TY  - BOOK
A1  - Falk, Michael
A1  - Marohn, Frank
A1  - Michel, René
A1  - Hofmann, Daniel
A1  - Macke, Maria
A1  - Tewes, Bernward
A1  - Dinges, Peter
A1  - Spachmann, Christoph
A1  - Englert, Stefan
T1  - A First Course on Time Series Analysis : Examples with SAS
N2  - The analysis of real data by means of statistical methods with the aid of a software package common in industry and administration usually is not an integral part of mathematics studies, but it will certainly be part of a future professional work. The present book links up elements from time series analysis with a selection of statistical procedures used in general practice including the statistical software package SAS. Consequently this book addresses students of statistics as well as students of other branches such as economics, demography and engineering, where lectures on statistics belong to their academic training. But it is also intended for the practician who, beyond the use of statistical tools, is interested in their mathematical background. Numerous problems illustrate the applicability of the presented statistical procedures, where SAS gives the solutions. The programs used are explicitly listed and explained. No previous experience is expected neither in SAS nor in a special computer system so that a short training period is guaranteed. This book is meant for a two semester course (lecture, seminar or practical training) where the first three chapters can be dealt within the first semester. They provide the principal components of the analysis of a time series in the time domain. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 deal with its analysis in the frequency domain and can be worked through in the second term. In order to understand the mathematical background some terms are useful such as convergence in distribution, stochastic convergence, maximum likelihood estimator as well as a basic knowledge of the test theory, so that work on the book can start after an introductory lecture on stochastics. Each chapter includes exercises. An exhaustive treatment is recommended. Chapter 7 (case study) deals with a practical case and demonstrates the presented methods. It is possible to use this chapter independent in a seminar or practical training course, if the concepts of time series analysis are already well understood. This book is consecutively subdivided in a statistical part and an SAS-specific part. For better clearness the SAS-specific parts are highlighted. This book is an open source project under the GNU Free Documentation License.
KW  - Zeitreihenanalyse
KW  - Box-Jenkins-Verfahren
KW  - SAS <Programm>
KW  - Zustandsraummodelle
KW  - Time Series Analysis
KW  - State-Space Models
KW  - Frequency Domain
KW  - Box–Jenkins Program
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-56489
N1  - Version: 2011-March-01
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Falk, Michael
A1  - Marohn, Frank
A1  - Michel, René
A1  - Hofmann, Daniel
A1  - Macke, Maria
A1  - Tewes, Bernward
A1  - Dinges, Peter
T1  - A First Course on Time Series Analysis : Examples with SAS
N2  - The analysis of real data by means of statistical methods with the aid of a software package common in industry and administration usually is not an integral part of mathematics studies, but it will certainly be part of a future professional work. The present book links up elements from time series analysis with a selection of statistical procedures used in general practice including the statistical software package SAS Statistical Analysis System). Consequently this book addresses students of statistics as well as students of other branches such as economics, demography and engineering, where lectures on statistics belong to their academic training. But it is also intended for the practician who, beyond the use of statistical tools, is interested in their mathematical background. Numerous problems illustrate the applicability of the presented statistical procedures, where SAS gives the solutions. The programs used are explicitly listed and explained. No previous experience is expected neither in SAS nor in a special computer system so that a short training period is guaranteed. This book is meant for a two semester course (lecture, seminar or practical training) where the first two chapters can be dealt with in the first semester. They provide the principal components of the analysis of a time series in the time domain. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 deal with its analysis in the frequency domain and can be worked through in the second term. In order to understand the mathematical background some terms are useful such as convergence in distribution, stochastic convergence, maximum likelihood estimator as well as a basic knowledge of the test theory, so that work on the book can start after an introductory lecture on stochastics. Each chapter includes exercises. An exhaustive treatment is recommended. This book is consecutively subdivided in a statistical part and an SAS-specific part. For better clearness the SAS-specific part, including the diagrams generated with SAS, always starts with a computer symbol, representing the beginning of a session at the computer, and ends with a printer symbol for the end of this session. This book is an open source project under the GNU Free Documentation License.
KW  - Zeitreihenanalyse
KW  - SAS <Programm>
KW  - Zeitreihenanalyse
KW  - SAS
KW  - Time series analyses
KW  - SAS
Y1  - 2005
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-12593
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Falk, Michael
A1  - Marohn, Frank
A1  - Michel, René
A1  - Hofmann, Daniel
A1  - Macke, Maria
A1  - Tewes, Bernward
A1  - Dinges, Peter
T1  - A First Course on Time Series Analysis : Examples with SAS
N2  - The analysis of real data by means of statistical methods with the aid of a software package common in industry and administration usually is not an integral part of mathematics studies, but it will certainly be part of a future professional work. The present book links up elements from time series analysis with a selection of statistical procedures used in general practice including the statistical software package SAS Statistical Analysis System). Consequently this book addresses students of statistics as well as students of other branches such as economics, demography and engineering, where lectures on statistics belong to their academic training. But it is also intended for the practician who, beyond the use of statistical tools, is interested in their mathematical background. Numerous problems illustrate the applicability of the presented statistical procedures, where SAS gives the solutions. The programs used are explicitly listed and explained. No previous experience is expected neither in SAS nor in a special computer system so that a short training period is guaranteed. This book is meant for a two semester course (lecture, seminar or practical training) where the first two chapters can be dealt with in the first semester. They provide the principal components of the analysis of a time series in the time domain. Chapters 3, 4 and 5 deal with its analysis in the frequency domain and can be worked through in the second term. In order to understand the mathematical background some terms are useful such as convergence in distribution, stochastic convergence, maximum likelihood estimator as well as a basic knowledge of the test theory, so that work on the book can start after an introductory lecture on stochastics. Each chapter includes exercises. An exhaustive treatment is recommended. This book is consecutively subdivided in a statistical part and an SAS-specific part. For better clearness the SAS-specific part, including the diagrams generated with SAS, always starts with a computer symbol, representing the beginning of a session at the computer, and ends with a printer symbol for the end of this session. This book is an open source project under the GNU Free Documentation License.
KW  - Zeitreihenanalyse
KW  - SAS <Programm>
KW  - Zeitreihenanalyse
KW  - SAS
KW  - Time series analyses
KW  - SAS
Y1  - 2006
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-16919
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Thonfeld, Frank
A1  - Gessner, Ursula
A1  - Holzwarth, Stefanie
A1  - Kriese, Jennifer
A1  - da Ponte, Emmanuel
A1  - Huth, Juliane
A1  - Kuenzer, Claudia
T1  - A first assessment of canopy cover loss in Germany's forests after the 2018–2020 drought years
JF  - Remote Sensing
N2  - Central Europe was hit by several unusually strong periods of drought and heat between 2018 and 2020. These droughts affected forest ecosystems. Cascading effects with bark beetle infestations in spruce stands were fatal to vast forest areas in Germany. We present the first assessment of canopy cover loss in Germany for the period of January 2018–April 2021. Our approach makes use of dense Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 time-series data. We computed the disturbance index (DI) from the tasseled cap components brightness, greenness, and wetness. Using quantiles, we generated monthly DI composites and calculated anomalies in a reference period (2017). From the resulting map, we calculated the canopy cover loss statistics for administrative entities. Our results show a canopy cover loss of 501,000 ha for Germany, with large regional differences. The losses were largest in central Germany and reached up to two-thirds of coniferous forest loss in some districts. Our map has high spatial (10 m) and temporal (monthly) resolution and can be updated at any time.
KW  - forest
KW  - canopy cover loss
KW  - drought
KW  - Sentinel-2
KW  - Landsat-8
KW  - disturbance index
KW  - time series
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-255306
SN  - 2072-4292
VL  - 14
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Adolfi, Mateus C.
A1  - Du, Kang
A1  - Kneitz, Susanne
A1  - Cabau, Cédric
A1  - Zahm, Margot
A1  - Klopp, Christophe
A1  - Feron, Romain
A1  - Paixão, Rômulo V.
A1  - Varela, Eduardo S.
A1  - de Almeida, Fernanda L.
A1  - de Oliveira, Marcos A.
A1  - Nóbrega, Rafael H.
A1  - Lopez-Roques, Céline
A1  - Iampietro, Carole
A1  - Lluch, Jérôme
A1  - Kloas, Werner
A1  - Wuertz, Sven
A1  - Schaefer, Fabian
A1  - Stöck, Matthias
A1  - Guiguen, Yann
A1  - Schartl, Manfred
T1  - A duplicated copy of id2b is an unusual sex-determining candidate gene on the Y chromosome of arapaima (Arapaima gigas)
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - Arapaima gigas is one of the largest freshwater fish species of high ecological and economic importance. Overfishing and habitat destruction are severe threats to the remaining wild populations. By incorporating a chromosomal Hi-C contact map, we improved the arapaima genome assembly to chromosome-level, revealing an unexpected high degree of chromosome rearrangements during evolution of the bonytongues (Osteoglossiformes). Combining this new assembly with pool-sequencing of male and female genomes, we identified id2bbY, a duplicated copy of the inhibitor of DNA binding 2b (id2b) gene on the Y chromosome as candidate male sex-determining gene. A PCR-test for id2bbY was developed, demonstrating that this gene is a reliable male-specific marker for genotyping. Expression analyses showed that this gene is expressed in juvenile male gonads. Its paralog, id2ba, exhibits a male-biased expression in immature gonads. Transcriptome analyses and protein structure predictions confirm id2bbY as a prime candidate for the master sex-determiner. Acting through the TGF beta signaling pathway, id2bbY from arapaima would provide the first evidence for a link of this family of transcriptional regulators to sex determination. Our study broadens our current understanding about the evolution of sex determination genetic networks and provide a tool for improving arapaima aquaculture for commercial and conservation purposes.
KW  - evolutionary genetics
KW  - genetic markers
KW  - genome
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265672
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Hackl, Thomas
T1  - A draft genome for the Venus flytrap, Dionaea muscipula : Evaluation of assembly strategies for a complex Genome – Development of novel approaches and bioinformatics solutions
T1  - Ein Genom für die Venus Fliegenfalle, Dionaea muscipula
N2  - The Venus flytrap, \textit{Dionaea muscipula}, with its carnivorous life-style and its highly
specialized snap-traps has fascinated biologist since the days of Charles Darwin. The
goal of the \textit{D. muscipula} genome project is to gain comprehensive insights into the
genomic landscape of this remarkable plant.

The genome of the diploid Venus flytrap with an estimated size between 2.6 Gbp to
3.0 Gbp is comparatively large and comprises more than 70 % of repetitive regions.
Sequencing and assembly of genomes of this scale are even with state-of-the-art
technology and software challenging. Initial sequencing and assembly of the genome
was performed by the BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute) in 2011 resulting in a 3.7 Gbp
draft assembly. I started my work with thorough assessment of the delivered assembly
and data. My analysis showed that the BGI assembly is highly fragmented and
at the same time artificially inflated due to overassembly of repetitive sequences.
Furthermore, it only comprises about on third of the expected genes in full-length,
rendering it inadequate for downstream analysis.

In the following I sought to optimize the sequencing and assembly strategy to obtain
an assembly of higher completeness and contiguity by improving data quality and
assembly procedure and by developing tailored bioinformatics tools. Issues with
technical biases and high levels of heterogeneity in the original data set were solved
by sequencing additional short read libraries from high quality non-polymorphic DNA
samples. To address contiguity and heterozygosity I examined numerous alternative
assembly software packages and strategies and eventually identified ALLPATHS-LG
as the most suited program for assembling the data at hand. Moreover, by utilizing
digital normalization to reduce repetitive reads, I was able to substantially reduce
computational demands while at the same time significantly increasing contiguity of
the assembly.

To improve repeat resolution and scaffolding, I started to explore the novel PacBio
long read sequencing technology. Raw PacBio reads exhibit high error rates of 15 %
impeding their use for assembly. To overcome this issue, I developed the PacBio
hybrid correction pipeline proovread (Hackl et al., 2014). proovread uses high
coverage Illumina read data in an iterative mapping-based consensus procedure to
identify and remove errors present in raw PacBio reads. In terms of sensitivity and
accuracy, proovread outperforms existing software. In contrast to other correction
programs, which are incapable of handling data sets of the size of D. muscipula
project, proovread’s flexible design allows for the efficient distribution of work load on high-performance computing clusters, thus enabling the correction of the Venus
flytrap PacBio data set.

Next to the assembly process itself, also the assessment of the large de novo draft
assemblies, particularly with respect to coverage by available sequencing data, is
difficult. While typical evaluation procedures rely on computationally extensive
mapping approaches, I developed and implemented a set of tools that utilize k-mer
coverage and derived values to efficiently compute coverage landscapes of large-scale
assemblies and in addition allow for automated visualization of the of the obtained
information in comprehensive plots.

Using the developed tools to analyze preliminary assemblies and by combining my
findings regarding optimizations of the assembly process, I was ultimately able to
generate a high quality draft assembly for D. muscipula. I further refined the assembly
by removal of redundant contigs resulting from separate assembly of heterozygous
regions and additional scaffolding and gapclosing using corrected PacBio data. The
final draft assembly comprises 86 × 10 3 scaffolds and has a total size of 1.45 Gbp.
The difference to the estimated genomes size is well explained by collapsed repeats.
At the same time, the assembly exhibits high fractions full-length gene models,
corroborating the interpretation that the obtained draft assembly provides a complete
and comprehensive reference for further exploration of the fascinating biology of the
Venus flytrap.
N2  - Die Venus Fliegenfalle, D. muscipula fasziniert aufgrund ihres karnivoren Lebensstil
und ihrer hochspezialisierten Fallen Biologen schon seit der Zeit von Charles Darwins.
Das Ziel des D. muscipula Genomprojekts ist es, neue Einblicke in den genomischen
Grundlagen dieser besonderen Pflanze zu gewinnen.
Die diploide Venus Fliegenfalle verfügt mit eine geschätzten Größe von 2.6 bp
bis 3Gbp über ein vergleichsweise großes Genom, das zudem zu über 70% aus
repetitiven Regionen besteht. Sequenzierung und Assembly von Genomen dieser
Größenordnung stellen selbst mit neusten technischen und informatischen Methoden
eine große Herausforderung dar. Zum ersten mal sequenziert und assembliert wurde
das Genom 2011 durch das BGI (Beijing Genomics Institute). Meine Arbeit am
Genom der Fliegenfalle begann mit der Analyse des 3.7Gbp großen Assemblies,
welches wir vom BGI erhalten haben. Mit meinen Untersuchungen könnte ich zeigen,
dass das Assembly stark fragmentiert und gleichzeitig durch überrepräsentierte
repetitive Sequenzen stark aufgebläht ist. Darüberhinaus beinhaltet es gerade ein
mal eine drittel der erwarteten Gene in Volllänge, wodurch es für die weiter Analyse
ungeeignet ist.
In meiner weiteren Arbeit habe ich mich daher darauf konzentriert, unsere Sequenzierungsund
Assemblierungsstrategie zu verfeinern um ein stärker zusammenhängendes und
vollständigeres Assembly zu erhalten. Dafür war es notwendig die Qualität der Sequenzierdaten
so wie den Assemblierungsprozess selbst zu optimieren, und Programme zu
entwickeln, die eine Verbesserung der Daten und eine Analyse der Zwischenergebnisse
ermöglichen. So wurden etwa zur neue Bibliotheken von nicht-polymorphen
DNA-Proben sequenziert um die Heterogenität im Datensatz zu verringern. Um die
Kontinuität der Assemblies zu verbessern und Probleme mit der Heterozygosität der
Daten zu lösen habe ich eine Reihe verschiedener Assemblierungsprogramme getestet.
Dabei zeigte sich, dass das Programm ALLPATHS-LG am besten geeignet ist für die
Assemblierung von D. muscipula Daten. Durch den Einsatz von digitaler Normalisierung
konnte ich den Bedarf an Computerressourcen für einzelne Assemblierungen
deutlich reduzieren und gleichzeitig die Kontinuität der Assemblies deutlich erhöhen.
Zur besseren Auflösung repetitiver Strukturen im Genom, habe ich auf eine neu
entwickelte Sequenziertechnologie von PacBio zurückgegriffen, die deutlich länger
Sequenzen erzeugt. Um die neuen Daten trotz ihrer hohen Fehlerrate von 15%
für Assemblierungen nutzen zu können, entwickelte ich das Korrekturprogramm
proovread (Hackl et al., 2014). proovread nutzt kurze Illumina Sequenzen mit hoher Sequenziertiefe um innerhalb eines iterativen Prozess Fehler in PacBio Daten ausfindig
zu machen und zu korrigieren. Das Programm erreicht dabei eine bessere Genauigkeit
und eine höhere Sensitivität als vergleichbare Software. Darüber hinaus erlaubt sein
flexibles Design auch Datensätze in der Größenordung des Fliegenfallengenoms
effizient auf großen Rechenclustern zu bearbeiten.
Neben dem Assemblierungsprozess an sich, stellt auch die Analyse von Assemblies
großer Genome eine Herausforderung dar. Klassische Methoden basieren oft auf
der rechenintensiven Berechnung von Alignments zwischen Sequenzierdaten und
Assembly. Um vergleichbare Analysen deutlich schneller generieren zu können, habe
ich Programme entwickelt die auf der Auswertung von k-mer Häufigkeiten beruhen,
und die gewonnenen Ergebnisse in übersichtlichen Graphiken darstellen.
Durch Kombination der so gewonnenen Einblicke und der verschiedenen Erkenntnisse
bezüglich der Optimierung es Assemblierungsprozesses, war es mir am Ende
möglich, ein Assembly von hoher Qualität für das Genom der Venus Fliegenfalle
zu rekonstruieren. Dieses habe ich weiter verfeinert, unter anderem durch das Entfernen
heterozygoter Sequenzen und durch das Flicken von Lücken mit Hilfe von
PacBio Daten. Das so erstelle Assembly besteht aus 86 × 103 Sequenzen und hat
eine Gesamtgröße von 1.45Gbp. Der Unterschied zur erwarteten Genomgröße
lässt sich dabei gut durch kollabierte repetitive Regionen erklären. Gleichzeitig untermauert
ein hoher Anteil an Volllängengenen im Assembly die Interpretation, dass das
vorliegende Assembly eine vollständiges und umfassendes Abbild der D. muscipula
Genom zeigt, und dass es sich damit als gute Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen
zur Biologie dieser faszinierenden Pflanze eignet.
KW  - Venusfliegenfalle
KW  - genome assembly
KW  - repeats
KW  - heterozygosity
KW  - pacbio correction
KW  - Genom
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133149
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Eisenhuth, Nicole
A1  - Vellmer, Tim
A1  - Rauh, Elisa T.
A1  - Butter, Falk
A1  - Janzen, Christian J.
T1  - A DOT1B/Ribonuclease H2 Protein Complex Is Involved in R-Loop Processing, Genomic Integrity, and Antigenic Variation in Trypanosoma brucei
JF  - mbio
N2  - The parasite Trypanosoma brucei periodically changes the expression of protective variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) to evade its host's immune sys-tem in a process known as antigenic variation. One route to change VSG expres-sion is the transcriptional activation of a previously silent VSG expression site (ES), a subtelomeric region containing the VSG genes. Homologous recombination of a different VSG from a large reservoir into the active ES represents another route. The conserved histone methyltransferase DOT1B is involved in transcriptional silencing of inactive ES and influences ES switching kinetics. The molecular machin-ery that enables DOT1B to execute these regulatory functions remains elusive, however. To better understand DOT1B-mediated regulatory processes, we purified DOT1B-associated proteins using complementary biochemical approaches. We iden-tified several novel DOT1B interactors. One of these was the RNase H2 complex, previously shown to resolve RNA-DNA hybrids, maintain genome integrity, and play a role in antigenic variation. Our study revealed that DOT1B depletion results in an increase in RNA-DNA hybrids, accumulation of DNA damage, and ES switch-ing events. Surprisingly, a similar pattern of VSG deregulation was observed in RNase H2 mutants. We propose that both proteins act together in resolving R-loops to ensure genome integrity and contribute to the tightly regulated process of anti-genic variation.
KW  - DOT1B
KW  - R-loop
KW  - antigenic variation
KW  - chromatin structure
KW  - genomic integrity
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260698
VL  - 12
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Colvill, Emma
A1  - Booth, Jeremy
A1  - Nill, Simeon
A1  - Fast, Martin
A1  - Bedford, James
A1  - Oelfke, Uwe
A1  - Nakamura, Mitsuhiro
A1  - Poulsen, Per
A1  - Worm, Esben
A1  - Hansen, Rune
A1  - Ravkilde, Thomas
A1  - Rydhög, Jonas Scherman
A1  - Pommer, Tobias
A1  - af Rosenschold, Per Munck
A1  - Lang, Stephanie
A1  - Guckenberger, Matthias
A1  - Groh, Christian
A1  - Herrmann, Christian
A1  - Verellen, Dirk
A1  - Poels, Kenneth
A1  - Wang, Lei
A1  - Hadsell, Michael
A1  - Sothmann, Thilo
A1  - Blanck, Oliver
A1  - Keall, Paul
T1  - A dosimetric comparison of real-time adaptive and non-adaptive radiotherapy: a multi-institutional study encompassing robotic, gimbaled, multileaf collimator and couch tracking
JF  - Radiotherapy and Oncology
N2  - Purpose: A study of real-time adaptive radiotherapy systems was performed to test the hypothesis that, across delivery systems and institutions, the dosimetric accuracy is improved with adaptive treatments over non-adaptive radiotherapy in the presence of patient-measured tumor motion. Methods and materials: Ten institutions with robotic(2), gimbaled(2), MLC(4) or couch tracking(2) used common materials including CT and structure sets, motion traces and planning protocols to create a lung and a prostate plan. For each motion trace, the plan was delivered twice to a moving dosimeter; with and without real-time adaptation. Each measurement was compared to a static measurement and the percentage of failed points for gamma-tests recorded. Results: For all lung traces all measurement sets show improved dose accuracy with a mean 2%/2 mm gamma-fail rate of 1.6% with adaptation and 15.2% without adaptation (p < 0.001). For all prostate the mean 2%/2 mm gamma-fail rate was 1.4% with adaptation and 17.3% without adaptation (p < 0.001). The difference between the four systems was small with an average 2%/2 mm gamma-fail rate of <3% for all systems with adaptation for lung and prostate. Conclusions: The investigated systems all accounted for realistic tumor motion accurately and performed to a similar high standard, with real-time adaptation significantly outperforming non-adaptive delivery methods.
KW  - Robotic tracking
KW  - Gimbaled tracking
KW  - MLC tracking
KW  - Couch tracking
KW  - Organ motion
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189605
VL  - 119
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Holler, E.
A1  - Fischer, H.
A1  - Weber, C.
A1  - Stopper, Helga
A1  - Steger, H.
A1  - Simek, H.
T1  - A DNA polymerase with unusual properties from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum
N2  - Two forms of a DNA polymerase have been purified from microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum by poly(ethyleneimine) precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, phosphocellulose, heparin Sepharose, hydroxyapatite, DNA-agarose, blue-Sepharose. They were separated from DNA polymerase cx on phosphocellulose and from each other on heparin-Sepharose. Form HS1 enzymewas 30-40% pure and form HS2 enzyme 60% with regard toprotein contents of the preparations. Form HS2 enzymewas generated from form HS1 enzyme on prolonged standing of enzyme preparations. The DNA polymerases were obtained as complexes of a 60-kDa protein associated with either a 135-kDa (HS1) or a 110-kDa (HS2) DNA-polymerizing polypeptidein a 1:1 molar stoichiometry. The biochemical function of the 60-kDa protein remained unknown. The complexes tended to dissociate during gradient centrifugation and during partition chromatography as weil as during polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions at high dilutions of samples. Both forms existed in plasmodia extracts, their proportions depending on several factors including those which promoted proteolysis. The DNA polymerases resembled eucaryotic DNA polymerase ß by several criteria and were functionally indistinguishable from each other. It is suggested that lower eucaryotes contain repair DNA polymerases, which are similar to those of eubacteria on a molecular mass basis.
KW  - Toxikologie
Y1  - 1987
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-63501
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kistler, Andreas D.
A1  - Siwy, Justyna
A1  - Frank, Breunig
A1  - Jeevaratnam, Praveen
A1  - Scherl, Alexander
A1  - Mullen, William
A1  - Warnock, David G.
A1  - Wanner, Christoph
A1  - Hughes, Derralynn A.
A1  - Mischak, Harald
A1  - Wüthrich, Rudolf P.
A1  - Serra, Andreas L.
T1  - A Distinct Urinary Biomarker Pattern Characteristic of Female Fabry Patients That Mirrors Response to Enzyme Replacement Therapy
JF  - PLoS ONE
N2  - Female patients affected by Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, exhibit a wide spectrum of symptoms, which renders diagnosis, and treatment decisions challenging. No diagnostic test, other than sequencing of the alpha-galactosidase A gene, is available and no biomarker has been proven useful to screen for the disease, predict disease course and monitor response to enzyme replacement therapy. Here, we used urine proteomic analysis based on capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry and identified a biomarker profile in adult female Fabry patients. Urine samples were taken from 35 treatment-naive female Fabry patients and were compared to 89 age-matched healthy controls. We found a diagnostic biomarker pattern that exhibited 88.2% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity when tested in an independent validation cohort consisting of 17 treatment-naive Fabry patients and 45 controls. The model remained highly specific when applied to additional control patients with a variety of other renal, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Several of the 64 identified diagnostic biomarkers showed correlations with measures of disease severity. Notably, most biomarkers responded to enzyme replacement therapy, and 8 of 11 treated patients scored negative for Fabry disease in the diagnostic model. In conclusion, we defined a urinary biomarker model that seems to be of diagnostic use for Fabry disease in female patients and may be used to monitor response to enzyme replacement therapy.
KW  - Chronic kidney-disease
KW  - Onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
KW  - Mass-spectrometry
KW  - Alpha-galactosidase
KW  - Hemodialysis-patients
KW  - Clinical proteomics
KW  - Young-patients
KW  - Discovery
KW  - Globotriaosylceramide
KW  - Prevalence
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133526
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Karunakaran, Mohindar M.
A1  - Subramanian, Hariharan
A1  - Jin, Yiming
A1  - Mohammed, Fiyaz
A1  - Kimmel, Brigitte
A1  - Juraske, Claudia
A1  - Starick, Lisa
A1  - Nöhren, Anna
A1  - Länder, Nora
A1  - Willcox, Carrie R.
A1  - Singh, Rohit
A1  - Schamel, Wolfgang W.
A1  - Nikolaev, Viacheslav O.
A1  - Kunzmann, Volker
A1  - Wiemer, Andrew J.
A1  - Willcox, Benjamin E.
A1  - Herrmann, Thomas
T1  - A distinct topology of BTN3A IgV and B30.2 domains controlled by juxtamembrane regions favors optimal human γδ T cell phosphoantigen sensing
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - Butyrophilin (BTN)–3A and BTN2A1 molecules control the activation of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells during T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated sensing of phosphoantigens (PAg) derived from microbes and tumors. However, the molecular rules governing PAg sensing remain largely unknown. Here, we establish three mechanistic principles of PAg-mediated γδ T cell activation. First, in humans, following PAg binding to the intracellular BTN3A1-B30.2 domain, Vγ9Vδ2 TCR triggering involves the extracellular V-domain of BTN3A2/BTN3A3. Moreover, the localization of both protein domains on different chains of the BTN3A homo-or heteromers is essential for efficient PAg-mediated activation. Second, the formation of BTN3A homo-or heteromers, which differ in intracellular trafficking and conformation, is controlled by molecular interactions between the juxtamembrane regions of the BTN3A chains. Finally, the ability of PAg not simply to bind BTN3A-B30.2, but to promote its subsequent interaction with the BTN2A1-B30.2 domain, is essential for T-cell activation. Defining these determinants of cooperation and the division of labor in BTN proteins improves our understanding of PAg sensing and elucidates a mode of action that may apply to other BTN family members.
KW  - gammadelta T cells
KW  - immunosurveillance
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358179
VL  - 14
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Langhauser, Friederike
A1  - Casas, Ana I.
A1  - Dao, Vu-Thao-Vi
A1  - Guney, Emre
A1  - Menche, Jörg
A1  - Geuss, Eva
A1  - Kleikers, Pamela W. M.
A1  - López, Manuela G.
A1  - Barabási, Albert-L.
A1  - Kleinschnitz, Christoph
A1  - Schmidt, Harald H. H. W.
T1  - A diseasome cluster-based drug repurposing of soluble guanylate cyclase activators from smooth muscle relaxation to direct neuroprotection
JF  - npj Systems Biology and Applications
N2  - Network medicine utilizes common genetic origins, markers and co-morbidities to uncover mechanistic links between diseases. These links can be summarized in the diseasome, a comprehensive network of disease–disease relationships and clusters. The diseasome has been influential during the past decade, although most of its links are not followed up experimentally. Here, we investigate a high prevalence unmet medical need cluster of disease phenotypes linked to cyclic GMP. Hitherto, the central cGMP-forming enzyme, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), has been targeted pharmacologically exclusively for smooth muscle modulation in cardiology and pulmonology. Here, we examine the disease associations of sGC in a non-hypothesis based manner in order to identify possibly previously unrecognized clinical indications. Surprisingly, we find that sGC, is closest linked to neurological disorders, an application that has so far not been explored clinically. Indeed, when investigating the neurological indication of this cluster with the highest unmet medical need, ischemic stroke, pre-clinically we find that sGC activity is virtually absent post-stroke. Conversely, a heme-free form of sGC, apo-sGC, was now the predominant isoform suggesting it may be a mechanism-based target in stroke. Indeed, this repurposing hypothesis could be validated experimentally in vivo as specific activators of apo-sGC were directly neuroprotective, reduced infarct size and increased survival. Thus, common mechanism clusters of the diseasome allow direct drug repurposing across previously unrelated disease phenotypes redefining them in a mechanism-based manner. Specifically, our example of repurposing apo-sGC activators for ischemic stroke should be urgently validated clinically as a possible first-in-class neuroprotective therapy.
KW  - neurology
KW  - pharmacology
KW  - systems biology
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236381
VL  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wong, Alex H. K.
A1  - Pittig, Andre
T1  - A dimensional measure of safety behavior: A non-dichotomous assessment of costly avoidance in human fear conditioning
JF  - Psychological Research
N2  - Safety behavior prevents the occurrence of threat, thus it is typically considered adaptive. However, safety behavior in anxiety-related disorders is often costly, and persists even the situation does not entail realistic threat. Individuals can engage in safety behavior to varying extents, however, these behaviors are typically measured dichotomously (i.e., to execute or not). To better understand the nuances of safety behavior, this study developed a dimensional measure of safety behavior that had a negative linear relationship with the admission of an aversive outcome. In two experiments, a Reward group receiving fixed or individually calibrated incentives competing with safety behavior showed reduced safety behavior than a Control group receiving no incentives. This allowed extinction learning to a previously learnt warning signal in the Reward group (i.e., updating the belief that this stimulus no longer signals threat). Despite the Reward group exhibited extinction learning, both groups showed a similar increase in fear to the warning signal once safety behavior was no longer available. This null group difference was due to some participants in the Reward group not incentivized enough to disengage from safety behavior. Dimensional assessment revealed a dissociation between low fear but substantial safety behavior to a safety signal in the Control group. This suggests that low-cost safety behavior does not accurately reflect the fear-driven processes, but also other non-fear-driven processes, such as cost (i.e., engage in safety behavior merely because it bears little to no cost). Pinpointing both processes is important for furthering the understanding of safety behavior.
KW  - safety behavior
KW  - anxiety
KW  - threat
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267688
SN  - 1430-2772
VL  - 86
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bayer, Daniel
A1  - Pruckner, Marco
T1  - A digital twin of a local energy system based on real smart meter data
JF  - Energy Informatics
N2  - The steadily increasing usage of smart meters generates a valuable amount of high-resolution data about the individual energy consumption and production of local energy systems. Private households install more and more photovoltaic systems, battery storage and big consumers like heat pumps. Thus, our vision is to augment these collected smart meter time series of a complete system (e.g., a city, town or complex institutions like airports) with simulatively added previously named components. We, therefore, propose a novel digital twin of such an energy system based solely on a complete set of smart meter data including additional building data. Based on the additional geospatial data, the twin is intended to represent the addition of the abovementioned components as realistically as possible. Outputs of the twin can be used as a decision support for either system operators where to strengthen the system or for individual households where and how to install photovoltaic systems and batteries. Meanwhile, the first local energy system operators had such smart meter data of almost all residential consumers for several years. We acquire those of an exemplary operator and discuss a case study presenting some features of our digital twin and highlighting the value of the combination of smart meter and geospatial data.
KW  - digital twin
KW  - simulation
KW  - local energy system
KW  - decision support system
KW  - smart meter data utilization
KW  - future energy grid exploration
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357456
VL  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Müller, Frank
A1  - Chandra, Shivani
A1  - Furaijat, Ghefar
A1  - Kruse, Stefan
A1  - Waligorski, Alexandra
A1  - Simmenroth, Anne
A1  - Kleinert, Evelyn
T1  - A digital communication assistance tool (DCAT) to obtain medical history from foreign-language patients: development and pilot testing in a primary health care center for refugees
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
N2  - Background: Language barriers play a critical role in the treatment of migrant and refugee patients. In Germany, primary care interpreters are often not available especially in rural areas or if patients demand spontaneous or urgent consultations. Methods: In order to enable patients and their physicians to communicate effectively about the current illness history, we developed a digital communication assistance tool (DCAT) for 19 different languages and dialects. This paper reports the multidisciplinary process of the conceptual design and the iterative development of this cross-cultural user-centered application in an action-oriented approach. Results: We piloted our app with 36 refugee patients prior to a clinical study and used the results for further development. The acceptance and usability of the app by patients was high. Conclusion: Using digital tools for overcoming language barriers can be a feasible approach when providing health care to foreign-language patients.
KW  - language barriers
KW  - app
KW  - interpreter
KW  - primary care
KW  - medical history taking
KW  - refugee
KW  - culturally and linguistically diverse patients
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200640
SN  - 1660-4601
VL  - 17
IS  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Seibel, Sebastian
A1  - Volmer, Judith
T1  - A Diary Study on Anticipated Leisure Time, Morning Recovery, and Employees’ Work Engagement
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
N2  - Recovery during yesterday’s leisure time is beneficial for morning recovery, and morning recovery fosters employees’ work engagement, a positive, motivational state associated with job performance. We extended existing research by assuming that both, morning recovery (considered a resource) and anticipated leisure time (considered an anticipated resource gain), relate to work engagement. Anticipated leisure time comprises two constructs: general anticipation of leisure time, which refers to employees’ cognitive evaluation of their entire upcoming leisure time, and pleasant anticipation of a planned leisure activity, which describes a positive affective reaction because of one specific, upcoming leisure activity. We suggested that employees with high pleasant anticipation generate more thoughts of a planned leisure activity (ToPLA), which may distract them from their work, reducing their work engagement. A diary study over five days showed that morning recovery and general anticipation of leisure time were positively related to work engagement. Furthermore, employees with higher pleasant anticipation of a planned leisure activity reported more ToPLA. In contrast to our expectations, neither pleasant anticipation nor ToPLA was related to work engagement. In sum, this study introduced anticipated leisure time as a novel antecedent of work engagement and demonstrated that anticipated resource gains are important for high work engagement.
KW  - morning recovery
KW  - leisure time
KW  - pleasant anticipation
KW  - work engagement
KW  - thoughts of a planned leisure activity
KW  - diary study
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246090
SN  - 1660-4601
VL  - 18
IS  - 18
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bäuerlein, Carina A.
A1  - Riedel, Simone S.
A1  - Baker, Jeanette
A1  - Brede, Christian
A1  - Jordán Garrote, Ana-Laura
A1  - Chopra, Martin
A1  - Ritz, Miriam
A1  - Beilhack, Georg F.
A1  - Schulz, Stephan
A1  - Zeiser, Robert
A1  - Schlegel, Paul G.
A1  - Einsele, Hermann
A1  - Negrin, Robert S.
A1  - Beilhack, Andreas
T1  - A diagnostic window for the treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease prior to visible clinical symptoms in a murine model
JF  - BMC Medicine
N2  - Background

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) poses a major limitation for broader therapeutic application of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Early diagnosis of aGVHD remains difficult and is based on clinical symptoms and histopathological evaluation of tissue biopsies. Thus, current aGVHD diagnosis is limited to patients with established disease manifestation. Therefore, for improved disease prevention it is important to develop predictive assays to identify patients at risk of developing aGVHD. Here we address whether insights into the timing of the aGVHD initiation and effector phases could allow for the detection of migrating alloreactive T cells before clinical aGVHD onset to permit for efficient therapeutic intervention.

Methods

Murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatched and minor histocompatibility antigen (miHAg) mismatched allo-HCT models were employed to assess the spatiotemporal distribution of donor T cells with flow cytometry and in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Daily flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells allowed us to identify migrating alloreactive T cells based on homing receptor expression profiles.

Results

We identified a time period of 2 weeks of massive alloreactive donor T cell migration in the blood after miHAg mismatch allo-HCT before clinical aGVHD symptoms appeared. Alloreactive T cells upregulated α4β7 integrin and P-selectin ligand during this migration phase. Consequently, targeted preemptive treatment with rapamycin, starting at the earliest detection time of alloreactive donor T cells in the peripheral blood, prevented lethal aGVHD.

Conclusions

Based on this data we propose a critical time frame prior to the onset of aGVHD symptoms to identify alloreactive T cells in the peripheral blood for timely and effective therapeutic intervention.
KW  - Allogeneic stem cell transplantation
KW  - Graft-versus-host disease
KW  - Minor histocompatibility antigen mismatch transplantation
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96797
UR  - http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/134
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schamel, Johannes
T1  - A demographic perspective on the spatial behaviour of hikers in mountain areas: the example of Berchtesgaden National Park
JF  - eco.mont - Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research and Management
N2  - In Germany, as in many Western societies, demographic change will lead to a higher number of senior visitors to natural recreational areas and national parks. Given the high physiological requirements of many outdoor recreation activities, especially in mountain areas, it seems likely that demographic change will affect the spatial behaviour of national park visitors, which may pose a challenge to the management of these areas. With the help of GPS tracking and a standardized questionnaire (n=481), this study empirically investigates the spatial behaviour of demographic age brackets in Berchtesgaden National Park (NP) and the potential effects of demographic change on the use of the area. Cluster analysis revealed four activity types in the study area. More than half of the groups with visitors aged 60 and older belong to the activity type of Walker.
KW  - geography
KW  - demographic change
KW  - spatial behaviour
KW  - GPS tracking
KW  - outdoor recreation
KW  - Berchtesgaden NP
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172128
SN  - 2073-1558
VL  - 9
IS  - Special issue
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gessler, Manfred
A1  - Thomas, G. H.
A1  - Couillin, P.
A1  - Junien, C.
A1  - McGillivray, B. C.
A1  - Hayden, M.
A1  - Jaschek, G.
A1  - Bruns, G. A.
T1  - A deletion map of the WAGR region on chromosome II
N2  - The WAGR (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation) region has been assigned to chromosome 11p13 on the basis of overlapping constitutional deletions found in affected individuals. We have utilized 31 DNA probes which map to the WAGR deletion region, together with six reference loci and 13 WAGR-related deletions, to subdivide this area into 16 intervals. Specific intervals have been correlated with phenotypic features, leading to the identification of individual subregions for the aniridia and Wilms tumor loci. Delineation, by specific probes, of multiple intervals above and below the critical region and of five intervals within the overlap area provides a framework map for molecular characterization of WAGR gene loci and of deletion boundary regions.
KW  - Biochemie
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-59255
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Groll, J
A1  - Burdick, J A
A1  - Cho, D-W
A1  - Derby, B
A1  - Gelinsky, M
A1  - Heilshorn, S C
A1  - Jüngst, T
A1  - Malda, J
A1  - Mironov, V A
A1  - Nakayama, K
A1  - Ovsianikov, A
A1  - Sun, W
A1  - Takeuchi, S
A1  - Yoo, J J
A1  - Woodfield, T B F
T1  - A definition of bioinks and their distinction from biomaterial inks
JF  - Biofabrication
N2  - Biofabrication aims to fabricate biologically functional products through bioprinting or bioassembly (Groll et al 2016 Biofabrication 8 013001). In biofabrication processes, cells are positioned at defined coordinates in three-dimensional space using automated and computer controlled techniques (Moroni et al 2018 Trends Biotechnol. 36 384–402), usually with the aid of biomaterials that are either (i) directly processed with the cells as suspensions/dispersions, (ii) deposited simultaneously in a separate printing process, or (iii) used as a transient support material. Materials that are suited for biofabrication are often referred to as bioinks and have become an important area of research within the field. In view of this special issue on bioinks, we aim herein to briefly summarize the historic evolution of this term within the field of biofabrication. Furthermore, we propose a simple but general definition of bioinks, and clarify its distinction from biomaterial inks.
KW  - bioink
KW  - biomaterial ink
KW  - definition
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-253993
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sivarajan, Rinu
A1  - Oberwinkler, Heike
A1  - Roll, Valeria
A1  - König, Eva-Maria
A1  - Steinke, Maria
A1  - Bodem, Jochen
T1  - A defined anthocyanin mixture sourced from bilberry and black currant inhibits Measles virus and various herpesviruses
JF  - BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
N2  - Background
Anthocyanin-containing plant extracts and carotenoids, such as astaxanthin, have been well-known for their antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity, respectively. We hypothesised that a mixture of Ribes nigrum L. (Grossulariaceae) (common name black currant (BC)) and Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) (common name bilberry (BL)) extracts (BC/BL) with standardised anthocyanin content as well as single plant extracts interfered with the replication of Measles virus and Herpesviruses in vitro.

Methods
We treated cell cultures with BC/BL or defined single plant extracts, purified anthocyanins and astaxanthin in different concentrations and subsequently infected the cultures with the Measles virus (wild-type or vaccine strain Edmonston), Herpesvirus 1 or 8, or murine Cytomegalovirus. Then, we analysed the number of infected cells and viral infectivity and compared the data to non-treated controls.

Results
The BC/BL extract inhibited wild-type Measles virus replication, syncytia formation and cell-to-cell spread. This suppression was dependent on the wild-type virus-receptor-interaction since the Measles vaccine strain was unaffected by BC/BL treatment. Furthermore, the evidence was provided that the delphinidin-3-rutinoside chloride, a component of BC/BL, and purified astaxanthin, were effective anti-Measles virus compounds. Human Herpesvirus 1 and murine Cytomegalovirus replication was inhibited by BC/BL, single bilberry or black currant extracts, and the BC/BL component delphinidin-3-glucoside chloride. Additionally, we observed that BC/BL seemed to act synergistically with aciclovir. Moreover, BC/BL, the single bilberry and black currant extracts, and the BC/BL components delphinidin-3-glucoside chloride, cyanidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside chloride, and petunidin-3-galactoside inhibited human Herpesvirus 8 replication.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that Measles viruses and Herpesviruses are differentially susceptible to a specific BC/BL mixture, single plant extracts, purified anthocyanins and astaxanthin. These compounds might be used in the prevention of viral diseases and in addition to direct-acting antivirals, such as aciclovir.
KW  - anthocyanin
KW  - astaxanthin
KW  - bilberry
KW  - black currant
KW  - herpesvirus
KW  - measels virus
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301423
VL  - 22
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wech, Tobias
A1  - Ankenbrand, Markus Johannes
A1  - Bley, Thorsten Alexander
A1  - Heidenreich, Julius Frederik
T1  - A data-driven semantic segmentation model for direct cardiac functional analysis based on undersampled radial MR cine series
JF  - Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
N2  - Purpose
Image acquisition and subsequent manual analysis of cardiac cine MRI is time-consuming. The purpose of this study was to train and evaluate a 3D artificial neural network for semantic segmentation of radially undersampled cardiac MRI to accelerate both scan time and postprocessing.

Methods
A database of Cartesian short-axis MR images of the heart (148,500 images, 484 examinations) was assembled from an openly accessible database and radial undersampling was simulated. A 3D U-Net architecture was pretrained for segmentation of undersampled spatiotemporal cine MRI. Transfer learning was then performed using samples from a second database, comprising 108 non-Cartesian radial cine series of the midventricular myocardium to optimize the performance for authentic data. The performance was evaluated for different levels of undersampling by the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) with respect to reference labels, as well as by deriving ventricular volumes and myocardial masses.

Results
Without transfer learning, the pretrained model performed moderately on true radial data [maximum number of projections tested, P = 196; DSC = 0.87 (left ventricle), DSC = 0.76 (myocardium), and DSC =0.64 (right ventricle)]. After transfer learning with authentic data, the predictions achieved human level even for high undersampling rates (P = 33, DSC = 0.95, 0.87, and 0.93) without significant difference compared with segmentations derived from fully sampled data.

Conclusion
A 3D U-Net architecture can be used for semantic segmentation of radially undersampled cine acquisitions, achieving a performance comparable with human experts in fully sampled data. This approach can jointly accelerate time-consuming cine image acquisition and cumbersome manual image analysis.
KW  - undersampling
KW  - cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)
KW  - deep learning
KW  - radial
KW  - semantic segmentation
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257616
VL  - 87
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Bezan, Sarah
T1  - A Darwinism of the Muck and Mire: Decomposing the Eco- and Zoopoetics of Stephen Collis’ and Jordan Scott’s decomp
T2  - Texts, Animals, Environments: Zoopoetics and Ecopoetics
N2  - No abstract available.
KW  - Animal Studies
KW  - Cultural Animal Studies
KW  - Cultural Studies
KW  - Ecocriticism
KW  - Environmental Humanities
KW  - Human-Animal Studies
KW  - Literary Studies
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178074
UR  - https://www.rombach-verlag.de/buecher/suchergebnis/rombach/buch/details/texts-animals-environments.html
PB  - Rombach Druck- und Verlagshaus
CY  - Freiburg i. Br.
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Beer, Katharina
A1  - Joschinski, Jens
A1  - Sastre, Alazne Arrazola
A1  - Krauss, Jochen
A1  - Helfrich-Förster, Charlotte
T1  - A damping circadian clock drives weak oscillations in metabolism and locomotor activity of aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum)
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - Timing seasonal events, like reproduction or diapause, is crucial for the survival of many species. Global change causes phenologies worldwide to shift, which requires a mechanistic explanation of seasonal time measurement. Day length (photoperiod) is a reliable indicator of winter arrival, but it remains unclear how exactly species measure day length. A reference for time of day could be provided by a circadian clock, by an hourglass clock, or, as some newer models suggest, by a damped circadian clock. However, damping of clock outputs has so far been rarely observed. To study putative clock outputs of Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids, we raised individual nymphs on coloured artificial diet, and measured rhythms in metabolic activity in light-dark illumination cycles of 16:08 hours (LD) and constant conditions (DD). In addition, we kept individuals in a novel monitoring setup and measured locomotor activity. We found that A. pisum is day-active in LD, potentially with a bimodal distribution. In constant darkness rhythmicity of locomotor behaviour persisted in some individuals, but patterns were mostly complex with several predominant periods. Metabolic activity, on the other hand, damped quickly. A damped circadian clock, potentially driven by multiple oscillator populations, is the most likely explanation of our results.
KW  - circadian mechanisms
KW  - behavioural ecology
KW  - damped circadian clock
KW  - Acyrthosiphon pisum
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-170020
VL  - 7
IS  - 14906
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reuss, Heiko
A1  - Kiesel, Andrea
A1  - Kunde, Wilfried
A1  - Wühr, Peter
T1  - A cue from the unconscious - masked symbols prompt spatial anticipation
JF  - Frontiers in Psychology
N2  - Anticipating where an event will occur enables us to instantaneously respond to events that occur at the expected location. Here we investigated if such spatial anticipations can be triggered by symbolic information that participants cannot consciously see. In two experiments involving a Posner cueing task and a visual search task, a central cue informed participants about the likely location of the next target stimulus. In half of the trials, this cue was rendered invisible by pattern masking. In both experiments, visible cues led to cueing effects, that is, faster responses after valid compared to invalid cues. Importantly, even masked cues caused cueing effects, though to a lesser extent. Additionally, we analyzed effects on attention that persist from one trial to the subsequent trial. We found that spatial anticipations are able to interfere with newly formed spatial anticipations and influence orienting of attention in the subsequent trial. When the preceding cue was visible, the corresponding spatial anticipation persisted to an extent that prevented a noticeable effect of masked cues. The effects of visible cues were likewise modulated by previous spatial anticipations, but were strong enough to also exert an impact on attention themselves. Altogether, the results suggest that spatial anticipations can be formed on the basis of unconscious stimuli, but that interfering influences like still active spatial anticipations can suppress this effect.
KW  - masked priming
KW  - unconscious processing
KW  - anticipation
KW  - endogenous shifts of attention
KW  - spatial cueing
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123971
VL  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reymus, M.
A1  - Stawarczyk, B.
A1  - Winkler, A.
A1  - Ludwig, J.
A1  - Kess, S.
A1  - Krastl, G.
A1  - Krug, R.
T1  - A critical evaluation of the material properties and clinical suitability of in‐house printed and commercial tooth replicas for endodontic training
JF  - International Endodontic Journal
N2  - Aim
To assess the suitability of several 3D‐printed resins for the manufacturing of tooth replicas for endodontic training in comparison with commercially available replicas by analysing the properties of the materials and comparing them with real teeth during endodontic training.

Methodology
Tooth replicas were 3D‐printed using four resins (NextDent Model, NextDent C&B, V‐Print ee and Vero White Plus) and compared with two commercially available products (VDW and Smile Factory) as well as extracted human teeth. Martens hardness, indentation modulus and radiopacity were investigated on these tooth replicas. Experienced dentists evaluated the suitability of the replicas for endodontic training by comparing them with real teeth in terms of appearance, anatomy, radiopacity, similarity to dentine during access opening, canal gauging and canal instrumentation. Data were analysed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Mann–Whitney U‐test.

Results
The greatest hardness values were recorded for human dentine (P < 0.001), followed by V‐Print ee and the commercial tooth replica of Smile Factory. The greatest radiopacity was associated with VOC and dentine (P < 0.001) in comparison with the other materials tested. The appearance of the in‐house printed tooth replicas was subjectively evaluated by the dentists as being more realistic than the commercially available products. No differences between the replicas was detected during mechanical instrumentation of root canals.

Conclusion
None of the tooth replicas were able to simulate human dentine from the perspectives evaluated. V‐Print ee had radiopacity comparable with dentine, but its hardness was not comparable with dentine.
KW  - 3D Printing
KW  - dental education
KW  - replica
KW  - undergraduate training
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218085
VL  - 53
IS  - 10
SP  - 1446
EP  - 1454
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Staiger, Christine
A1  - Cadot, Sidney
A1  - Kooter, Raul
A1  - Dittrich, Marcus
A1  - Müller, Tobias
A1  - Klau, Gunnar W.
A1  - Wessels, Lodewyk F. A.
T1  - A Critical Evaluation of Network and Pathway-Based Classifiers for Outcome Prediction in Breast Cancer
JF  - PLoS One
N2  - Recently, several classifiers that combine primary tumor data, like gene expression data, and secondary data sources, such as protein-protein interaction networks, have been proposed for predicting outcome in breast cancer. In these approaches, new composite features are typically constructed by aggregating the expression levels of several genes. The secondary data sources are employed to guide this aggregation. Although many studies claim that these approaches improve classification performance over single genes classifiers, the gain in performance is difficult to assess. This stems mainly from the fact that different breast cancer data sets and validation procedures are employed to assess the performance. Here we address these issues by employing a large cohort of six breast cancer data sets as benchmark set and by performing an unbiased evaluation of the classification accuracies of the different approaches. Contrary to previous claims, we find that composite feature classifiers do not outperform simple single genes classifiers. We investigate the effect of (1) the number of selected features; (2) the specific gene set from which features are selected; (3) the size of the training set and (4) the heterogeneity of the data set on the performance of composite feature and single genes classifiers. Strikingly, we find that randomization of secondary data sources, which destroys all biological information in these sources, does not result in a deterioration in performance of composite feature classifiers. Finally, we show that when a proper correction for gene set size is performed, the stability of single genes sets is similar to the stability of composite feature sets. Based on these results there is currently no reason to prefer prognostic classifiers based on composite features over single genes classifiers for predicting outcome in breast cancer.
KW  - modules
KW  - protein-interaction networks
KW  - expression signature
KW  - classification
KW  - set
KW  - metastasis
KW  - stability
KW  - survival
KW  - database
KW  - markers
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131323
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Karak, Suvendu
A1  - Stepanenko, Vladimir
A1  - Addicoat, Matthew A.
A1  - Keßler, Philipp
A1  - Moser, Simon
A1  - Beuerle, Florian
A1  - Würthner, Frank
T1  - A Covalent Organic Framework for Cooperative Water Oxidation
JF  - Journal of the American Chemical Society
N2  - The future of water-derived hydrogen as the “sustainable energy source” straightaway bets on the success of the sluggish oxygen-generating half-reaction. The endeavor to emulate the natural photosystem II for efficient water oxidation has been extended across the spectrum of organic and inorganic combinations. However, the achievement has so far been restricted to homogeneous catalysts rather than their pristine heterogeneous forms. The poor structural understanding and control over the mechanistic pathway often impede the overall development. Herein, we have synthesized a highly crystalline covalent organic framework (COF) for chemical and photochemical water oxidation. The interpenetrated structure assures the catalyst stability, as the catalyst’s performance remains unaltered after several cycles. This COF exhibits the highest ever accomplished catalytic activity for such an organometallic crystalline solid-state material where the rate of oxygen evolution is as high as ∼26,000 μmol L\(^{–1}\) s\(^{–1}\) (second-order rate constant k ≈ 1650 μmol L s\(^{–1}\) g\(^{–2}\)). The catalyst also proves its exceptional activity (k ≈ 1600 μmol L s\(^{–1}\) g\(^{–2}\)) during light-driven water oxidation under very dilute conditions. The cooperative interaction between metal centers in the crystalline network offers 20–30-fold superior activity during chemical as well as photocatalytic water oxidation as compared to its amorphous polymeric counterpart.
KW  - water oxidation
KW  - sustainable energy source
KW  - covalent organic framework
KW  - catalyst
KW  - crystalline
KW  - catalysis
KW  - nanoparticles
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287591
UR  - https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.2c07282
SN  - 0002-7863
VL  - 144
IS  - 38
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Lewandowska, Natalia Ewelina
T1  - A Correlation Study of Radio Giant Pulses and Very High Energy Photons from the Crab Pulsar
T1  - Eine Korrelationsstudie zwischen Riesenpulsen im Radiobereich und Photonen im Gammabereich vom Pulsar im Krebsnebel
N2  - Pulsars (in short for Pulsating Stars) are magnetized, fast rotating neutron stars. The basic picture of a pulsar describes it as a neutron star which has a rotation axis that is not aligned with its magnetic field axis. The emission is assumed to be generated near the magnetic poles of the neutron star and emitted along the open magnetic field lines. Consequently, the corresponding beam of photons is emitted along the magnetic field line axis. The non-alignment of both, the rotation and the magnetic field axis, results in the effect that the emission of the pulsar is only seen if its beam points towards the observer.

The emission from a pulsar is therefore perceived as being pulsed although its generation is not. This rather simple geometrical model is commonly referred to as Lighthouse Model and has been widely accepted. However, it does not deliver an explanation of the precise mechanisms behind the emission from pulsars (see below for more details).

Nowadays more than 2000 pulsars are known. They are observed at various wavelengths. Multiwavelength studies have shown that some pulsars are visible only at certain wavelengths while the emission from others can be observed throughout large parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of the latter case is the Crab pulsar which is also the main object of interest in this thesis. Originating from a supernova explosion observed in 1054 A.D. and discovered in 1968, the Crab pulsar has been the central subject of numerous studies. Its pulsed emission is visible throughout the whole electromagnetic spectrum which makes it a key figure in understanding the possible mechanisms of multiwavelength emission from pulsars.

The Crab pulsar is also well known for its radio emission strongly varying on long as well as on short time scales. While long time scale behaviour from a pulsar is usually examined through the use of its average profile (a profile resulting from averaging of a large number of individual pulses resulting from single rotations), short time scale behaviour is examined via its single pulses. The short time scale anomalous behaviour of its radio emission is commonly referred to as Giant Pulses and represents the central topic of this thesis.

While current theoretical approaches place the origin of the radio emission from a pulsar like the Crab near its magnetic poles (Polar Cap Model) as already indicated by the Lighthouse model, its emission at higher frequencies, especially its gamma-ray emission, is assumed to originate further away in the geometrical region surrounding a pulsar which is commonly referred to as a pulsar magnetosphere (Outer Gap Model). Consequently, the respective emission regions are usually assumed not to be connected. However, past observational results from the Crab pulsar represent a contradiction to this assumption.
Radio giant pulses from the Crab pulsar have been observed to emit large amounts of energy on very short time scales implying small emission regions on the surface of the pulsar. Such energetic events might also leave a trace in the gamma-ray emission of the Crab pulsar.
 
The aim of this thesis is to search for this connection in the form of a correlation study between radio giant pulses and gamma-photons from the Crab pulsar.

To make such a study possible, a multiwavelength observational campaign was organized for which radio observations were independently applied for, coordinated and carried out with the Effelsberg radio telescope and the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and gamma-ray observations with the Major Atmospheric Imaging Cherenkov telescopes. The corresponding radio and gamma-ray data sets were reduced and the correlation analysis thereafter consisted of three different approaches:

1) The search for a clustering in the differences of the times of arrival of radio giant pulses and gamma-photons;

2) The search for a linear correlation between radio giant pulses and gamma-photons using the Pearson correlation approach;

3) A search for an increase of the gamma-ray flux around occurring radio giant pulses.

In the last part of the correlation study an increase of the number of gamma-photons centered on a radio giant pulse by about 17% (in contrast with the number of gamma-photons when no radio giant pulse occurs in the same time window) was discovered. This finding suggests that a new theoretical approach for the emission of young pulsars like the Crab pulsar, is necessary.
N2  - Pulsare (Kurzform von Pulsating Stars) sind stark magnetisierte, rotierende Neutronensterne. Nach dem Standardmodell ist ein Pulsar ein Neutronenstern mit einer Rotationsachse, die nicht entlang der Achse seines Magnetfelds ausgerichtet ist. Es wird angenommen, dass die Pulsarstrahlung in der Nähe der Pole des Neutronensterns an offenen Magnetfeldlinien entsteht. Der dadurch entstehende Photonenstrahl wird entlang der Magnetfeldachse emittiert. Die unterschiedlichen Ausrichtungen der Rotations- und Magnetfeldachse führen dazu, dass die Strahlung des Pulsars von einem Beobachter nur wahrgenommen wird, wenn der Photonenstrahl die Sichtlinie des Beobachters überstreicht. Durch diesen Effekt wird beim Beobachter der Anschein erweckt die Pulsarstrahlung sei gepulst, obwohl sie kontinuerlich produziert wird. Dieses vereinfachte geometrische Model, in der Literatur oftmals als Leuchtturm Modell bezeichnet, ist heutzutage weitestgehend akzeptiert. Es liefert dennoch keine Erklärung für die genaue Entstehung der Pulsarstrahlung (siehe weiter unten).

Heutzutage sind mehr als 2000 Pulsare bekannt und werden mittlerweile nicht nur bei Radiowellenlängen untersucht. Multiwellenlängenstudien haben zu der Entdeckung geführt, dass einige Pulsar nur in bestimmten Wellenlängenbereichen sichtbar sind, während die Strahlung von anderen Pulsaren in weiten Teilen des elektromagnetischen Spektrums nachgewiesen werden kann. Ein Beispiel für letzteren Fall ist der Crab Pulsar, das Objekt das die vorliegende Arbeit hauptsächlich betrachtet. Entstanden in einer Supernova, die im Jahre 1054 n.Chr. beobachtet wurde, wurde er 1968 als stellarer Überrest dieser Explosion entdeckt und seitdem im Rahmen zahlreicher Studien untersucht. Seine gepulste Strahlung kann im gesamten elektromagnetischen Spektrum nachgewiesen werden. Diese Eigenschaft macht ihn zu einem Schlüsselobjekt für die Erforschung möglicher Emissionsmechanismen der Strahlung von Pulsaren.

Eine weitere Besonderheit des Crab Pulsars liegt auch in dem anomalen Verhalten seiner Radiostrahlung auf kurzen Zeitskalen. Während das Langzeitverhalten eines Pulsars mittels seines mittleren Pulsprofiles (eines Profils resultierend aus der Mittelung vieler Einzelpulse aus einzelnen Rotationen) untersucht wird, wird das Kurzzeitverhalten mittels einzelner Pulse untersucht. Als anomales Verhalten der Radiostrahlung des Crab Pulsars auf diesen kurzen Zeitskalen sind die sogenannten Riesenpulse (Giant Pulses) von Interesse. Einzelpulse dieser Art sind der zentrale zu untersuchende Aspekt der vorliegenden Arbeit.

Gängige theoretische Modelle gehen davon aus, dass die Radiostrahlung eines Pulsars in der Nähe der Pole entsteht (Polar Cap Model), wie zuvor vom Leuchtturm Model impliziert wurde, während die hochfrequente Strahlung, wie z.B. die gamma-Strahlung, weiter außen in der Magnetosphäre, die den Pulsar umgibt, entsteht (Outer Gap Model). Ausgehend von diesen beiden theoretischen Ansätzen, wird angenommen, dass die entsprechenden Entstehungsregionen nicht miteinander verbunden sind. Die bisherigen Beobachtungen des Crab Pulsars widersprechen jedoch dieser Annahme. Untersuchungen der Riesenpulse des Crab Pulsars im Radiobereich haben ergeben, dass diese Einzelpulse große Energiemengen binnen sehr kurzen Zeitskalen freisetzen. Dieses Phänomen deutet auf sehr kleine Emissionsregionen auf der Oberfläche des Pulsars hin. Eine Freisetzung dieser Energiemengen könnte auch Spuren im Bereich der hochenergetischen gamma-Strahlung hinterlassen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist daher eine Untersuchung einer möglichen Verbindung zwischen den Radiopulsen des Crab Pulsars im Radiobereich und seiner gamma-Strahlung in der Form einer Korrelationsstudie. Um eine solche Studie zu ermöglichen, wurde eine Multiwellenlängen Beobachtungskampagne organisiert. Im Rahmen dieser Kampagne wurden selbstständig Radiobeobachtungen am Effelsberger Radioteleskop und am Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope und gamma-Beobachtungen an den Major Atmospheric Imaging Cherenkov Teleskopen erfolgreich beantragt, koordiniert und (teilweise selbstständig vor Ort) ausgeführt. Die daraus entstehenden Datensätze wurden entsprechend bearbeitet und in der resultierenden Korrelationsanalyse wurden die folgenden Aspekte untersucht:

1) Eine Anhäufung in den Ankunftszeiten von Riesenpulsen und gamma-Photonen;

2) Eine Suche nach einer linearen Korrelation zwischen Riesenpulsen und gamma-Photonen mittels der Pearson Korrelation;

3) Eine Suche nach einer Erhöhung des Flusses von gamma-Photonen in der zeitlichen Umgebung eines Riesenpulses im Radiobereich.

Im letzten Teil der Analyse konnte eine Erhöhung der Anzahl von gamma-Photonen, die zeitlich auf einem Riesenpuls zentriert sind, von ungefähr 17% (im Vergleich zu der entsprechenden Anzahl im gleichen Zeitfenster, wenn kein Riesenpuls vorhanden ist) nachgewiesen werden. Dieses Ergebnis gibt einen wichtigen Impuls für die Überarbeitung der bereits vorhandenen Emissionsmodelle von jungen Pulsaren wie dem Crab Pulsar.
KW  - Pulsar
KW  - Crab-Nebel
KW  - Gammaastronomie
KW  - Radioastronomie
KW  - crab pulsar
KW  - giant pulses
KW  - neutron star
KW  - correlation
KW  - radio astronomy
KW  - gamma astronomy
KW  - Radiofrequenzstrahlung
KW  - Gammastrahlenastronomie
KW  - Korrelation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123533
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jain, M.
A1  - Vélez, J. I.
A1  - Acosta, M. T.
A1  - Palacio, L. G.
A1  - Balog, J.
A1  - Roessler, E.
A1  - Pineda, D.
A1  - Londoño, A. C.
A1  - Palacio, J. D.
A1  - Arbelaez, A.
A1  - Lopera, F.
A1  - Elia, J.
A1  - Hakonarson, H.
A1  - Seitz, C.
A1  - Freitag, C. M.
A1  - Palmason, H.
A1  - Meyer, J.
A1  - Romanos, M.
A1  - Walitza, S.
A1  - Hemminger, U.
A1  - Warnke, A.
A1  - Romanos, J.
A1  - Renner, T.
A1  - Jacob, C.
A1  - Lesch, K.-P.
A1  - Swanson, J.
A1  - Castellanos, F. X.
A1  - Bailey-Wilson, J. E.
A1  - Arcos-Burgos, M.
A1  - Muenke, M.
T1  - A cooperative interaction between LPHN3 and 11q doubles the risk for ADHD
JF  - Molecular Psychiatry
N2  - In previous studies of a genetic isolate, we identified significant linkage of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to 4q, 5q, 8q, 11q and 17p. The existence of unique large size families linked to multiple regions, and the fact that these families came from an isolated population, we hypothesized that two-locus interaction contributions to ADHD were plausible. Several analytical models converged to show significant interaction between 4q and 11q (P<1 × 10−8) and 11q and 17p (P<1 × 10−6). As we have identified that common variants of the LPHN3 gene were responsible for the 4q linkage signal, we focused on 4q–11q interaction to determine that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) harbored in the LPHN3 gene interact with SNPs spanning the 11q region that contains DRD2 and NCAM1 genes, to double the risk of developing ADHD. This interaction not only explains genetic effects much better than taking each of these loci effects by separated but also differences in brain metabolism as depicted by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data and pharmacogenetic response to stimulant medication. These findings not only add information about how high order genetic interactions might be implicated in conferring susceptibility to develop ADHD but also show that future studies of the effects of genetic interactions on ADHD clinical information will help to shape predictive models of individual outcome.
KW  - ADHD
KW  - genetic interaction
KW  - LPHN3
KW  - NCAM1
KW  - DRD2
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125128
VL  - 17
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hünig, Siegfried
A1  - Wehner, Ingeborg
T1  - A convenient synthesis of 2,2',6,6'-Tetramethyl-4,4'-bipyridine and its oxidation to 2,2',6,6'-Tetracarboxy-4,4'-bipyridine
N2  - No abstract available
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-32005
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Gründler, Klaus
T1  - A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Development - The Role of Technology, Inequality, and the State
T1  - Eine empirische Untersuchung der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung - Die Rolle von Technologien, Ungleichheit und dem Staat
N2  - This dissertation contributes to the empirical analysis of economic development. The continuing poverty in many Sub-Saharan-African countries as well as the declining trend in growth in the advanced economies that was initiated around the turn of the millennium raises a number of new questions which have received little attention in recent empirical studies. Is culture a decisive factor for economic development? Do larger financial markets trigger positive stimuli with regard to incomes, or is the recent increase in their size in advanced economies detrimental to economic growth? What causes secular stagnation, i.e. the reduction in growth rates of the advanced economies observable over the past 20 years? What is the role of inequality in the growth process, and how do governmental attempts to equalize the income distribution affect economic development? And finally: Is the process of democratization accompanied by an increase in living standards? These are the central questions of this doctoral thesis. 

To facilitate the empirical analysis of the determinants of economic growth, this dissertation introduces a new method to compute classifications in the field of social sciences. The approach is based on mathematical algorithms of machine learning and pattern recognition. Whereas the construction of indices typically relies on arbitrary assumptions regarding the aggregation strategy of the underlying attributes, utilization of Support Vector Machines transfers the question of how to aggregate the individual components into a non-linear optimization problem.

Following a brief overview of the theoretical models of economic growth provided in the first chapter, the second chapter illustrates the importance of culture in explaining the differences in incomes across the globe. In particular, if inhabitants have a lower average degree of risk-aversion, the implementation of new technology proceeds much faster compared with countries with a lower tendency towards risk. However, this effect depends on the legal and political framework of the countries, their average level of education, and their stage of development.

The initial wealth of individuals is often not sufficient to cover the cost of investments in both education and new technologies. By providing loans, a developed financial sector may help to overcome this shortage. However, the investigations in the third chapter show that this mechanism is dependent on the development levels of the economies. In poor countries, growth of the financial sector leads to better education and higher investment levels. This effect diminishes along the development process, as intermediary activity is increasingly replaced by speculative transactions. Particularly in times of low technological innovation, an increasing financial sector has a negative impact on economic development. In fact, the world economy is currently in a phase of this kind. Since the turn of the millennium, growth rates in the advanced economies have experienced a multi-national decline, leading to an intense debate about "secular stagnation" initiated at the beginning of 2015. The fourth chapter deals with this phenomenon and shows that the growth potentials of new technologies have been gradually declining since the beginning of the 2000s.

If incomes are unequally distributed, some individuals can invest less in education and technological innovations, which is why the fifth chapter identifies an overall negative effect of inequality on growth. This influence, however, depends on the development level of countries. While the negative effect is strongly pronounced in poor economies with a low degree of equality of opportunity, this influence disappears during the development process. Accordingly, redistributive polices of governments exert a growth-promoting effect in developing countries, while in advanced economies, the fostering of equal opportunities is much more decisive.

The sixth chapter analyzes the growth effect of the political environment and shows that the ambiguity of earlier studies is mainly due to unsophisticated measurement of the degree of democratization. To solve this problem, the chapter introduces a new method based on mathematical algorithms of machine learning and pattern recognition. While the approach can be used for various classification problems in the field of social sciences, in this dissertation it is applied for the problem of democracy measurement. Based on different country examples, the chapter shows that the resulting SVMDI is superior to other indices in modeling the level of democracy. The subsequent empirical analysis emphasizes a significantly positive growth effect of democracy measured via SVMDI.
N2  - Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der statistischen und empirischen Analyse der Determinanten langfristiger Wachstumsprozesse. Die anhaltende Armut vieler Staaten in Subsahara-Afrika sowie die rückläufigen Wachstumsraten der reichen Volkswirtschaften seit Beginn des neuen Jahrtausends werfen eine Reihe neuer Fragen auf, die bislang wenig empirisch erforscht sind. Ist die Kultur eines Landes entscheidend für die Entwicklung der Wohlfahrt? Kann ein entwickelter Finanzsektor Wohlstandssteigerungen auslösen, oder ist der starke Zuwachs der Finanzmärkte, der in den  Industrienationen beobachtet werden kann, schädlich für die Entwicklung? Warum wachsen reiche Volkswirtschaften heute so viel langsamer als noch vor 20 Jahren? Welchen Einfluss nimmt die zunehmende Einkommensungleichheit auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und welchen Effekt haben staatliche Umverteilungsmaßnahmen? Und schließlich: Führen stärkere politische Rechte und mehr Demokratie zu einer Zunahme der Lebensstandards? Dies sind die zentralen Fragestellungen, denen sich die Kapitel dieser Doktorarbeit widmen. 

Um die Analyse der empirischen Ursachen der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung zu erleichtern, leitet die Dissertation überdies ein neues Verfahren zur Lösung von Klassifikationsproblemen in den Sozialwissenschaften ab. Das Verfahren beruht auf mathematischen Algorithmen zur Mustererkennung und des maschinellen Lernens. Dies bietet neue Möglichkeiten für das Konstruieren von Indizes, die zumeist auf arbiträre Annahmen über die zugrundeliegende Aggregationsfunktion zurückgreifen. Das vorgestellte Verfahren löst dieses Problem, in dem die Aggregation durch Support Vector Machines in ein nicht-lineares Optimierungsproblem überführt wird.

Nach einem kurzen Überblick über die theoretischen Erklärungsansätze der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung im ersten Kapitel zeigt das zweite Kapitel, dass kulturelle Unterschieden einen Einfluss auf die ökonomische Entwicklung ausüben. Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Länder mit einer geringeren Aversion gegen Risiken höhere Wachstumsraten aufweisen, da in diesen Ländern die Implementierung neuer Technologien schneller voranschreitet. Der Effekt ist allerdings abhängig von den rechtlichen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen der Länder, vom durchschnittlichen Bildungsniveau sowie vom Entwicklungsstand. 

In vielen Fällen reichen die Vermögen der Individuen nicht aus, um Investitionen in Bildung, Kapital und neue Technologien zu stemmen. Durch die Bereitstellung von Krediten kann ein entwickelter Finanzsektor diesen Engpass überwinden. Die Untersuchungen des dritten Kapitels zeigen allerdings, dass dieser Mechanismus abhängig ist von den Entwicklungsniveaus der Volkswirtschaften. In armen Ländern führt ein Anstieg des Finanzsektors zu besserer Bildung und höheren Investitionen. Dieser Effekt nimmt jedoch über den Entwicklungsprozess ab, da die Intermediationstätigkeit zunehmend durch spekulative Geschäfte ersetzt wird. Insbesondere in Zeiten mit geringen technologischen Neuerungen wirkt ein wachsender Finanzsektor negativ auf die ökonomische Entwicklung. Aktuell befindet sich die Weltökonomie in einer solchen Phase, was verbunden mit einem multinationalen Rückgang der Wachstumsraten seit Anfang 2015 als "säkulare Stagnation" diskutiert wird. Das vierte Kapitel befasst sich intensiv mit diesem Phänomen und zeigt, dass die gegenwärtigen Wachstumspotenziale neuer Technologien seit Beginn der 2000er Jahre zunehmend auslaufen. 

Sind die Einkommen ungleich verteilt, so können einige Individuen weniger Investitionen in Bildung und technologische Neuerungen durchführen. Tatsächlich weist das fünfte Kapitel auf einen insgesamt negativen Effekt der Ungleichheit auf das Wachstum hin. Dieser Einfluss ist allerdings abhängig vom Entwicklungsstand der Länder. Während der negative Effekt in armen Volkswirtschaften mit einem geringen Maß an Chancengleichheit stark ausgeprägt ist, verschwindet dieser Einfluss mit zunehmendem Entwicklungsniveau. Entsprechend wirkt direkte staatliche Umverteilung vor allem in unterentwickelten Ländern wachstumsfördernd. In entwickelten Nationen ist hingegen die Schaffung von Chancengleichheit entscheidend. 

Das sechste Kapitel analysiert den Wachstumseffekt des politischen Umfelds und zeigt, dass die Ambivalenz früherer Studien auf die mangelhafte Abbildung des Demokratiegrades zurückzuführen ist. Zur Lösung dieses Problems wird ein neues Verfahren vorgeschlagen, das auf mathematischen Algorithmen des maschinellen Lernens basiert. Das Verfahren kann in verschiedenen Bereichen der Sozialwissenschaften eingesetzt werden und wird in der Arbeit zur Klassifikation des Demokratiegrades angewandt. Auf Basis verschiedener Länderbeispiele wird deutlich, dass der resultierende SVMDI anderen Indizes in der Modellierung des Demokratiegrades überlegen ist. Die anschließende empirische Analyse betont einen signifikant positiven Effekt des SVMDI auf das Wirtschaftswachstum.
N2  - Why are some nations rich and others poor? What are the sources of long-run economic development and growth? How can living standards be increased? In this book, Klaus Gründler empirically analyses these central economic questions and puts a particular emphasis on the role of technology, inequality, and political institutions. To substantiate his empirical studies, he introduces a new method to compute composite measures and indices that is based on mathematical algorithms from the field of machine learning.
KW  - Wirtschaftsentwicklung
KW  - Wirtschaftsstruktur
KW  - Sozioökonomisches System
KW  - Inequality
KW  - Economic Growth
KW  - Machine Learning
KW  - Empirical Economics
KW  - Ungleichheit
KW  - Wirtschaftswachstum
KW  - Maschinelles Lernen
KW  - Makroökonomie
KW  - Empirische Wirtschaftsforschung
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-141520
SN  - 978-3-95826-072-6 (Print)
SN  - 978-3-95826-073-3 (Online)
N1  - Parallel erschienen als Druckausgabe in Würzburg University Press, 978-3-95826-072-6, 41,80 EUR.
PB  - Würzburg University Press
CY  - Würzburg
ET  - 1. Auflage
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fakhri, Seyed Arvin
A1  - Latifi, Hooman
T1  - A consumer grade UAV-based framework to estimate structural attributes of coppice and high oak forest stands in semi-arid regions
JF  - Remote Sensing
N2  - Semi-arid tree covers, in both high and coppice growth forms, play an essential role in protecting water and soil resources and provides multiple ecosystem services across fragile ecosystems. Thus, they require continuous inventories. Quantification of forest structure in these tree covers provides important measures for their management and biodiversity conservation. We present a framework, based on consumer-grade UAV photogrammetry, to separately estimate primary variables of tree height (H) and crown area (A) across diverse coppice and high stands dominated by Quercus brantii Lindl. along the latitudinal gradient of Zagros mountains of western Iran. Then, multivariate linear regressions were parametrized with H and A to estimate the diameter at breast height (DBH) of high trees because of its importance to accelerate the existing practical DBH inventories across Zagros Forests. The estimated variables were finally applied to a model tree aboveground biomass (AGB) for both vegetative growth forms by local allometric equations and Random Forest models. In each step, the estimated variables were evaluated against the field reference values, indicating practically high accuracies reaching root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.68 m and 4.74 cm for H and DBH, as well as relative RMSE < 10% for AGB estimates. The results generally suggest an effective framework for single tree-based attribute estimation over mountainous, semi-arid coppice, and high stands.
KW  - tree structure
KW  - biomass
KW  - DBH
KW  - Zagros Forests
KW  - Q. brantii
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248469
SN  - 2072-4292
VL  - 13
IS  - 21
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hirsch, Martin
A1  - Krauss, Manuel E.
A1  - Opferkuch, Toby
A1  - Porod, Werner
A1  - Staub, Florian
T1  - A constrained supersymmetric left-right model
JF  - JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
N2  - We present a supersymmetric left-right model which predicts gauge coupling unification close to the string scale and extra vector bosons at the TeV scale. The subtleties in constructing a model which is in agreement with the measured quark masses and mixing for such a low left-right breaking scale are discussed. It is shown that in the constrained version of this model radiative breaking of the gauge symmetries is possible and a SM-like Higgs is obtained. Additional CP-even scalars of a similar mass or even much lighter are possible. The expected mass hierarchies for the supersymmetric states differ clearly from those of the constrained MSSM. In particular, the lightest down-type squark, which is a mixture of the sbottom and extra vector-like states, is always lighter than the stop. We also comment on the model’s capability to explain current anomalies observed at the LHC.
KW  - supersymmetry
KW  - phenomenology
KW  - LHC
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168016
VL  - 03
IS  - 009
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Haack, J.
A1  - Hauck, C.
A1  - Klingenberg, C.
A1  - Pirner, M.
A1  - Warnecke, S.
T1  - A Consistent BGK Model with Velocity-Dependent Collision Frequency for Gas Mixtures
JF  - Journal of Statistical Physics
N2  - We derive a multi-species BGK model with velocity-dependent collision frequency for a non-reactive, multi-component gas mixture. The model is derived by minimizing a weighted entropy under the constraint that the number of particles of each species, total momentum, and total energy are conserved. We prove that this minimization problem admits a unique solution for very general collision frequencies. Moreover, we prove that the model satisfies an H-Theorem and characterize the form of equilibrium.
KW  - plasma physics
KW  - multi-fluid mixture
KW  - kinetic model
KW  - BGK approximation
KW  - velocity-dependent collision frequency
KW  - entropy minimization
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269146
SN  - 1572-9613
VL  - 184
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Libre, Camille
A1  - Seissler, Tanja
A1  - Guerrero, Santiago
A1  - Batisse, Julien
A1  - Verriez, Cédric
A1  - Stupfler, Benjamin
A1  - Gilmer, Orian
A1  - Cabrera-Rodriguez, Romina
A1  - Weber, Melanie M.
A1  - Valenzuela-Fernandez, Agustin
A1  - Cimarelli, Andrea
A1  - Etienne, Lucie
A1  - Marquet, Roland
A1  - Paillart, Jean-Christophe
T1  - A conserved uORF regulates APOBEC3G translation and is targeted by HIV-1 Vif protein to repress the antiviral factor
JF  - Biomedicines
N2  - The HIV-1 Vif protein is essential for viral fitness and pathogenicity. Vif decreases expression of cellular restriction factors APOBEC3G (A3G), A3F, A3D and A3H, which inhibit HIV-1 replication by inducing hypermutation during reverse transcription. Vif counteracts A3G at several levels (transcription, translation, and protein degradation) that altogether reduce the levels of A3G in cells and prevent its incorporation into viral particles. How Vif affects A3G translation remains unclear. Here, we uncovered the importance of a short conserved uORF (upstream ORF) located within two critical stem-loop structures of the 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) of A3G mRNA for this process. A3G translation occurs through a combination of leaky scanning and translation re-initiation and the presence of an intact uORF decreases the extent of global A3G translation under normal conditions. Interestingly, the uORF is also absolutely required for Vif-mediated translation inhibition and redirection of A3G mRNA into stress granules. Overall, we discovered that A3G translation is regulated by a small uORF conserved in the human population and that Vif uses this specific feature to repress its translation.
KW  - HIV-1
KW  - APOBEC3G
KW  - Vif
KW  - mRNA
KW  - translation
KW  - uORF
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-252147
SN  - 2227-9059
VL  - 10
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fröhlich, Kathrin S.
A1  - Papenfort, Kai
A1  - Berger, Allison A.
A1  - Vogel, Jörg
T1  - A conserved RpoS-dependent small RNA controls the synthesis of major porin OmpD
JF  - Nucleic Acids Research
N2  - A remarkable feature of many small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) of Escherichia coli and Salmonella is their accumulation in the stationary phase of bacterial growth. Several stress response regulators and sigma factors have been reported to direct the transcription of stationary phase-specific sRNAs, but a widely conserved sRNA gene that is controlled by the major stationary phase and stress sigma factor, Sigma(S) (RpoS), has remained elusive. We have studied in Salmonella the conserved SdsR sRNA, previously known as RyeB, one of the most abundant stationary phase-specific sRNAs in E. coli. Alignments of the sdsR promoter region and genetic analysis strongly suggest that this sRNA gene is selectively transcribed by Sigma(S). We show that SdsR down-regulates the synthesis of the major Salmonella porin OmpD by Hfq-dependent base pairing; SdsR thus represents the fourth sRNA to regulate this major outer membrane porin. Similar to the InvR, MicC and RybB sRNAs, SdsR recognizes the ompD mRNA in the coding sequence, suggesting that this mRNA may be primarily targeted downstream of the start codon. The SdsR-binding site in ompD was localized by 3'-RACE, an experimental approach that promises to be of use in predicting other sRNA-target interactions in bacteria.
KW  - shock sigma factor
KW  - general stress response
KW  - down regulation
KW  - stationary phase
KW  - salmonella enterica
KW  - messenger RNA
KW  - escherichia coli
KW  - enterica serovar typhimurium
KW  - outer-membrane proteins
KW  - small noncoding RNAs
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134230
VL  - 40
IS  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sander, Bodo
A1  - Xu, Wenshan
A1  - Eilers, Martin
A1  - Popov, Nikita
A1  - Lorenz, Sonja
T1  - A conformational switch regulates the ubiquitin ligase HUWE1
JF  - eLife
N2  - The human ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 has key roles in tumorigenesis, yet it is unkown how its activity is regulated. We present the crystal structure of a C-terminal part of HUWE1, including the catalytic domain, and reveal an asymmetric auto-inhibited dimer. We show that HUWE1 dimerizes in solution and self-associates in cells, and that both occurs through the crystallographic dimer interface. We demonstrate that HUWE1 is inhibited in cells and that it can be activated by disruption of the dimer interface. We identify a conserved segment in HUWE1 that counteracts dimer formation by associating with the dimerization region intramolecularly. Our studies reveal, intriguingly, that the tumor suppressor p14ARF binds to this segment and may thus shift the conformational equilibrium of HUWE1 toward the inactive state. We propose a model, in which the activity of HUWE1 underlies conformational control in response to physiological cues—a mechanism that may be exploited for cancer therapy.
KW  - Medicine
KW  - Structural Biology
KW  - Molecular Biophysics
KW  - HUWE1
KW  - HECT Ligase
KW  - Ubiquitin
KW  - P14ARF
KW  - X-Ray Chrystallography
KW  - Enzyme Regulation
Y1  - 2017
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171862
VL  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Rüth, Michael
T1  - A Comprehensive Study of Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor Resonant Tunneling Diodes
T1  - Umfassende Untersuchung von resonanten Tunneldioden aus verdünnt-magnetischen Halbleitern
N2  - We investigate transport measurements on all II-VI semiconductor resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). Being very versatile, the dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) system (Zn,Be,Mn,Cd)Se is a perfect testbed for various spintronic device designs, as it allows for separate control of electrical and magnetic properties. In contrast to the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As, doping ZnSe with Mn impurities does not alter the electrical properties of the semiconductor, as the magnetic dopant is isoelectric in the ZnSe host.
N2  - Diese Doktorarbeit befasst sich mit Transportmessungen an resonanten Tunneldioden (engl. resonant tunneling diode, RTD), welche vollst� andig aus II-VI Halbleitermaterial bestehen. Das verd� unnt magnetische (engl. dilute magnetic semiconductor, DMS) Halbleitermaterialsystem (Zn,Be,Mn,Cd)Se ist sehr vielseitig und eignet sich hervorragend als Testsystem f� ur diverse Spintronik Bauelemente, denn magnetische und elektrische Eigenschaften lassen sich getrennt voneinander einstellen. Im Gegensatz zum ferromagnetischen Halbleiter (Ga,Mn)As ver� andert das Dotieren von ZnSe mit Mn nicht die elektrischen Eigenschaften des Halbleiters.
KW  - Semimagnetischer Halbleiter
KW  - Resonanz-Tunneleffekt
KW  - Halbleiter
KW  - Resonante Tunneldioden
KW  - Spintronik
KW  - dilute magnetic semiconductors
KW  - spintronics
KW  - resonant tunneling diodes
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71472
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Peters, Simon
A1  - Fohmann, Ingo
A1  - Rudel, Thomas
A1  - Schubert-Unkmeir, Alexandra
T1  - A Comprehensive Review on the Interplay between Neisseria spp. and Host Sphingolipid Metabolites
JF  - Cells
N2  - Sphingolipids represent a class of structural related lipids involved in membrane biology and various cellular processes including cell growth, apoptosis, inflammation and migration. Over the past decade, sphingolipids have become the focus of intensive studies regarding their involvement in infectious diseases. Pathogens can manipulate the sphingolipid metabolism resulting in cell membrane reorganization and receptor recruitment to facilitate their entry. They may recruit specific host sphingolipid metabolites to establish a favorable niche for intracellular survival and proliferation. In contrast, some sphingolipid metabolites can also act as a first line defense against bacteria based on their antimicrobial activity. In this review, we will focus on the strategies employed by pathogenic Neisseria spp. to modulate the sphingolipid metabolism and hijack the sphingolipid balance in the host to promote cellular colonization, invasion and intracellular survival. Novel techniques and innovative approaches will be highlighted that allow imaging of sphingolipid derivatives in the host cell as well as in the pathogen.
KW  - sphingolipids
KW  - host–pathogen interaction
KW  - Neisseria meningitidis
KW  - Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250203
SN  - 2073-4409
VL  - 10
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Ganz, Verena
T1  - A comprehensive approach for currency crises theories stressing the role of the anchor country
T1  - Ein umfassender Ansatz zur Integration von Währungskrisen-Theorien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bedeutung des Ankerlandes
N2  - The approach is based on the finding that new generations of currency crises theories always had developed ex post after popular currency crises. Discussing the main theories of currency crises shows their disparity: The First Generation of currency crises models argues based on the assumption of a chronic budget deficit that is being monetized by the domestic central bank. The result is a trade-off between an expansionary monetary policy that is focused on the internal economic balance and a fixed exchange rate which is depending on the rules of interest parity and purchasing power parity. This imbalance inevitably results in a currency crisis. Altogether, this theory argues with a disrupted external balance on the foreign exchange market. Second Generation currency crises models on the other side focus on the internal macroeconomic balance. The stability of a fixed exchange rate is depending on the economic benefit of the exchange rate system in relation to the social costs of maintaining it. As soon as social costs are increasing and showing up in deteriorating fundamentals, this leads to a speculative attack on the fixed exchange rate system. The term Third Generation of currency crises finally summarizes a variety of currency crises theories. These are also arguing psychologically to explain phenomena as contagion and spill-over effects to rationalize crises detached from the fundamental situation. Apart from the apparent inconsistency of the main theories of currency crises, a further observation is that these explanations focus on the crisis country only while international monetary transmission effects are left out of consideration. These however are a central parameter for the stability of fixed exchange rate systems, in exchange rate theory as well as in empirical observations. Altogether, these findings provide the motivation for developing a theoretical approach which integrates the main elements of the different generations of currency crises theories and which integrates international monetary transmission. Therefore a macroeconomic approach is chosen applying the concept of the Monetary Conditions Index (MCI), a linear combination of the real interest rate and the real exchange rate. This index firstly is extended for international monetary influences and called MCIfix. MCIfix illustrates the monetary conditions required for the stability of a fixed exchange rate system. The central assumption of this concept is that the uncovered interest parity is maintained. The main conclusion is that the MCIfix only depends on exogenous parameters. In a second step, the analysis integrates the monetary policy requirements for achieving an internal macroeconomic stability. By minimizing a loss function of social welfare, a MCI is derived which pictures the economically optimal monetary policy MCIopt. Instability in a fixed exchange rate system occurs as soon as the monetary conditions for an internal and external balance are deviating. For discussing macroeconomic imbalances, the central parameters determining the MCIfix (and therefore the relation of MCIfix to MCIopt) are discussed: the real interest rate of the anchor country, the real effective exchange rate and a risk premium. Applying this theory framework, four constellations are discussed where MCIfix and MCIopt fall apart in order to show the central bank’s possibilities for reacting and the consequences of that behaviour. The discussion shows that the integrative approach manages to incorporate the central elements of traditional currency crises theories and that it includes international monetary transmission instead of reducing the discussion on an inconsistent domestic monetary policy. The theory framework for fixed exchange rates is finally applied in four case studies: the currency crises in Argentina, the crisis in the Czech Republic, the Asian currency crisis and the crisis of the European Monetary System. The case studies show that the developed monetary framework achieves integration of different generations of crises theories and that the monetary policy of the anchor country plays a decisive role in destabilising fixed exchange rate systems.
N2  - Die Arbeit baut auf dem Befund auf, dass zur Erklärung von Währungskrisen stets im Nachgang bedeutender Krisen eine neue Generation wissenschaftlicher Theorien entwickelt wurde. Eine Diskussion der bedeutendsten Theorien verdeutlicht, dass diese in ihrer Argumentation untereinander und in sich inkonsistent sind: Modelle Erster Generation bauen auf der Annahme chronischer Budgetdefizite auf, die die heimische Notenbank monetarisiert. Dieser Zielkonflikt zwischen einer expansiven, binnenwirtschaftlich ausgerichteten Geldpolitik und dem den Gesetzen der Zins- und Kaufkraftparität unterliegenden Wechselkursziel mündet unvermeidlich in einer Währungskrise. Die Theorie bezieht sich demnach klar auf das externe Gleichgewicht am Devisenmarkt. Währungskrisenmodelle der Zweiten Generation stellen dagegen das interne, binnenwirtschaftliche Gleichgewicht in den Mittelpunkt. Der Erfolg eines Wechselkurszieles hängt hiernach vom Nutzen des Festkurssystems in Relation zu den Kosten seiner Verteidigung ab. Steigen die sozialen Kosten in Form konjunktureller Belastungen, führt dies ab einem bestimmten Level über antizipierende Markterwartungen zu einer spekulativen Attacke auf den Festkurs. Unter dem Obergriff der Dritten Generation von Krisenmodellen schließlich werden verschiedene Modelle zusammengefasst, die psychologische Erklärungsansätze miteinbeziehen, um Phänomene wie Ansteckungseffekte zu erklären. Dadurch können Krisenentwicklungen losgelöst von der jeweiligen Fundamentaldatenlage rationalisiert werden. Neben der offensichtlichen Inkonsistenz der zentralen Argumente der jeweiligen Theorien ist eine weitere Beobachtung, dass die Erklärungen jeweils im betroffenen Land ansetzen, während eine grenzüberschreitende monetäre Transmission außer Acht gelassen wird. Diese ist jedoch sowohl in der Empirie als auch in der Theorie zu Wechselkurssystemen ein zentraler Einflussfaktor für die Stabilität von Festkurssystemen. Aus diesen Befunden leitet sich die Motivation für die vorliegende Arbeit ab, ein die verschiedenen Krisengenerationen integrierendes theoretisches Rahmenwerk zu entwickeln, in dem grenzüberschreitende monetäre Transmissionseffekte in die Diskussion mit einbezogen werden. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein makroökonomischer Ansatz gewählt, der das Konzept des Monetary Conditions Index (MCI) anwendet, einer Linearkombination aus Realzins und realem Wechselkurs. Dieser Index wird zum einen um internationale monetäre Einflüsse erweitert zu einem MCIfix, der die monetären Anforderungen an ein funktionierendes Festkurssystem wiederspiegelt. Zentrale Annahme hierfür ist die Einhaltung der ungedeckten Zinsparität. Die wesentliche Erkenntnis ist, dass alle Determinanten des MCIfix für die Notenbank exogene Parameter sind. In einem zweiten Schritt bezieht die Arbeit die binnenwirtschaftlichen Anforderungen einer Volkswirtschaft an die Geldpolitik in die Analyse ein. Dazu wird durch Minimierung einer Verlustfunktion an gesellschaftlicher Wohlfahrt ein MCI abgeleitet, der die binnenwirtschaftlich optimale Geldpolitik abbildet (MCIopt). Instabilität des Festkurssystems droht, sobald die geldpolitischen Bedingungen für das binnenwirtschaftliche und außenwirtschaftliche Gleichgewicht auseinanderfallen. Zur Diskussion makroökonomischer Ungleichgewichte werden die entscheidenden Parameter, die den MCIfix und damit die Relation von MCIfix und MCIopt bestimmen, diskutiert: der Realzins des Ankerlandes, der reale effektive Wechselkurs und eine Risikoprämie. Mit diesem Theorie-Instrumentarium stellt die Arbeit dann vier Konstellationen dar, in denen MCIfix und MCIopt auseinanderfallen, und diskutiert mögliche Verhaltensweisen der Notenbank und deren Folgen. Der MCI, für den sich die Notenbank tatsächlich entscheidet, wird als MCIact bezeichnet. Jeder der vier Fälle endet in einer Währungskrise. Es zeigt sich in der Diskussion, dass der hier verwendete Ansatz die zentralen Elemente traditioneller Krisentheorien integriert und die Diskussion monetärer Einflüsse von außen zulässt, anstatt ausschließlich von einem ursächlichen Verschulden der heimischen Notenbank auszugehen. Das theoretische Modell wird schließlich in vier Fallstudien angewandt: Der Argentinienkrise, dem Zusammenbruch des tschechischen Währungsregimes, der Asienkrise und der Krise des Europäischen Währungssystems. Die Fallstudien zeigen, dass sich mit dem entwickelten Modellrahmen Krisen verschiedener Generationen abbilden lassen und die Geldpolitik des Ankerlandes eine zentrale Rolle bei einer Destabilisierung eines Festkurssystems spielt.
KW  - Devisenmarkt
KW  - Wechselkurspolitik
KW  - Währungskrise
KW  - Fester Wechselkurs
KW  - Monetary Conditions Index
KW  - Ankerland
KW  - internes Gleichgewicht
KW  - externes Gleichgewicht
KW  - Monetary Conditions Index
KW  - anchor country
KW  - internal balance
KW  - external balance
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-26853
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pauls, Dennis
A1  - Blechschmidt, Christine
A1  - Frantzmann, Felix
A1  - el Jundi, Basil
A1  - Selcho, Mareike
T1  - A comprehensive anatomical map of the peripheral octopaminergic/tyraminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - The modulation of an animal’s behavior through external sensory stimuli, previous experience and its internal state is crucial to survive in a constantly changing environment. In most insects, octopamine (OA) and its precursor tyramine (TA) modulate a variety of physiological processes and behaviors by shifting the organism from a relaxed or dormant condition to a responsive, excited and alerted state. Even though OA/TA neurons of the central brain are described on single cell level in Drosophila melanogaster, the periphery was largely omitted from anatomical studies. Given that OA/TA is involved in behaviors like feeding, flying and locomotion, which highly depend on a variety of peripheral organs, it is necessary to study the peripheral connections of these neurons to get a complete picture of the OA/TA circuitry. We here describe the anatomy of this aminergic system in relation to peripheral tissues of the entire fly. OA/TA neurons arborize onto skeletal muscles all over the body and innervate reproductive organs, the heart, the corpora allata, and sensory organs in the antennae, legs, wings and halteres underlining their relevance in modulating complex behaviors.
KW  - neural circuits
KW  - peripheral nervous system
KW  - Drosophila melanogaster
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177412
VL  - 8
IS  - 15314
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hagemann, Carsten
A1  - Anacker, Jelena
A1  - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo
A1  - Vince, Giles H.
T1  - A complete compilation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in human malignant gliomas
JF  - World Journal of Clinical Oncology
N2  - Glioblastomas are characterized by an aggressive local growth pattern, a marked degree of invasiveness and poor prognosis. Tumor invasiveness is facilitated by the increased activity of proteolytic enzymes which are involved in destruction of the extracellular matrix of the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were found in glioblastoma (GBM) cell-lines, as well as in GBM biopsies as compared with low-grade astrocytoma (LGA) and normal brain samples, indicating a role in malignant progression. A careful review of the available literature revealed that both the expression and role of several of the 23 human MMP proteins is controversely discussed and for some there are no data available at all. We therefore screened a panel of 15 LGA and 15 GBM biopsy samples for those MMPs for which there is either no, very limited or even contradictory data available. Hence, this is the first complete compilation of the expression pattern of all 23 human MMPs in astrocytic tumors. This study will support a better understanding of the specific expression patterns and interaction of proteolytic enzymes in malignant human glioma and may provide additional starting points for targeted patient therapy.
KW  - glioblastoma cell-lines
KW  - matrix metalloproteinase
KW  - glioblastoma multiforme
KW  - astrocytic tumor
KW  - expression pattern
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123982
VL  - 3
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Jahed, Razieh Rafiei
A1  - Kavousi, Mohammad Reza
A1  - Farashiani, Mohammad Ebrahim
A1  - Sagheb-Talebi, Khosro
A1  - Babanezhad, Manoochehr
A1  - Courbaud, Benoit
A1  - Wirtz, Roland
A1  - Müller, Jörg
A1  - Larrieu, Laurent
T1  - A comparison of the formation rates and composition of tree-related microhabitats in beech-dominated primeval Carpathian and Hyrcanian forests
JF  - Forests
N2  - Primeval forests in the temperate zone exist only as a few remnants, but theses serve as important reference areas for conservation. As key habitats, tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) are of intense interest to forest ecologists, but little is known about their natural composition and dynamics in different tree species. Beech forms a major part of the temperate forests that extend from Europe, home to European beech Fagus sylvatica L. (Fs), eastward to Iran, where Oriental beech Fagus orientalis Lipsky (Fo) is the dominant species. In this study, we compared TreMs in primeval forests of both species, using data from Fo growing in 25 inventory plots throughout the Hyrcanian forest belt in Iran and from Fs growing in a 9 ha permanent plot in the Uholka Forest of Ukraine. TreMs based on 47 types and 11 subgroups were recorded. Beech trees in the Hyrcanian forest had a higher mean diameter at breast height (dbh) than beech trees in Uholka and contained twice as many TreMs per hectare. Although the mean richness of TreMs per TreM bearing tree was similar in the two species, on the basis of the comparison single trees in two groups (n = 405 vs. 2251), the composition of the TreMs clearly differed, as the proportions of rot holes, root-buttress concavities, and crown deadwood were higher in the Hyrcanian Forest, and those of bark losses, exposed heartwood, and burrs and cankers higher in Uholka Forest. Estimates of TreMs dynamics based on dbh and using Weibull models showed a significantly faster cumulative increase of TreMs in Fo, in which saturation occurred already in trees with a dbh of 70–80 cm. By contrast, the increase in TreMs in Fs was continuous. In both species, the probability density was highest at a dbh of about 30 cm, but was twice as high in Fo. Because of limitations of our study design, the reason behind observed differences of TreM formation and composition between regions remains unclear, as it could be either result of the tree species or the environment, or their interaction. However, the observed differences were more likely the result of differences in the environment than in the two tree species. Nevertheless, our findings demonstrate that the Hyrcanian Forest, recently designated as a natural heritage site in Iran, is unique, not only as a tertiary relict or due to its endemic trees, herbs and arthropods, but also because of its TreMs, which form a distinct and rich habitat for associated taxa, including endemic saproxylic species.
KW  - TreMs
KW  - Fagus orientalis
KW  - Fagus sylvatica
KW  - primeval forest
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200849
SN  - 1999-4907
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Beer, Katharina
T1  - A Comparison of the circadian clock of highly social bees (\(Apis\) \(mellifera\)) and solitary bees (\(Osmia\) \(spec.\)): Circadian clock development, behavioral rhythms and neuroanatomical characterization of two central clock components (PER and PDF)
T1  - Ein Vergleich der Inneren Uhr von sozialen Bienen (\(Apis\) \(mellifera\)) und solitären Bienen (\(Osmia\) \(spec.\)): Entwicklung der circadianen Uhr, Verhaltensrhythmen und neuroanatomische Beschreibung von zwei zentralen Uhr Komponenten (PER und PDF)
N2  - Summary
Bees, like many other organisms, evolved an endogenous circadian clock, which enables them to foresee daily environmental changes and exactly time foraging flights to periods of floral resource availability. The social lifestyle of a honey bee colony has been shown to influence circadian behavior in nurse bees, which do not exhibit rhythmic behavior when they are nursing. On the other hand, forager bees display strong circadian rhythms. Solitary bees, like the mason bee, do not nurse their offspring and do not live in hive communities, but face the same daily environmental changes as honey bees. Besides their lifestyle mason and honey bees differ in their development and life history, because mason bees overwinter after eclosion as adults in their cocoons until they emerge in spring. Honey bees do not undergo diapause and have a relatively short development of a few weeks until they emerge. In my thesis, I present a comparison of the circadian clock of social honey bees (Apis mellifera) and solitary mason bees (Osmia bicornis and Osmia cornuta) on the neuroanatomical level and behavioral output level.
I firstly characterized in detail the localization of the circadian clock in the bee brain via the expression pattern of two clock components, namely the clock protein PERIOD (PER) and the neuropeptide Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF), in the brain of honey bee and mason bee. PER is localized in lateral neuron clusters (which we called lateral neurons 1 and 2: LN1 and LN2) and dorsal neuron clusters (we called dorsal lateral neurons and dorsal neurons: DLN, DN), many glia cells and photoreceptor cells. This expression pattern is similar to the one in other insect species and indicates a common ground plan of clock cells among insects. In the LN2 neuron cluster with cell bodies located in the lateral brain, PER is co-expressed with PDF. These cells build a complex arborization network throughout the brain and provide the perfect structure to convey time information to brain centers, where complex behavior, e.g. sun-compass orientation and time memory, is controlled. The PDF arborizations centralize in a dense network (we named it anterio-lobular PDF hub: ALO) which is located in front of the lobula. In other insects, this fiber center is associated with the medulla (accessory medulla: AME). Few PDF cells build the ALO already in very early larval development and the cell number and complexity of the network grows throughout honey bee development. Thereby, dorsal regions are innervated first by PDF fibers and, in late larval development, the fibers grow laterally to the optic lobe and central brain. The overall expression pattern of PER and PDF are similar in adult social and solitary bees, but I found a few differences in the PDF network density in the posterior protocerebrum and the lamina, which may be associated with evolution of sociality in bees.
Secondly, I monitored activity rhythms, for which I developed and established a device to monitor locomotor activity rhythms of individual honey bees with contact to a mini colony in the laboratory. This revealed new aspects of social synchronization and survival of young bees with indirect social contact to the mini colony (no trophalaxis was possible). For mason bees, I established a method to monitor emergence and locomotor activity rhythms and I could show that circadian emergence rhythms are entrainable by daily temperature cycles. Furthermore, I present the first locomotor activity rhythms of solitary bees, which show strong circadian rhythms in their behavior right after emergence. Honey bees needed several days to develop circadian locomotor rhythms in my experiments. I hypothesized that honey bees do not emerge with a fully matured circadian system in the hive, while solitary bees, without the protection of a colony, would need a fully matured circadian clock right away after emergence. Several indices in published work and preliminary studies support my hypothesis and future studies on PDF expression in different developmental stages in solitary bees may provide hard evidence.
N2  - Zusammenfassung
Bienen, sowie viele andere Organismen, evolvierten eine innere circadiane Uhr, die es ihnen ermöglicht, tägliche Umweltveränderungen voraus zu sehen und ihre Foragierflüge zu Tageszeiten durchzuführen, wenn sie möglichst viele Blüten besuchen können. Es zeigte sich, dass der soziale Lebensstil der Honigbiene Einfluss auf das rhythmische Verhalten der Ammenbienen hat, die während der Brutpflege keinen täglichen Rhythmus im Verhalten aufweisen. Sammlerbienen auf der anderen Seite zeigen ein stark rhythmisches Verhalten. Solitäre Bienen, wie die Mauerbiene, betreiben keine Brutpflege und leben nicht in einer Staatengemeinschaft, aber sind den gleichen Umweltveränderungen ausgesetzt. Nicht nur Lebensstil, sondern auch Entwicklung und Lebenszyklus unterscheiden sich zwischen Honig- und Mauerbienen. Mauerbienen überwintern als adulte Insekten in einem Kokon bis sie im Frühjahr schlüpfen. Honigbienen durchleben keine Diapause und schlüpfen nach wenigen Wochen der Entwicklung im Bienenstock. In meiner Dissertation vergleiche ich die circadiane Uhr von sozialen Honigbienen (Apis mellifera) und solitären Mauerbienen (Osmia bicornis und Osmia cornuta) auf Ebene der Neuroanatomie und das durch die innere Uhr verursachte rhythmische Verhalten.
Erstens charakterisierte ich detailliert die Lage der circadianen Uhr im Gehirn von Honig- und Mauerbiene anhand des Expressionsmusters von zwei Uhrkomponenten. Diese sind das Uhrprotein PERIOD (PER) und das Neuropeptid Pigment Dispersing Factor (PDF). PER wird exprimiert in lateralen Neuronen-Gruppen (die wir laterale Neurone 1 und 2 nannten: LN1 und LN2) und dorsalen Neuronen-Gruppen (benannt dorsal laterale Neurone und dorsale Neurone: DLN und DN), sowie in vielen Gliazellen und Fotorezeptorzellen. Dieses Expressionsmuster liegt ähnlich in anderen Insektengruppen vor und deutet auf einen Grundbauplan der Inneren Uhr im Gehirn von Insekten hin. In der LN2 Neuronen-Gruppe, deren Zellkörper im lateralen Gehirn liegen, sind PER und PDF in den gleichen Zellen co-lokalisiert. Diese Zellen bilden ein komplexes Netzwerk aus Verzweigungen durch das gesamte Gehirn und liefern damit die perfekte Infrastruktur, um Zeitinformation an Gehirnregionen weiterzuleiten, die komplexe Verhaltensweisen, wie Sonnenkompass-Orientierung und Zeitgedächtnis, steuern. Alle PDF Neuriten laufen in einer anterior zur Lobula liegenden Region zusammen (sie wurde ALO, anterio-lobular PDF Knotenpunkt, genannt). Dieser Knotenpunkt ist in anderen Insekten mit der Medulla assoziiert und wird akzessorische Medulla (AME) genannt. Wenige PDF Zellen bilden bereits im frühen Larvalstadium diesen ALO und die Zellzahl sowie die Komplexität des Netzwerks wächst die gesamte Entwicklung der Honigbiene hindurch. Dabei werden zuerst die dorsalen Gehirnregionen von PDF Neuronen innerviert und in der späteren Larvalentwicklung wachsen die Neurite lateral in Richtung der optischen Loben und des Zentralgehirns. Das generelle Expressionsmuster von PER und PDF in adulten sozialen und solitären Bienen ähnelt sich stark, aber ich identifizierte kleine Unterschiede in der PDF Netzwerkdichte im posterioren Protocerebrum und in der Lamina. Diese könnten mit der Evolution von sozialen Bienen assoziiert sein.
Zweitens entwickelte und etablierte ich eine Methode, Lokomotionsrhythmen von individuellen Bienen im Labor aufzunehmen, die in Kontakt mit einem Miniaturvolk standen. Diese Methode enthüllte neue Aspekte der sozialen Synchronisation unter Honigbienen und des Überlebens von jungen Bienen, die indirekten sozialen Kontakt zu dem Miniaturvolk hatten (Trophalaxis war nicht möglich). Für Mauerbienen etablierte ich eine Methode Schlupf- und lokomotorische Aktivitätsrhythmik aufzuzeichnen und konnte damit zeigen, dass tägliche Rhythmen im Schlupf durch Synchronisation der circadianen Uhr in Mauerbienen durch Tagestemperatur-Zyklen erzielt werden kann. Des Weiteren präsentiere ich die ersten lokomotorischen Aktivitätsrhythmen von solitären Bienen, die sofort nach ihrem Schlupf einen starken circadianen Rhythmus im Verhalten aufwiesen. Honigbienen brauchten in meinen Experimenten mehrere Tage, um circadiane Rhythmen in Lokomotion zu entwickeln. Ich erstellte die Hypothese, dass Honigbienen zum Zeitpunkt des Schlupfes im Bienenvolk ein noch nicht vollständig ausgereiftes circadianes System besitzen, während solitäre Bienen, die ohne den Schutz eines Volkes sind, direkt nach dem Schlupf eine vollständig ausgereifte Uhr brauchen. Mehrere Hinweise in Publikationen und Vorversuchen unterstützen meine Hypothese. Zukünftige Studien der Entwicklung des PDF Neuronen-Netzwerkes in solitären Bienen unterschiedlicher Entwicklungsstufen könnten dies nachweisen.
KW  - Chronobiologie
KW  - circadian rhythms
KW  - honeybee
KW  - Mauerbiene
KW  - Neuroanatomie
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159765
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Paelecke-Habermann, Yvonne
A1  - Paelecke, Marko
A1  - Mauth, Juliane
A1  - Tschisgale, Juliane
A1  - Lindenmeyer, Johannes
A1  - Kübler, Andrea
T1  - A comparison of implicit and explicit reward learning in low risk alcohol users versus people who binge drink and people with alcohol dependence
JF  - Addictive Behaviors Reports
N2  - Chronic alcohol use leads to specific neurobiological alterations in the dopaminergic brain reward system, which probably are leading to a reward deficiency syndrome in alcohol dependence. The purpose of our study was to examine the effects of such hypothesized neurobiological alterations on the behavioral level, and more precisely on the implicit and explicit reward learning. Alcohol users were classified as dependent drinkers (using the DSM-IV criteria), binge drinkers (using criteria of the USA National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) or low-risk drinkers (following recommendations of the Scientific board of trustees of the German Health Ministry). The final sample (n = 94) consisted of 36 low-risk alcohol users, 37 binge drinkers and 21 abstinent alcohol dependent patients. Participants were administered a probabilistic implicit reward learning task and an explicit reward- and punishment-based trial-and-error-learning task. Alcohol dependent patients showed a lower performance in implicit and explicit reward learning than low risk drinkers. Binge drinkers learned less than low-risk drinkers in the implicit learning task. The results support the assumption that binge drinking and alcohol dependence are related to a chronic reward deficit. Binge drinking accompanied by implicit reward learning deficits could increase the risk for the development of an alcohol dependence.
KW  - Alcohol dependence
KW  - Binge drinking
KW  - Low risk alcohol use
KW  - Implicit and explicit reward learning
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201406
VL  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Uhler, Johannes
A1  - Haase, Peter
A1  - Hoffmann, Lara
A1  - Hothorn, Torsten
A1  - Schmidl, Jürgen
A1  - Stoll, Stefan
A1  - Welti, Ellen A. R.
A1  - Buse, Jörn
A1  - Müller, Jörg
T1  - A comparison of different Malaise trap types
JF  - Insect Conservation and Diversity
N2  - Recent reports on insect decline have highlighted the need for long‐term data on insect communities towards identifying their trends and drivers.
With the launch of many new insect monitoring schemes to investigate insect communities over large spatial and temporal scales, Malaise traps have become one of the most important tools due to the broad spectrum of species collected and reduced capture bias through passive sampling of insects day and night. However, Malaise traps can vary in size, shape, and colour, and it is unknown how these differences affect biomass, species richness, and composition of trap catch, making it difficult to compare results between studies.
We compared five Malaise trap types (three variations of the Townes and two variations of the Bartak Malaise trap) to determine their effects on biomass and species richness as identified by metabarcoding.
Insect biomass varied by 20%–55%, not strictly following trap size but varying with trap type. Total species richness was 20%–38% higher in the three Townes trap models compared to the Bartak traps. Bartak traps captured lower richness of highly mobile taxa but increased richness of ground‐dwelling taxa. The white roofed Townes trap captured a higher richness of pollinators.
We find that biomass, total richness, and taxa group specific richness are all sensitive to Malaise trap type. Trap type should be carefully considered and aligned to match monitoring and research questions. Additionally, our estimates of trap type effects can be used to adjust results to facilitate comparisons across studies.
KW  - Bartak
KW  - biodiversity
KW  - insect communities
KW  - insect monitoring
KW  - Malaise trap
KW  - Townes
KW  - trap selectivity
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-293694
VL  - 15
IS  - 6
SP  - 666
EP  - 672
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Duschl, Albert
A1  - Jahn, Ute
A1  - Bertling, Claudia
A1  - Sebald, Walter
T1  - A comparison of assays for the response of primary human T-cells upon stimulation with interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-7
N2  - The most commonly used assay to quantitate the response of peripheral T~cells upon stimulation with growth factors is determination of incorporated (JH]TdR. We compared thls test to three other methods: 1. direct countlog of cells with a Coulter type counter as reference assay, 2. a colorimetric assay using the tetrazolium dye 3-[ 4,S-dimethylthiazol-l-yl]-2,5diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT), which is a cheap and increasingly popular non-radioactive method and 3. incorporation of the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine detection with a monoclonal antibody on cytospins. Primary human PHA-blasts from >30 healthy individuals were stimulated with IL-2, IL-4 aod IL-7 and assayed with up to four different methods. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the assays used and tbe effects of differences between cell preparations. We observed no significant variations between individuals for the dose dependence, but the relative emctency of IL4 compared to IL-2 and IL-7 was variable. This was probably due to the slower response observed upon stimulation with this factor.
KW  - T-Lymphozyt
KW  - Interleukin 2
KW  - Interleukin 4
KW  - Interleukin 7
KW  - T-cells
KW  - proliferation assays
KW  - IL-2
KW  - IL-4
KW  - IL-7
Y1  - 1992
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86750
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Biscotti, Maria Assunta
A1  - Adolfi, Mateus Contar
A1  - Barucca, Marco
A1  - Forconi, Mariko
A1  - Pallavicini, Alberto
A1  - Gerdol, Marco
A1  - Canapa, Adriana
A1  - Schartl, Manfred
T1  - A comparative view on sex differentiation and gametogenesis genes in lungfish and coelacanths
JF  - Genome Biology and Evolution
N2  - Gonadal sex differentiation and reproduction are the keys to the perpetuation of favorable gene combinations and positively selected traits. In vertebrates, several gonad development features that differentiate tetrapods and fishes are likely to be, at least in part, related to the water-to-land transition. The collection of information from basal sarcopterygians, coelacanths, and lungfishes, is crucial to improve our understanding of the molecular evolution of pathways involved in reproductive functions, since these organisms are generally regarded as “living fossils” and as the direct ancestors of tetrapods. Here, we report for the first time the characterization of >50 genes related to sex differentiation and gametogenesis in Latimeria menadoensis and Protopterus annectens. Although the expression profiles of most genes is consistent with the intermediate position of basal sarcopterygians between actinopterygian fish and tetrapods, their phylogenetic placement and presence/absence patterns often reveal a closer affinity to the tetrapod orthologs. On the other hand, particular genes, for example, the male gonad factor gsdf (Gonadal Soma-Derived Factor), provide examples of ancestral traits shared with actinopterygians, which disappeared in the tetrapod lineage.
KW  - sex differentiation
KW  - Latimeria menadoensis
KW  - Protopterus annectens
KW  - evolution
KW  - testis
KW  - gametogenesis
KW  - ovary
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176774
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Karimi, Sohail Mehmood
T1  - A Comparative Study on Guard Cell Function of the Glycophyte \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\) and the Halophyte \(Thellungiella\) \(salsuginea\) Under Saline Growth Conditions
T1  - Eine vergleichende Studie zur Schließzellfunktion des Glycophyten \(Arabidopsis\) \(thaliana\) und des Halophyten \(Thellungiella\) \(salsuginea\) unter salinen Wachstumsbedingungen
N2  - The greatest problems faced during the 21st century is climate change which is a big threat to food security due to increasing number of people. The increase in extreme weather events, such as drought and heat, makes it difficult to cultivate conventional crops that are not stress tolerant. As a result, increasing irrigation of arable land leads to additional salinization of soils with plant-toxic sodium and chloride ions. Knowledge about the adaptation strategies of salt-tolerant plants to salt stress as well as detailed knowledge about the control of transpiration water loss of these plants are therefore important to guarantee productive agriculture in the future. In the present study, I have characterized salt sensitive and salt tolerant plant species at physiological, phenotypic and transcriptomic level under short (1x salt) and long-time (3x) saline growth conditions. Two approaches used for long-time saline growth conditions (i.e increasing saline conditions (3x salt) and constant high saline conditions (3x 200 mM salt) were successfully developed in the natural plant growth medium i.e soil. Salt sensitive plants, A. thaliana, were able to survive and successfully set seeds at the toxic concentrations on the increasing saline growth mediums, with minor changes in the phenotype. However, under constant high saline conditions they could not survive. This was due to keeping low potassium, and high salt ions (sodium and chloride) in the photosynthetic tissue i.e leaf. Similarly, high potassium and low salt ions in salt tolerant T. salsuginea on both saline environments were the key for survival of this plant species. Being salt tolerant, T. salsuginea always kept high potassium levels and low sodium (during 1x) and chloride levels (during both 1x and 3x) in the leaf tissue.
A strict control over transpirational water loss via stomata (formed by pair of guard cells) is important to maintain plant water balance. Aperture size of the stomata is regulated by the turgidity of the guard cells. More turgid the guard cells, bigger the apertures are and hence more transpiration. Under osmotic stress, the water loss is reduced which was evident in the salt sensitive A. thaliana plants under both short and long-time saline growth conditions. As the osmotic stress was only increased during long time saline growth conditions in T. salsuginea therefore, water loss was also decreased only under these saline conditions. Environmental CO2 assimilation also takes place via stomata in plants which then is used for photosynthesis. Stomatal apertures also influence CO2 assimilation. As the light absorbing photosynthetic pigments were more affected in A. thaliana, therefore photosynthetic activity of the whole plant was also reduced. Similarly, both short and long-time saline growth conditions also reduced the effective quantum yield of A. thaliana guard cells. Growth of the plant is dependent on energy which comes from photosynthesis. Reduced environmental CO2 assimilation would affect photosynthesis and hence growth, which was clearly observed in A. thaliana guard cells under long-time saline growth conditions. 
Major differences in both guard cells types were observed in their chloride and potassium levels. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDXA) suggested strict control of chloride accumulation in T. salsuginea guard cells as the levels remain unchanged under all conditions. Similarly, use of sodium in place of potassium for osmotic adjustments seems to be dependent on Na+/K+ rations in both guard cell types. Increased salt ions and reduced potassium levels in A. thaliana guard cells posed negative effect on photochemistry which in turn increased ROS metabolism and reduced energy related pathways at transcriptomic level in this plant species. Moreover, photosynthesis was strongly affected in A. thaliana guard cells both at transcriptomic and physiological levels. Similarly, global phytohormones induced changes were more evident in A. thaliana guard cells especially on 3x salt medium. Among all phytohormones, genes under the control of auxin were more differentially expressed in A. thaliana guard cells which suggests wide changes in growth and development in this plant species under salinity.
Phytohormone, ABA is vital for closing the stomata under abiotic stress conditions. Increased levels of ABA during saline conditions led to efflux of potassium and counter anions (chloride, malate, nitrate) from the guard cells which caused the outward flow of water and hence reduction in turgor pressure. Reduced turgor pressure led to reduced water loss and CO2 assimilation especially in A. thaliana. Guard cells of both plant species synthesized ABA during saline conditions which was reflected from transcriptomic data and ABA quantification in the guard cells. ABA induced signaling in both plant species varied at the ABA receptor (PYL/PYR) levels where totally contrasting responses were observed. PYL2, PYL8 and PYL9 were specific to A. thaliana, furthermore, PYL2 was found to be differentially expressed only under 3x salt growth conditions thus suggesting its role during long term salt stress in this plant species. Protein phosphatases, which negatively regulate ABA signaling on one hand and act as ABA sensor on the other hand were found to be more differentially expressed in A. thaliana than T. salsuginea guard cells, which suggests their diverse role in both plant species under saline conditions. Differential expression of more ABA signaling players in long time saline conditions was prominent which could be because of darkness, as it is well known that rapid closure of stomata under dark conditions require ABA signaling. Moreover, representation of these components in dark also suggests that plants become more sensitive to dark under saline conditions which is also evident from the transpiration rates. 
Altogether, increased salt ions in A. thaliana guard cells and leaves led to pigment degradation and ABA induced reduction in transpiration which in turn influenced its growth. In contrast, T. salsuginea is the salt excluder and therefore keeps low levels of salt ions especially the chloride both in leaves and guard cells which mildly affects its growth. Guard cells of A. thaliana encounter severe energy problems at physiological and transcriptomic level. Main differences in the ABA signalling between both plant species were observed at the ABA receptor level.
N2  - Das größte Problem des 21. Jahrhunderts ist der Klimawandel, der aufgrund der wachsenden Zahl von Menschen eine große Bedrohung für die Ernährungssicherheit darstellt. Die Zunahme extremer Wetterereignisse wie Dürre und Hitze erschwert den Anbau konventioneller, nicht stressresistenter Pflanzen. Eine zunehmende Bewässerung von Ackerland führt daher zu einer zusätzlichen Versalzung der Böden mit pflanzentoxischen Natrium- und Chloridionen. Kenntnisse über die Anpassungsstrategien salztoleranter Pflanzen an Salzstress sowie detaillierte Kenntnisse über die Kontrolle des Wasserverlusts durch Transpiration dieser Pflanzen sind daher wichtig, um eine produktive Landwirtschaft auch in Zukunft zu gewährleisten. In der vorliegenden Studie habe ich salzempfindliche und salztolerante Pflanzenarten auf physiologischer, phänotypischer und transkriptioneller Ebene unter kurzen (1x Salz) und langen (3x) Salzwachstumsbedingungen charakterisiert. In dem natürlichen Pflanzenwachstumsmedium, dh. dem Boden, wurden zwei Ansätze erfolgreich entwickelt, die für lang anhaltende Salzwachstumsbedingungen (dh zunehmende Salzbedingungen (3x Salz) und konstant hohe Salzbedingungen (3x 200 mM Salz) verwendet wurden. Die Pflanzen waren in der Lage, Samen bei den toxischen Konzentrationen auf den ansteigenden Salzwachstumsmedien zu überleben und erfolgreich zu setzen, wobei geringfügige Änderungen des Phänotyps auftraten. Unter konstant hohen Salzbedingungen konnten sie jedoch nicht überleben. Dies lag daran, dass wenig Kalium und hohe Salzionen vorhanden waren (Natrium und Chlorid) im photosynthetischen Gewebe, dh im Blatt. Ebenso stellten hohe Kalium- und niedrige Salzionen in salztoleranten T. salsuginea in beiden salzhaltigen Umgebungen den Schlüssel zum Überleben dieser Pflanzenart dar. Da T. salsuginea salztolerant war, blieb der Kaliumspiegel stets hoch und der Natrium- (während 1x) und Chloridspiegel (während 1x und 3x) im Blattgewebe niedrig.
	Eine strikte Kontrolle des transpirationelen Wasserverlusts über Stomata (gebildet von zwei Schließzellen) ist wichtig, um den Wasserhaushalt der Pflanzen aufrechtzuerhalten. Die Öffnungsgröße der Stomata wird durch den Turgor der Schutzzellen reguliert. Je praller die Schließzellen, desto größer die Öffnungen und damit die Transpiration. Unter osmotischem Stress wird der Wasserverlust verringert, was bei den salzempfindlichen A. thaliana-Pflanzen sowohl unter kurz- als auch langfristigen Salzwachstumsbedingungen offensichtlich war. Da der osmotische Stress in T. salsuginea nur über einen langen Zeitraum unter Salzwachstumsbedingungen anstieg, verringerte sich auch der Wasserverlust nur unter diesen Salzbedingungen. Die Aufnahme von CO2 in die Umwelt erfolgt auch über die Stomata und wird dann für die Photosynthese verwendet. Stomata beeinflussen daher auch die CO2-Assimilation. Da die lichtabsorbierenden photosynthetischen Pigmente in A. thaliana stärker betroffen waren, war auch die photosynthetische Aktivität der gesamten Pflanze verringert. In ähnlicher Weise verringerten sowohl kurz- als auch langzeitige Salzwachstumsbedingungen auch die effektive Quantenausbeute von A. thaliana-Schließzellen. Das Wachstum der Pflanze hängt von der Energie ab, die aus der Photosynthese stammt. Eine verringerte CO2-Assimilation aus der Umwelt würde die Photosynthese und damit das Wachstum beeinträchtigen, was bei A. thaliana-Schließzellenn unter lang andauerenden Salzwachstumsbedingungen deutlich zu beobachten war.
	Wesentliche Unterschiede bei beiden Schließzelltypen wurden in ihren Chlorid- und Kaliumspiegeln beobachtet. Die energiedispersive Röntgenanalyse (EDXA) ergab eine strikte Kontrolle der Chloridakkumulation in T. salsuginea Schließzellen, da die Chloridkonzentrationen unter allen Bedingungen unverändert bleiben. In ähnlicher Weise scheint die Verwendung von Natrium anstelle von Kalium für osmotische Anpassungen von Na + / K + -Verhältnissen in beiden Schließzelltypen abhängig zu sein. Erhöhte Salzionen und verringerte Kaliumspiegel in A. thaliana-Schließzellen wirkten sich negativ auf die Photochemie aus, was wiederum den ROS-Metabolismus erhöhte und die energiebezogenen Wege auf transkriptomischem Niveau bei dieser Pflanzenart verringerte. Darüber hinaus war die Photosynthese in A. thaliana-Schließzellen sowohl auf transkriptioneller als auch auf physiologischer Ebene stark beeinträchtigt. In ähnlicher Weise waren globale Phytohormon-induzierte Veränderungen in A. thaliana-Schließzellen, insbesondere auf 3 × Salzmedium, deutlicher. Unter allen Phytohormonen wurden Gene unter der Kontrolle von Auxin in A. thaliana-Schließzellen differenzierter exprimiert, was auf weitreichende Veränderungen im Wachstum und in der Entwicklung dieser Pflanzenart unter Salzgehalt hindeutet.
	Das Phytohormon ABA ist für das Schließen der Stomata unter abiotischen Stressbedingungen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Erhöhte ABA-Spiegel unter Salzbedingungen führten zum Austritt von Kalium und Gegenanionen (Chlorid, Malat, Nitrat) aus den Schließzellen, was den Wasserfluss nach außen und damit eine Verringerung des Turgordrucks bewirkte. Reduzierter Turgordruck führte insbesondere bei A. thaliana zu einem geringeren Wasserverlust und einer geringeren CO2-Aufnahme. Die Schließzellen beider Pflanzenarten synthetisierten ABA unter Salzbedingungen, was sich aus den Transkriptomdaten und der ABA-Quantifizierung in den Schließzellen widerspiegelte. Die ABA-induzierte Signalübertragung in beiden Pflanzenarten variierte bei den ABA-Rezeptor- (PYL / PYR-) Spiegeln, bei denen völlig unterschiedliche Reaktionen beobachtet wurden. PYL2, PYL8 und PYL9 waren spezifisch für A. thaliana. Darüber hinaus wurde festgestellt, dass PYL2 nur unter dreifachen Salzwachstumsbedingungen unterschiedlich exprimiert wird, was auf seine Rolle bei langfristigem Salzstress bei dieser Pflanzenart hindeutet. Es wurde gefunden, dass Proteinphosphatasen, die einerseits die ABA-Signalübertragung negativ regulieren und andererseits als ABA-Sensor wirken, in A. thaliana differenzierter exprimiert werden als in T. salsuginea-Schließzellen, was auf ihre vielfältige Rolle in beiden Pflanzenarten unter Salzbedingungen hindeutet. Eine differenzierte Expression von mehr ABA-Signalgebern unter Bedingungen mit langer Salzwasserbewässerung war auffällig, was auf Dunkelheit zurückzuführen sein könnte, da bekanntlich ein schnelles Schließen der Stomata unter dunklen Bedingungen eine ABA-Signalgebung erfordert. Darüber hinaus deutet die Darstellung dieser Komponenten im Dunkeln auch darauf hin, dass Pflanzen unter salzhaltigen Bedingungen empfindlicher gegenüber Dunkelheit werden, was auch aus den Transpirationsraten hervorgeht.
	Insgesamt führten erhöhte Salzionen in A. thaliana-Schließzzellen und Blättern zu einem Pigmentabbau und einer durch ABA verursachten Reduktion der Transpiration, was deren Wachstum beeinflusste. Im Gegensatz dazu ist T. salsuginea in der Lage Salz auszuschließen und hält daher geringe Mengen an Salzionen, insbesondere das Chlorid sowohl in Blättern als auch in Schließzellen, dass sein Wachstum geringfügig beeinflusst. Schließzellen von A. thaliana stoßen auf physiologischer und transkriptomischer Ebene auf schwerwiegende Energieprobleme. Hauptunterschiede in der ABA-Signalgebung zwischen beiden Pflanzenarten wurden auf der ABA-Rezeptorebene beobachtet.
KW  - Glycophyten
KW  - Halophyten
KW  - salinen Wachstumsbedingungen
KW  - Schließzellfunktion
KW  - Transkriptomik anlyze
KW  - Halophytes
KW  - glycophytes
KW  - salt stress
KW  - guard cells
KW  - transcriptomic analysis
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190942
ER  -