV formats like The Bachelor and The Bachelorette confirm evolutionary theories of partner selection JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Introduction: In this study, we investigated the impact of age on mate selection preferences in males and females, and explored how the formation and duration of committed relationships depend on the sex of the person making the selection. Methods: To this end, we utilized data from the television dating shows The Bachelor and The Bachelorette. In these programs, either a single man (“bachelor”) or a woman (“bachelorette”) has the opportunity to select a potential long-term partner from a pool of candidates. Our analysis encompassed a total of n = 169 seasons from 23 different countries, beginning with the first airing in 2002. Results: We found that the likelihood of the final couple continuing their relationship beyond the broadcast was higher in The Bachelorette than in The Bachelor, although the duration of these relationships was not significantly influenced by the type of show. On average, women were younger, both when selecting their partner and when being chosen. However, men exhibited a greater preference for larger age differences than women. Furthermore, the age of the chosen male partners significantly increased with the age of the “bachelorettes,” whereas “bachelors” consistently favored women around 25.5 years old, regardless of their own age. Discussion: We discuss these findings within the context of parental investment theory and sexual strategies theory. KW - mating strategies KW - parental investment theory KW - sex differences KW - relationship duration KW - Cox proportional regression analysis Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325717 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleih-Dahms, Sonja C. A1 - Botrel, Loic T1 - Neurofeedback therapy to improve cognitive function in patients with chronic post-stroke attention deficits: a within-subjects comparison JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Introduction We investigated a slow-cortical potential (SCP) neurofeedback therapy approach for rehabilitating chronic attention deficits after stroke. This study is the first attempt to train patients who survived stroke with SCP neurofeedback therapy. Methods We included N = 5 participants in a within-subjects follow-up design. We assessed neuropsychological and psychological performance at baseline (4 weeks before study onset), before study onset, after neurofeedback training, and at 3 months follow-up. Participants underwent 20 sessions of SCP neurofeedback training. Results Participants learned to regulate SCPs toward negativity, and we found indications for improved attention after the SCP neurofeedback therapy in some participants. Quality of life improved throughout the study according to engagement in activities of daily living. The self-reported motivation was related to mean SCP activation in two participants. Discussion We would like to bring attention to the potential of SCP neurofeedback therapy as a new rehabilitation method for treating post-stroke cognitive deficits. Studies with larger samples are warranted to corroborate the results. KW - stroke KW - slow cortical potentials (SCP) KW - attention deficit KW - neurofeedback training KW - self-efficacy KW - brain-computer interfaces (BCI) Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-322454 VL - 17 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Froehlich, Matthias A1 - Zahner, Antonia A1 - Schmalzing, Marc A1 - Gernert, Michael A1 - Strunz, Patrick-Pascal A1 - Hueper, Sebastian A1 - Portegys, Jan A1 - Schwaneck, Eva Christina A1 - Gadeholt, Ottar A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Hewig, Johannes A1 - Ziebell, Philipp T1 - Patient-reported outcomes provide evidence for increased depressive symptoms and increased mental impairment in giant cell arteritis JF - Frontiers in Medicine N2 - Objectives The spectrum of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) represents highly inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Patients mostly report severe physical impairment. Possible consequences for mental health have been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate psychological well-being in the context of GCA and PMR. Methods Cross-sectional study with N = 100 patients with GCA and/or PMR (GCA-PMR). Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were measured using the Short Form 36 Version 2 (SF-36v2) and visual analog scale (VAS) assessment. Moreover, the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was used in 35 of 100 patients to detect depression. To compare PROs with physician assessment, VAS was also rated from physician perspective. To assess a possible association with inflammation itself, serological parameters of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]) were included. Results In all scales of the SF-36v2 except General Health (GH) and in the physical and mental sum score (PCS, MCS), a significant impairment compared to the German reference collective was evident (MCS: d = 0.533, p < 0.001). In the PHQ-9 categorization, 14 of the 35 (40%) showed evidence of major depression disorder. VAS Patient correlated significantly with PHQ-9 and SF-36 in all categories, while VAS Physician showed only correlations to physical categories and not in the mental dimensions. Regarding inflammatory parameters, linear regression showed CRP to be a complementary significant positive predictor of mental health subscale score, independent of pain. Conclusion PRO show a relevant impairment of mental health up to symptoms of major depression disorder. The degree of depressive symptoms is also distinctly associated with the serological inflammatory marker CRP. KW - giant cell arteritis KW - PRO KW - depression KW - mental impairment KW - SF-36 KW - PHQ-9 KW - VAS KW - polymyalgia rheumatica Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319761 VL - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bürger, Arne A1 - Schoenfeld, Cornelia von A1 - Scheiner, Christin A1 - Seidel, Alexandra A1 - Wasserscheid, Antonia A1 - Gad, Doreya A1 - Kittel-Schneider, Sarah A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Reiter, Andrea M. F. T1 - Universal prevention for non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents is scarce - A systematic review JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) during adolescence is a high-risk marker for the development and persistence of mental health problems and has been recognized as a significant public health problem. Whereas targeted prevention has indeed shown to be effective in reducing NSSI and improve mental health problems, access to such programs is limited. By face validity, universal prevention of NSSI seems an ideal starting point for a stepped-care model to circumvent a lack of resources in the medical care system. However, it is yet unclear how effective such approaches are. Here, we provide a summary of existing work on universal prevention of NSSI in adolescents younger than 21 years based on a systematic literature search. We found that only seven studies are available. None of the programs evaluated was found to be effective in reducing the incidence or frequency of NSSI. After providing a comprehensive summary of the existing work, we evaluate the fact that existing work primarily focusses on selected/targeted prevention and on psychoeducational methods. We derive implications for future directions in the field of universal prevention of NSSI. KW - non-suicidal self-injury KW - NSSI KW - emotion regulation KW - prevention KW - universal prevention KW - adolescence KW - mental health Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357490 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bellinger, Daniel A1 - Wehrmann, Kristin A1 - Rohde, Anna A1 - Schuppert, Maria A1 - Störk, Stefan A1 - Flohr-Jost, Michael A1 - Gall, Dominik A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. A1 - Erhardt-Lehmann, Angelika T1 - The application of virtual reality exposure versus relaxation training in music performance anxiety: a randomized controlled study JF - BMC Psychiatry N2 - Background Performance anxiety is the most frequently reported anxiety disorder among professional musicians. Typical symptoms are - on a physical level - the consequences of an increase in sympathetic tone with cardiac stress, such as acceleration of heartbeat, increase in blood pressure, increased respiratory rate and tremor up to nausea or flush reactions. These symptoms can cause emotional distress, a reduced musical and artistical performance up to an impaired functioning. While anxiety disorders are preferably treated using cognitive-behavioral therapy with exposure, this approach is rather difficult for treating music performance anxiety since the presence of a public or professional jury is required and not easily available. The use of virtual reality (VR) could therefore display an alternative. So far, no therapy studies on music performance anxiety applying virtual reality exposure therapy have investigated the therapy outcome including cardiovascular changes as outcome parameters. Methods This mono-center, prospective, randomized and controlled clinical trial has a pre-post design with a follow-up period of 6 months. 46 professional and semi-professional musicians will be recruited and allocated randomly to an VR exposure group or a control group receiving progressive muscle relaxation training. Both groups will be treated over 4 single sessions. Music performance anxiety will be diagnosed based on a clinical interview using ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria for specific phobia or social anxiety. A behavioral assessment test is conducted three times (pre, post, follow-up) in VR through an audition in a concert hall. Primary outcomes are the changes in music performance anxiety measured by the German Bühnenangstfragebogen and the cardiovascular reactivity reflected by heart rate variability (HRV). Secondary outcomes are changes in blood pressure, stress parameters such as cortisol in the blood and saliva, neuropeptides, and DNA-methylation. Discussion The trial investigates the effect of VR exposure in musicians with performance anxiety compared to a relaxation technique on anxiety symptoms and corresponding cardiovascular parameters. We expect a reduction of anxiety but also a consecutive improvement of HRV with cardiovascular protective effects. Trial registration This study was registered on clinicaltrials.gov. (ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT05735860) KW - music performance anxiety KW - virtual reality exposure therapy KW - progressive muscle relaxation KW - heart rate variability Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357833 VL - 23 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krause, Lisa-Marie A1 - Herbort, Oliver T1 - Just visual context or part of the gesture? The role of arm orientation in bent pointing interpretation JF - Acta Psychologica N2 - Pointing gestures can take on different shapes. For example, people often point with a bent wrist at a referent that is occluded by another object. We hypothesized that while the extrapolation of the index finger is the most important visual cue in such bent pointing gestures, arm orientation is affecting interpretations as well. We tested two competing hypotheses. First, the arm could be processed as a less reliable but additional direction cue also indicating the referent. Consequently, the index finger extrapolation would be biased towards the arm direction (assimilation effect). Second, the arm could be perceived as visual context of the index finger, leading to an interpretation that is repulsed from the arm direction (contrast effect). To differentiate between both, we conducted two experiments in which arm and finger orientation of a virtual pointer were independently manipulated. Participants were asked to determine the pointed-at location. As expected, participants based their interpretations on the extrapolation of the index finger. In line with the second hypothesis, the more the arm was oriented upwards, the lower the point was interpreted and vice versa. Thus, interpretation pattern indicated a contrast effect. Unexpectedly, gestures with aligned arm and index finger deviated from the general contrast effect and were interpreted linearly compared to bent gestures. In sum, the experiments show that interpretations of bent pointing gestures are not only based on the direction of the index finger but also depend on the arm orientation and its relationship to the index finger orientation. KW - pointing interpretation KW - non-verbal communication KW - bent pointing KW - contrast effect Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349839 VL - 241 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziebell, Philipp A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Forster, André A1 - Sanguinetti, Joseph L. A1 - Allen, John JB. A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - Inhibition of midfrontal theta with transcranial ultrasound explains greater approach versus withdrawal behavior in humans JF - Brain Stimulation N2 - Highlights • Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation/stimulation (TUS) is a growing field. • We conducted a double-blind sham-controlled within-subjects large sample TUS study. • Right prefrontal cortex TUS inhibits midfrontal theta electroencephalography (MFT). • TUS MFT inhibition explains greater approach versus withdrawal in a virtual T-maze. • This distinct TUS-MFT-behavior link merits future basic and applied research. Abstract Recent reviews highlighted low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (TUS) as a promising new tool for non-invasive neuromodulation in basic and applied sciences. Our preregistered double-blind within-subjects study (N = 152) utilized TUS targeting the right prefrontal cortex, which, in earlier work, was found to positively enhance self-reported global mood, decrease negative states of self-reported emotional conflict (anxiety/worrying), and modulate related midfrontal functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in affect regulation brain networks. To further explore TUS effects on objective physiological and behavioral variables, we used a virtual T-maze task that has been established in prior studies to measure motivational conflicts regarding whether participants execute approach versus withdrawal behavior (with free-choice responses via continuous joystick movements) while allowing to record related electroencephalographic data such as midfrontal theta activity (MFT). MFT, a reliable marker of conflict representation on a neuronal level, was of particular interest to us since it has repeatedly been shown to explain related behavior, with relatively low MFT typically preceding approach-like risky behavior and relatively high MFT typically preceding withdrawal-like risk aversion. Our central hypothesis is that TUS decreases MFT in T-maze conflict situations and thereby increases approach and reduces withdrawal. Results indicate that TUS led to significant MFT decreases, which significantly explained increases in approach behavior and decreases in withdrawal behavior. This study expands TUS evidence on a physiological and behavioral level with a large sample size of human subjects, suggesting the promise of further research based on this distinct TUS-MFT-behavior link to influence conflict monitoring and its behavioral consequences. Ultimately, this can serve as a foundation for future clinical work to establish TUS interventions for emotional and motivational mental health. KW - approach versus withdrawal KW - electroencephalography (EEG) KW - midfrontal theta (MFT) KW - right prefrontal cortex (PFC) KW - transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation/stimulation (TUS) KW - virtual reality Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349890 VL - 16 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weis, Patrick P. A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Overreliance on inefficient computer-mediated information retrieval is countermanded by strategy advice that promotes memory-mediated retrieval JF - Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications N2 - With ubiquitous computing, problems can be solved using more strategies than ever, though many strategies feature subpar performance. Here, we explored whether and how simple advice regarding when to use which strategy can improve performance. Specifically, we presented unfamiliar alphanumeric equations (e.g., A + 5 = F) and asked whether counting up the alphabet from the left letter by the indicated number resulted in the right letter. In an initial choice block, participants could engage in one of three cognitive strategies: (a) internal counting, (b) internal retrieval of previously generated solutions, or (c) computer-mediated external retrieval of solutions. Participants belonged to one of two groups: they were either instructed to first try internal retrieval before using external retrieval, or received no specific use instructions. In a subsequent internal block with identical instructions for both groups, external retrieval was made unavailable. The ‘try internal retrieval first’ instruction in the choice block led to pronounced benefits (d = .76) in the internal block. Benefits were due to facilitated creation and retrieval of internal memory traces and possibly also due to improved strategy choice. These results showcase how simple strategy advice can greatly help users navigate cognitive environments. More generally, our results also imply that uninformed use of external tools (i.e., technology) can bear the risk of not developing and using even more superior internal processing strategies. KW - extended cognition KW - technology use KW - strategy advice KW - strategy selection KW - memory formation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357892 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reis, Moritz A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Kunde, Wilfried A1 - Foerster, Anna T1 - Creative thinking does not promote dishonesty JF - Royal Society Open Science N2 - We assessed the relation of creativity and unethical behaviour by manipulating the thinking style of participants (N = 450 adults) and measuring the impact of this manipulation on the prevalence of dishonest behaviour. Participants performed one of three inducer tasks: the alternative uses task to promote divergent thinking, the remote associates task to promote convergent thinking, or a simple classification task for rule-based thinking. Before and after this manipulation, participants conducted the mind game as a straightforward measure of dishonesty. Dishonest behaviour increased from before to after the intervention, but we found no credible evidence that this increase differed between induced mindsets. Exploratory analyses did not support any relation of trait creativity and dishonesty either. We conclude that the influence of creative thinking on unethical behaviour seems to be more ambiguous than assumed in earlier research or might be restricted to specific populations or contexts. KW - dishonesty KW - creativity KW - thinking style KW - unethical behaviour KW - morality Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349859 SN - 2054-5703 VL - 10 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wehrheim, Maren H. A1 - Faskowitz, Joshua A1 - Sporns, Olaf A1 - Fiebach, Christian J. A1 - Kaschube, Matthias A1 - Hilger, Kirsten T1 - Few temporally distributed brain connectivity states predict human cognitive abilities JF - NeuroImage N2 - Highlights • Brain connectivity states identified by cofluctuation strength. • CMEP as new method to robustly predict human traits from brain imaging data. • Network-identifying connectivity ‘events’ are not predictive of cognitive ability. • Sixteen temporally independent fMRI time frames allow for significant prediction. • Neuroimaging-based assessment of cognitive ability requires sufficient scan lengths. Abstract Human functional brain connectivity can be temporally decomposed into states of high and low cofluctuation, defined as coactivation of brain regions over time. Rare states of particularly high cofluctuation have been shown to reflect fundamentals of intrinsic functional network architecture and to be highly subject-specific. However, it is unclear whether such network-defining states also contribute to individual variations in cognitive abilities – which strongly rely on the interactions among distributed brain regions. By introducing CMEP, a new eigenvector-based prediction framework, we show that as few as 16 temporally separated time frames (< 1.5% of 10 min resting-state fMRI) can significantly predict individual differences in intelligence (N = 263, p < .001). Against previous expectations, individual's network-defining time frames of particularly high cofluctuation do not predict intelligence. Multiple functional brain networks contribute to the prediction, and all results replicate in an independent sample (N = 831). Our results suggest that although fundamentals of person-specific functional connectomes can be derived from few time frames of highest connectivity, temporally distributed information is necessary to extract information about cognitive abilities. This information is not restricted to specific connectivity states, like network-defining high-cofluctuation states, but rather reflected across the entire length of the brain connectivity time series. KW - functional connectivity KW - resting state KW - machine learning KW - predictive modeling KW - general cognitive ability Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349874 VL - 277 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zillig, Anna-Lena A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Wieser, Matthias A1 - Reicherts, Philipp T1 - Better safe than sorry? - On the influence of learned safety on pain perception JF - PloS One N2 - The experience of threat was found to result—mostly—in increased pain, however it is still unclear whether the exact opposite, namely the feeling of safety may lead to a reduction of pain. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two between-subject experiments (N = 94; N = 87), investigating whether learned safety relative to a neutral control condition can reduce pain, while threat should lead to increased pain compared to a neutral condition. Therefore, participants first underwent either threat or safety conditioning, before entering an identical test phase, where the previously conditioned threat or safety cue and a newly introduced visual cue were presented simultaneously with heat pain stimuli. Methodological changes were performed in experiment 2 to prevent safety extinction and to facilitate conditioning in the first place: We included additional verbal instructions, increased the maximum length of the ISI and raised CS-US contingency in the threat group from 50% to 75%. In addition to pain ratings and ratings of the visual cues (threat, safety, arousal, valence, and contingency), in both experiments, we collected heart rate and skin conductance. Analysis of the cue ratings during acquisition indicate successful threat and safety induction, however results of the test phase, when also heat pain was administered, demonstrate rapid safety extinction in both experiments. Results suggest rather small modulation of subjective and physiological pain responses following threat or safety cues relative to the neutral condition. However, exploratory analysis revealed reduced pain ratings in later trials of the experiment in the safety group compared to the threat group in both studies, suggesting different temporal dynamics for threat and safety learning and extinction, respectively. Perspective: The present results demonstrate the challenge to maintain safety in the presence of acute pain and suggest more research on the interaction of affective learning mechanism and pain processing. KW - pain KW - pain sensation KW - functional electrical stimulation KW - heart rate KW - sensory cues KW - learning KW - emotions KW - behavioral conditioning Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349905 VL - 18 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strobach, Tilo A1 - Kürten, Jens A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Benefits of repeated alternations - task-specific vs. task-general sequential adjustments of dual-task order control JF - Acta Psychologica N2 - An important cognitive requirement in multitasking is the decision of how multiple tasks should be temporally scheduled (task order control). Specifically, task order switches (vs. repetitions) yield performance costs (i.e., task-order switch costs), suggesting that task order scheduling is a vital part of configuring a task set. Recently, it has been shown that this process takes specific task-related characteristics into account: task order switches were easier when switching to a preferred (vs. non-preferred) task order. Here, we ask whether another determinant of task order control, namely the phenomenon that a task order switch in a previous trial facilitates a task order switch in a current trial (i.e., a sequential modulation of task order switch effect) also takes task-specific characteristics into account. Based on three experiments involving task order switches between a preferred (dominant oculomotor task prior to non-dominant manual/pedal task) and a non-preferred (vice versa) order, we replicated the finding that task order switching (in Trial N) is facilitated after a previous switch (vs. repetition in Trial N - 1) in task order. There was no substantial evidence in favor of a significant difference when switching to the preferred vs. non-preferred order and in the analyses of the dominant oculomotor task and the non-dominant manual task. This indicates different mechanisms underlying the control of immediate task order configuration (indexed by task order switch costs) and the sequential modulation of these costs based on the task order transition type in the previous trial. KW - dual tasking KW - task coordination KW - task control KW - task-order control KW - adjustment Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349868 VL - 236 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. A1 - Holzmann, Patricia A1 - Reis, Moritz A1 - Yogeeswaran, Kumar A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Headlines win elections: mere exposure to fictitious news media alters voting behavior JF - PloS One N2 - Repeatedly encountering a stimulus biases the observer’s affective response and evaluation of the stimuli. Here we provide evidence for a causal link between mere exposure to fictitious news reports and subsequent voting behavior. In four pre-registered online experiments, participants browsed through newspaper webpages and were tacitly exposed to names of fictitious politicians. Exposure predicted voting behavior in a subsequent mock election, with a consistent preference for frequent over infrequent names, except when news items were decidedly negative. Follow-up analyses indicated that mere media presence fuels implicit personality theories regarding a candidate’s vigor in political contexts. News outlets should therefore be mindful to cover political candidates as evenly as possible. KW - elections KW - Twitter KW - behavior KW - United States KW - India KW - metaanalysis KW - personality KW - political theory Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-349845 VL - 18 IS - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmitt, Nadine J. B. T1 - What is integrity and how do we use it? – Enhancing the validity of integrity by reviewing integrity tests, expanding the nomological network, and reducing faking T1 - Was ist Integrität und wie nutzen wir sie? – Verbesserung der Validität von Integrität durch Überprüfung von Integritätstests, Erweiterung des nomologischen Netzwerkes und Reduzierung von Faking N2 - This dissertation focuses on the construct and criterion validity of integrity tests and aims to enhance both. To accomplish this goal, three approaches were adopted: First, an overview and systematic comparison of integrity tests was conducted with reference to the construction and application of the tests. Second, the nomological network of integrity tests was expanded with reference to honesty-humility and organizational citizenship behavior at their factor and facet level. Third, two promising methods to reduce faking on integrity tests were tested: the double rating method (Hui, 2001) and the indirect questioning technique. In line with previous research, the results of the overview and comparison of integrity measures confirmed that integrity tests are multidimensional and heterogenous. A clear definition of integrity is urgently needed. The personality trait of honesty-humility and its facets of fairness, and modesty revealed the most significant relationships to integrity. Moreover, organizational citizenship behavior and its facets of altruism, conscientiousness, and sportsmanship were found to significantly relate to integrity. Furthermore, integrity tests were able not only to predict organizational citizenship behavior but also to incrementally predict job performance and organizational citizenship behavior beyond the factor and facet level of the personality traits of conscientiousness and honesty-humility. In contrast to the indirect questioning technique, the double rating method, which includes an other rating and a self rating, was shown to be able to significantly reduce faking on integrity tests in an anonymous survey setting. This dissertation makes an important contribution to better explain the construct and nomological network of integrity, provide a more detailed view on integrity tests and their protection against faking, and expand the predictive and incremental validity of these tests. The implications for future research and practice are further discussed. N2 - Der Fokus dieser Dissertation liegt sowohl auf der Konstrukt- als auch auf der Kriteriumsvalidität von Integritätstests und deren Erhöhung mit Hilfe von drei Ansätzen: (a) Ein Überblick und systematischer Vergleich von Integritätstests mit Bezug auf deren Konstruktion und Anwendung wird erstellt. (b) Das nomologische Netzwerk von Integrität wird erweitert mit Bezug auf Honesty-Humility und freiwilligem Arbeitsverhalten sowohl auf Faktoren- als auch Facettenebene. (c) Zwei vielversprechende Ansätze, um Faking in Integritätstests zu reduzieren, werden getestet: die Doppelte Fragemethode (Hui, 2001) und indirektes Fragen. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass die Multidimensionalität und Heterogenität von Integritätstests bestätigt wurde. Eine klare Definition von Integrität ist dringend notwendig. Mit Blick auf das nomologische Netzwerk zeigte Honesty-Humility und deren Facetten Fairness und Bescheidenheit die höchsten signifikanten Korrelationen mit Integrität. Beim freiwilligen Arbeitsverhalten und deren Facetten Altruismus, Gewissenhaftigkeit und Unkompliziertheit wurden ebenfalls signifikante Zusammenhänge gefunden. Des Weiteren zeigte sich, dass Integritätstests inkrementelle Validität besitzen über die Faktoren und Facetten von Gewissenhaftigkeit und Honesty-Humility hinaus bei der Vorhersage von beruflicher Leistung und bei der Vorhersage von freiwilligem Arbeitsverhalten. Im Hinblick auf die Reduzierung von Faking zeigte nur die Doppelte Fragemethode (d.h. Fremd- und Selbsteinschätzung der Items) in der anonymen Forschungssituation eine signifikante Reduzierung. Diese Dissertation leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis des Konstruktes und nomologischen Netzwerkes der Integrität, bietet einen detaillierten Einblick in Integritätstests sowie deren Schutz vor Faking und verbessert die prognostische und inkrementelle Validität von Integritätstests. Die Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung und Praxis werden weiterführend diskutiert. KW - Integrität KW - Integrity KW - Integrity tests KW - Validity KW - Honesty-humility KW - OCB KW - Integrität KW - Integritätstests KW - Validität KW - Honesty-Humility KW - Freiwilliges Arbeitsverhalten KW - Psychologie Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260468 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wertgen, Andreas Gabriel T1 - The Role of Source Credibility in the Validation of Text Information T1 - Die Rolle der Quellenglaubwürdigkeit bei der Validierung von Textinformationen N2 - Numerous experiments have shown that an evaluative and passive process, known as validation, accompanies activation and integration, which are fundamental processes of text comprehension. During the construction of a mental model, validation implicitly assesses the plausibility of incoming information by checking its consistency with world knowledge, prior beliefs, and contextual information (e.g., the broader discourse context). However, research on potential influences that shape validation processes has just started. One branch of research is investigating how world knowledge and contextual information contribute to integration and validation. World knowledge usually influences validation more strongly because information plausibility is the primary criterion for validation, but strong contextual information can yield influences as well. Contextual information that may be specifically relevant for routine validation is the credibility of a source providing text information. Source credibility bears a strong conceptual relationship to the validity of information. However, a dearth of research has investigated joint effects of plausibility and source credibility for routine validation. To fill this research gap, the aim of the present dissertation was to examine the role of source credibility in routine validation processes of text information. This dissertation argues that both source credibility and plausibility are considered in these processes. In particular, information plausibility is proposed as the primary criterion, but source credibility may modulate validation as an additional criterion. To this end, three studies with five self-paced reading experiments were conducted in which reading times served as an implicit indicator of validation and plausibility judgments as an explicit indicator, and the convergence or divergence between the two indicators was interpreted. The first study examined the interplay of plausibility and source credibility for the validation of world-knowledge consistent versus inconsistent text information embedded in short narratives. This highly plausible or highly implausible information was provided by a high- or low-expertise source. In Study 1, plausibility dominated validation as suggested by faster reading times and higher plausibility judgments for world-knowledge consistent information. Importantly, source credibility modulated the validation of highly implausible information but seemed to not matter for plausible information. High-credible sources increased the implausibility of highly implausible information to a greater extent compared with low-credible sources as indicated by longer reading times and lower plausibility judgments. These results diverged from recent findings from Foy et al. (2017). The second study investigated whether the modulating role of source credibility depends on the degree of implausibility of an information. Thus, Study 2 extended Study 1 by an intermediate, somewhat implausible level of plausibility (comparable to the implausible claims in Foy et al., 2017). Similar to Study 1, plausibility dominated validation as indicated by lower reading times and plausibility judgments with higher world-knowledge inconsistency. Again, source credibility had no effect on the routine validation of plausible information. However, high-credible sources mitigated the implausibility of somewhat implausible information as indicated by faster reading times and higher plausibility judgments but exacerbated the implausibility of highly implausible information as indicated by slower reading times and lower plausibility judgments. In short, Study 2 findings not only integrates the seemingly divergent results of Study 1 and Foy et al. (2017) but also provides strong support for the assumption that the degree of implausibility determines the modulating role of source credibility for validation. The third study examined the relationship of source credibility and plausibility in an ecologically valid social media setting with short Twitter messages varying in world-knowledge and text-belief consistency by trustworthy and untrustworthy sources. In sum, plausibility and to a lesser extent source credibility mattered for routine validation and explicit evaluation of text information as indicated by reading times and plausibility judgments. However, the pattern partly diverged from Study 1 and 2, possibly because the source information was more salient. In sum, the present dissertation yielded three insights. First, the findings further extends evidence for routine validation based on world-knowledge and prior beliefs. Second, the studies suggest that source credibility can modulate validation. Readers used source credibility cues for routine validation and the explicit evaluation of text information in all studies. Third, the impact of source credibility seems to depend on the degree of implausibility of information. The present findings have theoretical implications for theories of validation and text comprehension as well as practical implications for targeting threats associated with the prevalence of inaccurate information, for example, on the World Wide Web. Future research using eye-tracking methodology could further disentangle the routine and strategic underlying processes of the relationship between source credibility and plausibility. N2 - Zahlreiche empirische Untersuchungen konnten zeigen, dass ein passiver und evaluativer Prozess – genannt Validierung – die Aktivierung und Integration von Textinformationen mit leserseitigem Vorwissen und Überzeugungen als grundlegende Prozesse des Textverstehens begleitet. Während der Konstruktion des Situationsmodells erfassen Validierungsprozesse fortlaufend und implizit die Plausibilität einer eingehenden Information, indem sie die Konsistenz mit leserseitigem Vorwissen und Überzeugungen sowie mit Kontextinformationen (z. B. vorherige Textinformationen) überprüfen. Die Erforschung weiterer Einflussgrößen für die Validierung hat jedoch gerade erst begonnen. Ein Forschungszweig beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie sich Kontextinformationen und Vorwissen in ihrem Beitrag zu Integrations- und Validierungsprozessen unterscheiden. Ein Befund dabei ist, dass das Vorwissen häufig einen stärkeren Einfluss auf die Validierungsprozesse hat und folglich die Informationsplausibilität das primäre Kriterium für die Validierung von Textinformationen ist. Starke Kontextinformationen können jedoch ebenfalls für die Bewertung von eingehenden Informationen herangezogen werden. Eine spezifische Kontextinformation, die eine konzeptuelle Verbindung zu der Validität einer Information hat und daher eine besondere Relevanz für die Validierung von Textinformationen besitzt, ist die Glaubwürdigkeit der Quelle, die eine Textinformation liefert. Es gibt jedoch nur vereinzelte Studien, die das interaktive Zusammenspiel der Informationsplausibilität und Quellenglaubwürdigkeit für die Validierung von Textinformationen untersucht haben. Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt an dieser Lücke an und untersucht die Rolle der Quellenglaubwürdigkeit für die routinierte Validierung von Textinformationen. Dabei wird angenommen, dass sowohl die Plausibilität als auch die Quellenglaubwürdigkeit in diesen Prozessen berücksichtigt werden. Die Plausibilität einer Information sollte hierbei das primäre Kriterium sein, das zur Validierung herangezogen wird, aber die Quellenglaubwürdigkeit sollte als zusätzliches Kriterium genutzt werden und die Prozesse potentiell zu modulieren. Zur Überprüfung dieser Annahmen wurden drei Lesezeitstudien mit insgesamt fünf Experimenten durchgeführt. Ob implizite und explizite Maße konvergieren oder divergieren ist aufschlussreich für die Untersuchung der Prozesse des Textverstehens. Daher dienten die Lesezeit als implizites Maß für Validierungsprozesse und die Beurteilung der Plausibilität einer Textinformation als explizites Maß in allen Studien. Die erste Studie untersuchte die Beziehung von Plausibilität und Quellenglaubwürdigkeit bei der Validierung von Textinformationen, die konsistent (plausibel) oder inkonsistent (stark unplausibel) mit dem Vorwissen waren. Diese Textinformationen waren eingebettet in kurzen Geschichten und wurden von einer Quelle mit viel bzw. wenig Expertise hinsichtlich des angesprochenen Wissensbereichs geäußert. In Studie 1 führten plausible Textinformationen zu kürzeren Lesezeiten und höheren Plausibilitätsurteilen als stark unplausible Textinformationen. Für plausible Informationen schien die Quellenglaubwürdigkeit keine Rolle zu spielen, jedoch führten glaubwürdige Quellen zu höheren Lesezeiten und niedrigeren Plausibilitätsurteilen bei stark unplausiblen Informationen. Studie 1 legt nahe, dass die Konsistenz mit dem Vorwissen das Hauptkriterium für die Validierung war und die Quellenglaubwürdigkeit als zusätzliches Kriterium die Validierung unplausibler Informationen modulieren kann, jedoch in der Wirkrichtung scheinbar abweichend zu aktuellen Befunden ist (Foy et al., 2017). Die zweite Studie untersuchte, ob die in Studie 1 gefundene, modulierende Rolle der Quellenglaubwürdigkeit für Validierungsprozesse vom Grad der Unplausibilität einer Information abhängt. Hierzu wurden die Konzeption und die Materialien der ersten Studie um eine mittlere Plausibilitätsstufe, die als „etwas unplausibel“ bezeichnet werden kann, erweitert; sonst waren die Studien sehr ähnlich. In Studie 2 zeigte sich ein dreigestufter Plausibilitätseffekt abhängig von der Konsistenz mit dem Vorwissen. Plausible Textinformationen wurden schneller gelesen und als plausibler beurteilt als etwas unplausible Informationen. Diese wiederum wurden schneller gelesen und als plausibler eingeschätzt als stark unplausible Informationen. Erneut wurde die Quellenglaubwürdigkeit während des Lesens plausibler Informationen nicht berücksichtigt, modulierte aber die Validierung unplausibler Informationen. Glaubwürdige Quellen verglichen mit unglaubwürdigen Quellen führten zu kürzeren Lesezeiten und einer höher eingeschätzten Plausibilität für etwas unplausible Informationen, aber verlängerten die Lesezeiten und verringerten die Plausibilitätsurteile stark unplausibler Informationen – letzteres war identisch mit dem Ergebnis von Studie 1. Studie 2 zeigt, dass die Plausibilität einer Information das Hauptkriterium für wissensbasierte Validierungsprozesse war. Wenn Informationen einen gewissen Grad an Unplausibilität erreichen, können glaubwürdige Quellen die Plausibilität eigentlich unplausibler Informationen erhöhen oder sogar weiter verringern. Die Ergebnisse von Studie 2 belegen die Annahme, dass der Grad der Unplausibilität einer Information die modulierende Rolle der Glaubwürdigkeit einer Quelle bestimmt und darüber hinaus werden die Befunde von Studie 1 und Foy et al. (2017) integriert. Die dritte Studie untersuchte die Beziehung von Plausibilität und Quellenglaubwürdigkeit eingebettet in einem sozialen Medium mit kurzen Twitter-Nachrichten als ein ökologisch valider Kontext. Die Nachrichten unterschieden sich in der vom Text vermittelten Überzeugung und der Vorwissenskonsistenz. Diese Nachrichten wurden präsentiert von stark und wenig vertrauenswürdigen Quellen. Zusammenfassend zeigen Lesezeiten und Plausibilitätsurteile, dass die Informationsplausibilität und in einem geringeren Maße die Quellenglaubwürdigkeit für die routinierte Validierung und explizite Bewertung der Textinformationen von Bedeutung waren, aber mit einem teilweise abweichenden Muster zu Studie 1 und 2. Eine mögliche Erklärung könnte in den stark salienten Quelleninformationen in Studie 3 liegen. Zusammengefasst hat die vorliegende Dissertation drei Erkenntnisse erbracht. Erstens, die Befundlage für routinierte Validierungsprozesse basierend auf der Plausibilität einer Information wurde erweitert. Zweitens, die Studien legen nahe, dass die Glaubwürdigkeit einer Quelle dabei auch eine Rolle spielt: in allen Studien nutzten die Leserinnen und Leser die Quellenglaubwürdigkeit als zusätzlichen Hinweis zur Validierung und zur expliziten Plausibilitätsbewertung von Textinformationen. Drittens, die Stärke und die Richtung des Einflusses der Quellenglaubwürdigkeit für die wissensbasierte Validierung von Textinformationen scheint vom Grad der Unplausibilität einer Information abzuhängen. Diese Ergebnisse erlauben Schlussfolgerungen für Theorien der Validierung und des Textverstehens sowie praktische Implikationen für die Bekämpfung von möglichen Folgen, die mit der Verbreitung von Falschinformationen verbunden sind. Zukünftige Experimente basierend auf Blickbewegungen könnten helfen die routinierten und strategischen Prozesse genauer zu trennen, die die Beziehung von Quellenglaubwürdigkeit und Plausibilität für die Validierung bestimmen. KW - Textverstehen KW - Plausibilität KW - Trustworthiness KW - Credibility KW - Validation KW - Source Credibility KW - Text Comprehension KW - Plausibility KW - Sourcing Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288619 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gram, Maximilian A1 - Albertova, P. A1 - Schirmer, V. A1 - Blaimer, M. A1 - Gamer, M. A1 - Herrmann, M. J. A1 - Nordbeck, P. A1 - Jakob, P. M. T1 - Towards robust in vivo quantification of oscillating biomagnetic fields using Rotary Excitation based MRI JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Spin-lock based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has the potential for direct spatially-resolved detection of neuronal activity and thus may represent an important step for basic research in neuroscience. In this work, the corresponding fundamental effect of Rotary EXcitation (REX) is investigated both in simulations as well as in phantom and in vivo experiments. An empirical law for predicting optimal spin-lock pulse durations for maximum magnetic field sensitivity was found. Experimental conditions were established that allow robust detection of ultra-weak magnetic field oscillations with simultaneous compensation of static field inhomogeneities. Furthermore, this work presents a novel concept for the emulation of brain activity utilizing the built-in MRI gradient system, which allows REX sequences to be validated in vivo under controlled and reproducible conditions. Via transmission of Rotary EXcitation (tREX), we successfully detected magnetic field oscillations in the lower nano-Tesla range in brain tissue. Moreover, tREX paves the way for the quantification of biomagnetic fields. KW - functional magnetic resonance imaging KW - Rotary EXcitation (REX) KW - oscillating biomagnetic fields Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300862 VL - 12 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Michel, Eva A1 - Söll, Lena A1 - Molitor, Sabine T1 - Die Rolle elternbeurteilter exekutiver Funktionen zur Schulleistungsprognose JF - Lernen und Lernstörungen N2 - Einleitung: Unter dem Begriff exekutive Funktionen (EF) werden häufig die Komponenten Inhibition, kognitive Flexibilität und Aktualisierung von Arbeitsgedächtnisrepräsentationen subsumiert. EF sind bereichsübergreifende Prädiktoren schulischer Leistungen. Verschiedene Operationalisierungen derselben Komponente, z.B. Performanztests und Elterneinschätzungen, zeigen häufig nur geringe Interkorrelationen. Die Methoden scheinen unterschiedliche Aspekte einer Komponente zu erfassen, daher könnte eine Kombination zur Vorhersage schulischer Leistungen sinnvoll sein. Methode: N = 96 Erst- und Zweitklässler_innen mit und ohne Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten wurden mittels EF-Performanztests und Schulleistungstests zu Mathematik und Lesen untersucht. Per Fragebogen wurden elternbeurteilte EF und als Kontrollvariablen der sozioökonomische Status (SÖS) und das Vorliegen von Merkmalen einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) erfasst. Ergebnisse: Elternbeurteilungen hatten über die Performanztests hinaus einen bedeutsamen Vorhersagewert für die Mathematik- und Leseleistung. Der Einfluss von Alter, SÖS und ADHS-Merkmalen wurde kontrolliert. Diskussion: Die kombinierte Anwendung beider Erfassungsmethoden scheint somit vorteilhaft für die Prognose schulischer Leistungen und die Prävention von Schulleistungsproblemen. N2 - Introduction: The term „executive functions“ (EF) often embraces inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory updating. EF are domain-general predictors of scholastic performance. Different operationalisations of the same component, e.g., individual tests and parent ratings, often show weak interrelations. This indicates that different methods measure different aspects of an EF component. A combination of operationalisation methods might thus enhance the prediction of school performance. Method: N = 96 1st and 2nd graders with typical/atypical development were tested with individual EF tests, as well as mathematics and reading tests. Parent-rated EF, socio-economic status (SES) and ADHD symptoms (as control variables) were assessed with a questionnaire. Results: Parent ratings improve the prediction of mathematics and reading performance over and above individual tests. Age, SES and ADHD symptoms were controlled. Discussion: Combining both EF operationalisations provides benefits for prognosis and prevention of scholastic achievement problems. T2 - The Role of Parent-Rated Executive Functions as Predictors of School Performance KW - Exekutive Funktionen KW - Prädiktoren von Schulleistungen KW - ADHS KW - Mathematik KW - Lesen KW - Executive functions KW - predictors of scholastic performance KW - ADHD KW - mathematics KW - reading Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231575 SN - 2235-0977 SN - 2235-0985 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abendroth, Johanna A1 - Nauroth, Peter A1 - Richter, Tobias A1 - Gollwitzer, Mario T1 - Non-strategic detection of identity-threatening information: Epistemic validation and identity defense may share a common cognitive basis JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Readers use prior knowledge to evaluate the validity of statements and detect false information without effort and strategic control. The present study expands this research by exploring whether people also non-strategically detect information that threatens their social identity. Participants (N = 77) completed a task in which they had to respond to a “True” or “False” probe after reading true, false, identity-threatening, or non-threatening sentences. Replicating previous studies, participants reacted more slowly to a positive probe (“True”) after reading false (vs. true) sentences. Notably, participants also reacted more slowly to a positive probe after reading identity-threatening (vs. non-threatening) sentences. These results provide first evidence that identity-threatening information, just as false information, is detected at a very early stage of information processing and lends support to the notion of a routine, non-strategic identity-defense mechanism. KW - social identity KW - cognitive basis KW - identity defense Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301019 VL - 17 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Foerster, Anna T1 - How to measure post-error slowing: The case of pre-error speeding JF - Behavior Research Methods N2 - Post-error slowing is one of the most widely employed measures to study cognitive and behavioral consequences of error commission. Several methods have been proposed to quantify the post-error slowing effect, and we discuss two main methods: The traditional method of comparing response times in correct post-error trials to response times of correct trials that follow another correct trial, and a more recent proposal of comparing response times in correct post-error trials to the corresponding correct pre-error trials. Based on thorough re-analyses of two datasets, we argue that the latter method provides an inflated estimate by also capturing the (partially) independent effect of pre-error speeding. We propose two solutions for improving the assessment of human error processing, both of which highlight the importance of distinguishing between initial pre-error speeding and later post-error slowing. KW - response-time analysis KW - post-error slowing KW - pre-error speeding KW - performance monitoring Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273244 SN - 1554-3528 VL - 54 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghafoor, Hina A1 - Nordbeck, Peter A1 - Ritter, Oliver A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Schulz, Stefan M. T1 - Can Religiosity and Social Support Explain Effects of Trait Emotional Intelligence on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Cross-Cultural Study JF - Journal of Religion and Health N2 - Religion and social support along with trait emotional intelligence (EI) help individuals to reduce stress caused by difficult situations. Their implications may vary across cultures in reference to predicting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A convenience sample of N = 200 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients was recruited at cardiology centers in Germany (n = 100) and Pakistan (n = 100). Results indicated that trait-EI predicted better mental component of HRQoL in Pakistani and German CHF patients. Friends as social support appeared relevant for German patients only. Qualitative data indicate an internal locus of control in German as compared to Pakistani patients. Strengthening the beneficial role of social support in Pakistani patients is one example of how the current findings may inspire culture-specific treatment to empower patients dealing with the detrimental effects of CHF. KW - cross-cultural comparison KW - chronic heart failure KW - religion KW - social support KW - trait emotional intelligence KW - health-related quality of life Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-232823 SN - 0022-4197 VL - 61 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reis, Moritz A1 - Pfister, Roland T1 - Being Observed Does Not Boost Rule Retrieval JF - Advances in Cognitive Psychology N2 - Previous research, mainly focusing on the situational preconditions of rule violations, indicates that feelings of being watched by other agents promote rule compliance. However, the cognitive underpinnings of this effect and of rule violations in general have only attracted little scientific attention yet. In this study, we investigated whether cues of being observed not only reduce the likelihood of violating rules but also affect the underlying cognitive processes of such behavior when still putting a rule violation into action. Therefore, we applied a motion-tracking paradigm in which participants could violate a simple stimulus-response mapping rule while being faced with pictures of either open or closed eyes. In line with prior research, temporal and spatial measures of the participants' movements indicated that violating this rule induced substantial cognitive conflict. However, conflict during rulebreaking was not moderated by the eye stimuli. This outcome suggests that rule retrieval constitutes an automatic process which is not or is only barely influenced by situational parameters. Moreover, our results imply that the effect of perceived observation on rule conformity is driven by normative influences on decision-making instead of social facilitation of dominant action tendencies. KW - rule retrieval KW - motion tracking KW - cognitive conflict KW - observation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301089 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 173 EP - 178 ER - TY - THES A1 - Karageorgos, Panagiotis T1 - Investigating Reading Fluency in German Primary School Children: Interplay of Word Reading Accuracy, Speed, and Prosody T1 - Untersuchung der Leseflüssigkeit bei deutschen Grundschulkindern: Zusammenspiel von Wortlesegenauigkeit, -geschwindigkeit und Prosodie N2 - Reading skills are among the most important basic skills in society. However, not all readers are able to adequately understand texts or decode individual words. Findings from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS; German: IGLU) show that about one fifth of fourth graders can only establish coherence at the local level, and in some cases they only have a rudimentary understanding of the text they read (Bremerich-Vos et al., 2017). In addition, these reading deficits persist and have a negative impact on academic and professional success (Jimerson, 1999). Therefore, identifying the causes of these deficits and creating opportunities for interventions at an early stage is an important research objective. The aim of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between the aspects of reading fluency and their influence on reading comprehension. Despite the increasing scientific interest in reading fluency in recent years, a research gap still exists in the relationship between word recognition accuracy and both speed and the relevance of prosodic patterns for reading comprehension. Study 1 investigated whether German fourth graders (N = 826) were required to reach a certain word-recognition accuracy threshold before their word-recognition speed improved. In addition, a sub-sample (n = 170) with a pre-/posttest design was examined to assess the extent that the existing word-recognition accuracy can influence the effects of a syllable-based reading intervention on word-recognition accuracy and word-recognition speed. Results showed that word-recognition speed improved after children achieved a word-recognition accuracy of 71%. A positive intervention effect was also found on word-recognition accuracy for children who were below the 71% threshold before the intervention, whereas the intervention effect on word-recognition speed was positive for all children. However, a positive effect on reading comprehension was only found for children who were above the 71% threshold before the intervention. Study 2 investigated the relationship between word-recognition accuracy threshold and word-recognition speed shown in the first study in a longitudinal design with German students (N = 1,095). Word-recognition accuracy and speed were assessed from the end of Grade 1 to 4, whereas reading comprehension was assessed from the end of Grade 2 to 4. The results showed that the developmental trajectories of word recognition speed and reading comprehension were steeper in children who reached the word-recognition accuracy threshold by the end of the first grade than in children who later reached or had not reached this threshold. In Study 3, recurrence analysis (RQA) was used to extract prosodic patterns from reading recordings of struggling and skilled readers in the second (n = 67) and fourth grade (n = 69) and was used for the classification into struggling and skilled readers. In addition, the classification based on the prosodic patterns from the recurrence quantification analysis was compared with the classification of prosodic features from the manual transcription of the reading recordings. The results showed that second-grade struggling readers have lengthier pauses within or between words and take more time between pauses on average, whereas fourth-grade struggling readers spend more time between recurring stresses and have multiple diverse patterns in pitch and more recurring accents. Although the recurrence analysis had a good goodness of fit and provided additional information about the relationship of prosody with reading comprehension, the model using prosodic features from transcription had a better fit. In summary, the three studies in this dissertation provide four important insights into reading fluency in German. First, a threshold in word-recognition accuracy must be achieved before word-recognition speed improves. Second, the earlier this accuracy level is reached, the greater the gain in word-recognition speed and reading comprehension. Third, the intervention effects of a primary school reading intervention are influenced by the accuracy level. Fourth, although incorrect pauses within or between words play an important role in identifying and describing struggling readers in second grade, the importance of prosodic patterns increases in fourth grade. N2 - Lesefähigkeiten zählen zu den wichtigsten Grundfertigkeiten in der heutigen Gesellschaft. Jedoch gelingt es nicht allen Lesern und Leserinnen Texte angemessen zu verstehen oder einzelne Wörter zu dekodieren. Erkenntnisse der Internationale Grundschul-Lese-Untersuchung (PIRLS; Deutsch: IGLU) belegen, dass etwa ein Fünftel der Viertklässler und Viertklässlerinnen Kohärenz nur auf lokaler Ebene herstellen können und in manchen Fällen nur über ein rudimentäres Verständnis des gelesenen Textes verfügen (Bremerich-Vos et al., 2017). Außerdem bleiben diese Lesedefizite bestehen und haben einen negativen Einfluss auf den schulischen und beruflichen Erfolg (Jimerson, 1999). Deshalb ist es wichtig die Ursachen dieser Defizite zu identifizieren und frühzeitig Möglichkeiten für Interventionen zu schaffen. Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen den Teilaspekten der Leseflüssigkeit und deren Einfluss auf das Leseverständnis näher zu untersuchen. Trotz der zunehmenden wissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit der Leseflüssigkeit in den letzten Jahren, besteht hier eine Forschungslücke sowohl bezüglich des Zusammenhangs zwischen Worterkennungsgenauigkeit und -geschwindigkeit als auch bezüglich der Relevanz prosodischer Muster für das Leseverständnis. In Studie 1 wurde untersucht, ob deutsche Viertklässler und Viertklässlerinnen (N = 826) eine bestimmte Worterkennungsgenauigkeitsschwelle erreichen müssen, bevor sich ihre Worterkennungsgeschwindigkeit verbessert. Darüber hinaus wurde in einer Teilstichprobe (n = 170) mit einem Prä-/Posttest Design untersucht, inwiefern die bestehende Worterkennungsgenauigkeit die Effekte einer silbenbasierten Leseintervention auf die Worterkennungsgenauigkeit und Worterkennungsgeschwindigkeit beeinflussen kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Worterkennungsgeschwindigkeit sich verbesserte, nachdem die Kinder eine Worterkennungsgenauigkeit von 71% erreichten. Zudem zeigten sich ein positiver Interventionseffekt auf die Worterkennungsgenauigkeit für die Kinder, die vor der Intervention unter der 71% Schwelle lagen. Auf die Worterkennungsgeschwindigkeit ergab sich für alle Kinder ein positiver Interventionseffekt. Auf das Leseverständnis hingegen zeigte sich nur für die Kinder, die vor der Intervention über der 71% Schwelle lagen, ein positiver Effekt. Studie 2 untersuchte den in der ersten Studie aufgezeigten Zusammenhang zwischen Worterkennungsgenauigkeitsschwelle und Worterkennungsgeschwindigkeit in einem längsschnittlichen Design mit deutschen Schülerinnen und Schüler (N = 1,095). Die Worterkennungsgenauigkeit und -geschwindigkeit wurden von Ende der Jahrgangsstufe 1 bis Jahrgangsstufe 4 erfasst, während das Leseverständnis von Ende der Jahrgangsstufe 2 bis Jahrgangsstufe 4 erfasst wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Entwicklungsverläufe der Worterkennungsgeschwindigkeit und des Leseverständnisses bei Kindern, die die Worterkennungsgenauigkeitsschwelle bis Ende der Jahrgangsstufe 1 erreichten, steiler waren als bei Kindern, die diese Schwelle erst später oder gar nicht erreichten. In Studie 3 wurden mit Hilfe der Rekurrenzanalyse (RQA) prosodische Muster aus der Leseaufnahmen leseschwacher und -starker Kinder der Jahrgangsstufe 2 (n = 67) und der Jahrgangsstufe 4 (n = 69) extrahiert und für die Klassifikation in leseschwach und lesestark verwendet. Darüber hinaus wurde die Klassifikation anhand der prosodischen Muster aus der Rekurrenzanalyse mit der Klassifikation prosodischer Merkmale aus der manuellen Transkription der Leseaufnahmen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass leseschwache Kinder der Jahrgangsstufe 2 längere Pausen innerhalb oder zwischen einzelnen Wörtern machen und im Durchschnitt mehr Zeit zwischen Pausen verstreichen lassen, während leseschwache Kinder der Jahrgangsstufe 4 mehr Zeit zwischen wiederkehrende Betonungen verstreichen lassen, viele Muster bei der Tonhöhe aufweisen und häufiger wiederkehrende Betonungen zeigen. Obwohl die Rekurrenzanalyse eine gute Anpassungsgüte hatte und zusätzliche Informationen zu dem Zusammenhang der Prosodie mit dem Leseverständnis lieferte, ergab sich für das Model mit den prosodischen Merkmalen aus der Transkription eine bessere Anpassungsgüte. Zusammenfassend liefern die drei Studien der vorliegenden Dissertation vier bedeutsame Erkenntnisse bezüglich der Leseflüssigkeit im Deutschen. Erstens: Es gibt eine gewisse Schwelle bei der Worterkennungsgenauigkeit, die erreicht werden muss, bevor sich die Worterkennungsgeschwindigkeit verbessert. Zweitens: Je früher diese Genauigkeitsschwelle erreicht wird, desto stärker ist der Zuwachs in der Worterkennungsgeschwindigkeit und im Leseverständnis. Drittens: Die Interventionseffekte einer Leseintervention in die Grundschule werden von der Genauigkeitsschwelle beeinflusst. Viertens: Während inkorrekte Pausen innerhalb oder zwischen einzelnen Wörtern eine wichtige Rolle für die Identifikation und Beschreibung von leseschwachen Kindern in die Jahrgangsstufe 2 spielen, nimmt die Bedeutung der prosodischen Muster in der Jahrgangsstufe 4 zu. KW - Worterkennung KW - Textverstehen KW - Prosodie KW - word-reading accuracy KW - word-reading speed KW - prosody KW - primary school children Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-292612 ER - TY - THES A1 - Liesner, Marvin Paul T1 - I control it, but does it mean it is part of me? How the relationship between body movements and controlled object movements influences the sense of agency and the sense of ownership T1 - Ich kontrolliere es, aber ist es deshalb ein Teil von mir? Wie die Umsetzung von Körperbewegungen in Bewegungen von kontrollierten Objekten Sense of agency und Sense of ownership beeinflusst N2 - The “active self” approach suggests that any object we manipulate voluntarily and foreseeably becomes part of our “self” in the sense that we feel control over this object (sense of agency) and experience it as belonging to our own body (sense of ownership). While there is considerable evidence that we can indeed experience both a sense of agency and a sense of ownership over a broad variety of objects when we control these through our actions, the approach has also been criticized for exaggerating the flexibility of the human self. In this thesis, I investigate the influence that the relationship between the body movements controlling an object and the movements of the object itself has on the process of integrating an object into the self. I demonstrate that fully controlling an object is not sufficient for it to be integrated into the self since both explicit and implicit measures of the sense of agency and the sense of ownership indicate less or no integration when body movements are transformed into inverted object movements. Furthermore, I show that such inversions lead to the downregulation of sensory signals either from the body or from the controlled object in order to deal with the conflicting multisensory information when performing such actions. I argue that this downregulation is the underlying factor behind the diminished or eliminated integration of inverted body and object movements and I discuss further pathways for possible future studies building up on these findings. N2 - Der “Active Self”-Ansatz sagt aus, dass jedes Objekt, welches wir willentlich und vorhersehbar manipulieren, Teil unseres „Selbst“ wird in dem Sinne, dass wir Kontrolle über dieses Objekt empfinden (Sense of agency) und es als zu unserem eigenen Körper zugehörig erleben (Sense of ownership). Während es eine beträchtliche Menge an Evidenz dafür gibt, dass wir tatsächlich sowohl Sense of agency als auch Sense of ownership für eine breite Vielfalt an Objekten empfinden können, wenn wir diese durch unsere Handlungen kontrollieren, wurde der Ansatz auch dafür kritisiert die Flexibilität des menschlichen Selbst über zu strapazieren. In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich den Einfluss, den die Beziehung zwischen den Körperbewegungen, welche ein Objekt kontrollieren, und den Bewegungen des Objekts selbst auf den Integrationsprozess eines Objekts in das Selbst hat. Ich demonstriere, dass ein Objekt vollständig zu kontrollieren nicht ausreichend ist, damit es in das Selbst integriert wird, da sowohl explizite als auch implizite Maße für Sense of agency und Sense of ownership weniger oder keine Integration zeigen, wenn Körperbewegungen in invertierte Objektbewegungen transformiert werden. Darüber hinaus zeige ich, dass solche Invertierungen zur Herunterregulierung sensorischer Signale entweder vom Körper oder vom kontrollierten Objekt führen, um mit der konfligierenden multisensorischen Information umzugehen, wenn solche Handlungen ausgeführt werden. Ich argumentiere, dass diese Herunterregulierung der zugrundeliegende Faktor ist für die verringerte oder eliminierte Integration invertierter Körper- und Objektbewegungen und ich diskutiere weitere Richtungen für mögliche zukünftige Studien, die auf diesen Befunden aufbauen. KW - Experimentelle Psychologie KW - Kognitive Psychologie KW - Ideomotorik KW - Sense of agency KW - Sense of ownership KW - Ideomotor KW - Active self KW - Multisensory integration KW - Tactile suppression KW - Tactile gating Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287030 ER - TY - THES A1 - Madeira, Octavia T1 - The Human-Experimental Virtual Elevated Plus-Maze as an Anxiety Model T1 - Das human-experimentelle virtuelle Elevated Plus-Maze als Angstmodell N2 - Anxiety research is one of the major psychological research domains and looks back on decades of research activity. Traditionally, novel theories and approaches are tested utilizing animal models. One way to study inherent anxiety in rodents is the elevated plus-maze (EPM). The EPM is a plus-shaped platform with two closed, i.e., walled, arms and two open unwalled arms. If given the opportunity to freely explore the apparatus, rodents instinctively avoid the open arms to protect themselves from predators. Hence, they spent less time on open and more time on closed arms, which is behaviorally associated with general anxiety. In the course of the pharmacological validation, it was found that this exploratory pattern can be reversed by anxiolytic substances, e.g., benzodiazepines, or potentiated by anxiogenics. One of the significant advantages of the EPM is that no prior training session is required in contrast to conditioning studies, thus allowing to observe natural behavior. Therefore, together with the economic and uncomplicated setup, the EPM has become a standard preclinical rodent anxiety test over the decades. In order to validate these rodent anxiety tests, there have recently been attempts to retranslate them to humans. A paramount of cross-species validation is not only the simple transferability of these animal tests but also the observation of anxiety behaviors that are evolutionarily conserved across species. Accordingly, it could be possible to conclude various factors associated with the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders in humans. So far, convincing translations of the EPM to humans are still lacking. For that reason, the primary aim of this dissertation is to retranslate the EPM throughout three studies and to evaluate cross-species validity critically. Secondly, the undertaken studies are set out to observe ambulatory activity equivalent to rodent EPM behavior, i.e., open arm avoidance. Thirdly, the undertaken studies aimed to assess the extent to which trait anxiety influences human exploratory activity on the platform to associate it with the assumption that rodent EPM-behavior is a reflection of general anxiety. Finally, virtual reality (VR) was the method of choice to maintain the economic advantage and adjust the EPM size to humans. Study 1 (N = 30) was set up to directly transfer the rodent EPM regarding test design and experimental procedure using a Computer Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). The results revealed that humans unlike rodents display a general open arms approach during free exploration. However, open arm avoidance was associated with high trait anxiety and acrophobia (fear of height), which was initially assessed as a control variable due to the virtual platform height. Regression analyses and subjective anxiety ratings hinted at a more significant influence of acrophobia on open arm avoidance. In addition, it was assumed that the open arms approach might have resulted from claustrophobic tendencies experienced in the closed arms due to the high walls. Study 2 (N = 61) sought to differentiate the influence of trait anxiety and acrophobia and adapt the virtual EPM to humans. Therefore, parts of the platform held a semi-transparent grid-floor texture, and the wall height on the closed arms was reduced to standard handrail level. Moreover, participants were priorly screened to exclude clinically significant levels of acrophobia, claustrophobia, and agoraphobia. The data on general exploratory activity showed no arm preference. Regression analyses confirmed that acrophobia is related to open arm avoidance, corroborating the finding of Study 1. Surprisingly, for trait anxiety, the result of Study 1 could not be replicated. Instead, for trait anxiety, no significant effect was found indicating that predominantly fear of heights shapes human EPM behavior even on a subclinical stage. In Study 3 (N = 57), the EPM was embedded into a city setting to 1) create a more natural human environment and 2) eliminate height. Furthermore, a head-mounted display was utilized for VR presentation, and arousal ratings were introduced. Participants were screened for high and low levels of trait anxiety and agoraphobia, and claustrophobia. Replicating the findings of Study 2, no difference in open and closed arm activity was observed, and no effect was found in relationship with trait anxiety. The data on anxiety ratings and claustrophobia suggest a positive correlation indicating that in this city EPM, claustrophobic tendencies might play a role in closed arm avoidance. In summary, this thesis added valuable insights into the retranslation of a well-established standard anxiety test used in rodents. However, it also majorly challenges current findings on the cross-species validity of the EPM. Various explanatory models for the results are critically discussed and associated with clinical implications concerning future research. N2 - Die Angstforschung ist eines der wichtigsten psychologischen Forschungsgebiete und blickt auf eine jahrzehntelange Forschungstätigkeit zurück. Traditionell werden neue Theorien und Ansätze anhand von Tiermodellen getestet. Eine Möglichkeit, inhärente Angst bei Nagetieren zu untersuchen, ist das Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM). Das EPM ist eine plusförmige Plattform mit zwei geschlossenen, d. h. mit Wänden versehenen, Armen und zwei offenen, nicht mit Wänden umschlossenen, Armen. Wenn Nagetiere die Möglichkeit haben, die Plattform frei zu erkunden, meiden sie instinktiv die offenen Arme, um sich vor Fressfeinden zu schützen, d.h. sie verbringen weniger Zeit in den offenen und mehr Zeit in den geschlossenen Armen, was verhaltensmäßig mit Ängstlichkeit assoziiert wird. Im Rahmen der pharmakologischen Validierung wurde festgestellt, dass dieses Explorationsmuster durch anxiolytische Substanzen, z. B. Benzodiazepine, umgekehrt oder durch anxiogene Substanzen verstärkt werden kann. Einer der wesentlichen Vorteile des EPM ist, dass im Gegensatz zu Konditionierungsstudien kein vorheriges Training erforderlich ist und somit natürliches Verhalten beobachtet werden kann. Zusammen mit dem ökonomischen und unkomplizierten Versuchsaufbau hat sich das EPM daher im Laufe der Jahrzehnte zu einem Standardtest für präklinische Angstforschung bei Nagern entwickelt. Um diese Angsttests von Nagern zu validieren, wurde kürzlich versucht, diese auf den Menschen zu übertragen. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die artenübergreifende Validierung ist nicht nur die einfache Translation dieser Tiertests, sondern auch die Beobachtung von Angstverhalten, das evolutionär über alle Arten hinweg konserviert ist. Darauf aufbauend könnte es möglich sein, auf verschiedene Faktoren zu schließen, die mit der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Angststörungen beim Menschen in Verbindung stehen. Bislang fehlt es noch an einer überzeugenden Übertragung des EPM auf den Menschen. Aus diesem Grund besteht das primäre Ziel dieser Dissertation darin, das EPM in drei Studien neu zu übersetzen und die speziesübergreifende Validität kritisch zu bewerten. Zweitens sollen die durchgeführten Studien eine dem EPM-Verhalten von Nagetieren äquivalente Bewegungsaktivität beobachten, d.h. die Vermeidung offener Arme. Drittens zielten die durchgeführten Studien darauf ab, das Ausmaß zu bewerten, in dem Angstmerkmale das Explorationsverhalten des Menschen auf der Plattform beeinflussen, um sie mit der Annahme in Verbindung zu bringen, dass das EPM-Verhalten von Nagetieren Ängstlichkeit repräsentiert. Schließlich war die virtuelle Realität (VR) die Methode der Wahl, um die ökonomische Validität zu erhalten und das EPM in seiner Größe an den Menschen anpassen zu können. In Studie 1 (N = 30) wurde das Tier-EPM hinsichtlich des Testdesigns und des Versuchsablaufs unter Verwendung einer computergesteuerten virtuellen Umgebung (CAVE) direkt auf den Menschen übertragen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Menschen im Gegensatz zu Nagern während der freien Exploration generell eine Annäherung zu den offenen Armen zeigen. Die Vermeidung offener Arme war jedoch mit hoher Traitängstlichkeit und Akrophobie (Höhenangst) verbunden, die aufgrund der Höhe der virtuellen Plattform zunächst als Kontrollvariable erhoben wurde. Regressionsanalysen und subjektive Angstbewertungen deuteten auf einen stärkeren Einfluss der Akrophobie auf die Vermeidung der offenen Arme hin. Darüber hinaus wurde angenommen, dass die Vermeidung der offenen Arme aus klaustrophobischen Tendenzen resultieren könnte, die in den geschlossenen Armen aufgrund der hohen Wände auftreten. In Studie 2 (N = 61) wurde versucht, den Einfluss von Traitängstlichkeit und Akrophobie zu differenzieren und das virtuelle EPM an den Menschen anzupassen. Daher waren Teile der Plattform mit einer halbtransparenten Gitterbodenstruktur versehen, und die Wandhöhe in den geschlossenen Armen wurde auf die Höhe eines Standardgeländers reduziert. Darüber hinaus wurden die Versuchsteilnehmer vorselektiert um klinisch signifikante Werte von Akrophobie, Klaustrophobie und Agoraphobie auszuschließen. Die Daten zu generellem Explorationsverhalten zeigten, dass keine Armpräferenz besteht. Die durchgeführte Regressionsanalyse demonstrierte, dass die Vermeidung der offenen Arme mit Akrophobie zusammenhängt, was die Ergebnisse von Studie 1 bestätigt. Überraschenderweise konnte das Ergebnis von Studie 1 in Bezug auf Traitängstlichkeit nicht repliziert werden. Stattdessen wurde für Ängstlichkeit kein signifikanter Effekt gefunden, was darauf hindeutet, dass hauptsächlich Höhenangst das menschliche EPM-Verhalten sogar in einem subklinischen Stadium prägt. In Studie 3 (N = 57) wurde das EPM in eine städtische Umgebung eingebettet, um 1) eine für den Menschen natürlichere Umgebung zu schaffen und 2) den Faktor Höhe zu eliminieren. Darüber hinaus wurde für die VR-Präsentation eine Virtual-Reality-Brille verwendet, und Arousalratings eingeführt. Die Teilnehmer wurden auf hohe und niedrige Werte von Traitängstlichkeit und Agoraphobie sowie Klaustrophobie untersucht. Wie in Studie 2 konnte kein Unterschied zwischen der Explorationstendenzen der offenen und der geschlossenen Arme beobachtet werden, und es wurde kein Effekt in Bezug auf die erhobenen Angstmerkmale festgestellt. Die Daten zu Angstbewertungen und Klaustrophobie deuten auf eine positive Korrelation hin, was darauf bedeutet, dass bei diesem Stadt-EPM klaustrophobische Tendenzen eine Rolle bei der Vermeidung des geschlossenen Arms spielen könnten. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass diese Arbeit wertvolle Einblicke in die Retranslation eines gut etablierten Standard-Angsttests für Nager liefert. Sie stellt jedoch auch die derzeitigen Erkenntnisse über die artenübergreifende Validität des EPM in Frage. Verschiedene Erklärungsmodelle für die Ergebnisse werden kritisch diskutiert und mit klinischen Implikationen für die zukünftige Forschung verbunden. KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - Angststörung KW - Elevated Plus-Maze KW - Explorationsverhalten Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281478 ER - TY - THES A1 - Seeger, Jennifer T1 - Determinanten des Studienerfolgs internationaler Studierender - Das metakognitive Strategiewissen T1 - Academic success in international students – metacognitive strategy knowledge N2 - Die Zahl internationaler Studierender in Deutschland stieg in den letzten Jahrzehnten stetig an. Gleichzeitig haben sich die hohen Abbruchquoten dieser Gruppe an Studierenden wenig verändert und Forschung zu den Bedingungsfaktoren eines erfolgreichen Studiums internationaler Studierender gewann erst in den vergangenen Jahren an Aufmerksamkeit. Neben den sprachlichen Kompetenzen der Studierenden könnte beim Studium in einem fremden Land eine Fähigkeit zur Anpassung an den neuartigen Studienalltag und zum Umgang mit schwierigen diesbezüglichen Situationen von Bedeutung sein. In dieser Dissertation wird zunächst die angesprochene Internationalisierung der deutschen Hochschulen und Entwicklung der Zahlen internationaler Studierender an denselben betrachtet. Ein Modell des Studienabbruchsprozesses und die durch internationale Studierende angegebenen Schwierigkeiten im Studienalltag führen zum Konstrukt des metakognitiven Strategiewissens, das anhand bisheriger Forschung eingeordnet und beleuchtet wird. Drei im Rahmen dieser Dissertation durchgeführte empirische Studien untersuchten das zu Studienbeginn vorhandene metakognitive Strategiewissen zur Anpassung an schwierige Situationen im Studienalltag und fanden durchweg Zusammenhänge mit der späteren Sprachfähigkeit sowie dem späteren Studienerfolg der internationalen Studierenden. Das zentrale Ergebnis dieser Dissertation besteht somit in der Feststellung eines Einflusses des zu Studienbeginn vorhandenen metakognitiven Strategiewissens internationaler Studierender auf den späteren Studienerfolg an deutschen Hochschulen. Dieser besteht noch über den Einfluss der anfänglichen Sprachfähigkeit hinaus und kann somit zusätzlich zur grundlegenden Fähigkeit des Verständnisses und der Kommunikation in der Sprache des Studienlandes ein gelingendes Studium beeinflussen. N2 - The number of international students at German universities is rising consistently. At the same time this group is facing a big drop-out. Research into the determinants of academic success or failure in international students in Germany has only gained attention during the last years. Besides language efficiency a basic competence of adjusting to the new environment at university and dealing with challenging situations could be vital for academic success abroad. This dissertation first focuses on the development rates of international students at German universities and the overall international involvement of the latter. A model on the process of student drop-out leads to the construct of metacognitive strategy knowledge which is thoroughly described and viewed in the research context. Three studies were conducted for this dissertation which are then presented. All of them showed metacognitive strategy knowledge to be closely linked to language efficiency as well as academic success in international students. Therefore, the central result of this dissertation is the relevance of metacognitive strategy knowledge at the beginning of the first year for later academic success in international students. This result is consistent even taking the language efficiency at the beginning of the first year into account and can therefore provide an additional competency that is vital for academic success. KW - Metakognition KW - Studienerfolg KW - Internationale Studierende KW - Zweitsprache KW - Sprachkompetenz Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-289333 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eidel, M. A1 - Kübler, A. T1 - Identifying potential training factors in a vibrotactile P300-BCI JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) often rely on visual stimulation and feedback. Potential end-users with impaired vision, however, cannot use these BCIs efficiently and require a non-visual alternative. Both auditory and tactile paradigms have been developed but are often not sufficiently fast or accurate. Thus, it is particularly relevant to investigate if and how users can train and improve performance. We report data from 29 healthy participants who trained with a 4-choice tactile P300-BCI during five sessions. To identify potential training factors, we pre-post assessed the robustness of the BCI performance against increased workload in a dual task condition and determined the participants’ somatosensory sensitivity thresholds with a forced-choice intensity discrimination task. Accuracy (M = 79.2% to 92.0%) and tactually evoked P300 amplitudes increased significantly, confirming successful training. Pre-post somatosensory sensitivity increased, and workload decreased significantly, but results of the dual task condition remained inconclusive. The present study confirmed the previously reported feasibility and trainability of our tactile BCI paradigm within a multi-session design. Importantly, we provide first evidence of improvement in the somatosensory system as a potential mediator for the observed training effects. KW - Brain–computer interfaces (BCI) KW - training KW - non-visual Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301064 VL - 12 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Murali, Supriya A1 - Händel, Barbara T1 - Motor restrictions impair divergent thinking during walking and during sitting JF - Psychological Research N2 - Creativity, specifically divergent thinking, has been shown to benefit from unrestrained walking. Despite these findings, it is not clear if it is the lack of restriction that leads to the improvement. Our goal was to explore the effects of motor restrictions on divergent thinking for different movement states. In addition, we assessed whether spontaneous eye blinks, which are linked to motor execution, also predict performance. In experiment 1, we compared the performance in Guilford's alternate uses task (AUT) during walking vs. sitting, and analysed eye blink rates during both conditions. We found that AUT scores were higher during walking than sitting. Albeit eye blinks differed significantly between movement conditions (walking vs. sitting) and task phase (baseline vs. thinking vs. responding), they did not correlate with task performance. In experiment 2 and 3, participants either walked freely or in a restricted path, or sat freely or fixated on a screen. When the factor restriction was explicitly modulated, the effect of walking was reduced, while restriction showed a significant influence on the fluency scores. Importantly, we found a significant correlation between the rate of eye blinks and creativity scores between subjects, depending on the restriction condition. Our study shows a movement state-independent effect of restriction on divergent thinking. In other words, similar to unrestrained walking, unrestrained sitting also improves divergent thinking. Importantly, we discuss a mechanistic explanation of the effect of restriction on divergent thinking based on the increased size of the focus of attention and the consequent bias towards flexibility. KW - creativity KW - humans KW - sitting KW - walking KW - thinking Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267722 SN - 1430-2772 VL - 86 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zyberaj, Jetmir A1 - Seibel, Sebastian A1 - Schowalter, Annika F. A1 - Pötz, Lennart A1 - Richter-Killenberg, Stefanie A1 - Volmer, Judith T1 - Developing sustainable careers during a pandemic: the role of psychological capital and career adaptability JF - Sustainability N2 - The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only had negative effects on employees' health, but also on their prospects to gain and maintain employment. Using a longitudinal research design with two measurement points, we investigated the ramifications of various psychological and organizational resources on employees' careers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, in a sample of German employees (N = 305), we investigated the role of psychological capital (PsyCap) for four career-related outcomes: career satisfaction, career engagement, coping with changes in career due to COVID-19, and career-related COVID-19 worries. We also employed leader–member exchange (LMX) as a moderator and career adaptability as a mediating variable in these relationships. Results from path analyses revealed a positive association between PsyCap and career satisfaction and career coping. Furthermore, PsyCap was indirectly related to career engagement through career adaptability. However, moderation analysis showed no moderating role of LMX on the link between PsyCap and career adaptability. Our study contributes to the systematic research concerning the role of psychological and organizational resources for employees' careers and well-being, especially for crisis contexts. KW - psychological capital KW - career adaptability KW - LMX KW - career engagement KW - career satisfaction KW - career coping KW - COVID-19 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267286 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 14 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kiser, Dominik P. A1 - Gromer, Daniel A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Hilger, Kirsten T1 - A virtual reality social conditioned place preference paradigm for humans: Does trait social anxiety affect approach and avoidance of virtual agents? JF - Frontiers in Virtual Reality N2 - Approach and avoidance of positive and negative social cues are fundamental to prevent isolation and ensure survival. High trait social anxiety is characterized by an avoidance of social situations and extensive avoidance is a risk factor for the development of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Therefore, experimental methods to assess social avoidance behavior in humans are essential. The social conditioned place preference (SCPP) paradigm is a well-established experimental paradigm in animal research that is used to objectively investigate social approach–avoidance mechanisms. We retranslated this paradigm for human research using virtual reality. To this end, 58 healthy adults were exposed to either a happy- or angry-looking virtual agent in a specific room, and the effects of this encounter on dwell time as well as evaluation of this room in a later test without an agent were examined. We did not observe a general SCPP effect on dwell time or ratings but discovered a moderation by trait social anxiety, in which participants with higher trait social anxiety spent less time in the room in which the angry agent was present before, suggesting that higher levels of trait social anxiety foster conditioned social avoidance. However, further studies are needed to verify this observation and substantiate an association with social anxiety disorder. We discussed the strengths, limitations, and technical implications of our paradigm for future investigations to more comprehensively understand the mechanisms involved in social anxiety and facilitate the development of new personalized treatment approaches by using virtual reality. KW - retranslational research KW - conditioned place preference KW - approach–avoidance KW - social anxiety KW - virtual reality KW - personality traits KW - individual differences Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-293564 SN - 2673-4192 VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grapp, Miriam A1 - Ell, Johanna A1 - Kiermeier, Senta A1 - Haun, Markus W. A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Friederich, Hans-Christoph A1 - Maatouk, Imad T1 - Feasibility study of a self-guided internet-based intervention for family caregivers of patients with cancer (OAse) JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Despite high levels of distress, family caregivers of patients with cancer rarely seek psychosocial support and Internet-based interventions (IBIs) are a promising approach to reduce some access barriers. Therefore, we developed a self-guided IBI for family caregivers of patients with cancer (OAse), which, in addition to patients' spouses, also addresses other family members (e.g., adult children, parents). This study aimed to determine the feasibility of OAse (recruitment, dropout, adherence, participant satisfaction). Secondary outcomes were caregivers’ self-efficacy, emotional state, and supportive care needs. N = 41 family caregivers participated in the study (female: 65%), mostly spouses (71%), followed by children (20%), parents (7%), and friends (2%). Recruitment (47%), retention (68%), and adherence rates (76% completed at least 4 of 6 lessons) support the feasibility of OAse. Overall, the results showed a high degree of overall participant satisfaction (96%). There were no significant pre-post differences in secondary outcome criteria, but a trend toward improvement in managing difficult interactions/emotions (p = .06) and depression/anxiety (p = .06). Although the efficacy of the intervention remains to be investigated, our results suggest that OAse can be well implemented in caregivers’ daily lives and has the potential to improve family caregivers’ coping strategies. KW - cancer KW - oncology KW - psychology Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300537 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Ziebell, Philipp A1 - Müller, Mathias A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - Standardizing continuous data classifications in a virtual T-maze using two-layer feedforward networks JF - Scientific Reports N2 - There continues to be difficulties when it comes to replication of studies in the field of Psychology. In part, this may be caused by insufficiently standardized analysis methods that may be subject to state dependent variations in performance. In this work, we show how to easily adapt the two-layer feedforward neural network architecture provided by Huang1 to a behavioral classification problem as well as a physiological classification problem which would not be solvable in a standardized way using classical regression or “simple rule” approaches. In addition, we provide an example for a new research paradigm along with this standardized analysis method. This paradigm as well as the analysis method can be adjusted to any necessary modification or applied to other paradigms or research questions. Hence, we wanted to show that two-layer feedforward neural networks can be used to increase standardization as well as replicability and illustrate this with examples based on a virtual T-maze paradigm\(^{2−5}\) including free virtual movement via joystick and advanced physiological data signal processing. KW - standardized analysis method KW - neural network architecture KW - two‑layer feedforward networks Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301096 VL - 12 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Perceptual changes after learning of an arbitrary mapping between vision and hand movements JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The present study examined the perceptual consequences of learning arbitrary mappings between visual stimuli and hand movements. Participants moved a small cursor with their unseen hand twice to a large visual target object and then judged either the relative distance of the hand movements (Exp.1), or the relative number of dots that appeared in the two consecutive target objects (Exp.2) using a two-alternative forced choice method. During a learning phase, the numbers of dots that appeared in the target object were correlated with the hand movement distance. In Exp.1, we observed that after the participants were trained to expect many dots with larger hand movements, they judged movements made to targets with many dots as being longer than the same movements made to targets with few dots. In Exp.2, another group of participants who received the same training judged the same number of dots as smaller when larger rather than smaller hand movements were executed. When many dots were paired with smaller hand movements during the learning phase of both experiments, no significant changes in the perception of movements and of visual stimuli were observed. These results suggest that changes in the perception of body states and of external objects can arise when certain body characteristics co-occur with certain characteristics of the environment. They also indicate that the (dis)integration of multimodal perceptual signals depends not only on the physical or statistical relation between these signals, but on which signal is currently attended. KW - vision KW - hand movements KW - learning arbitrary mappings Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301074 VL - 12 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tibken, Catharina A1 - Richter, Tobias A1 - Linden, Nicole von der A1 - Schmiedeler, Sandra A1 - Schneider, Wolfgang T1 - The role of metacognitive competences in the development of school achievement among gifted adolescents JF - Child Development N2 - Gifted underachievers perform worse in school than would be expected based on their high intelligence. Possible causes for underachievement are low motivational dispositions (need for cognition) and metacognitive competences. This study tested the interplay of these variables longitudinally with gifted and non-gifted students from Germany (N = 341, 137 females) in Grades 6 (M = 12.02 years at t1) and 8 (M = 14.07 years). Declarative and procedural metacognitive competences were assessed in the domain of reading comprehension. Path analyses showed incremental effects of procedural metacognition over and above intelligence on the development of school achievement in gifted students (β = .139). Moreover, declarative metacognition and need for cognition interactively predicted procedural metacognition (β = .169), which mediated their effect on school achievement. KW - metacognitive competences KW - high intelligence KW - school Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258376 VL - 93 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Winter, Carla T1 - Evaluation der Verwendung von Virtueller Realität (VR) als Ergänzung zum Laufbandtraining im Rahmen der Behandlung von Gangstörungen bei Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose (MS) und Schlaganfall T1 - Evaluation of the use of virtual reality (VR) as a supplement to treadmill training in the treatment of gait disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke N2 - Die Rehabilitation von Gangstörungen bei Patienten mit MS und Schlaganfall erfolgt häufig mithilfe eines konventionellen Laufbandtrainings. Einige Studien haben bereits gezeigt, dass durch eine Erweiterung dieses Trainings um eine virtuelle Realität die Motivation der Patienten gesteigert und die Therapieergebnisse verbessert werden können. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine immersive VR-Anwendung (unter Verwendung eines HMD) für die Gangrehabilitation von Patienten evaluiert. Hierbei wurden ihre Anwendbarkeit und Akzeptanz geprüft sowie ihre Kurzzeiteffekte mit einer semi-immersiven Präsentation (unter Verwendung eines Monitors) und mit einem konventionellen Laufbandtraining ohne VR verglichen. Der Fokus lag insbesondere auf der Untersuchung der Anwendbarkeit beider Systeme und der Auswirkungen auf die Laufgeschwindigkeit und Motivation der Benutzer. Im Rahmen einer Studie mit Innersubjekt-Design nahmen zunächst 36 gesunde Teilnehmer und anschließend 14 Patienten mit MS oder Schlaganfall an drei experimentellen Bedingungen (VR über HMD, VR über Monitor, Laufbandtraining ohne VR) teil. Sowohl in der Studie mit gesunden Teilnehmern als auch in der Patientenstudie zeigte sich in der HMD-Bedingung eine höhere Laufgeschwindigkeit als beim Laufbandtraining ohne VR und in der Monitor-Bedingung. Die gesunden Studienteilnehmer berichteten über eine höhere Motivation nach der HMD-Bedingung als nach den anderen Bedingungen. Es traten in beiden Gruppen keine Nebenwirkungen im Sinne einer Simulator Sickness auf und es wurden auch keine Erhöhungen der Herzfrequenzen nach den VR-Bedingungen detektiert. Die Bewertungen des Präsenzerlebens waren in beiden Gruppen in der HMD-Bedingung höher als in der Monitor-Bedingung. Beide VR-Bedingungen erhielten hohe Bewertungen für die Benutzerfreundlichkeit. Die meisten der gesunden Teilnehmer (89 %) und Patienten (71 %) präferierten das HMD-basierte Laufbandtraining unter den drei Trainingsformen und die meisten Patienten könnten sich vorstellen, es häufiger zu nutzen. Mit der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine strukturierte Evaluation der Anwendbarkeit eines immersiven VR-Systems für die Gangrehabilitation geprüft und dieses erstmals in den direkten Vergleich zu einem semi-immersiven System und einem konventionellen Training ohne VR gesetzt. Die Studie bestätigte die Praktikabilität der Kombination eines Laufbandtrainings mit immersiver VR. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Benutzerfreundlichkeit und der geringen Nebenwirkungen scheint diese Trainingsform besonders für Patienten geeignet zu sein, um deren Trainingsmotivation und Trainingserfolge, wie z. B. die Laufgeschwindigkeit, zu steigern. Da immersive VR-Systeme allerdings nach wie vor spezifische technische Installationsprozeduren erfordern, sollte für die spezifische klinische Anwendung eine Kosten-Nutzen-Bewertung erfolgen. N2 - Rehabilitation of gait disorders in patients with MS and stroke is often done with the help of conventional treadmill training. Some studies have already shown that extending this training with virtual reality can increase patient motivation and improve therapy outcomes. In the present study, an immersive VR application (using an HMD) was evaluated for gait rehabilitation of patients. Here, its applicability and acceptability were tested, and its short-term effects were compared with a semi-immersive presentation (using a monitor) and with conventional treadmill training without VR. In particular, the focus was on investigating the applicability of both systems and the effects on user walking speed and motivation. In a study using a within-subjects design, first 36 healthy participants and then 14 patients with MS or stroke participated in three experimental conditions (VR via HMD, VR via monitor, treadmill training without VR). In both the healthy participant study and the patient study, the HMD condition showed a higher walking speed than the treadmill training without VR and the monitor condition. The healthy study participants reported higher motivation after the HMD condition than after the other conditions. No side effects in terms of simulator sickness occurred in either group, and no increases in heart rates were detected after the VR conditions. Presence experience ratings were higher in both groups in the HMD condition than in the monitor condition. Both VR conditions received high ratings for usability. Most of the healthy participants (89%) and patients (71%) preferred the HMD-based treadmill training among the three training modalities, and most patients could imagine using it more often. The present study tested a structured evaluation of the applicability of an immersive VR system for gait rehabilitation and, for the first time, compared it directly with a semi-immersive system and conventional training without VR. The study confirmed the practicability of combining treadmill training with immersive VR. Due to its high usability and low side effects, this form of training seems to be particularly suitable for patients to increase their training motivation and training success, such as walking speed. However, immersive VR systems still require specific technical installation procedures, so a cost-benefit assessment should be performed for the specific clinical application. KW - Multiple Sklerose KW - Schlaganfall KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - Motivation KW - Head-mounted Display KW - Neurorehabilitation KW - Laufbandtraining KW - Treadmill training Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-280544 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Käthner, Ivo A1 - Eidel, Matthias A1 - Häge, Anne-Sophie A1 - Gram, Annika A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Observing physicians acting with different levels of empathy modulates later assessed pain tolerance JF - British Journal of Health Psychology N2 - Objectives The patient–physician relationship is essential for treatment success. Previous studies demonstrated that physicians who behave empathic in their interaction with patients have a positive effect on health outcomes. In this study, we investigated if the mere perception of physicians as empathic/not empathic modulates pain despite an emotionally neutral interaction with the patients. Methods N = 60 women took part in an experimental study that simulated a clinical interaction. In the paradigm, each participant watched two immersive 360° videos via a head-mounted display from a patient’s perspective. The physicians in the videos behaved either empathic or not empathic towards a third person. Importantly, these physicians remained emotionally neutral in the subsequent virtual interaction with the participants. Finally, participants received a controlled, painful pressure stimulus within the narratives of the videos. Results The physicians in the high compared with the low empathy videos were rated as more empathic and more likable, indicating successful experimental manipulation. In spite of later neutral behaviour of physicians, this short observation of physicians’ behaviour towards a third person was sufficient to modulate pain tolerance of the participants. Conclusions The finding of this study that the mere observation of physicians’ behaviour towards a third person modulates pain, despite a neutral direct interaction with the participants, has important clinical implications. Further, the proposed paradigm enables investigating aspects of patient–physician communication that are difficult to examine in a clinical setting. KW - patient–physician relationship KW - empathy KW - psychology KW - pain KW - 360° videos Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258368 VL - 27 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muth, Felicitas V. A1 - Heilig, Michael A1 - Marquardt, Dorothea A1 - Mittelberg, Linda A1 - Sebald, Albrecht A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Lightness perception of structured surfaces JF - Color Research and Application N2 - Visual perception of surfaces is of utmost importance in everyday life. Therefore, it comes naturally, that different surface structures evoke different visual impressions in the viewer even if the material underlying these surface structures is the same. This topic is especially virulent for manufacturing processes in which more than one stakeholder is involved, but where the final product needs to meet certain criteria. A common practice to address such slight but perceivable differences in the visual appearance of structured surfaces is that trained evaluators assess the samples and assign a pass or fail. However, this process is both time consuming and cost intensive. Thus, we conducted two studies to analyze the relationship between physical surface structure parameters and participants visual assessment of the samples. With the first experiment, we aimed at uncovering a relationship between physical roughness parameters and visual lightness perception while the second experiment was designed to test participants' discrimination sensitivity across the range of stimuli. Perceived lightness and the measured surface roughness were nonlinearly related to the surface structure. Additionally, we found a linear relationship between the engraving parameter and physical brightness. Surface structure was an ideal predictor for perceived lightness and participants discriminated equally well across the entire range of surface structures. KW - surface structure KW - appearance KW - color perception KW - maximum likelihood difference scaling KW - psychophysics Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257314 VL - 47 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boschet, Juliane M. A1 - Scherbaum, Stefan A1 - Pittig, Andre T1 - Costly avoidance of Pavlovian fear stimuli and the temporal dynamics of its decision process JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Conflicts between avoiding feared stimuli versus approaching them for competing rewards are essential for functional behavior and anxious psychopathology. Yet, little is known about the underlying decision process. We examined approach-avoidance decisions and their temporal dynamics when avoiding Pavlovian fear stimuli conflicted with gaining rewards. First, a formerly neutral stimulus (CS+) was repeatedly paired with an aversive stimulus (US) to establish Pavlovian fear. Another stimulus (CS−) was never paired with the US. A control group received neutral tones instead of aversive USs. Next, in each of 324 trials, participants chose between a CS−/low reward and a CS+/high reward option. For the latter, probability of CS+ presentation (Pavlovian fear information) and reward magnitude (reward information) varied. Computer mouse movements were tracked to capture the decision dynamics. Although no more USs occurred, pronounced and persistent costly avoidance of the Pavlovian fear CS+ was found. Time-continuous multiple regression of movement trajectories revealed a stronger and faster impact of Pavlovian fear compared to reward information during decision-making. The impact of fear information, but not reward information, modestly decreased across trials. These findings suggest a persistently stronger weighting of fear compared to reward information during approach-avoidance decisions, which may facilitate the development of pathological avoidance. KW - decision process KW - fear stimuli KW - approach-avoidance decisions Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301041 VL - 12 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eder, Andreas B. A1 - Maas, Franzisca A1 - Schubmann, Alexander A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Erle, Thorsten M. T1 - Motivations underlying self-infliction of pain during thinking for pleasure JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Previous research suggested that people prefer to administer unpleasant electric shocks to themselves rather than being left alone with their thoughts because engagement in thinking is an unpleasant activity. The present research examined this negative reinforcement hypothesis by giving participants a choice of distracting themselves with the generation of electric shock causing no to intense pain. Four experiments (N = 254) replicated the result that a large proportion of participants opted to administer painful shocks to themselves during the thinking period. However, they administered strong electric shocks to themselves even when an innocuous response option generating no or a mild shock was available. Furthermore, participants inflicted pain to themselves when they were assisted in the generation of pleasant thoughts during the waiting period, with no difference between pleasant versus unpleasant thought conditions. Overall, these results question that the primary motivation for the self-administration of painful shocks is avoidance of thinking. Instead, it seems that the self-infliction of pain was attractive for many participants, because they were curious about the shocks, their intensities, and the effects they would have on them. KW - pain KW - self-infliction KW - thinking Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301059 VL - 12 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Greving, Carla Elisabeth T1 - Improving Learning from Texts: Distributed Practice and Distributed Learning as Desirable Difficulty in Reading Single and Multiple Texts T1 - Verbesserung des Lernens mit Texten: Verteiltes Üben und Verteiltes Lernen als wünschenswerte Erschwernis beim Lesen von einzelnen und multiplen Texten N2 - Distributed practice is a well-known learning strategy whose beneficial effects on long-term learning are well proven by various experiments. In learning from texts, the benefits of distribution might even go beyond distributed practice, i.e. distribution of repeated materials. In realistic learning scenarios as for example school or university learning, the reader might read multiple texts that not repeat but complement each other. Therefore, distribution might also be implemented between multiple texts and benefit long-term learning in analogy to distributed practice. The assumption of beneficial effects of this distributed learning can be deduced from theories about text comprehension as the landscape model of reading (van den Broek et al., 1996) in combination with theories of desirable difficulties in general (R. A. Bjork & Bjork, 1992) and distributed practice in particular (Benjamin & Tullis, 2010). This dissertation aims to investigate (1) whether distributed learning benefits learning; (2) whether the amount of domain-specific prior knowledge moderates the effects of distribution, (3) whether distributed learning affects the learner’s meta-cognitive judgments in analogy to distributed practice and (4) whether distributed practice is beneficial for seventh graders in learning from single text. In Experiment 1, seventh graders read two complementary texts either massed or distributed by a lag of one week between the texts. Learning outcomes were measured immediately after reading the second text and one week later. Judgements of learning were assessed immediately after each text. Experiment 2 replicated the paradigm of Experiment 1 while shortening the lag between the texts in the distributed condition to 15 min. In both experiments, an interaction effect between learning condition (distributed vs. massed) and retention interval (immediate vs. delayed) was found. In the distributed condition, the participants showed no decrease in performance between the two tests, whereas participants in the massed condition did. However, no beneficial effects were found in the delayed test for the distributed condition but even detrimental effects for the distributed condition in the immediate test. In Experiment 1, participants in the distributed condition perceived learning as less difficult but predicted lower success than the participants in the massed condition. Experiment 3 replicated the paradigm of Experiment 1 with university students in the laboratory. In the preregistered Experiment 4, an additional retention interval of two weeks was realized. In both experiments, the same interaction between learning condition and retention interval was found. In Experiment 3, the participants in the distributed condition again showed no decrease in performance between the two tests, whereas participants in the massed condition did. However, even at the longer retention interval in Experiment 4, no beneficial effects were found for the distributed condition. Domain-specific prior knowledge was positively associated with test performance in both experiments. In Experiment 4, the participants with low prior knowledge seemed to be impaired by distributed learning, whereas no difference was found for participants with medium or high prior knowledge. In the preregistered Experiment 5, seventh graders read a single text twice. The rereading took place either massed or distributed with one week. Immediately after rereading, judgements of learning were assessed. Learning outcomes were assessed four min after second reading or one week later. Participants in the distributed condition predicted lower learning success than participants in the massed condition. An interaction effect between learning condition and retention interval was found, but no advantage for the distributed condition. Participants with low domain-specific prior knowledge showed lower performance in short-answer questions in the distributed condition than in the massed condition. Overall, the results seem less encouraging regarding the effectiveness of distribution on learning from single and multiple texts. However, the experiments reported here can be perceived as first step in the realistic investigation of distribution in learning from texts. N2 - Verteiltes Üben ist eine bekannte Lernstrategie, deren positiver Effekt auf die langfristigen Behaltensleistung in vielen Experimenten gezeigt wurde. Beim Lernen mit Texten können die Vorteile der Verteilung von Lerninhalten sogar über verteiltes Üben, also die Verteilung von sich wiederholenden Materialien, hinausgehen. In realistischen Lernszenarien, wie zum Beispiel Lernen in der Schule oder Universität, werden multiple Texte gelesen, die einander nicht wiederholen, sondern ergänzen. Verteilung im Sinne des verteilten Übens könnte demensprechend auch zwischen diesen multiplen Texten eingesetzt werden und analog zum verteilten Üben langfristiges Behalten fördern. Annahmen über eine Wirksamkeit dieses sogenannten verteilten Lernens können von Theorien zum Textverständnis wie zum Beispiel dem Landscape Model of Reading (van den Broek et al., 1996) in Kombination mit Theorien zu wünschenswerten Erschwernissen im Allgemeinen (R. A. Bjork & Bjork, 1992) und verteiltem Üben im Besonderen (Benjamin & Tullis, 2010) abgeleitet werden. In dieser Dissertation soll untersucht werden, (1) ob verteiltes Lernen Behalten fördert, (2) ob die Ausprägung des domänenspezifischen Vorwissens die Effekte des verteilten Lernens moderiert, (3) ob verteiltes Lernen die meta-kognitive Beurteilung des Lernprozesses des Lernenden beeinflusst und (4) ob verteiltes Üben für 7. Klässler*innen beim Lernen mit einzelnen Texten vorteilhaft ist. Im ersten Experiment lasen 7. Klässler*innen zwei komplementäre Texte entweder massiert oder verteilt mit einem Abstand (lag) von einer Woche. Die Behaltensleistung wurde unmittelbar nach dem Lesen des zweiten Textes und eine Woche später erfasst. Die Beurteilung des Lernprozesses wurde direkt nach dem Lesen eines Textes erhoben. Experiment 2 replizierte das Paradigma von Experiment 1, wobei der Abstand zwischen den Texten in der verteilten Bedingung auf 15 Min reduziert wurde. In beiden Experimenten wurde eine Interaktion zwischen der Lernbedingung (massiert vs. verteilt) und dem Behaltensintervall (unmittelbar vs. später) gefunden. In der verteilten Bedingung zeigten die Teilnehmenden keine Verringerung in der Leistung zwischen den beiden Tests, die Teilnehmenden in der massierten Bedingung jedoch schon. Trotzdem wurden keine Vorteile des verteilten Lernens beim späteren Test gefunden. Stattdessen zeigten sich unmittelbar nach dem Lernen Nachteile des verteilten Lernens. In Experiment 1 nahmen die Teilnehmenden der verteilten Bedingung das Lernen als weniger schwierig wahr, erwarteten jedoch geringeren Lernerfolg als Teilnehmende der massierten Bedingung. Experiment 3 replizierte das Paradigma von Experiment 1 mit Studierenden in einem Laborsetting. In dem präregistrierten Experiment 4 wurde ein Behaltensintervall von zwei Wochen ergänzt. In beiden Experimenten fand sich eine ähnliche Interaktion zwischen Lernbedingung und Behaltensintervall. In Experiment 3 zeigten die Teilnehmenden in der verteilten Bedingung erneut keine Verringerung in der Leistung zwischen den zwei Tests, in der massierten Bedingung jedoch schon. Es fanden sich jedoch keine Vorteile des verteilten Lernens, auch nicht nach dem längeren Behaltensintervall in Experiment 4. Domänenspezifisches Vorwissen stand in beiden Experimenten in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Behaltensleistung. In Experiment 4 zeigten die Teilnehmenden mit geringem Vorwissen geringere Behaltensleistungen, wenn sie verteilt lernten, während keine derartigen Unterschiede für Teilnehmende mit mittlerem oder hohem Vorwissen gefunden wurden. Im präregistrierten Experiment 5 lasen 7. Klässler*innen einen einzelnen Text zweimal. Das zweite Lesen erfolgte hier entweder unmittelbar (massiert) oder nach einer Woche (verteilt). Unmittelbar nach dem zweiten Lesen wurden die Beurteilung des Lernprozesses erhoben. Die Behaltensleistung wurde 4 Minuten oder eine Woche nach dem zweiten Lesen erfasst. Teilnehmende in der verteilten Bedingung erwarteten geringeren Lernerfolg als Teilnehmende in der massierten Bedingung. Es wurde ein Interaktionseffekt zwischen der Lernbedingung und dem Behaltensintervall gefunden, aber kein Vorteil für die verteilte Bedingung. In der verteilten Bedingung zeigten Teilnehmende mit geringem Vorwissen geringere Leistung bei Fragen im Kurzantwortformat als vergleichbare Teilnehmende in der massierten Bedingung. Zusammenfassend wirken diese Ergebnisse wenig vielversprechend bezüglich der Wirksamkeit des verteilten Lernens und Übens mit einzelnen und multiplen Texten. Trotzdem sind die hier berichteten Experimente als ein erster Schritt zur Untersuchung des Verteilungseffektes beim Lernen mit Texten in realistischen Lernszenarien zu betrachten. KW - Textverstehen KW - Distributed Learning KW - Distributed Practice KW - Spacing Effect KW - Distributed Reading KW - Text Comprehension Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-296859 ER - TY - THES A1 - Brych, Mareike Kimberly T1 - How movements and cognition interact: An investigation of spontaneous blinks T1 - Wie Bewegung und Kognition interagieren: Eine Untersuchung spontaner Lidschläge N2 - During natural behavior, cognitive processes constantly coincide with body movements such as head or eye movements or blinks. However, during experimental investigations of cognitive processes, movements are often highly restricted which is rather unnatural. In order to improve our understanding of natural behavior, this thesis investigates the interaction between cognition and movements by focusing on spontaneous blinks, which naturally interact with other body movements. Spontaneous blinks are inevitably connected to vision as they shut out incoming visual information. Both sensory-based and cognitive factors, for example, stimulus occurrence and evaluation, were reported to influence blink behavior. Our first study investigated if such influences are comparable for visual and non-visual input. The chosen experimental design allowed dissociating sensory-driven and cognitive influences, which then could be compared between the visual and auditory domain. Our results show that blinks are more strongly modulated during passive observation of visual input compared to auditory input. This modulation is however enhanced for both input modalities by an increased attentional demand. In addition, the cognitively defined meaning of a stimulus changes blink latency independent of the sensory domain. Overall, our findings show that spontaneous blinks and cognitive processes are linked beyond vision. Moreover, the underlying cognitive processes that influence blinks are largely the same across different sensory input indicating that blinks are profoundly integrated into our system. When investigating natural behavior, it is important to consider that movements rarely occur in isolation, but are executed side by side. As these movements interact and have a link to cognitive processes, the complexity of our system increases. In order to take this complexity into account, the second part of the experimental research focused on movement interactions, more specifically on the interactions between blinks, pupil size and speaking. Our results reveal that speech-related motor activity increases blink rate and pupil size as well as modulates blink timing. This is in line with previous research that described a relation between different body and eye movements. Importantly, each bodily-induced change in eye movements affects visual information intake. Therefore, different movements can be tightly linked to perceptual processes through complex interactions. Altogether, the work of this thesis provides rich evidence that movements and cognitive processes are deeply intertwined. Therefore, movements should be seen as an integral part of our system. Taking the relevance of movements and their interactions into account during experimental investigations is necessary in order to reveal a more realistic and complete picture of human natural behavior. N2 - Während unseres natürlichen Verhaltens werden kognitive Prozesse und Körperbewegungen wie Kopf- oder Augenbewegungen oder Lidschläge parallel ausgeführt. Allerdings werden Bewegungen in experimentellen Untersuchungen zu kognitiven Prozessen meist stark eingeschränkt, was unnatürlich ist. Um natürliches Verhalten besser zu verstehen, wird in dieser Dissertation die Interaktion zwischen Kognition und Bewegung untersucht. Der Fokus liegt auf spontanen Lidschlägen, die auch mit anderen Körperbewegungen auf natürliche Weise interagieren. Das Blinzeln ist unweigerlich mit dem Sehen verbunden, da bei jedem Lidschluss die Informationsaufnahme unterbrochen wird. Frühere Forschungsergebnisse zeigten, dass sowohl sensorische als auch kognitive Faktoren, wie beispielsweise Reizpräsentation und -evaluation, das Blinzeln beeinflussen können. Die erste Studie dieser Dissertation untersuchte, ob dieselben Einflüsse auf das Blinzeln wirken, wenn auch nicht-visuelle Informationen präsentiert werden. Das gewählte Versuchsdesign erlaubte rein sensorische von kognitiven Einflüssen auf das Blinzeln zu trennen. Diese Einflüsse konnten wiederum zwischen visuellem und auditivem Input verglichen werden. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Blinzeln stärker bei visuellem als bei auditivem Input angepasst wird, wenn dieser nur passiv verfolgt wird. Sobald allerdings Aufmerksamkeit auf den Input gerichtet wird, wird diese Anpassung an den sensorischen Input in beiden Modalitäten auf ähnliche Weise verstärkt. Zusätzlich wird der Zeitpunkt des Blinzelns durch die kognitive Bewertung der Reize verzögert - unabhängig davon, ob ein Reiz visuell oder auditiv präsentiert wird. Insgesamt legen unsere Experimente dar, dass das spontane Blinzeln und kognitive Prozesse über das Sehen hinaus miteinander verknüpft sind. Die zu Grunde liegenden kognitiven Prozesse, die das Blinzeln beeinflussen, sind sogar weitgehend dieselben bei unterschiedlichem sensorischen Input. Das Blinzeln scheint demnach tiefgreifend in unser System integriert zu sein. Ein weiterer wichtiger Aspekt natürlichen Verhaltens ist die gleichzeitige Ausübung mehrerer Bewegungen. Da diese Bewegungen miteinander interagieren und eine Verbindung zu kognitiven Prozessen besteht, erhöht sich die Komplexität unseres Systems. Im zweiten Teil der experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden daher Bewegungsinteraktionen in den Vordergrund gestellt. Die präsentierten Studien haben insbesondere den Einfluss verschiedener Bewegungsaspekte des Sprechens auf unser spontanes Blinzeln bzw. auf die Pupillengröße untersucht. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sprechbezogene Bewegungen sowohl die Anzahl der Lidschlüsse als auch die Pupillengröße erhöhen, sowie den Zeitpunkt der Lidschlüsse beeinflussen. Auch andere Forscher fanden solche Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Körper- und Augenbewegungen. Da jede vom Körper verursachte Veränderung der Augenbewegung zudem unsere visuelle Reizaufnahme verändert, kann man schlussfolgern, dass verschiedene Bewegungen und deren komplexe Interaktionen eng mit unserer Wahrnehmung verbunden sind. Alles in allem liefert diese Arbeit weitreichende Beweise, wie stark Bewegungen und kognitive Prozesse miteinander verwoben sind. Daher sollten Bewegungen als wesentlicher Teil unseres Systems angesehen werden. Wir müssen daher die Bedeutung von Bewegungen und deren Interaktionen in experimentelle Forschung einbeziehen, um ein realistischeres und kompletteres Bild unseres natürlichen Verhaltens zu enthüllen. KW - Kognition KW - Lidschlag KW - Augenbewegung KW - spontaneous blinks KW - movement interaction KW - Wahrnehmung KW - Aufmerksamkeit Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267376 ER - TY - THES A1 - Leinfelder, Teresa T1 - Untersuchung von Trainingseffekten bei der Verwendung einer auditorischen P300-basierten EEG Gehirn-Computer Schnittstelle mittels fMRI Analyse T1 - Investigation of training effects of a P300-based EEG brain-computer interface using fMRI analysis N2 - In dieser Dissertation untersuchten wir die neuronalen Korrelate des Training-Effektes einer auditorischen P300 Gehirn-Computer Schnittstelle mittels fMRI Analyse in einem prä-post Design mit zehn gesunden Testpersonen. Wir wiesen in drei Trainings-sitzungen einen Trainingseffekt in der EEG-Analyse der P300 Welle nach und fanden entsprechende Kontraste in einer prä-post Analyse von fMRI Daten, wobei in allen fünf Sitzungen das gleiche Paradigma verwendet wurde. In der fMRI Analyse fanden wir fol-gende Ergebnisse: in einem Target-/ Nichttarget Kontrast zeigte sich verstärkte Aktivie-rung in Generatorregionen der P300 Welle (temporale und inferiore frontale Regionen) und interessanterweise auch in motorassoziierten Arealen, was höhere kognitiver Pro-zesse wie Aufmerksamkeitslenkung und Arbeitsspeicher widerspiegeln könnte. Der Kon-trast des Trainingseffektes zeigte nach dem Training einen stärkeren Rebound Effekt im Sinne einer verstärkten Aktivierung in Generatorregionen der P300 Welle, was eine ver-besserte Erkennung und Prozessierung von Target-Stimuli reflektieren könnte. Eine Ab-nahme von Aktivierung in frontalen Arealen in diesem Kontrast könnte durch effizientere Abläufe kognitiver Prozesse und des Arbeitsgedächtnis erklärt werden. N2 - In this dissertation we investigated the neuronal correlates of the training effect of an auditory P300-based brain-computer interface using fMRI analysis in a prae-post de-sign in a group of ten healthy probands. We showed a training effect during three training sessions with EEG analysis of the P300 wave and found corresponding contrasts in a prae-post analysis of fMRI data, while using the same paradigma in all sessions. In the fMRI analysis we found the following results: in a target / nontarget contrast we found enhancement of activation in generator regions of the P300 wave such as temporal and inferior frontal areas and interestingly also in motor associated areas which could reflect higher cognitive processes such as attention and working memory. In the contrast of the effects of training we found a stronger rebound effect as a correlate of stronger activation after training in generator regions of P300, possibly reflecting better discrimination and processing of stimuli. The decrease of activation in frontal areas in this contrast could be explained by increased efficiency of cognitive processing and working memory through training. KW - Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle KW - Neurofeedback KW - Ereigniskorreliertes Potenzial KW - Funktionelle Kernspintomografie KW - auditorisches Neurofeedback Training KW - P300 Welle KW - EEG KW - BCI KW - ALS KW - auditory KW - fMRI Analyse KW - prä-post Design Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-290683 ER - TY - THES A1 - Greving, Sven T1 - Desirable Difficulties in Applied Learning Settings: Mechanisms and Effects T1 - Wünschenswerte Erschwernisse in angewandten Lernumgebungen: Mechanismen und Effekte N2 - Improving retention of learned content by means of a practice test is a learning strategy that has been researched since a century and has been consistently found to be more effective than comparable learning strategies such as restudy (i.e., the testing effect). Most importantly, practicing test questions has been found to outperform restudy even when no additional information about the correct answers was provided to practice test takers, rendering practice tests effective and efficient in fostering retention of learning content. Since 15 years, additional scientific attention is devoted to this memory phenomenon and additional research investigated to what extend practicing test questions is relevant in real-world educational settings. This dissertation first presents the evidence for testing effects in applied educational settings by presenting key publications and presenting findings from a methodological review conducted for this purpose. Within this dissertation, theories are presented why practicing test questions should benefit learning in real-world educational settings even without the provision of additional information and key variables for the effectiveness of practicing test questions are presented. Four studies presented in this dissertation aimed at exploring these assumptions in actual university classrooms while also trying to implement new methods of practicing learning content and thus augment course procedures. Findings from these studies—although not often consistent—will be incorporated and interpreted in the light of the theoretical accounts on the testing effect. The main conclusion that can be drawn from this dissertation is that, given the right circumstances, practicing test questions can elicit beneficial effects on the retention of learning content that are independent of additional information and thus taking a practice test per se, can foster retention of real-world learning content. N2 - Seit einem Jahrhundert wird die positive Wirkung von Abrufübungen auf das Behalten gelernter Inhalte untersucht. Diese Untersuchungen belegen durchgängig, dass Abrufübungen für das Behalten förderlicher sind als vergleichbare Lernaktivitäten wie beispielsweise nochmaliges Lesen (Der Testungseffekt). Der Testungseffekt ist besonders bedeutsam wenn er in Settings untersucht wird in denen keine Informationen über die Richtigkeit des abgelegten Tests an die Lernenden gegeben werden und somit belegen, dass Abrufübungen nicht nur effektive sondern auch effiziente Methoden der Behaltensförderung darstellen. Seit 15 Jahren intensiviert sich das wissenschaftliche Interesse am Testungseffekt und immer mehr Forschung untersucht auch das Ausmaß der Übertragbarkeit auf reale Lernumgebungen. Diese Dissertation stellt zuerst Befunde aus Untersuchungen des Testungseffekts in angewandten Lernsettings dar, wobei zentrale Studien besprochen werden und hier ein eigens zu diesem Zweck angestelltes methodisches Review vorgestellt wird. Innerhalb der Dissertationen werden Theorien erläutert, warum Abrufübungen in realen Lernsettings das Behalten auch ohne zusätzliche Darbietung der korrekten Antwort fördern sollten und welche Variablen dafür essentiell sind. In dieser Dissertation warden zudem vier Studien präsentiert, die diese Variablen in universitären Lernumgebungen untersuchten, teilweise mit dem Ziel, Abrufübungen noch effektiver zu machen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse aus diesen vier Studien—obwohl sie nicht immer konsistent sind—werden abschließend diskutiert und in Bezug zu den vorgestellten Theorien gesetzt. Eine zetrale Schlussfolgerung aus den vorgestellten Studien ist die Erkenntnis, dass unter den richtigen Bedingungen Abrufübungen den Testungseffekt hervorrufen können, die unabhängig von zusätlicher Information sind und dass es demnach die Abrufübung per se ist, die zum Behalten gelernter Information beiträgt. KW - Unterrichtspsychologie KW - Testing Effect KW - Feedback KW - University Teaching Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-288848 ER - TY - THES A1 - Großekathöfer, Jonas David T1 - Virtually Valid? On the Importance of Ecological Validity and Virtual Reality for Social Attention Research T1 - Praktischerweise Valide? Über die Bedeutung von ökologischer Validität und virtueller Realität in der sozialen Aufmerksamkeitsforschung N2 - Gazes are of central relevance for people. They are crucial for navigating the world and communicating with others. Nevertheless, research in recent years shows that many findings from experimental research on gaze behavior cannot be transferred from the laboratory to everyday behavior. For example, the frequency with which conspecifics are looked at is considerably higher in experimental contexts than what can be observed in daily behavior. In short: findings from laboratories cannot be generalized into general statements. This thesis is dedicated to this matter. The dissertation describes and documents the current state of research on social attention through a literature review, including a meta-analysis on the /gaze cueing/ paradigm and an empirical study on the robustness of gaze following behavior. In addition, virtual reality was used in one of the first studies in this research field. Virtual reality has the potential to significantly improve the transferability of experimental laboratory studies to everyday behavior. This is because the technology enables a high degree of experimental control in naturalistic research designs. As such, it has the potential to transform empirical research in the same way that the introduction of computers to psychological research did some 50 years ago. The general literature review on social attention is extended to the classic /gaze cueing/ paradigm through a systematic review of publications and a meta-analytic evaluation (Study 1). The cumulative evidence supported the findings of primary studies: Covert spatial attention is directed by faces. However, the experimental factors included do not explain the surprisingly large variance in the published results. Thus, there seem to be further, not well-understood variables influencing these social processes. Moreover, classic /gaze cueing/ studies have limited ecological validity. This is discussed as a central reason for the lack of generalisability. Ecological validity describes the correspondence between experimental factors and realistic situations. A stimulus or an experimental design can have high and low ecological validity on different dimensions and have different influences on behavior. Empirical research on gaze following behavior showed that the /gaze cueing/ effect also occurs with contextually embedded stimuli (Study 2). The contextual integration of the directional cue contrasted classical /gaze cueing/ studies, which usually show heads in isolation. The research results can thus be transferred /within/ laboratory studies to higher ecologically valid research paradigms. However, research shows that the lack of ecological validity in experimental designs significantly limits the transferability of experimental findings to complex situations /outside/ the laboratory. This seems to be particularly the case when social interactions and norms are investigated. However, ecological validity is also often limited in these studies for other factors, such as contextual embedding /of participants/, free exploration behavior (and, thus, attentional control), or multimodality. In a first study, such high ecological validity was achieved for these factors with virtual reality, which could not be achieved in the laboratory so far (Study 3). Notably, the observed fixation patterns showed differences even under /most similar/ conditions in the laboratory and natural environments. Interestingly, these were similar to findings also derived from comparisons of eye movement in the laboratory and field investigations. These findings, which previously came from hardly comparable groups, were thus confirmed by the present Study 3 (which did not have this limitation). Overall, /virtual reality/ is a new technical approach to contemporary social attention research that pushes the boundaries of previous experimental research. The traditional trade-off between ecological validity and experimental control thus becomes obsolete, and laboratory studies can closely inherit an excellent approximation of reality. Finally, the present work describes and discusses the possibilities of this technology and its practical implementation. Within this context, the extent to which this development can still guarantee a constructive classification of different laboratory tests in the future is examined. N2 - Blicke sind für Menschen von zentraler Relevanz. Sie sind entscheidend für die Navigation in der Welt und für die Kommunikation mit Mitmenschen. Dennoch zeigt die Forschung der letzten Jahre, dass sich Erkenntnisse aus der experimentellen Forschung zu Blickverhalten vom Labor nicht in alltägliches Verhalten übertragen lassen. So ist beispielsweise die Häufigkeit, mit der Mitmenschen angeschaut werden, erheblich höher in experimentellen Kontexten als das beobachtbare alltägliche Verhalten. Kurz: Erkenntnisse aus Laboren lassen sich nicht zu allgemeinen Aussagen generalisieren. Diesem Spannungsfeld ist die hier vorliegende Arbeit gewidmet. Diese Doktorarbeit beschreibt und dokumentiert den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur sozialen Aufmerksamkeit anhand einer Literaturübersicht inklusive einer Metaanalyse zum /gaze cueing/ Paradigma sowie einer empirischen Untersuchung zur Robustheit des Blickfolgeverhaltens. Zudem wird in einer der ersten Studien in diesem Forschungsfeld virtuelle Realität eingesetzt. Virtuelle Realität hat das Potenzial, die Übertragbarkeit zwischen experimentellen Laboruntersuchungen auf alltägliches Verhalten deutlich zu verbessern. Denn die Technologie ermöglicht eine hohe experimentelle Kontrolle in naturalistischen Forschungdesigns. Damit kann sie die empirische Forschung ebenso stark verändern wie die Einführung des Computers für psychologische Forschung vor rund 50 Jahren. Die Literaturübersicht über soziale Aufmerksamkeit wurde durch eine systematische Begutachtung der Publikationen und einer meta-analystische Auswertung zum klassischen /gaze cueing/ Paradigma erweitert (Studie 1). Die kumulierte Evidenz unterstützt die Befunde primärer Studien: Verdeckte räumliche Aufmerksamkeit wird durch Gesichter gelenkt. Allerdings zeigte sich eine überraschend große Varianz in den publizierten Ergebnissen, die durch die untersuchten experimentellen Faktoren nicht erklärt werden konnte. Es scheint also noch Weitere, nicht gut verstandene Einflussgrößen auf diesen sozial-kognitiven Prozess zugeben. Klassische /gaze cueing/ Studien besitzen zudem eine eingeschränkte ökologische Validität. Diese wird als ein zentraler Grund für die fehlende Generalisierbarkeit diskutiert. Ökologische Validität beschreibt die Übereinstimmung von experimentellen Faktoren mit realistischen Situationen. Ein Stimulus oder ein experimentelles Design kann auf verschiedenen Dimensionen hohe und niedrige ökologische Validität aufweisen. Dies kann auf verschiedene Verhaltensbereiche unterschiedlichen Einfluss haben. Die empirischen Untersuchungen zum Blickfolgeverhalten zeigten, dass der /gaze cueing/ Effekt auch bei kontextuell eingebundenen Stimuli auftritt (Studie 2). Die kontextuelle Einbindung des Richtungscues stellte dabei einen Kontrast zu klassichen /gaze cueing/ Studien dar, die in der Regel Köpfe in Isolation zeigen. Die Forschungsergebnisse lassen sich also /innerhalb/ von kontrollierten Laboruntersuchungen auch auf ökologisch validere Forschungsparadigmen übertragen. Forschungsarbeiten zeigen allerdings, dass die mangelnde ökologische Validität in experimentellen Designs die Übertragbarkeit von experimentellen Befunden auf komplexe Situationen /außerhalb/ des Labors erheblich einschränken. Dies scheint insbesondere der Fall zu sein, wenn soziale Interaktionen und Normen untersucht werden. Die ökologische Validität ist in diesen Studien aber auch für weitere Faktoren häufig eingeschränkt, wie beispielsweise die kontextuelle Einbettung /von Versuchspersonen/, freies Explorationsverhalten (und damit Aufmerksamkeitssteuerung) oder Multimodalität. In einer ersten Arbeit in diesem Forschungsfeld wurde für diese Faktoren mit virtueller Realität eine hohe ökologische Validität erreicht, die so bisher nicht im Labor zu erreichen war (Studie 3). Spannenderweise zeigten sich selbst unter /ähnlichsten/ Bedingungen im Labor und in der natürlichen Umgebung Unterschiede in den beobachteten Fixationsmustern. Interessanterweise sind diese ähnlich zu Befunden, die ebenfalls aus Vergleichen von Augenbewegung im Labor und Felduntersuchung stammten. Diese Befunde, die bisher auf wenig vergleichbare Untersuchungsgruppen beruhen, wurden durch die vorliegende Studie 3 (die diese Einschränkung nicht besitzt) bestätigt. Insgesamt steht der heutigen sozialen Aufmerksamkeitsforschung mit /virtueller Realität/ ein neuer technischer Ansatz zur Verfügung, der die Grenzen bisheriger experimenteller Forschung verschiebt. Die traditionelle Abwägung zwischen ökologische Validität und experimenteller Kontrolle wird damit hinfällig und in Laboruntersuchungen kann die Realität extrem nah nachgebildet werden. Abschließend werden in dieser Arbeit die Möglichkeiten und die praktische Umsetzung dieser Technologie beschrieben und diskutiert. Dabei wird auch kritisch beleuchtet, inwiefern mit dieser Entwicklung auch in Zukunft noch eine konstruktive Einordnung von verschiedenen Laboruntersuchungen gewährleistet werden kann. KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Validität KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - social attention KW - ecological validity KW - virtual reality KW - eye tracking Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260417 ER - TY - THES A1 - Klinke, Christopher Matthias T1 - Experimental investigation of the effect of distal stress induction on threat conditioning in humans T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchung des Effektes von distaler Stressinduktion auf Threat-Konditionierung beim Menschen N2 - Stress constitutes a major risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders, such as PTSD and anxiety disorders, by shifting the brain into a state of sensitization and makes it more vulnerable when being exposed to further aversive events. This was experimentally in-vestigated in rodents by examining the effect of a distal stress induction on threat conditioning, where stress impaired extinction learning and caused spontaneous recovery. However, this effect has never been experimentally investigated in humans, so far. Thus, the aim of this dissertation was to investigate the effect of distal stress on threat conditioning in humans. Therefore, two subsequent studies were conducted. For both studies, the threat conditioning paradigm comprised threat acquisition, extinction learning, and re-extinction. In the threat acquisition phase, two geometrical shapes were used as conditioned stimulus (CS), from which one (CS+) was paired with a painful electric stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US), but not the other one (CS-). During extinction learning 24 h later and re-extinction seventeen days later, CSs were again presented but without any US delivery. In Study 1, 69 participants underwent either a stress (socially evaluated cold pressor test; SECPT) or sham protocol 10 days prior to threat conditioning. Furthermore, context effects were examined by placing the stress protocol in the same context (context-A stress, and sham group) or a different context (context-B stress group) than conditioning. Results revealed that the context-A, but not context-B, stress group displayed impaired safety learning (i.e. potenti-ation towards CS-) for startle response during threat acquisition. Moreover, the same stress group showed impaired threat extinction, evident in sustained CS discrimination in valence and arousal ratings during extinction learning, and memory recall. In sum, distal stress on the one hand impaired safety learning during threat conditioning on a level of startle response. On the other hand, stress impaired threat extinction on a level of ratings. Noteworthy, the effect of distal stress was only found when the stressor was placed in the same context as later threat learning. Hence, suggesting that the combination of stressor and stressor-associated context exerted the effect on threat extinction. In Study 2, it was examined if distal stress induction could also have an impact on threat and extinction processes without the necessity of context association. Therefore, the same stress (n = 45) or sham protocol (n = 44) as in Study 1 was conducted in a different context than and 24 h prior to a threat conditioning paradigm. Similar to Study 1, weakened extinction learning was found in fear ratings for the stress (vs. sham) group, which was indicated by persistent CS+/CS- differentiation after the first block of extinction trials. Alterations in safety learning towards the CS- during threat acquisition were only supported by significant correlations between stress measures on the stress day and conditioned startle response of the CS- during acquisition. Taken together, in two subsequent studies this dissertation provided first evidence of impaired threat extinction after distal stress induction in humans. Furthermore, impairments in safety learning, as can be observed in PTSD, were additionally demonstrated. Interestingly, the effects were boosted and more profound when associating the stressor to the later learning context. These results have clinical implications as they can be translated to the notion that prior stress exposure makes an individual more vulnerable for later aversive events. N2 - Stress stellt einen Hauptrisikofaktor für die Entstehung einer psychiatrischen Erkrankung, insbesondere PTSD und Angststörungen, dar. Dieser Prozess wird vermittelt über einen Wechsel des Gehirns in einen Zustand der Sensibilisierung, welcher das Individuum vulnerabler bei der Exposition eines weiteren aversiven Ereignisses macht. Experimentell ließ sich dies in Tierstudien durch Untersuchungen des Effektes von distalem Stress auf Threat-Konditionierung nachweisen. Die Ergebnisse der Studien weisen auf ein verschlechtertes Extinktionslernen und dessen Abruf aufgrund der Stressinduktion hin. Experimentelle Untersuchungen dieses Effektes beim Menschen fehlen jedoch bislang. Daher hat sich diese Dissertation das Ziel gesetzt, eben diesen Effekt von distalem Stress auf Threat-Konditionierung im Menschen zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden zwei aufeinander aufbauende Studien durchgeführt. In beiden Studien wurden differenzielle Threat-Konditionierungsparadigmen verwendet, welche aus den Phasen der Threat-Akquisition, des Extinktionslernens und der Re-Extinktion bestanden. In der Threat-Akquisitionsphase wurden zwei geometrische Figuren als konditionierte Stimuli (CS) verwendet. Eine dieser Figuren (CS+) wurde mit einem leicht schmerzhaften elektrischen Stromreiz (unkonditionierter Stimulus, US) gekoppelt, wohingegen solch eine Paarung mit der anderen Figur (CS-) ausblieb. Während des Extinktionslernens und der Re-Extinktion, welche jeweils 24 h und 17 Tage nach der Akquisition stattfanden, wurden beide CSs ohne US-Paarung wiederholt präsentiert. In der ersten Studie durchliefen 69 Probanden entweder ein Stress- (Sozial-evaluativer Cold Pressor Test, SECPT) oder ein Sham-Kontrollprotokoll, welches zehn Tage vor dem Threat-Konditionierungsparadigma stattfand. Darüber hinaus wurden Kontexteffekte untersucht. Dieses wurde durch die Platzierung des Stressprotokolls, entweder im gleichen (Kontext-A Stress & Shamgruppe) oder in einem anderen Kontext (Kontext-B Stressgruppe) als das Lernparadigma, realisiert. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren für die Kontext-A Stressgruppe im Gegensatz zur Kontext-B Stressgruppe während der Akquisitionsphase ein verschlechtertes Sicherheitslernen (d.h. eine Potenzierung der konditionierten Reaktionen des CS-) in der Startle-Reaktion. Darüber hinaus demonstrierte dieselbe Stressgruppe verschlechterte Extinktion, was sich in persistierender CS-Diskrimination in Valenz- und Arousalratings während des Extinktionslernens und des Gedächtnisabrufes äußerte. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass distaler Stress einerseits das Sicherheitslernen während der Akquisitionsphase auf der Ebene der Startle-Reaktion verschlechterte. Andererseits verschlechterte Stress die Extinktion und verstärkte die Furchtrückkehr auf der Ebene der subjektiven Ratings. Allerdings ist wichtig zu erwähnen, dass diese Effekte des distalen Stresses nur gefunden wurden, wenn der Stressor im gleichen Kontext wie das Konditionierungsparadigma appliziert wurde. Dieses lässt vermuten, dass die Kombination aus Stressor und stressor-assoziiertem Kontext den verschlechternden Effekt auf die Extinktion ausübten. In der zweiten Studie wurde darauf aufbauend untersucht, ob distale Stressinduktion einen Einfluss auf Threat- und Extinktionsprozesse, auch ohne die Notwendigkeit der Kontextassoziation, haben kann. Hierfür wurden das gleiche Stress- (n = 45) und Sham-Kontrollprotokoll (n = 44) wie in Studie 1 durchlaufen. In diesem Fall jedoch in einem anderen Kontext und 24 h vor dem Konditionierungsparadigma. Vergleichbar mit Studie 1 konnte abgeschwächtes Extinktionslernen für die Stress- im Vergleich zur Shamgruppe festgestellt werden. Es zeigte sich nur für die Stressgruppe eine anhaltende CS+/CS- Differenzierung in den Furchtratings nach dem ersten Block des Extinktionslernens. Unterschiede im Sicherheitslernen bezüglich des CS- während der Akquisitionsphase ließen sich nicht finden. Jedoch deuten signifikante Korrelation zwischen Stressmaßen am Stresstag und der konditionierten Startle-Reaktion auf den CS- während der Akquisition auf einen Einfluss von Stress auf das Sicherheitslernen hin. Zusammengefasst liefern die Studien dieser Dissertation erste Evidenzen für verschlechterte Extinktionsprozesse nach distaler Stressinduktion beim Menschen. Darüber hinaus konnten Einbußen im Sicherheitslernen aufgrund des Stressors verzeichnet werden. Hervorzuheben ist, dass der Stresseffekt durch die Assoziation zwischen Stressor und Konditionierungskontext verstärkt wurde. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation haben klinische Relevanz, da sie erste experimentelle Evidenzen am Menschen für die Annahme liefern, dass vorherige Stresserfahrungen ein Individuum vulnerabler für späteres aversives Lernen machen. KW - Stress KW - Stress KW - Lernen KW - threat conditioning KW - learning and memory KW - Furcht KW - Assoziatives Lernen Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225562 ER -