TY - JOUR T1 - Search for new phenomena in high-mass final states with a photon and a jet from \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - The European Physical Journal C N2 - A search is performed for new phenomena in events having a photon with high transverse momentum and a jet collected in 36.7 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The invariant mass distribution of the leading photon and jet is examined to look for the resonant production of new particles or the presence of new high-mass states beyond the Standard Model. No significant deviation from the background-only hypothesis is observed and cross-section limits for generic Gaussian-shaped resonances are extracted. Excited quarks hypothesized in quark compositeness models and high-mass states predicted in quantum black hole models with extra dimensions are also examined in the analysis. The observed data exclude, at 95% confidence level, the mass range below 5.3 TeV for excited quarks and 7.1 TeV (4.4 TeV) for quantum black holes in the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali (Randall-Sundrum) model with six (one) extra dimensions. KW - Parton distributions KW - Hierarchy Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225887 VL - 78 IS - 102 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for new phenomena using the invariant mass distribution of same-flavour opposite-sign dilepton pairs in events with missing transverse momentum in root \(s\)=13 TeV \(pp\) collisions with the ATLAS detector JF - European Physical Journal C N2 - A search for new phenomena in final states containing an e(+)e(-) or m(+)m(-) pair, jets, and large missing transverse momentum is presented. This analysis makes use of proton-proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1), collected during 2015 and 2016 at a centre of-mass energy Os = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The search targets the pair production of supersymmetric coloured particles (squarks or gluinos) and their decays into final states containing an e(+)e(-) or m(+)m(-) pair and the lightest neutralino ((c) over tilde (0)(1)) via one of two next-to-lightest neutralino ((c) over tilde (0)(2)) decay mechanisms: (c) over tilde (0)(2) Z (c) over tilde (0)(1), where the Z boson decays leptonically leading to a peak in the dilepton invariant mass distribution around the Z boson mass; and (c) over tilde (0)(2) l(+)1(-) (c) over tilde (0)(1) with no intermediate l(+)l(-) resonance, yielding a kinematic endpoint in the dilepton invariant mass spectrum. The data are found to be consistent with the Standard Model expectation. Results are interpreted using simplified models, and exclude gluinos and squarks with masses as large as 1.85 and 1.3 TeV at 95% confidence level, respectively. KW - Parton Distributions KW - Gluino Production KW - ++ KW - Extension KW - Energy KW - Squark KW - Supersymmetry KW - Physics KW - Decay Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226109 VL - 78 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for pair production of Higgs bosons in the \({bb̅bb̅}\) final state using proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - Journal of High Energy Physics N2 - A search for Higgs boson pair production in the bbbb final state is carried out with up to 36.1 fb(-1) of LHC proton-proton collision data collected at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. Three benchmark signals are studied: a spin-2 graviton decaying into a Higgs boson pair, a scalar resonance decaying into a Higgs boson pair, and Standard Model non-resonant Higgs boson pair production. Two analyses are carried out, each implementing a particular technique for the event reconstruction that targets Higgs bosons reconstructed as pairs of jets or single boosted jets. The resonance mass range covered is 260-3000 GeV. The analyses are statistically combined and upper limits on the production cross section of Higgs boson pairs times branching ratio to bbbb are set in each model. No significant excess is observed; the largest deviation of data over prediction is found at a mass of 280 GeV, corresponding to 2.3 standard deviations globally. The observed 95% confidence level upper limit on the non-resonant production is 13 times the Standard Model prediction. KW - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) KW - ++ KW - LHC Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226001 VL - 30 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for pair production of Higgsinos in final states with at least three \(b\)-tagged jets in root \(s\)=13 TeV \(pp\) collisions using the ATLAS detector JF - Physical Review D N2 - A search for pair production of the supersymmetric partners of the Higgs boson (higgsinos (H) over tilde) in gaugemediated scenarios is reported. Each higgsino is assumed to decay to a Higgs boson and a gravitino. Two complementary analyses, targeting high- and low-mass signals, are performed to maximize sensitivity. The two analyses utilize LHC pp collision data at a center-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV, the former with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) and the latter with 24.3 fb(-1), collected with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. The search is performed in events containing missing transverse momentum and several energetic jets, at least three of which must be identified as b-quark jets. No significant excess is found above the predicted background. Limits on the cross section are set as a function of the mass of the <(Hover tilde> in simplified models assuming production via mass-degenerate higgsinos decaying to a Higgs boson and a gravitino. Higgsinos with masses between 130 and 230 GeV and between 290 and 880 GeV are excluded at the 95% confidence level. Interpretations of the limits in terms of the branching ratio of the higgsino to a Z boson or a Higgs boson are also presented, and a 45% branching ratio to a Higgs boson is excluded for m(<(Hover tilde>) approximate to 400 GeV. KW - Gluino Production KW - Supersymmetry KW - Extension KW - Squark KW - Predictions KW - Supersymmetric models KW - Hierarchy problem KW - Extensions of Higgs sector Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226010 VL - 98 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for pair production of up-type vector-like quarks and for four-top-quark events in final states with multiple \(b\)-jets with the ATLAS detector JF - Journal of High Energy Physics N2 - A search for pair production of up-type vector-like quarks (T) with a significant branching ratio into a top quark and either a Standard Model Higgs boson or a Z boson is presented. The same analysis is also used to search for four-top-quark production in several new physics scenarios. The search is based on a dataset of pp collisions at root s = 13TeV recorded in 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). Data are analysed in the lepton+jets final state, characterised by an isolated electron or muon with high transverse momentum, large missing transverse momentum and multiple jets, as well as the jets+E-T(miss) final state, characterised by multiple jets and large missing transverse momentum. The search exploits the high multiplicity of jets identified as originating from b-quarks, and the presence of boosted, hadronically decaying top quarks and Higgs bosons reconstructed as large-radius jets, characteristic of signal events. No significant excess above the Standard Model expectation is observed, and 95% CL upper limits are set on the production cross sections for the different signal processes considered. These cross-section limits are used to derive lower limits on the mass of a vector-like T quark under several branching ratio hypotheses assuming contributions from T -> Wb, Zt, Ht decays. The 95% CL observed lower limits on the T quark mass range between 0.99TeV and 1.43TeV for all possible values of the branching ratios into the three decay modes considered, significantly extending the reach beyond that of previous searches. Additionally, upper limits on anomalous four-top-quark production are set in the context of an effective field theory model, as well as in an universal extra dimensions model. KW - Beyond Standard Model KW - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) KW - vector-like quarks KW - Parton Distributions KW - ++ KW - Boson KW - Breaking KW - Program KW - Gluon Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226131 VL - 89 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for photonic signatures of gauge-mediated supersymmetry in 13 TeV \(pp\) collisions with the ATLAS detector JF - Physical Review D N2 - A search is presented for photonic signatures, motivated by generalized models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking. This search makes use of proton-proton collision data at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC, and it explores models dominated by both strong and electroweak production of supersymmetric partner states. Experimental signatures incorporating an isolated photon and significant missing transverse momentum are explored. These signatures include events with an additional photon or additional jet activity not associated with any specific underlying quark flavor. No significant excess of events is observed above the Standard Model prediction, and 95% confidence-level upper limits of between 0.083 and 0.32 fb are set on the visible cross section of contributions from physics beyond the Standard Model. These results are interpreted in terms of lower limits on the masses of gluinos, squarks, and gauginos in the context of generalized models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry, which reach as high as 2.3 TeV for strongly produced and 1.3 TeV for weakly produced supersymmetric partner pairs. KW - Gluino production KW - Supersymmetric models KW - Hypothetical particle physics models KW - Fortran code KW - Extension KW - Squark KW - Breaking KW - Decays KW - Model KW - Weak Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226510 VL - 97 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for R-parity-violating supersymmetric particles in multi-jet final states produced in \({p-p}\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the LHC JF - Physics Letters B N2 - Results of a search for gluino pair production with subsequent R-parity-violating decays to quarks are presented. This search uses 36.1 fb(-1) of data collected by the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13 TeV at the LHC. The analysis is performed using requirements on the number of jets and the number of jets tagged as containing a b-hadron as well as a topological observable formed by the scalar sum of masses of large-radius jets in the event. No significant excess above the expected Standard Model background is observed. Limits are set on the production of gluinos in models with the R-parity-violating decays of either the gluino itself (direct decay) or the neutralino produced in the R-parity-conserving gluino decay (cascade decay). In the gluino cascade decay model, gluino masses below 1850 GeV are excluded for 1000 GeV neutralino mass. For the gluino direct decay model, the 95% confidence level upper limit on the cross section times branching ratio varies between 0.80 fb at m((g) over tilde) = 900 GeV and 0.011 fb at m((g) over tilde) = 1800 GeV. (c) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. KW - Gluino Production KW - Extension KW - Decay KW - Squark Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226047 VL - 785 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for squarks and gluinos in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using 36 fb\(^{-1}\) of root s=13 TeV \({pp}\) collision data with the ATLAS detector JF - Physical Review D N2 - A search for the supersymmetric partners of quarks and gluons (squarks and gluinos) in final states containing hadronic jets and missing transverse momentum, but no electrons or muons, is presented. The data used in this search were recorded in 2015 and 2016 by the ATLAS experiment in root s = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1). The results are interpreted in the context of various models where squarks and gluinos are pair produced and the neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle. An exclusion limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of the gluino is set at 2.03 TeV for a simplified model incorporating only a gluino and the lightest neutralino, assuming the lightest neutralino is massless. For a simplified model involving the strong production of mass-degenerate first-and second-generation squarks, squark masses below 1.55 TeVare excluded if the lightest neutralino is massless. These limits substantially extend the region of supersymmetric parameter space previously excluded by searches with the ATLAS detector. KW - Parton Distributions KW - Decay KW - Weak Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220835 VL - 97 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for supersymmetry in events with four or more leptons in root s=13 TeV \({pp}\) collisions with ATLAS JF - Physical Review D N2 - Results from a search for supersymmetry in events with four or more charged leptons (electrons, muons and taus) are presented. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider at root s = 13 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector. Four-lepton signal regions with up to two hadronically decaying taus are designed to target a range of supersymmetric scenarios that can be either enriched in or depleted of events involving the production and decay of a Z boson. Data yields are consistent with Standard Model expectations and results are used to set upper limits on the event yields from processes beyond the Standard Model. Exclusion limits are set at the 95% confidence level in simplified models of general gauge mediated supersymmetry, where Higgsino masses are excluded up to 295 GeV. In R-parity-violating simplified models with decays of the lightest supersymmetric particle to charged leptons, lower limits of 1.46, 1.06, and 2.25 TeV are placed on wino, slepton and gluino masses, respectively. KW - Gluino Production KW - Squark KW - Extension KW - Scale KW - Decay KW - Weak Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220705 VL - 98 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for supersymmetry in final states with charm jets and missing transverse momentum in 13 TeV \(pp\) collisions with the ATLAS detector JF - Journal of High Energy Physics N2 - A search for supersymmetric partners of top quarks decaying as (t) over tilde (1) -> c (chi) over tilde (0)(1)and supersymmetric partners of charm quarks decaying as (c) over tilde (1) -> c (chi) over tilde (0)(1) where (chi) over tilde (0)(1) is the lightest neutralino, is presented. The search uses 36.1 fb(-1) pp collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider and is performed in final states with jets identified as containing charm hadrons. Assuming a 100% branching ratio to c (chi) over tilde (0)(1), top and charm squarks with masses up to 850 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for a massless lightest neutralino. For m (t) over tilde (1,(c) over tilde1) - m((chi) over tilde 10)< 100 GeV, top and charm squark masses up to 500 GeV are excluded. KW - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) KW - Parton Distributions KW - Extension KW - Squark KW - Decay Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226752 VL - 09 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for supersymmetry in final states with missing transverse momentum and multiple b-jets in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - Journal of High Energy Physics N2 - A search for supersymmetry involving the pair production of gluinos decaying via third-generation squarks into the lightest neutralino ((chi) over tilde (0)(1)) is reported. It uses LHC proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy root s = 13TeV with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) collected with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. The search is performed in events containing large missing transverse momentum and several energetic jets, at least three of which must be identified as originating from b-quarks. To increase the sensitivity, the sample is divided into subsamples based on the presence or absence of electrons or muons. No excess is found above the predicted background. For (chi) over tilde (0)(1) masses below approximately 300 GeV, gluino masses of less than 1.97 (1.92) TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level in simplified models involving the pair production of gluinos that decay via top (bottom) squarks. An interpretation of the limits in terms of the branching ratios of the gluinos into third-generation squarks is also provided. These results improve upon the exclusion limits obtained with the 3.2 fb(-1) of data collected in 2015. KW - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) KW - Parton distributions KW - Gluino production KW - Plus plus KW - Squark KW - Extension KW - Decay Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220748 VL - 107 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for the Decay of the Higgs Boson to Charm Quarks with the ATLAS Experiment JF - Physical Review Letters N2 - A direct search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying to a pair of charm quarks is presented. Associated production of the Higgs and Z bosons, in the decay mode ZH -> l(+)l(-) cc is studied. A data set with an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) of pp collisions at root s = 13TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC is used. The H -> cc signature is identified using charm-tagging algorithms. The observed (expected) upper limit on sigma(pp -> ZH) x B(H -> cc) is 2.7 (3.9(-2.1)(+2.1) ) pb at the 95% confidence level for a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, while the standard model value is 26 fb. KW - Programm KW - Spontaneous symmetry breaking KW - Higgs bosons KW - Charm quark Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226523 VL - 120 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with tau leptons in root s=13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector JF - The European Physical Journal C N2 - A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with at least two hadronically decaying tau leptons is presented. The analysis uses a dataset of pp collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb, recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant deviation from the expected Standard Model background is observed. Limits are derived in scenarios of pair production and of and production in simplified models where the neutralinos and charginos decay solely via intermediate left-handed staus and tau sneutrinos, and the mass of the state is set to be halfway between the masses of the and the (chi) over tilde (0.)(1) . Chargino masses up to 630 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level in the scenario of direct production of for a massless (chi) over tilde (0.)(1). Common and masses up to 760 GeV are excluded in the case of production of and assuming a massless . Exclusion limits for additional benchmark scenarios with large and small mass-splitting between the and the are also studied by varying the mass between the masses of the and the (chi) over tilde (0.)(1) KW - Dynamical Supersymmetry Breaking KW - Parton Distributions KW - Measuring masses KW - Energy KW - Extension KW - Decay Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225602 VL - 78 IS - 154 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a b(b)overbar pair in \(pp\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - Physical Review D N2 - A search for the standard model Higgs boson produced in association with a top-quark pair, t(t)overbarH, is presented. The analysis uses 36.1 fb(-1) of pp collision data at root s = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. The search targets the H -> b(b)overbar decay mode. The selected events contain either one or two electrons or muons from the top-quark decays, and are then categorized according to the number of jets and how likely these are to contain b-hadrons. Multivariate techniques are used to discriminate between signal and background events, the latter being dominated by ft + jets production. For a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV, the ratio of the measured t(t)overbarH signal cross-section to the standard model expectation is found to be mu = 0.84(-0.61)(+0.64). A value of mu greater than 2.0 is excluded at 95% confidence level (C.L.) while the expected upper limit is mu < 1.2 in the absence of a t(t)overbarH signal. KW - ++ KW - Symmetries KW - program KW - MASS KW - spontaneous symmetry breaking KW - Higgs bosons KW - Top quark Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226545 VL - 97 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for top squarks decaying to tau sleptons in \(pp\) collisions at root \(s\)=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - Physical Review D N2 - A search for direct pair production of top squarks in final states with two tau leptons, b-jets, and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on proton-proton collision data at root s = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1) recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. Two exclusive channels with either two hadronically decaying tau leptons or one hadronically and one leptonically decaying tau lepton are considered. No significant deviation from the Standard Model predictions is observed in the data. The analysis results are interpreted in terms of model-independent limits and used to derive exclusion limits on the masses of the top squark (t) over tilde (1) and the tau slepton (tau) over tilde (1) in a simplified model of supersymmetry with a nearly massless gravitino. In this model, masses up to m((t) over tilde (1)) = 1.16 TeV and m ((tau) over tilde (1)) = 1.00 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level. KW - Parton Distributions KW - Measuring Masses KW - Extension KW - Physics KW - Energy KW - Supersymmetric models KW - Superpartners KW - Tau leptons KW - Top quark KW - Particle data analysis Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226080 VL - 98 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for top-squark pair production in final states with one lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum using 36 fb\(^{-1}\) of root s=13 TeV \({pp}\) collision data with the ATLAS detector JF - Journal of High Energy Physics N2 - The results of a search for the direct pair production of top squarks, the supersymmetric partner of the top quark, in final states with one isolated electron or muon, several energetic jets, and missing transverse momentum are reported. The analysis also targets spin-0 mediator models, where the mediator decays into a pair of dark-matter particles and is produced in association with a pair of top quarks. The search uses data from proton-proton collisions delivered by the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016 at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 13TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 fb(-1). A wide range of signal scenarios with different mass-splittings between the top squark, the lightest neutralino and possible intermediate supersymmetric particles are considered, including cases where the W bosons or the top quarks produced in the decay chain are off-shell. No significant excess over the Standard Model prediction is observed. The null results are used to set exclusion limits at 95% confidence level in several supersymmetry benchmark models. For pair-produced top-squarks decaying into top quarks, top-squark masses up to 940 GeV are excluded. Stringent exclusion limits are also derived for all other considered top-squark decay scenarios. For the spin-0 mediator models, upper limits are set on the visible cross-section. KW - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) KW - Dark-matter production KW - Symmetry-breaking KW - Plus plus KW - Model KW - Supersymmetry KW - Program KW - LHS KW - Mass KW - Extension KW - Physics Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-220733 VL - 108 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Search for W ' -> \({tb}\) decays in the hadronic final state using \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - Physics Letters B N2 - A search for W'-boson production in the W' -> t (b) over bar -> q (q) over bar 'b (b) over bar decay channel is presented using 36.1 fb(-1) of 13 TeV proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. The search is interpreted in terms of both a left-handed and a right-handed chiral W' boson within the mass range 1-5 TeV. Identification of the hadronically decaying top quark is performed using jet substructure tagging techniques based on a shower deconstruction algorithm. No significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction is observed and the results are expressed as upper limits on the W' -> t (b) over bar production cross-section times branching ratio as a function of the W'-boson mass. These limits exclude W' bosons with right-handed couplings with masses below 3.0 TeV and W' bosons with left-handed couplings with masses below 2.9 TeV, at the 95% confidence level. (C) 2018 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. KW - Symmetry-breaking KW - Pair production KW - ++ KW - Dynamics KW - Physics KW - Mass Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225987 VL - 781 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Searches for heavy \({ZZ}\) and \({ZW}\) resonances in the \({llqq}\) and \({vvqq}\) final states in \({pp}\) collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - Journal of High Energy Physics N2 - This paper reports searches for heavy resonances decaying into ZZ or ZW using data from proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of root s - 13 TeV. The data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb(-1), were recorded with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016 at the Large Hadron Collider. The searches are performed in final states in which one Z boson decays into either a pair of light charged leptons (electrons and muons) or a pair of neutrinos, and the associated W boson or the other Z boson decays hadronically. No evidence of the production of heavy resonances is observed. Upper bounds on the production cross sections of heavy resonances times their decay branching ratios to ZZ or ZW are derived in the mass range 300-5000 GeV within the context of Standard Model extensions with additional Higgs bosons, a heavy vector triplet or warped extra dimensions. Production through gluon-gluon fusion, Drell-Yan or vector-boson fusion are considered, depending on the assumed model. KW - Beyond Standard Model KW - Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments) KW - Boson KW - Distributions KW - Combination KW - Hierarchy KW - Mass Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225951 VL - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schwenk, Nicola T1 - Seeing the Light: Synthesis of Luminescent Rhodacyclopentadienes and Investigations of their Optical Properties and Catalytic Activity T1 - Licht sehen: Synthese lumineszierender Rhodacyclopentadiene und Untersuchung ihrer optischen Eigenschaften und katalytischen Aktivität N2 - Luminescent organotransition metal complexes are of much current interest. As the large spin-orbit coupling of 2nd and 3rd row transition metals usually leads to rapid intersystem crossing from S1 to T1, which enables phosphorescence, there is a special interest in using triplet-emitting materials in organic or organometallic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Marder et al. have found that, reductive coupling of both para-R-substituted diarylbutadiynes and diaryldodecatetraynes on Rh(PMe3)4X leads to quantitative yields of bis(arylethynyl)-rhodacyclopentadienes with complete regiospecificity (R = BMes2, H, Me, OMe, SMe, CF3, CN, CO2Me, NMe2, NO2, C≡C-TMS and X = -C≡C-TMS, -C≡C-C6H4-4-NMe2, -C≡C-C≡C-C6H4-4-NPh2, Me, Cl).47,49 Unexpectedly, these compounds show intense fluorescence rather than phosphorescence (ɸf = 0.33-0.69, t = 1.2 3.0 ns). The substituent R has a significant influence on the photophysical properties, as absorption and emission are both bathochromically shifted compared to R = H, especially for R = π-acceptor. To clarify the mechanism of the formation of the rhodacyclopentadienes, and to investigate further their unique photophysical properties, a series of novel, luminescent rhodacyclopentadienes with dithiocarbamate as a bidentate ligand at the rhodium centre has been synthesised and characterised (R = NO2, CO2Me, Me, NMe2, SMe, Ar = C6F4-4-OMe). The rhodacyclopentadienes have been formed via reductive coupling of diaryl undecatetraynes with [Rh(k2-S,S`-S2CNEt2)(PMe3)2]. The structures of a series of such compounds were solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction and are discussed in this work. The compounds were fully characterised via NMR, UV/Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and X-ray diffraction. When heating the reactions, another isomer is formed to a certain extent. The so-called dibenzorhodacyclopentadienes already appeared during earlier studies of Marder et al., when acetylacetonate (acac) was employed as the bidentate ligand at the Rh-centre. They are probably formed via a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction and C-H activation, followed by a β-H shift. Use of the perfluorinated phenyl moiety Ar = C6F4-4-OMe provided a total new insight into the mechanism of formation of the rhodacyclopentadiene isomers and other reactions. Besides the formation of the expected rhodacyclopentadiene, a bimetallic compound was generated, isolated and characterised via X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and high resolution mass spectrometry. For further comparison, analogous reactions with [Rh(k2 S,S` S2CNEt2)(PPh3)2] and a variety of diaryl undecatetraynes (R = NO2 CO2Me, Me, NMe2, SMe, Ar = C6F4-4-OMe) were carried out. They also yield the expected rhodacyclopentadienes, but quickly react with a second or even third equivalent of the tetraynes to form, catalytically, alkyne cyclotrimerisation products, namely substituted benzene derivatives (dimers and trimers), which are highly luminescent. The rhodacyclopentadienes (R = NO2, CO2Me, Me, SMe, Ar = C6F4-4-OMe) are stable and were isolated. The structures of a series of these compounds were obtained via single crystal X-ray crystallography and the compounds were fully characterised via NMR, UV/Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis and HRMS. Another attempt to clarify the mechanism of formation of the rhodacyclopentadienes involved reacting a variety of diaryl 1,3-butadiynes (R = CO2Me, Me, NMe2, naphthyl) with [Rh(k2 S,S` S2CNEt2)(PMe3)2]. The reactions stop at an intermediate step, yielding a 1:1 trans π-complex, confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. Only after several weeks, or under forcing conditions (µw / 80 °C, 75 h), the formation of another major product occurs, having bound a second diaryl 1,3-butadiyne. Based on earlier results of Murata, the product is identified as an unusual [3+2] cycloaddition product, ϭ-bound to the rhodium centre. N2 - Lumineszierende Übergangsmetallkomplexe sind aktuell sehr gefragt. Da die starke Spin-Bahn-Kopplung von Übergangsmetallen der zweiten und dritten Reihe zu einem schnellen Inter-System-Crossing führt, und damit zu Phosphoreszenz, gilt der Verwendung Triplett-emittierender Materialien in organischen und organometallischen Licht emittierenden Dioden (OLEDs) besonders großes Interesse. Marder et al. fanden heraus, dass die reduktive Kupplung von para R-substituierten Diarylbutadiinen und Diaryldodecatetraynen an Rh(PMe3)4X zu quantitativen Ausbeuten von Bis(Arylethinyl)-Rhodacyclopentadienen führt (R = BMes2, H, Me, OMe, SMe, CF3, CN, CO2Me, NMe2, NO2, C≡C-TMS and X = -C≡C-TMS, -C≡C-C6H4-4-NMe2, -C≡C-C≡C-C6H4-4-NPh2, Me, Cl), wobei sich nur ein Regioisomer bildet. Überaschenderweise zeigen diese Verbindungen intensive Fluoreszenz an Stelle von Phosphoreszenz (ɸf = 0.33-0.69, t = 1.2 3.0 ns). Der Substituent R hat großen Einfluss auf die Lumineszenz Eigenschaften. Die Absorption sowie Emission sind im Vergleich zu R = H jeweils bathochrom verschoben, wobei der Effekt im Fall von R = π-Akzeptor stärker ausgeprägt ist. Um den Bildungsmechanismus der Rhodacyclopentadiene aufzuklären und ihre einzigartigen Lumineszenz Eigenschaften intensiver zu untersuchen, wurde eine Reihe von neuen, lumineszierenden Rhodacyclopentadienen mit dem bidentaten Liganden Dithiocarbamat am Rhodium-Zentrum dargestellt und charakterisiert (R = NO2, CO2Me, Me, NMe2, SMe, Ar = C6F4-4-OMe). Die Rhodacyclopentadiene entstanden durch reduktive Kupplung von Diarylundecatetrainen mit [Rh(k2-S,S`-S2CNEt2)(PMe3)2]. Die Strukturen einiger solcher Verbindungen wurden mit Hilfe von Röntgenstrukturanalyse gelöst und werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit diskutiert. Die Verbindungen wurden mit Hilfe von NMR, optischer Spektroskopie, sowie Elementaranalyse, hochauflösender Massenspektrometrie (HRMS) und Röntgenstrukturanalyse vollcharakterisiert. Wurden die Reaktionen erhitzt, bildete sich zu einem gewissen Anteil ein anderes Isomer. Das sogenannte Dibenzorhodacyclopentadien tauchte bereits während früherer Untersuchungen von Marder et al. auf, wobei Acetylacetonat (acac) als bidentater Ligand am Rh-Zentrum eingesetzt wurde. Diese werden möglicherweise durch eine [4+2] Zykloaddition und eine C-H Aktivierung, gefolgt von einem β-H Shift gebildet. Reaktionen die mit dem perfluorierten Phenylrest Ar = C6F4-4-OMe durchgeführt wurden, ermöglichten völlig neue Einblicke in den Bildungsmechanismus der Isomere der Rhodacyclopentadiene und anderer Reaktionen. Neben der Bildung des erwarteten Rhodacyclopentadiens, entstand eine bimetallische Verbindung, welche isoliert und mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse, NMR-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse und HRMS charakterisiert wurde. Um weitere Vergleiche anzustellen, wurde analoge Reaktionen mit einer Reihe von Diarylundecatetrainen (R = NO2 CO2Me, Me, NMe2, SMe, Ar = C6F4-4-OMe) und [Rh(k2 S,S` S2CNEt2)(PPh3)2] durchgeführt. Diese führen ebenfalls zu den erwarteten Rhodacyclopentadienen, jedoch erfolgt schnelle Reaktion mit einem zweiten oder sogar dritten Äquivalent Tetrain um katalytisch Alkin-Trimerisierungsprodukte zu bilden, bei denen es sich um substituierte Benzolderivate (Dimere und Trimere) handelt. Diese sind stark lumineszierend. Die Rhodacyclopentadiene sind stabil und konnten isoliert werden. Von einigen Verbindungen konnten Röntgenstrukturanalysen durchgeführt werden. Alle isolierten Verbindungen wurden mittels NMR und optischer Spektroskopie, sowie Elementaranalyse und HRMS charakterisiert. Ein weiterer Ansatz um den Bildungsmechanismus der Rhodacyclopentadiene aufzuklären beinhaltete die Reaktion einer Reihe von Diarylbutadiinen (R = CO2Me, Me, NMe2, naphthyl) mit [Rh(k2 S,S` S2CNEt2)(PMe3)2]. Die Reaktionen stoppen an der Stelle eines Zwischenproduktes, bei dem es sich um einen 1:1 trans π-Komplex handelt, der mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse und NMR Spektroskopie bestätigt werden konnte. Erst nach einigen Wochen oder unter harschen Reaktionsbedingungen (µw / 80 °C, 75 h), konnte die Bildung eines weiteren Produktes beobachten werden, an welches ein zweites Diarylbutadiin gebunden ist. Ausgehend von früheren Ergebnissen von Murata, wurde das Produkt als ein [3+2]-Zykloadditionsprodukt identifiziert. KW - Rhodium KW - Fluoreszenz KW - Rhodacyclopentadiene KW - Cyclotrimerisation KW - Fluorescence KW - Organometallic chemistry Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149550 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schreiber, Benjamin T1 - Selective and enhanced fluorescence by biocompatible nanocoatings to monitor G-protein-coupled receptor dynamics T1 - Selektive und verstärkte Fluoreszenz durch biokompatible Nanobeschichtungen zur Untersuchung von G-protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren und ihrer Dynamik N2 - Fluorescence microscopy has become one of the most important techniques for the imaging of biological cells and tissue, since the technique allows for selective labeling with fluorescent molecules and is highly suitable for low-light applications down to the single molecule regime. The methodological requirements are well-defined for studying membrane receptors within a highly localized nanometer-thin membrane. For example, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an extensively studied class of membrane receptors that represent one of the most important pharmaceutical targets. Ligand binding and GPCR activation dynamics are suspected to take place at the millisecond scale and may even be far faster. Thus, techniques that are fast, selective, and live-cell compatible are required to monitor GPCR dynamics. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) are methods of choice to monitor the dynamics of GPCRs selectively within the cell membrane. Despite the remarkable success of these modalities, there are limitations. Most importantly, inhomogeneous illumination can induce imaging artifacts, rendering spectroscopic evaluation difficult. Background signal due to scattering processes or imperfect labeling can hamper the signal-to-noise, thus limiting image contrast and acquisition speed. Careful consideration of the internal physiology is required for FRET sensor design, so that ligand binding and cell compatibility are well-preserved despite the fluorescence labeling procedures. This limitation of labeling positions leads to very low signal changes in FRET-based GPCR analysis. In addition, microscopy of these systems becomes even more challenging in single molecule or low-light applications where the accuracy and temporal resolution may become dramatically low. Fluorescent labels should therefore be brighter, protected from photobleaching, and as small as possible to avoid interference with the binding kinetics. The development of new fluorescent molecules and labeling methods is an ongoing process. However, a complete characterization of new labels and sensors takes time. So far, the perfect dye system for GPCR studies has not been found, even though there is high demand. Thus, this thesis explores and applies a different approach based on improved illumination schemes for TIRF-M as well as metal-coated coverslips to enhance fluorescence and FRET efficiency. First, it is demonstrated that a 360° illumination scheme reduces typical TIRF artifacts and produces a much more homogenously illuminated field of view. Second, membrane imaging and FRET spectroscopy are improved by metal coatings that are used to modulate the fluorescent properties of common fluorescent dyes. Computer simulation methods are used to understand the underlying photophysics and to design the coatings. Third, this thesis explores the operational regime and limitations of plasmonic approaches with high sectioning capabilities. The findings are summarized by three publications that are presented in the results section of this work. In addition, the theory of fluorescence and FRET is explained, with particular attention to its emission modulations in the vicinity of metal-dielectric layers. Details of the instrumentation, computer simulations, and cell culture are described in the method section. The work concludes with a discussion of the findings within the framework of recent technological developments as well as perspectives and suggestions for future approaches complete the presented work. N2 - Die Fluoreszenzmikroskopie ist zu einer der wichtigsten Techniken für die Bildgebung biologischer Zellen und Gewebe geworden, da die Technik eine selektive Markierung mit fluoreszierenden Molekülen ermöglicht und sich hervorragend für Anwendungen bei schwachem Licht bis hin zum Einzelmolekül-Regime eignet. Die methodischen Anforderungen sind gut definiert, um Membranrezeptoren innerhalb einer stark lokalisierten nanometerdünnen Membran zu untersuchen. Zum Beispiel sind G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCRs) eine ausführlich untersuchte Klasse von Membranrezeptoren, weil diese wichtige pharmazeutische Ziele darstellen. Es wird vermutet, dass die Ligandenbindungs- und GPCR-Aktivierungsdynamiken im Millisekundenbereich stattfinden und sogar viel schneller sein können. Daher sind Techniken erforderlich, die schnell, selektiv und lebend-Zell kompatibel sind, um die GPCR-Dynamik zu aufzunehmen. Fluoreszenzresonanzenergietransfer (FRET) und internale Totalreflexions-Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (TIRF-M) sind Methoden der Wahl, um die Dynamik von GPCRs selektiv innerhalb der Zellmembran zu untersuchen. Trotz des bemerkenswerten Erfolgs dieser Modalitäten gibt es Einschränkungen. Am wichtigsten ist, dass eine inhomogene Beleuchtung Artefakte erzeugen kann, welche die spektroskopische Auswertung erschweren. Hintergrundsignale aufgrund von Streuprozessen oder unvollständiger Markierung können das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis beeinträchtigen und somit den Bildkontrast und die Erfassungsgeschwindigkeit begrenzen. Eine sorgfältige Berücksichtigung der internen Physiologie ist für das Design der FRET-Sensoren ist erforderlich, so dass die Ligandenbindung und die Zellkompatibilität trotz der Fluoreszenzmarkierungsverfahren nicht gestört werden. Diese Einschränkung der Markierungspositionen führt zu sehr geringen Signalkontrast in der FRET-basierten GPCR-Analyse. Darüber hinaus wird die Mikroskopie dieser Systeme bei Einzelmolekül- oder Schwachlichtanwendungen, bei denen die Genauigkeit und die zeitliche Auflösung dramatisch niedrig werden können, noch schwieriger. Fluoreszierende Marker sollten daher heller, vor Photobleichung geschützt und so klein wie möglich sein, um Störungen mit der Rezeptorkinetik zu vermeiden. Die Entwicklung neuer fluoreszierender Moleküle und Markierungsmethoden ist ein fortlaufender Prozess. Eine vollständige Charakterisierung neuer Marker und Sensoren benötigt jedoch Zeit. Bis jetzt wurde das perfekte Farbstoffsystem für GPCR-Studien noch nicht gefunden, auch wenn es eine hohe Nachfrage dafür gibt. Daher wird ein anderer Ansatz auf der Grundlage verbesserter Beleuchtungsschemata für TIRF-M sowie metallbeschichtete Deckgläser zur Verbesserung der Fluoreszenz- und FRET-Effizienz untersucht. Zunächst wird gezeigt, dass ein 360 ° Beleuchtung typische TIRF-Artefakte reduziert und ein wesentlich homogeneres Bildausleuchtung erzeugt. Zweitens wurde durch die Modulation der Fluoreszenzeigenschaften gängiger Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe die Membranbildgebung und FRET-Spektroskopie verbessert. Computersimulationsmethoden werden verwendet, um die zugrundeliegende Photophysik zu verstehen und zielgerichtet Beschichtungen zu entwerfen. Drittens wurden das operationelle Regime und die Grenzen von plasmonischen Ansätzen mit noch höheren Signalselektiverung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sind in drei Publikationen zusammengefasst, die im Ergebnisteil dieser Arbeit vorgestellt werden. Darüber hinaus wird die Theorie der Fluoreszenz und des FRET unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Emissionsmodulationen in der Nähe von Metall-Dielektrikum-Schichten erläutert. Details der Instrumentierung, Computersimulationen und Zellkultur werden im Abschnitt Methoden beschrieben. Die Arbeit schließt mit einer Diskussion der Ergebnisse im Rahmen der jüngsten technologischen Entwicklungen sowie mit Perspektiven und Vorschlägen für zukünftige Ansätze, die die vorliegende Arbeit abrunden. KW - G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren KW - Fluorescence KW - Microscopy KW - Plasmonic KW - Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer KW - G Protein-Coupled Receptors KW - Fluoreszenzmikroskopie KW - Fluorescence Microscopy Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173923 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbst, Stefanie A1 - Soberats, Bartolome A1 - Leowanawat, Pawaret A1 - Stolte, Matthias A1 - Lehmann, Matthias A1 - Würthner, Frank T1 - Self-assembly of multi-stranded perylene dye J-aggregates in columnar liquid-crystalline phases JF - Nature Communications N2 - Many discoid dyes self-assemble into columnar liquid-crystalline (LC) phases with packing arrangements that are undesired for photonic applications due to H-type exciton coupling. Here, we report a series of crystalline and LC perylene bisimides (PBIs) self-assembling into single or multi-stranded (two, three, and four strands) aggregates with predominant J-type exciton coupling. These differences in the supramolecular packing and optical properties are achieved by molecular design variations of tetra-bay phenoxy-dendronized PBIs with two N–H groups at the imide positions. The self-assembly is driven by hydrogen bonding, slipped π–π stacking, nanosegregation, and steric requirements of the peripheral building blocks. We could determine the impact of the packing motifs on the spectroscopic properties and demonstrate different J- and H-type coupling contributions between the chromophores. Our findings on structure–property relationships and strong J-couplings in bulk LC materials open a new avenue in the molecular engineering of PBI J-aggregates with prospective applications in photonics. KW - liquid crystals KW - self-assembly Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319914 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Langenhorst, Daniela A1 - Tabares, Paula A1 - Gulde, Tobias A1 - Becklund, Bryan R. A1 - Berr, Susanne A1 - Surh, Charles D. A1 - Beyersdorf, Niklas A1 - Hünig, Thomas T1 - Self-recognition sensitizes mouse and human regulatory T cells to low-dose CD28 superagonist stimulation JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - In rodents, low doses of CD28-specific superagonistic monoclonal antibodies (CD28 superagonists, CD28SA) selectively activate regulatory T cells (Treg). This observation has recently been extended to humans, suggesting an option for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon is still lacking. Given that CD28SA amplify T cell receptor (TCR) signals, we tested the hypothesis that the weak tonic TCR signals received by conventional CD4\(^{+}\) T cells (Tconv) in the absence of cognate antigen require more CD28 signaling input for full activation than the stronger TCR signals received by self-reactive Treg. We report that in vitro, the response of mouse Treg and Tconv to CD28SA strongly depends on MHC class II expression by antigen-presenting cells. To separate the effect of tonic TCR signals from self-peptide recognition, we compared the response of wild-type Treg and Tconv to low and high CD28SA doses upon transfer into wild-type or H-2M knockout mice, which lack a self-peptide repertoire. We found that the superior response of Treg to low CD28SA doses was lost in the absence of self-peptide presentation. We also tested if potentially pathogenic autoreactive Tconv would benefit from self-recognition-induced sensitivity to CD28SA stimulation by transferring TCR transgenic OVA-specific Tconv into OVA-expressing mice and found that low-dose CD28SA application inhibited, rather than supported, their expansion, presumably due to the massive concomitant activation of Treg. Finally, we report that also in the in vitro response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to CD28SA, HLA II blockade interferes with the expansion of Treg by low-dose CD28SA stimulation. These results provide a rational basis for the further development of low-dose CD28SA therapy for the improvement of Treg activity. KW - D665 KW - regulatory T cells KW - self-reactivity KW - autoimmunity KW - CD28 superagonists KW - TGN1412 KW - TAB08 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-159387 VL - 8 IS - 1985 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmerer, Chris A1 - Fischbach, Martin A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich T1 - Semantic Fusion for Natural Multimodal Interfaces using Concurrent Augmented Transition Networks JF - Multimodal Technologies and Interaction N2 - Semantic fusion is a central requirement of many multimodal interfaces. Procedural methods like finite-state transducers and augmented transition networks have proven to be beneficial to implement semantic fusion. They are compliant with rapid development cycles that are common for the development of user interfaces, in contrast to machine-learning approaches that require time-costly training and optimization. We identify seven fundamental requirements for the implementation of semantic fusion: Action derivation, continuous feedback, context-sensitivity, temporal relation support, access to the interaction context, as well as the support of chronologically unsorted and probabilistic input. A subsequent analysis reveals, however, that there is currently no solution for fulfilling the latter two requirements. As the main contribution of this article, we thus present the Concurrent Cursor concept to compensate these shortcomings. In addition, we showcase a reference implementation, the Concurrent Augmented Transition Network (cATN), that validates the concept’s feasibility in a series of proof of concept demonstrations as well as through a comparative benchmark. The cATN fulfills all identified requirements and fills the lack amongst previous solutions. It supports the rapid prototyping of multimodal interfaces by means of five concrete traits: Its declarative nature, the recursiveness of the underlying transition network, the network abstraction constructs of its description language, the utilized semantic queries, and an abstraction layer for lexical information. Our reference implementation was and is used in various student projects, theses, as well as master-level courses. It is openly available and showcases that non-experts can effectively implement multimodal interfaces, even for non-trivial applications in mixed and virtual reality. KW - multimodal fusion KW - multimodal interface KW - semantic fusion KW - procedural fusion methods KW - natural interfaces KW - human-computer interaction Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197573 SN - 2414-4088 VL - 2 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Koch, Rainer T1 - Sensor Fusion for Precise Mapping of Transparent and Specular Reflective Objects T1 - Sensorfusion zur präzisen Kartierung von transparenten und reflektierender Objekten N2 - Almost once a week broadcasts about earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, or forest fires are filling the news. While oneself feels it is hard to watch such news, it is even harder for rescue troops to enter such areas. They need some skills to get a quick overview of the devastated area and find victims. Time is ticking, since the chance for survival shrinks the longer it takes till help is available. To coordinate the teams efficiently, all information needs to be collected at the command center. Therefore, teams investigate the destroyed houses and hollow spaces for victims. Doing so, they never can be sure that the building will not fully collapse while they are inside. Here, rescue robots are welcome helpers, as they are replaceable and make work more secure. Unfortunately, rescue robots are not usable off-the-shelf, yet. There is no doubt, that such a robot has to fulfil essential requirements to successfully accomplish a rescue mission. Apart from the mechanical requirements it has to be able to build a 3D map of the environment. This is essential to navigate through rough terrain and fulfil manipulation tasks (e.g. open doors). To build a map and gather environmental information, robots are equipped with multiple sensors. Since laser scanners produce precise measurements and support a wide scanning range, they are common visual sensors utilized for mapping. Unfortunately, they produce erroneous measurements when scanning transparent (e.g. glass, transparent plastic) or specular reflective objects (e.g. mirror, shiny metal). It is understood that such objects can be everywhere and a pre-manipulation to prevent their influences is impossible. Using additional sensors also bear risks. The problem is that these objects are occasionally visible, based on the incident angle of the laser beam, the surface, and the type of object. Hence, for transparent objects, measurements might result from the object surface or objects behind it. For specular reflective objects, measurements might result from the object surface or a mirrored object. These mirrored objects are illustrated behind the surface which is wrong. To obtain a precise map, the surfaces need to be recognised and mapped reliably. Otherwise, the robot navigates into it and crashes. Further, points behind the surface should be identified and treated based on the object type. Points behind a transparent surface should remain as they represent real objects. In contrast, Points behind a specular reflective surface should be erased. To do so, the object type needs to be classified. Unfortunately, none of the current approaches is capable to fulfil these requirements. Therefore, the following thesis addresses this problem to detect transparent and specular reflective objects and to identify their influences. To give the reader a start up, the first chapters describe: the theoretical background concerning propagation of light; sensor systems applied for range measurements; mapping approaches used in this work; and the state-of-the-art concerning detection and identification of transparent and specular reflective objects. Afterwards, the Reflection-Identification-Approach, which is the core of subject thesis is presented. It describes 2D and a 3D implementation to detect and classify such objects. Both are available as ROS-nodes. In the next chapter, various experiments demonstrate the applicability and reliability of these nodes. It proves that transparent and specular reflective objects can be detected and classified. Therefore, a Pre- and Post-Filter module is required in 2D. In 3D, classification is possible solely with the Pre-Filter. This is due to the higher amount of measurements. An example shows that an updatable mapping module allows the robot navigation to rely on refined maps. Otherwise, two individual maps are build which require a fusion afterwards. Finally, the last chapter summarizes the results and proposes suggestions for future work. N2 - Fast schon wöchentlich füllen Meldungen über Erdbeben, Wirbelstürme, Tsunamis oder Wald-brände die Nachrichten. Es ist hart anzusehen, aber noch viel härter trifft es die Rettungskräfte, welche dort zum Einsatz gerufen werden. Diese müssen gut trainiert sein, um sich schnell einen Überblick verschaffen zu können und um den zerstörten Bereich nach Opfern zu durchsuchen. Zeit ist hier ein seltenes Gut, denn die Überlebenschancen sinken, je länger es dauert bis Hilfe eintrifft. Für eine effektive Teamkoordination werden alle Informationen in der Einsatzzentrale gesammelt. In Trupps wird nach Opfern gesucht. Hierfür werden die zerstörten Gebäude durchsucht und alle Hohlräume inspiziert. Dabei können die Helfer oft nicht darauf vertrauen, dass die Gebäude stabil sind und nicht noch vollständig kollabieren. Hier sind Rettungsroboter eine willkommene Hilfe. Sie sind ersetzbar und können für gefährliche Aufgaben verwendet werden. Dies macht die Arbeit der Rettungstrupps sicherer. Allerdings gibt es solche Roboter noch nicht von der Stange. Sie müssten gewisse Anforderungen erfüllen, dass sie in einem solchen Szenarien einsetztbar sind. Neben Ansprüchen an die Mechanik, müsste eine 3D-Karte des Einsatzgebietes erstellen werden. Diese ist Grundlage für eine erfolgreiche Navigation (durch unebenes Terrain), sowie zur Beeinflussung der Umgebung (z.B. Tür öffnen). Die Umgebungserfassung wird über Sen-soren am Roboter durchgeführt. Heutzutage werden bevorzugt Laserscanner dafür verwendet, da sie präzise Messdaten liefern und über einen großen Messbereich verfügen. Unglücklicherweise werden Messdaten durch transparente (z.B. Glas, transparenter Kunststoff) und reflektierende Objekte (z.B. Spiegel, glänzendes Metall) verfälscht. Eine Vorbehandlung der Umgebung (z.B. abdecken der Flächen), um diese Einflüsse zu verhindern, ist verständlicherweise nicht möglich. Zusätzliche Sensoren zu verwenden birgt ebenfalls Nachteile. Das Problem dieser Objekte liegt darin, dass sie nur teilweise sichtbar sind. Dies ist abhängig vom Einfallwinkel des Laserstrahls auf die Oberfläche und vom Typ des Objektes. Dementsprechend könnnen die Messwerte bei transparenten Flächen von der Oberfläche oder vom Objekten dahinter resultieren. Im Gegensatz dazu können die Messwerte bei reflektierenden Oberflächen von der Oberfläche selbst oder von einem gespiegelten Objekt resultieren. Gespiegelte Objekte werden dabei hinter der reflektierenden Objerfläche dargestellt, was falsch ist. Um eine präzise Kartierung zu erlangen, müssen die Oberflächen zuverlässig eingetragen werden. Andernfalls würde der Roboter in diese navigieren und kollidieren. Weiterhin sollten Punkte hinter der Oberfläche abhängig von der Oberfläche behandelt werden. Bei einer trans- parenten Oberfläche müssen die Punkte in die Karte eingetragen werden, weil sie ein reelles Objekt darstellen. Im Gegensatz dazu, müssen bei einer reflektierenden Oberfläche die Messdaten dahinter gelöscht werden. Dafür ist eine Unterscheidung der Objekte zwingend. Diese Anforderungen erfüllen die momentan verfügbaren Algorithmen jedoch nicht. Aus diesem Grund befasst sich folgende Doktorarbeit mit der Problematik der Erkennung und Identifizierung transparenter und spiegelnder Objekte, sowie deren Einflüsse. Um dem Leser einen Einstieg zu geben, beschreiben die ersten Kapitel: den theoretischen Hindergrund bezüglich des Verhaltens von Licht; Sensorsysteme für die Distanzmessung; Kartierungsalgorithmen, welche in dieser Arbeit verwendet wurden; und den Stand der Technik bezüglich der Erkennung von transparenten und spiegelndend Objekten. Danach wird der Reflection-Identification-Algorithmus, welcher Basis dieser Arbeit ist, präsentiert. Hier wird eine 2D und eine 3D Implementierung beschrieben. Beide sind als ROS-Knoten verfügbar. Das anschließende Kapitel diskutiert Experimente, welche die Anwendbarkeit und Zuverlässigkeit des Algorithmus verifizieren. Für den 2D-Fall ist ein Vor- und ein Nachfilter-Modul notwendig. Nur mittels der Nachfilterung ist eine Klassifizierung der Objekte möglich. Im Gegensatz kann im 3D-Fall die Klassifizierung bereits mit der Vorfilterung erlangt werden. Dies beruht auf der höheren Anzahl an Messdaten. Weiterhin zeigt dieses Kapitel beispielhaft eine Adaptierung des TSD-SLAM Algorithmus, so dass der Roboter auf einer aktualisierten Karte navigieren kann. Dies erspart die Erstellung von zwei unabhängigen Karten und eine anschließende Fusionierung. Im letzten Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zusammengefasst und ein Ausblick mit Anregungen zur Weiterarbeit gegeben. T3 - Forschungsberichte in der Robotik = Research Notes in Robotics - 16 KW - laserscanner KW - mapping KW - robotic KW - laser scanner KW - sensor fusion KW - transparent KW - specular reflective Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163462 SN - 978-3-945459-25-6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hautmann, Christopher A1 - Döpfner, Manfred A1 - Katzmann, Josepha A1 - Schürmann, Stephanie A1 - Wolff Metternich-Kaizman, Tanja A1 - Jaite, Charlotte A1 - Kappel, Viola A1 - Geissler, Julia A1 - Warnke, Andreas A1 - Jacob, Christian A1 - Hennighausen, Klaus A1 - Haack-Dees, Barbara A1 - Schneider-Momm, Katja A1 - Philipsen, Alexandra A1 - Matthies, Swantje A1 - Rösler, Michael A1 - Retz, Wolfgang A1 - Gontard, Alexander von A1 - Sobanski, Esther A1 - Alm, Barbara A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Häge, Alexander A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Colla, Michael A1 - Gentschow, Laura A1 - Freitag, Christine M. A1 - Becker, Katja A1 - Jans, Thomas T1 - Sequential treatment of ADHD in mother and child (AIMAC study): importance of the treatment phases for intervention success in a randomized trial JF - BMC Psychiatry N2 - Background The efficacy of parent-child training (PCT) regarding child symptoms may be reduced if the mother has attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The AIMAC study (ADHD in Mothers and Children) aimed to compensate for the deteriorating effect of parental psychopathology by treating the mother (Step 1) before the beginning of PCT (Step 2). This secondary analysis was particularly concerned with the additional effect of the Step 2 PCT on child symptoms after the Step 1 treatment. Methods The analysis included 143 mothers and children (aged 6–12 years) both diagnosed with ADHD. The study design was a two-stage, two-arm parallel group trial (Step 1 treatment group [TG]: intensive treatment of the mother including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy; Step 1 control group [CG]: supportive counseling only for mother; Step 2 TG and CG: PCT). Single- and multi-group analyses with piecewise linear latent growth curve models were applied to test for the effects of group and phase. Child symptoms (e.g., ADHD symptoms, disruptive behavior) were rated by three informants (blinded clinician, mother, teacher). Results Children in the TG showed a stronger improvement of their disruptive behavior as rated by mothers than those in the CG during Step 1 (Step 1: TG vs. CG). In the CG, according to reports of the blinded clinician and the mother, the reduction of children’s disruptive behavior was stronger during Step 2 than during Step 1 (CG: Step 1 vs. Step 2). In the TG, improvement of child outcome did not differ across treatment steps (TG: Step 1 vs. Step 2). Conclusions Intensive treatment of the mother including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy may have small positive effects on the child’s disruptive behavior. PCT may be a valid treatment option for children with ADHD regarding disruptive behavior, even if mothers are not intensively treated beforehand. Trial registration ISRCTN registry ISRCTN73911400. Registered 29 March 2007. KW - mothers KW - children KW - adult treatment KW - parent training KW - efficacy Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227930 VL - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rau, Monika A1 - Schmitt, Johannes A1 - Berg, Thomas A1 - Kremer, Andreas E. A1 - Stieger, Bruno A1 - Spanaus, Katharina A1 - Bengsch, Bertram A1 - Romero, Marta R. A1 - Marin, Jose J. A1 - Keitel, Verena A1 - Klinker, Hartwig A1 - Tony, Hans-Peter A1 - Müllhaupt, Beat A1 - Geier, Andreas T1 - Serum IP-10 levels and increased DPPIV activity are linked to circulating CXCR3+ T cells in cholestatic HCV patients JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background & aims Serum interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) is elevated in cholestatic liver diseases and predicts response to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPPIV) cleaves active IP-10 into an inactive form, which inhibits recruitment of CXCR3+ T cells to the liver. In this study the link between IP-10 levels, DPPIV activity in serum and CXCR3+ T cells is analysed in cholestatic and non-cholestatic liver patients. Methods In serum DPPIV activity (by enzymatic assay), IP-10 (by ELISA) and bile acids (BA) (by enzymatic assay) were analysed in 229 naive HCV genotype (GT) 1 patients and in 16 patients with cholestatic liver disease. In a prospective follow-up (FU) cohort of 27 HCV GT 1 patients peripheral CD3+CXCR3+, CD4+CXCR3+ and CD8+CXCR3+ cells were measured by FACS. Results In 229 HCV patients serum IP-10 levels correlated positively to DPPIV serum activity. Higher IP-10 levels and DPPIV activity were detected in cholestatic and in cirrhotic HCV patients. Increased IP-10 serum levels were associated with therapeutic non-response to antiviral treatment with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin. In the HCV FU cohort elevated IP-10 serum levels and increased BA were associated with higher frequencies of peripheral CD3+CXCR3+, CD4+CXCR3+ and CD8+CXCR3+ T cells. Positive correlation between serum IP-10 levels and DPPIV activity was likewise validated in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. Conclusions A strong correlation between elevated serum levels of IP-10 and DPPIV activity was seen in different cholestatic patient groups. Furthermore, in cholestatic HCV patients a functional link to increased numbers of peripheral CXCR3+ immune cells could be observed. The source of DPPIV release in cholestatic patients remains open. KW - hepatitis C virus KW - T cells KW - liver diseases KW - chemokines KW - cytotoxic T cells KW - immune cells KW - cirrhosis KW - bile Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177674 VL - 13 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heil, Hannah S. A1 - Schreiber, Benjamin A1 - Götz, Ralph A1 - Emmerling, Monika A1 - Dabauvalle, Marie-Christine A1 - Krohne, Georg A1 - Höfling, Sven A1 - Kamp, Martin A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Heinze, Katrin G. T1 - Sharpening emitter localization in front of a tuned mirror JF - Light: Science & Applications N2 - Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) aims for maximized precision and a high signal-to-noise ratio1. Both features can be provided by placing the emitter in front of a metal-dielectric nanocoating that acts as a tuned mirror2,3,4. Here, we demonstrate that a higher photon yield at a lower background on biocompatible metal-dielectric nanocoatings substantially improves SMLM performance and increases the localization precision by up to a factor of two. The resolution improvement relies solely on easy-to-fabricate nanocoatings on standard glass coverslips and is spectrally and spatially tunable by the layer design and wavelength, as experimentally demonstrated for dual-color SMLM in cells. KW - imaging and sensing KW - super-resolution microscopy Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228080 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. T1 - Should we pre-date the beginning of scientific psychology to 1787? JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - No abstract available. KW - psychology KW - history Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177641 VL - 9 IS - 2481 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Coelho, Luis Pedro A1 - Kultima, Jens Roat A1 - Costea, Paul Igor A1 - Fournier, Coralie A1 - Pan, Yuanlong A1 - Czarnecki-Maulden, Gail A1 - Hayward, Matthew Robert A1 - Forslund, Sofia K. A1 - Schmidt, Thomas Sebastian Benedikt A1 - Descombes, Patrick A1 - Jackson, Janet R. A1 - Li, Qinghong A1 - Bork, Peer T1 - Similarity of the dog and human gut microbiomes in gene content and response to diet JF - Microbiome N2 - Background Gut microbes influence their hosts in many ways, in particular by modulating the impact of diet. These effects have been studied most extensively in humans and mice. In this work, we used whole genome metagenomics to investigate the relationship between the gut metagenomes of dogs, humans, mice, and pigs. Results We present a dog gut microbiome gene catalog containing 1,247,405 genes (based on 129 metagenomes and a total of 1.9 terabasepairs of sequencing data). Based on this catalog and taxonomic abundance profiling, we show that the dog microbiome is closer to the human microbiome than the microbiome of either pigs or mice. To investigate this similarity in terms of response to dietary changes, we report on a randomized intervention with two diets (high-protein/low-carbohydrate vs. lower protein/higher carbohydrate). We show that diet has a large and reproducible effect on the dog microbiome, independent of breed or sex. Moreover, the responses were in agreement with those observed in previous human studies. Conclusions We conclude that findings in dogs may be predictive of human microbiome results. In particular, a novel finding is that overweight or obese dogs experience larger compositional shifts than lean dogs in response to a high-protein diet. KW - microbiome KW - diet KW - metagenomics KW - dog microbiome KW - human microbiome KW - mouse microbiome KW - pig microbiome Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223177 VL - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Baier, Pablo A. T1 - Simulator for Minimally Invasive Vascular Interventions: Hardware and Software T1 - VR-Simulation für das Training von Herzkathetereingriffen: Hard- und Softwarelösung N2 - A complete simulation system is proposed that can be used as an educational tool by physicians in training basic skills of Minimally Invasive Vascular Interventions. In the first part, a surface model is developed to assemble arteries having a planar segmentation. It is based on Sweep Surfaces and can be extended to T- and Y-like bifurcations. A continuous force vector field is described, representing the interaction between the catheter and the surface. The computation time of the force field is almost unaffected when the resolution of the artery is increased. The mechanical properties of arteries play an essential role in the study of the circulatory system dynamics, which has been becoming increasingly important in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In Virtual Reality Simulators, it is crucial to have a tissue model that responds in real time. In this work, the arteries are discretized by a two dimensional mesh and the nodes are connected by three kinds of linear springs. Three tissue layers (Intima, Media, Adventitia) are considered and, starting from the stretch-energy density, some of the elasticity tensor components are calculated. The physical model linearizes and homogenizes the material response, but it still contemplates the geometric nonlinearity. In general, if the arterial stretch varies by 1% or less, then the agreement between the linear and nonlinear models is trustworthy. In the last part, the physical model of the wire proposed by Konings is improved. As a result, a simpler and more stable method is obtained to calculate the equilibrium configuration of the wire. In addition, a geometrical method is developed to perform relaxations. It is particularly useful when the wire is hindered in the physical method because of the boundary conditions. The physical and the geometrical methods are merged, resulting in efficient relaxations. Tests show that the shape of the virtual wire agrees with the experiment. The proposed algorithm allows real-time executions and the hardware to assemble the simulator has a low cost. N2 - Es wird ein vollständiges Simulationssystem entwickelt, das von Ärzten als Lehrmittel zur Ausbildung grundlegender Fertigkeiten bei Herzkathetereingriffen eingesetzt werden kann. Im ersten Teil wird ein Oberflächenmodell zur Erstellung von Arterien mit planarer Segmentierung entwickelt. Im zweiten Teil werden die Arterien durch ein zweidimensionales Netz diskretisiert, die Knoten werden durch drei Arten linearer Federn verbunden und ausgehend von einer Dehnungsenergie-Dichte-Funktion werden einige Komponenten des Elastizitätstensors berechnet. Im letzten Teil wird das von anderen Autoren vorgeschlagene physikalische Modell des Drahtes verbessert und eine neue geometrische Methode entwickelt. Der vorgeschlagene Algorithmus ermöglicht Echtzeit-Ausführungen. Die Hardware des Simulators hat geringe Herstellungskosten. T3 - Forschungsberichte in der Robotik = Research Notes in Robotics - 15 KW - Computersimulation KW - Simulator KW - Arterie KW - Elastizitätstensor KW - Herzkatheter KW - Minimally invasive vascular intervention KW - Wire relaxation KW - Artery KW - Elasticity tensor KW - Stiffness KW - educational tool KW - Elastizitätstensor KW - Herzkathetereingriff KW - Software KW - Hardware Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161190 SN - 978-3-945459-22-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rödel, Michaela A1 - Baumann, Katrin A1 - Groll, Jürgen A1 - Gbureck, Uwe T1 - Simultaneous structuring and mineralization of silk fibroin scaffolds JF - Journal of Tissue Engineering N2 - Silk fibroin is commonly used as scaffold material for tissue engineering applications. In combination with a mineralization with different calcium phosphate phases, it can also be applied as material for bone regeneration. Here, we present a study which was performed to produce mineralized silk fibroin scaffolds with controlled macroporosity. In contrast to former studies, our approach focused on a simultaneous gelation and mineralization of silk fibroin by immersion of frozen silk fibroin monoliths in acidic calcium phosphate solutions. This was achieved by thawing frozen silk fibroin monoliths in acidic calcium phosphate solution, leading to the precipitation of monocalcium phosphate within the silk fibroin matrix. In the second approach, a conversion of incorporated -tricalcium phosphate particles into brushite was successfully achieved. Furthermore, a controlled cryostructuring process of silk fibroin scaffolds was carried out leading to the formation of parallel-oriented pores with diameters of 30-50 mu m. KW - Brushite KW - calcium phosphate KW - cryostructuring KW - hydrogel KW - mineralization KW - silk fibroin scaffolds Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226427 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böhnke, Julian A1 - Brückner, Tobias A1 - Hermann, Alexander A1 - González-Belman, Oscar F. A1 - Arrowsmith, Merle A1 - Jiménez-Halla, J. Oscar C. A1 - Braunschweig, Holger T1 - Single and double activation of acetone by isolobal B≡N and B≡B triple bonds JF - Chemical Science N2 - B≡N and B≡B triple bonds induce C-H activation of acetone to yield a (2-propenyloxy)aminoborane and an unsymmetrical 1-(2- propenyloxy)-2-hydrodiborene, respectively. DFT calculations showed that, despite their stark electronic differences, both the B≡N and B≡B triple bonds activate acetone via a similar coordination-deprotonation mechansim. In contrast, the reaction of acetone with a cAAC-supported diboracumulene yielded a unique 1,2,3-oxadiborole, which according to DFT calculations also proceeds via an unsymmetrical diborene, followed by intramolecular hydride migration and a second C-H activation of the enolate ligand. KW - acetone KW - diborynes KW - iminoboranes KW - boron KW - small-molecule activation Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164286 VL - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - Glogger, Marius T1 - Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy in live \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\) and model membranes T1 - Einzelmolekül-Fluoreszenzmikroskopie in lebenden \(Trypanosoma\) \(brucei\) und Modellmembranen N2 - Der eukaryotische Parasit Trypanosoma brucei hat komplexe Strategien entwickelt um der Immunantwort eines Wirtes zu entkommen und eine persistente Infektion innerhalb dessen aufrechtzuerhalten. Ein zentrales Element seiner Verteidigungsstrategie stützt sich auf die Schutzfunktion seines Proteinmantels auf der Zelloberfläche. Dieser Mantel besteht aus einer dichten Schicht aus identischen, Glykosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-verankerten variablen Oberflächenglykoproteinen (VSG). Der VSG Mantel verhindert die Erkennung der darunterliegenden, invarianten Epitope durch das Immunsystem. Obwohl es notwendig ist die Funktionsweise des VSG Mantels zu verstehen, vor allem um ihn als mögliches Angriffsziel gegen den Parasiten zu verwenden, sind seine biophysikalischen Eigenschaften bisher nur unzureichend verstanden. Dies ist vor allem der Tatsache geschuldet, dass die hohe Motilität der Parasiten mikroskopische Studien in lebenden Zellen bisher weitestgehend verhinderten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nun hochmoderne Einzelmolekül-Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (EMFM) als Möglichkeit für mikroskopische Untersuchungen im Forschungsbereich der Trypanosomen vorgestellt. Die Arbeit umfasst Untersuchungen der VSG Dynamik unter definierten Bedingungen künstlicher Membransysteme. Es wurde zuerst der Einfluss der lateralen Proteindichte auf die VSG Diffusion untersucht. Experimente mittels Fluoreszenz- Wiederkehr nach irreversiblem Photobleichen und komplementäre Einzelmolekül- Verfolgungs Experimente offenbarten, dass ein molekularer Diffusionsschwellenwert existiert. Über diesem Schwellenwert wurde eine dichteabhänige Reduzierung des Diffusionskoeffizienten gemessen. Eine relative Quantifizierung der rekonstituierten VSGs verdeutlichte, dass der Oberflächenmantel der Trypanosomen sehr nahe an diesem Schwellenwert agiert. Der VSG Mantel ist optimiert um eine hohe Proteindichte bei gleichzeitiger hoher Mobilität der VSGs zu gewährleisten. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss der VSG N-Glykosylierung auf die Diffusion des Proteins quantitativ untersucht. Die Messungen ergaben, dass die N-Glykosylierung dazu beiträgt eine hohe Mobilität bei hohen Proteindichten aufrechtzuerhalten. Eine detaillierte Analyse von VSG Trajektorien offenbarte, dass zwei unterschiedliche Populationen frei diffundierender VSGs in der künstlichen Membran vorlagen. Kürzlich wurde entdeckt, dass VSGs zwei strukturell unterschiedliche Konformationen annehmen können. Die Messungen in der Arbeit stimmen mit diesen Beschreibungen überein. Die Ergebnisse der EMFM in künstlichen Membranen wurden durch VSG Einzelmolekül- Verfolgungs Experimente auf lebenden Zellen ergänzt. Es wurde eine hohe Mobilität und Dynamik einzelner VSGs gemessen, was die allgemein dynamische Natur des VSG Mantels verdeutlicht. Dies führte zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass der VSG Mantel auf lebenden Trypanosomen ein dichter und dennoch dynamischer Schutzmantel ist. Die Fähigkeit der VSGs ihre Konformation flexibel anzupassen, unterstützt das Erhalten der Fluidität bei variablen Dichten. Diese Eigenschaften des VSG Mantels sind elementar für die Aufrechterhaltung einer presistenden Infektion eines Wirtes. In dieser Arbeit werden des Weiteren verschiedene, auf Hydrogel basierende Einbettungsmethoden vorgestellt. Diese ermöglichten die Zellimmobilisierung und erlaubten EMFM in lebenden Trypanosomen. Die Hydrogele wiesen eine hohe Zytokompatibilität auf. Die Zellen überlebten in den Gelen für eine Stunde nach Beginn der Immobilisierung. Die Hydrogele erfüllten die Anforderungen der Superresolution Mikroskopie (SRM) da sie eine geringe Autofluoreszenz im Spektralbereich der verwendeten Fluorophore besaßen. Mittels SRM konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Hydrogele die Zellen effizient immobilisierten. Als erstes Anwendungsbeispiel der Methode wurde die Organisation der Plasmamembran in lebenden Trypanosomen untersucht. Die Untersuchung eines fluoreszenten Tracers in der inneren Membranschicht ergab, dass dessen Verteilung nicht homogen war. Es wurden spezifische Membrandomänen gefunden, in denen das Molekül entweder vermehrt oder vermindert auftrat. Dies führte zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass diese Verteilung durch eine Interaktion des Tracers mit Proteinen des zellulären Zytoskeletts zustande kam. Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass EMFM erfolgreich für verschiedene biologische Untersuchungen im Forschungsfeld der Trypanosomen angewendet werden kann. Dies gilt zum Beispiel für die Untersuchung von der VSG Dynamik in künstlichen Membransystemen, aber auch für Studien in lebenden Zellen unter Verwendung der auf Hydrogelen basierenden Zelleinbettung. N2 - The eukaryotic parasite Trypanosoma brucei has evolved sophisticated strategies to escape the host immune response and maintain a persistent infection inside a host. One central feature of the parasite’s defense mechanism relies on the shielding function of their surface protein coat. This coat is composed of a dense arrangement of one type of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) which impair the identification of epitopes of invariant surface proteins by the immune system. In addition to the importance of understanding the function of the VSG coat and use it as a potential target to efficiently fight the parasite, it is also crucial to study its biophysical properties as it is not yet understood sufficiently. This is due to the fact that microscopic investigations on living trypanosomes are limited to a great extent by the intrinsic motility of the parasite. In the present study, state-of-the-art single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) is introduced as a tool for biophysical investigations in the field of trypanosome research. The work encompasses studies of VSG dynamics under the defined conditions of an artificial supported lipid bilayer (SLB). First, the impact of the lateral protein density on VSG diffusion was systematically studied in SLBs. Ensemble fluorescence after photobleaching (FRAP) and complementary single-particle tracking experiments revealed that a molecular crowding threshold (MCT) exists, above which a density dependent decrease of the diffusion coefficient is measured. A relative quantification of reconstituted VSGs illustrated that the VSG coat of living trypanosomes operates very close to its MCT and is optimized for high density while maintaining fluidity. Second, the impact of VSG N-glycosylation on VSG diffusion was quantitatively investigated. N-glycosylation was shown to contribute to preserving protein mobility at high protein concentrations. Third, a detailed analysis of VSG trajectories revealed that two distinct populations of freely diffusing VSGs were present in a SLB, which is in agreement with the recent finding, that VSGs are able to adopt two main structurally distinct conformations. The results from SLBs were further complemented by single-particle tracking experiments of surface VSGs on living trypanosomes. A high mobility and free diffusion were measured on the cell surface, illustrating the overall dynamic nature of the VSG coat. It was concluded that the VSG coat on living trypanosomes is a protective structure that combines density and mobility, which is supported by the conformational flexibility of VSGs. These features are elementary for the persistence of a stable infection in the host. Different hydrogel embedding methods are presented, that facilitated SMFM in immobilized, living trypanosomes. The hydrogels were found to be highly cytocompatible for one hour after cross-linking. They exhibited low autofluorescence properties in the spectral range of the investigations, making them suitable for super-resolution microscopy (SRM). Exemplary SRM on living trypanosomes illustrated that the hydrogels efficiently immobilized the cells on the nanometer lever. Furthermore, the plasma membrane organization was studied in living trypanosomes. A statistical analysis of a tracer molecule inside the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane revealed that specific membrane domains exist, in which the tracer appeared accumulated or diluted. It was suggested that this distribution was caused by the interaction with proteins of the underlying cytoskeleton. In conclusion, SMFM has been successfully introduced as a tool in the field of trypanosome research. Measurements in model membranes facilitated systematic studies of VSG dynamics on the single-molecule level. The implementation of hydrogel immobilization allowed for the study of static structures and dynamic processes with high spatial and temporal resolution in living, embedded trypanosomes for the first time. KW - Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy KW - Trypanosoma brucei KW - Variant surface glycoprotein KW - Trypanosoma brucei KW - Virulenzfaktor KW - Zelloberfläche KW - Glykoproteine KW - Fluoreszenzmikroskopie Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-169222 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dubail, Johanne A1 - Huber, Céline A1 - Chantepie, Sandrine A1 - Sonntag, Stephan A1 - Tüysüz, Beyhan A1 - Mihci, Ercan A1 - Gordon, Christopher T. A1 - Steichen-Gersdorf, Elisabeth A1 - Amiel, Jeanne A1 - Nur, Banu A1 - Stolte-Dijkstra, Irene A1 - van Eerde, Albertien M. A1 - van Gassen, Koen L. A1 - Breugem, Corstiaan C. A1 - Stegmann, Alexander A1 - Lekszas, Caroline A1 - Maroofian, Reza A1 - Karimiani, Ehsan Ghayoor A1 - Bruneel, Arnaud A1 - Seta, Nathalie A1 - Munnich, Arnold A1 - Papy-Garcia, Dulce A1 - De La Dure-Molla, Muriel A1 - Cormier-Daire, Valérie T1 - SLC10A7 mutations cause a skeletal dysplasia with amelogenesis imperfecta mediated by GAG biosynthesis defects JF - Nature Communications N2 - Skeletal dysplasia with multiple dislocations are severe disorders characterized by dislocations of large joints and short stature. The majority of them have been linked to pathogenic variants in genes encoding glycosyltransferases, sulfotransferases or epimerases required for glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Using exome sequencing, we identify homozygous mutations in SLC10A7 in six individuals with skeletal dysplasia with multiple dislocations and amelogenesis imperfecta. SLC10A7 encodes a 10-transmembrane-domain transporter located at the plasma membrane. Functional studies in vitro demonstrate that SLC10A7 mutations reduce SLC10A7 protein expression. We generate a Slc10a7−/− mouse model, which displays shortened long bones, growth plate disorganization and tooth enamel anomalies, recapitulating the human phenotype. Furthermore, we identify decreased heparan sulfate levels in Slc10a7−/− mouse cartilage and patient fibroblasts. Finally, we find an abnormal N-glycoprotein electrophoretic profile in patient blood samples. Together, our findings support the involvement of SLC10A7 in glycosaminoglycan synthesis and specifically in skeletal development. KW - bone development KW - disease genetics KW - medical genetics Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226377 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaluza, Benjamin F. A1 - Wallace, Helen M. A1 - Heard, Tim A. A1 - Minden, Vanessa A1 - Klein, Alexandra A1 - Leonhardt, Sara D. T1 - Social bees are fitter in more biodiverse environments JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Bee population declines are often linked to human impacts, especially habitat and biodiversity loss, but empirical evidence is lacking. To clarify the link between biodiversity loss and bee decline, we examined how floral diversity affects (reproductive) fitness and population growth of a social stingless bee. For the first time, we related available resource diversity and abundance to resource (quality and quantity) intake and colony reproduction, over more than two years. Our results reveal plant diversity as key driver of bee fitness. Social bee colonies were fitter and their populations grew faster in more florally diverse environments due to a continuous supply of food resources. Colonies responded to high plant diversity with increased resource intake and colony food stores. Our findings thus point to biodiversity loss as main reason for the observed bee decline. KW - biodiversity KW - ecosystem services KW - social bees KW - fitness Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177231 VL - 8 IS - 12353 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rubo, Marius A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Social content and emotional valence modulate gaze fixations in dynamic scenes JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Previous research has shown that low-level visual features (i.e., low-level visual saliency) as well as socially relevant information predict gaze allocation in free viewing conditions. However, these studies mainly used static and highly controlled stimulus material, thus revealing little about the robustness of attentional processes across diverging situations. Secondly, the influence of affective stimulus characteristics on visual exploration patterns remains poorly understood. Participants in the present study freely viewed a set of naturalistic, contextually rich video clips from a variety of settings that were capable of eliciting different moods. Using recordings of eye movements, we quantified to what degree social information, emotional valence and low-level visual features influenced gaze allocation using generalized linear mixed models. We found substantial and similarly large regression weights for low-level saliency and social information, affirming the importance of both predictor classes under ecologically more valid dynamic stimulation conditions. Differences in predictor strength between individuals were large and highly stable across videos. Additionally, low-level saliency was less important for fixation selection in videos containing persons than in videos not containing persons, and less important for videos perceived as negative. We discuss the generalizability of these findings and the feasibility of applying this research paradigm to patient groups. KW - Human behaviour KW - Motion detection KW - Social neuroscience Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227106 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nyamekye, Clement A1 - Thiel, Michael A1 - Schönbrodt-Stitt, Sarah A1 - Zoungrana, Benewinde J.-B. A1 - Amekudzi, Leonard K. T1 - Soil and water conservation in Burkina Faso, West Africa JF - Sustainability N2 - Inadequate land management and agricultural activities have largely resulted in land degradation in Burkina Faso. The nationwide governmental and institutional driven implementation and adoption of soil and water conservation measures (SWCM) since the early 1960s, however, is expected to successively slow down the degradation process and to increase the agricultural output. Even though relevant measures have been taken, only a few studies have been conducted to quantify their effect, for instance, on soil erosion and environmental restoration. In addition, a comprehensive summary of initiatives, implementation strategies, and eventually region-specific requirements for adopting different SWCM is missing. The present study therefore aims to review the different SWCM in Burkina Faso and implementation programs, as well as to provide information on their effects on environmental restoration and agricultural productivity. This was achieved by considering over 143 studies focusing on Burkina Faso’s experience and research progress in areas of SWCM and soil erosion. SWCM in Burkina Faso have largely resulted in an increase in agricultural productivity and improvement in food security. Finally, this study aims at supporting the country’s informed decision-making for extending already existing SWCM and for deriving further implementation strategies. KW - soil and water conservation KW - environmental degradation KW - agricultural productivity KW - food security KW - soil erosion KW - Burkina Faso Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-197653 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 10 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anany, Mohamed A. A1 - Kreckel, Jennifer A1 - Füllsack, Simone A1 - Rosenthal, Alevtina A1 - Otto, Christoph A1 - Siegmund, Daniela A1 - Wajant, Harald T1 - Soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) enhances poly(I:C)-induced RIPK1-mediated necroptosis JF - Cell Death & Disease N2 - TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CHX) sensitize for poly(I:C)-induced cell death. Notably, although CHX preferentially enhanced poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis, TWEAK enhanced primarily poly(I:C)-induced necroptosis. Both sensitizers of poly(I:C)-induced cell death, however, showed no major effect on proinflammatory poly(I:C) signaling. Analysis of a panel of HeLa-RIPK3 variants lacking TRADD, RIPK1, FADD, or caspase-8 expression revealed furthermore similarities and differences in the way how poly(I:C)/TWEAK, TNF, and TRAIL utilize these molecules for signaling. RIPK1 turned out to be essential for poly(I:C)/TWEAK-induced caspase-8-mediated apoptosis but was dispensable for this response in TNF and TRAIL signaling. TRADD-RIPK1-double deficiency differentially affected poly(I:C)-triggered gene induction but abrogated gene induction by TNF completely. FADD deficiency abrogated TRAIL- but not TNF- and poly(I:C)-induced necroptosis, whereas TRADD elicited protective activity against all three death inducers. A general protective activity against poly(I:C)-, TRAIL-, and TNF-induced cell death was also observed in FLIPL and FLIPS transfectrants. Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221104 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Schories, Susanne A1 - Watamatsu, Yuko A1 - Nagao, Yusuke A1 - Hashimoto, Hisashi A1 - Bertin, Chloé A1 - Mourot, Brigitte A1 - Schmidt, Cornelia A1 - Wilhelm, Dagmar A1 - Centanin, Lazaro A1 - Guiguen, Yann A1 - Herpin, Amaury T1 - Sox5 is involved in germ-cell regulation and sex determination in medaka following co-option of nested transposable elements JF - BMC Biology N2 - Background: Sex determination relies on a hierarchically structured network of genes, and is one of the most plastic processes in evolution. The evolution of sex-determining genes within a network, by neo- or sub-functionalization, also requires the regulatory landscape to be rewired to accommodate these novel gene functions. We previously showed that in medaka fish, the regulatory landscape of the master male-determining gene dmrt1bY underwent a profound rearrangement, concomitantly with acquiring a dominant position within the sex-determining network. This rewiring was brought about by the exaptation of a transposable element (TE) called Izanagi, which is co-opted to act as a silencer to turn off the dmrt1bY gene after it performed its function in sex determination. Results: We now show that a second TE, Rex1, has been incorporated into Izanagi. The insertion of Rex1 brought in a preformed regulatory element for the transcription factor Sox5, which here functions in establishing the temporal and cell-type-specific expression pattern of dmrt1bY. Mutant analysis demonstrates the importance of Sox5 in the gonadal development of medaka, and possibly in mice, in a dmrt1bY-independent manner. Moreover, Sox5 medaka mutants have complete female-to-male sex reversal. Conclusions: Our work reveals an unexpected complexity in TE-mediated transcriptional rewiring, with the exaptation of a second TE into a network already rewired by a TE. We also show a dual role for Sox5 during sex determination: first, as an evolutionarily conserved regulator of germ-cell number in medaka, and second, by de novo regulation of dmrt1 transcriptional activity during primary sex determination due to exaptation of the Rex1 transposable element. KW - Dmrt1bY KW - Sox5 KW - exaptation KW - master sex-determining gene KW - transcriptional rewiring KW - medaka Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175827 VL - 16 IS - 16 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kalleda, Nataraja Swamy T1 - Spatiotemporal analysis of immune cell recruitment and Neutrophil defence functions in \(Aspergillus\) \(fumigatus\) lung infections T1 - Zeitliche und örtliche Analyse der Immunzellrekrutierung und der durch Neutrophile Granulozyten vermittelten Abwehr gegen \(Aspergillus\) \(fumigatus\) Infektionen der Lunge N2 - Humans are continuously exposed to airborne spores of the saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. In healthy individuals, local pulmonary host defence mechanisms can efficiently eliminate the fungus without any overt symptoms. In contrast, A. fumigatus causes devastating infections in immunocompromised patients. However, local host immune responses against A. fumigatus lung infections in immunocompromised conditions have remained largely elusive. Given the dynamic changes in immune cell subsets within tissues upon immunosuppressive therapy, we dissected the spatiotemporal pulmonary immune response after A. fumigatus infection to reveal basic immunological events that fail to effectively control the invasive fungal disease. In different immunocompromised murine models, myeloid but not lymphoid cells were strongly recruited upon infection. Notably, neutrophils and macrophages were recruited to infected lungs in different immunosuppressed regimens. Other myeloid cells, particularly dendritic cells and monocytes were only recruited in the corticosteroid model after infection. Lymphoid cells, particularly CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells and NK cells were highly reduced upon immunosuppression and were not recruited after A. fumigatus infection. Importantly, adoptive CD11b+ myeloid cell transfer rescued immunosuppressed mice from lethal A. fumigatus infection. These findings illustrate that CD11b+ myeloid cells are critical for anti-A. fumigatus defence under immunocompromised conditions. Despite improved antifungal agents, invasive A. fumigatus lung infections cause a high rate morbidity and mortality in neutropenic patients. Granulocyte transfusions have been tested as an alternative therapy for the management of high-risk neutropenic patients with invasive A. fumigatus infections. To increase the granulocyte yield for transfusion, donors are treated with corticosteroids. Yet, the efficacy of granulocyte transfusion and the functional defence mechanisms of granulocytes collected from corticosteroid treated donors remain largely elusive. We aimed to assess the efficacy of granulocyte transfusion and functional defence mechanisms of corticosteroid treated granulocytes using mouse models. In this thesis, we show that transfusion of granulocytes from corticosteroid treated mice did not protect cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed mice against lethal A. fumigatus infection in contrast to granulocytes from untreated mice. Upon infection, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines helped to recruit granulocytes to the lungs without any recruitment defects in corticosteroid treated and infected mice or in cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed and infected mice that have received the granulocytes from corticosteroid treated mice. However, corticosteroid treated human or mouse neutrophils failed to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Further, corticosteroid treated granulocytes exhibited impaired ROS production against A. fumigatus. Notably, corticosteroids impaired the β-glucan receptor Dectin-1 (CLEC7A) on mouse and human granulocytes to efficiently recognize and phagocytize A. fumigatus, which markedly impaired fungal killing. We conclude that corticosteroid treatment of granulocyte donors for increasing neutrophil yields or patients with ongoing corticosteroid treatment could result in deleterious effects on granulocyte antifungal functions, thereby limiting the benefit of granulocyte transfusion therapies against invasive fungal infections. N2 - Der Mensch kommt über die Atemluft in regelmäßigem Kontakt mit Sporen des saprophyitschen Pilzes Aspergillus fumigatus. Glücklicherweise eliminieren die lokalen Abwehrmechanismen der Lunge den Pilz in gesunden Individuen sehr effektiv und ohne offenkundige Symptome. In immunkomprimierten Patienten hingegen verursacht A. fumigatus verheerende Infektionen. Allerdings ist die lokale Immunreaktion gegen A.fumigatus-vermittelte Infektionen der Lunge unter immunsuppressiven Bedingungen immer noch nicht ausreichend definiert. In Anbetracht der dynamischen Veränderungen an Immunzellunterpopulationen im Gewebe nach immunsuppressiver Therapie haben wir die zeitliche und örtliche pulmonale Immunreaktion nach A. fumigatus infektion untersucht, um die grundlegenden immunologischen Geschehnisse aufzudecken, die in dieser Situation zur unzureichenden Kontrolle des Pilzes führen. In anderen immunsupprimierten Mausmodellen fand eine starke Rekrutierung myeloider Zellen nach Infektion statt. In besonderem Maße wurden nach der Infektion Neutrophile und Makrophagen in die Lunge immunsupprimierter Mäuse rekrutiert. Andere myeloide Zellen, insbesondere dendritische Zellen und Monozyten, wurden nur im Corticosteroid-Modell nach Infektion rekrutiert. Lymphoide Zellen, insbesondere CD4+ oder CD8+ Zellen und NK Zellen, waren nach Immunsuppression stark reduziert und wurden nach Infektion mit A. fumigatus nicht rekrutiert. Adoptiver Zelltransfer von CD11b+ myeloiden Zellen stellte die Abwehr immunsupprimierter Mäuse gegen A. fumigatus wieder her, was die wesentliche Bedeutung dieser Zellen in der Immunabwehr unterstreicht. Diese Erkenntnisse verdeutlichen, dass CD11b+ myeloide Zellen unter immunkomprimierten Bedingungen entscheidend für die Abwehr gegen A-fumigatus sind. ... KW - Aspergillus fumigatus KW - Neutrophils KW - Spatiotemporal analysis Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150931 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sareban, Mahdi A1 - Winkert, Kay A1 - Sperlich, Billy A1 - Berger, Marc M. A1 - Niebauer, Josef A1 - Steinacker, Jürgen M. A1 - Treff, Gunnar T1 - Speckle tracking-derived bi-atrial strain before and after eleven weeks of training in elite rowers JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The left (LA) and right (RA) atria undergo adaptive remodeling in response to hemodynamic stress not only induced by endurance exercise but also as part of several cardiovascular diseases thereby confounding differential diagnosis. Echocardiographic assessment of the atria with novel speckle tracking (STE)-derived variables broadens the diagnostic spectrum compared to conventional analyses and has the potential to differentiate physiologic from pathologic changes. The purpose of this study was to assess and categorize baseline values of bi-atrial structure and function in elite rowers according to recommended cutoffs, and to assess the cardiac changes occurring with endurance training. Therefore, fifteen elite rowers underwent 2D-echocardiographic analysis of established variables of cardiac structure and function as well as STE-derived variables of bi-atrial function. Measurements were performed at baseline and after eleven weeks of extensive training. 40% of athletes displayed mildly enlarged LA and 47% mildly enlarged RA at baseline, whereas no athlete fell below the lower reference values of LA and RA reservoir strain. Average power during a 2000 m ergometer rowing test (P2000 m) improved from 426 +/- 39 W to 442 +/- 34 W (p = 0.010) but there were no changes of echocardiographic variables following training. In elite rowers, longitudinal bi-atrial strain assessment indicates normal resting function of structurally enlarged atria and thereby may assist to differentiate between exercise-induced versus disease-associated structural cardiac changes in which function is commonly impaired. KW - Elite Rowers KW - Reservoir Strain KW - Lower Reference Value KW - Rowing Ergometer KW - Strain Assessment KW - Cardiovascular biology KW - Risk factors Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227362 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werner, Rudolf A. A1 - Chen, Xinyu A1 - Hirano, Mitsuru A1 - Rowe, Steven P. A1 - Lapa, Constantin A1 - Javadi, Mehrbod S. A1 - Higuchi, Takahiro T1 - SPECT vs. PET in Cardiac Innervation Imaging: Clash of the Titans JF - Clinical and Translational Imaging N2 - Purpose: We aim to provide an overview of the conventional single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and emerging positron emission tomography (PET) catecholamine analogue tracers for assessing myocardial nerve integrity, in particular focusing on \(^{18}\)F-labeled tracers. Results: Increasingly, the cardiac sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is being studied by non-invasive molecular imaging approaches. Forming the backbone of myocardial SNS imaging, the norepinephrine (NE) transporter at the sympathetic nerve terminal plays a crucial role for visualizing denervated myocardium: in particular, the single-photon-emitting NE analogue \(^{123}\)I-meta-Iodobenzylguanidine (\(^{123}\)I-mIBG) has demonstrated favorable results in the identification of patients at a high risk for cardiac death. However, cardiac neuronal PET agents offer several advantages inlcuding improved spatio-temporal resolution and intrinsic quantifiability. Compared to their \(^{11}\)C-labeled counterparts with a short half-life (20.4 min), novel \(^{18}\)F-labeled PET imaging agents to assess myocardial nerve integrity have the potential to revolutionize the field of SNS molecular imaging: The longer half-life of \(^{18}\)F (109.8 min) allows for more flexibility in the study design and delivery from central cyclotron facilities to smaller hospitals may lead to further cost reduction. A great deal of progress has been made by the first in-human studies of such \(^{18}\)F-labeled SNS imaging agents. Moreover, dedicated animal platforms open avenues for further insights into the handling of radiolabeled catecholamine analogues at the sympathetic nerve terminal. Conclusions: \(^{18}\)F-labeled imaging agents demonstrate key properties for mapping cardiac sympathetic nerve integrity and might outperform current SPECT-based or \(^{11}\)C-labeled tracers in the long run. KW - single photon emission computed tomography: sympathetic nerve KW - Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie KW - 18F-LMI1195 KW - 11C-hydroxyephedrine KW - 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine KW - positron emission tomography Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-163628 SN - 2281-5872 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shumilova, T. G. A1 - Lutoev, V. P. A1 - Isaenko, S. I. A1 - Kovalchuk, N. S. A1 - Makeev, B. A. A1 - Lysiuk, A. Yu. A1 - Zubov, A. A. A1 - Ernstson, K. T1 - Spectroscopic features of ultrahigh-pressure impact glasses of the Kara astrobleme JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The state of substances under ultrahigh pressures and temperatures (UHPHT) now raises a special interest as a matter existing under extreme conditions and as potential new material. Under laboratory conditions only small amounts of micrometer-sized matter are produced at a pressure up to 100 GPa and at room temperature. Simultaneous combination of ultrahigh pressures and temperatures in a lab still requires serious technological effort. Here we describe the composition and structure of the UHPHT vein-like impact glass discovered by us in 2015 on the territory of the Kara astrobleme (Russia) and compare its properties with impact glass from the Ries crater (Germany). A complex of structural and spectroscopic methods presents unusual high pressure marks of structural elements in 8-fold co-ordination that had been described earlier neither in synthetic nor natural glasses. The Kara natural UHPHT glasses being about 70 Ma old have well preserved initial structure, presenting some heterogeneity as a result of partial liquation and crystallization differentiation where an amorphous component is proposed to originate from low level polymerization. Homogeneous parts of the UHPHT glasses can be used to deepened fundamental investigation of a substance under extreme PT conditions and to technological studies for novel material creations. KW - glasses KW - mineralogy KW - phase transitions and critical phenomena Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237983 VL - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - Al-Baidhani, Mohammed T1 - Spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the high energy optical properties of nanostructured magnetically doped topological insulator T1 - Spektroskopie als Methode zur Untersuchung der optischen Eigenschaften nanostrukturierter, magnetisch dotierter Topologischer Isolatoren bei hohen Energien N2 - In this dissertation the electronic and high-energy optical properties of thin nanoscale films of the magnetic topological insulator (MTI) (V,Cr)y(BixSb1-x)2-yTe3 are studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Magnetic topological insulators are presently of broad interest as the combination of ferromagnetism and spin-orbit coupling in these materials leads to a new topological phase, the quantum anomalous Hall state (QAHS), with dissipation less conduction channels. Determining and controlling the physical properties of these complex materials is therefore desirable for a fundamental understanding of the QAHS and for their possible application in spintronics. EELS can directly probe the electron energy-loss function of a material from which one can obtain the complex dynamic dielectric function by means of the Kramers-Kronig transformation and the Drude-Lindhard model of plasmon oscillations. The XPS core-level spectra in (V,Cr)y(BixSb1-x)2-yTe3 are analyzed in detail with regards to inelastic background contributions. It is shown that the spectra can be accurately described based on the electron energy-loss function obtained from an independent EELS measurement. This allows for a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the XPS data, which will facilitate future core-level spectroscopy studies in this class of topological materials. From the EELS data, furthermore, the bulk and surface optical properties were estimated, and compared to ab initio calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) performed in the GW approximation for Sb2Te3. The experimental results show a good agreement with the calculated complex dielectric function and the calculated energy-loss function. The positions of the main plasmon modes reported here are expected to be generally similar in other materials in this class of nanoscale TI films. Hence, the present work introduces EELS as a powerful method to access the high-energy optical properties of TI thin films. Based on the presented results it will be interesting to explore more systematically the effects of stoichiometry, magnetic doping, film thickness and surface morphology on the electron-loss function, potentially leading to a better understanding of the complex interplay of structural, electronic, magnetic and optical properties in MTI nanostructures. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit den elektronischen und hochen- ergetischen optischen Eigenschaften von auf der Nanoskala dünnen Filmen des magnetischen topologischen Isolators (MTI) (V,Cr)y(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3 mithilfe von Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (engl.: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS), sowie Elektronenenergieverlustspektroskopie (engl.: electron energy-loss spectroscopy, EELS). Magnetische topologische Isolatoren sind gegenwärtig von großem Interesse, da die Kombination von Ferromagnetismus und Spin-Bahn- Kopplung in diesen Materialien zu einer neuen topologischen Phase führt, der Quanten-Anomalen-Hall-Phase (engl.: quantum anomalous Hall state, QAHS), die sich durch verlustfreie Leitungskanäle auszeichnet. Bestimmung und Kontrolle der physikalischen Eigenschaften dieser komplexen Materialien ist somit erstrebenswert für ein fundamentales Verständnis des QAHS sowie für Anwendungen in der Spin- tronik. EELS erlaubt die direkte Untersuchung der Elektronenenergieverlustfunk- tion eines Materials, aus der man, mithilfe der Kramers-Kronig-Transformation und des Drude-Lindhard-Modells von Plasmonenoszillationen, die komplexe dynamis- che dielektrische Funktion des Materials erhält. In den XPS-Spektren der Rumpfniveaus in (V,Cr)y(BixSb1−x)2−yTe3 wird detail- liert insbesondere der Beitrag des inelastischen Untergrunds analysiert. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass, basierend auf der in einem unabhängigen EELS-Experiment gewonnenen Elektronenenergieverlustfunktion, die Rumpfniveauspektren präzise beschrieben werden können. Dies erlaubt eine umfangreiche und quantitative Anal- yse der Daten, was zukünftige Rumpfniveaustudien dieser Klasse topologischer Materialien erleichtern wird. Die mit EELS gewonnenen Daten ermöglichen weiter- hin eine Abschätzung der optischen Eigenschaften von Volumen und Oberfläche der Materialien, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit mit ab initio Berechnungen aus der Literatur für Sb2Te3 verglichen werden, welche auf Basis der Dichtefunktionaltheo- rie (DFT) in GW-näherung durchgeführt wurden. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen gute Übereinstimmungen mit der berechneten komplexen dielektrischen Funktion, sowie mit der Energieverlustfunktion. Es wird erwartet, dass die hier beschriebenen Positionen der Hauptplasmonenmoden im Allgemeinen ähnlich zu denen anderer Materialien dieser Klasse auf der Nanoskala dünner topologischer Isolatoren sind. Somit stellt die vorliegende Arbeit das EELS Experiment als eine mächtige Methode vor, die einen Zugang zu den hochenergetischen optischen Eigen- schaften dünner TIs schafft. Basierend auf den hier vorgestellten Ergebnissen bleibt es interessant sein die Auswirkungen von Stöchiometrie, magnetischer Dotierung, Filmdicke, sowie Oberflächenmorphologie auf die Energieverlustfunktion system- atischer zu untersuchen, um damit ein besseres Verständnis für das komplexe Zusammenspiel aus strukturellen, elektronischen und optischen Eigenschaften in MTI-Nanostrukturen zu erlangen. KW - spectroscopy KW - XPS KW - REELS KW - topological insulator KW - QAHE KW - Topologischer Isolator KW - Optische Eigenschaft KW - Elektronenspektroskopie Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-157221 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ankenbrand, Markus Johannes T1 - Squeezing more information out of biological data - development and application of bioinformatic tools for ecology, evolution and genomics T1 - Mehr aus biologischen Daten herausholen - Entwicklung und Anwendung bioinformatischer Programme für Ökologie, Evolution und Genomik N2 - New experimental methods have drastically accelerated the pace and quantity at which biological data is generated. High-throughput DNA sequencing is one of the pivotal new technologies. It offers a number of novel applications in various fields of biology, including ecology, evolution, and genomics. However, together with those opportunities many new challenges arise. Specialized algorithms and software are required to cope with the amount of data, often requiring substantial training in bioinformatic methods. Another way to make those data accessible to non-bioinformaticians is the development of programs with intuitive user interfaces. In my thesis I developed analyses and programs to tackle current problems with high-throughput data in biology. In the field of ecology this covers the establishment of the bioinformatic workflow for pollen DNA meta-barcoding. Furthermore, I developed an application that facilitates the analysis of ecological communities in the context of their traits. Information from multiple public databases have been aggregated and can now be mapped automatically to existing community tables for interactive inspection. In evolution the new data are used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees from multiple genes. I developed the tool bcgTree to automate this process for bacteria. Many plant genomes have been sequenced in current years. Sequencing reads of those projects also contain data from the chloroplasts. The tool chloroExtractor supports the targeted extraction and analysis of the chloroplast genome. To compare the structure of multiple genomes specialized software is required for calculation and visualization of the relationships. I developed AliTV to address this. In contrast to existing programs for this task it allows interactive adjustments of produced graphics. Thus, facilitating the discovery of biologically relevant information. Another application I developed helps to analyze transcriptomes even if no reference genome is present. This is achieved by aggregating the different pieces of information, like functional annotation and expression level, for each transcript in a web platform. Scientists can then search, filter, subset, and visualize the transcriptome. Together the methods and tools expedite insights into biological systems that were not possible before. N2 - Neue experimentelle Methoden haben die Geschwindigkeit und Masse, in der biologische Daten generiert werden, in den letzten Jahren enorm gesteigert. Eine zentrale neue Technologie ist die Hochdurchsatzsequenzierung von DNA. Diese Technik eröffnet eine ganze Reihe Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in vielen Bereichen der Biologie, einschließlich der Ökologie, Evolution und Genomik. Neben den neuen Möglichkeiten treten jedoch auch neue Herausforderungen auf. So bedarf es spezialisierter Algorithmen und Computerprogramme, um mit der Masse an Daten umgehen zu können. Diese erfordern in der Regel ein fundiertes Training in bioinformatischen Methoden. Ein Weg, die Daten auch Wissenschaftlern ohne diesen Hintergrund zugänglich zu machen ist die Entwicklung von Programmen, die sich intuitiv bedienen lassen. In meiner Doktorarbeit habe ich Analysen und Programme entwickelt, um einige aktuelle Probleme mit Hochdurchsatzdaten in der Biologie zu lösen. Im Bereich der Ökologie umfasst das die Etablierung der bioinformatischen Methode, um Pollen DNA Metabarcoding durchzuführen. Darüberhinaus habe ich eine Anwendung entwickelt, die es ermöglicht Artgemeinschaften im Kontext ihrer Eigenschaften zu erforschen. Dazu wurden Informationen aus diversen öffentlichen Datenbanken zusammen getragen. Diese können nun automatisch auf bestehende Projekte übertragen und interaktiv analysiert werden. Im Bereich der Evolution ermöglichen die neuen Daten phylogenetische Berechnungen mit multiplen Genen durchzuführen. Um dies für Bakterien zu automatisieren habe ich das Programm bcgTree entwickelt. In den letzten Jahren wurden viele pflanzliche Genome sequenziert. Die Sequenzdaten des pflanzlichen Genoms enthalten auch die des Chloroplasten. Das Programm chloroExtractor unterstützt die gezielte Analyse des Chloroplasten Genoms. Um jedoch die Struktur mehrerer Genome miteinander vergleichen zu können, wird spezielle Software benötigt, die den Vergleich berechnen und visuell darstellen kann. Daher habe ich das Programm AliTV entwickelt. Im Gegensatz zu bestehenden Programmen erlaubt AliTV interaktive Anpassungen der erzeugten Grafik. Das erleichtert es die relevanten Informationen zu finden. Ein weiteres von mir entwickeltes Programm hilft dabei Transkriptom Daten zu analysieren, auch wenn kein Referenzgenom vorliegt. Dazu werden Informationen zu jedem Transkript, z.B. Funktion und Expressionslevel, in einer Webanwendung aggregiert. Forscher können diese durchsuchen, filtern und graphisch darstellen. Zusammen eröffnen die entwickelten Methoden und Programme die Möglichkeit, Erkenntnisse über biologische Systeme zu erlangen, die bislang nicht möglich waren. KW - bioinformatics KW - research software KW - ecology KW - evolution KW - genomics Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-156344 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werner, Rudolf A1 - Solnes, Lilja A1 - Javadi, Mehrbod A1 - Weich, Alexander A1 - Gorin, Michael A1 - Pienta, Kenneth A1 - Higuchi, Takahiro A1 - Buck, Andreas A1 - Pomper, Martin A1 - Rowe, Steven A1 - Lapa, Constantin T1 - SSTR-RADS Version 1.0 as a Reporting System for SSTR-PET Imaging and Selection of Potential PRRT Candidates: A Proposed Standardization Framework JF - Journal of Nuclear Medicine N2 - Reliable standards and criteria for somatostatin receptor (SSTR) positron emission tomography (PET) are still lacking. We herein propose a structured reporting system on a 5-point scale for SSTR-PET imaging, titled SSTR-RADS version 1.0, which might serve as a standardized assessment for both diagnosis and treatment planning in neuroendocrine tumors (NET). SSTR-RADS could guide the imaging specialist in interpreting SSTR-PET scans, facilitate communication with the referring clinician so that appropriate work-up for equivocal findings is pursued, and serve as a reliable tool for patient selection for planned Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy. KW - Radionuclide Therapy KW - Standardisierung KW - Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie KW - 68Ga-DOTATATE/-TOC KW - Gastrointestinal KW - Neuroendocrine KW - Neuroendocrine Tumor KW - Oncology KW - GI KW - PET KW - PET/CT KW - PRRT KW - RADS KW - SSTR Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161298 SN - 0161-5505 N1 - This research was originally published in JNM. Rudolf A. Werner, Lilja B. Solnes, Mehrbod Som Javadi, Alexander Weich, Michael A. Gorin, Kenneth J. Pienta, Takahiro Higuchi, Andreas K. Buck, Martin G. Pomper, Steven P. Rowe, Constantin Lapa. SSTR-RADS Version 1.0 as a Reporting System for SSTR-PET Imaging and Selection of Potential PRRT Candidates: A Proposed Standardization Framework. J. Nucl. Med. July 1, 2018, vol. 59, no. 7, 1085-1091. © SNMMI ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Staab, Thorsten E. M. A1 - Folegati, Paola A1 - Wolfertz, Iris A1 - Puska, Martti J. T1 - Stability of Cu-precipitates in Al-Cu alloys JF - Applied Sciences N2 - We present first principle calculations on formation and binding energies for Cu and Zn as solute atoms forming small clusters up to nine atoms in Al-Cu and Al-Zn alloys. We employ a density-functional approach implemented using projector-augmented waves and plane wave expansions. We find that some structures, in which Cu atoms are closely packed on {100}-planes, turn out to be extraordinary stable. We compare the results with existing numerical or experimental data when possible. We find that Cu atoms precipitating in the form of two-dimensional platelets on {100}-planes in the fcc aluminum are more stable than three-dimensional structures consisting of the same number of Cu-atoms. The preference turns out to be opposite for Zn in Al. Both observations are in agreement with experimental observations. KW - aluminum copper alloys KW - Guinier-Preston zones KW - precipitates KW - ab initio calculations KW - DFT-LDA Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176866 VL - 8 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saint Fleur-Lominy, Shella A1 - Maus, Mate A1 - Vaeth, Martin A1 - Lange, Ingo A1 - Zee, Isabelle A1 - Suh, David A1 - Liu, Cynthia A1 - Wu, Xiaojun A1 - Tikhonova, Anastasia A1 - Aifantis, Iannis A1 - Feske, Stefan T1 - STIM1 and STIM2 Mediate Cancer-Induced Inflammation in T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia JF - Cell Reports N2 - T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is commonly associated with activating mutations in the NOTCH1 pathway. Recent reports have shown a link between NOTCH1 signaling and intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in T-ALL. Here, we investigate the role of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mediated by the Ca2+ channel ORAI1 and its activators STIM1 and STIM2 in T-ALL. Deletion of STIM1 and STIM2 in leukemic cells abolishes SOCE and significantly prolongs the survival of mice in a NOTCH1-dependent model of T-ALL. The survival advantage is unrelated to the leukemic cell burden but is associated with the SOCE-dependent ability of malignant T lymphoblasts to cause inflammation in leukemia-infiltrated organs. Mice with STIM1/STIM2-deficient T-ALL show a markedly reduced necroinflammatory response in leukemia-infiltrated organs and downregulation of signaling pathways previously linked to cancer-induced inflammation. Our study shows that leukemic T lymphoblasts cause inflammation of leukemia-infiltrated organs that is dependent on SOCE. KW - T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia KW - T-ALL KW - Notch1 KW - STIM1 KW - STIM2 KW - calcium KW - Ca2+ KW - CRAC KW - channel KW - inflammation KW - interferon KW - anemia KW - macrophages Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227259 VL - 24 IS - 11 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ponce Garcia, Irene Paola T1 - Strategies for optimizing dynamic MRI T1 - Strategien zur Optimierung der dynamischen MR Bildgebung N2 - In Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), acquisition of dynamic data may be highly complex due to rapid changes occurred in the object to be imaged. For clinical diagnostic, dynamic MR images require both high spatial and temporal resolution. The speed in the acquisition is a crucial factor to capture optimally dynamics of the objects to obtain accurate diagnosis. In the 90’s, partially parallel MRI (pMRI) has been introduced to shorten scan times reducing the amount of acquired data. These approaches use multi-receiver coil arrays to acquire independently and simultaneously the data. Reduction in the amount of acquired data results in images with aliasing artifacts. Dedicated methods as such Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE) and Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) were the basis of a series of algorithms in pMRI. Nevertheless, pMRI methods require extra spatial or temporal information in order to optimally reconstruct the data. This information is typically obtained by an extra scan or embedded in the accelerated acquisition applying a variable density acquisition scheme. In this work, we were able to reduce or totally eliminate the acquisition of the training data for kt-SENSE and kt-PCA algorithms obtaining accurate reconstructions with high temporal fidelity. For dynamic data acquired in an interleaved fashion, the temporal average of accelerated data can generate an artifact-free image used to estimate the coil sensitivity maps avoiding the need of extra acquisitions. However, this temporal average contains errors from aliased components, which may lead to signal nulls along the spectra of reconstructions when methods like kt-SENSE are applied. The use of a GRAPPA filter applied to the temporal average reduces these errors and subsequently may reduce the null components in the reconstructed data. In this thesis the effect of using temporal averages from radial data was investigated. Non-periodic artifacts performed by undersampling radial data allow a more accurate estimation of the true temporal average and thereby avoiding undesirable temporal filtering in the reconstructed images. kt-SENSE exploits not only spatial coil sensitivity variations but also makes use of spatio-temporal correlations in order to separate the aliased signals. Spatio-temporal correlations in kt-SENSE are learnt using a training data set, which consists of several central k-space lines acquired in a separate scan. The scan of these extra lines results in longer acquisition times even for low resolution images. It was demonstrate that limited spatial resolution of training data set may lead to temporal filtering effects (or temporal blurring) in the reconstructed data. In this thesis, the auto-calibration for kt-SENSE was proposed and its feasibility was tested in order to completely eliminate the acquisition of training data. The application of a prior TSENSE reconstruction produces the training data set for the kt-SENSE algorithm. These training data have full spatial resolution. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the proposed auto-calibrating method reduces significantly temporal filtering in the reconstructed images compared to conventional kt-SENSE reconstructions employing low resolution training images. However, the performance of auto-calibrating kt-SENSE is affected by the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of the first pass reconstructions that propagates to the final reconstructions. Another dedicated method used in dynamic MRI applications is kt-PCA, that was first proposed for the reconstruction of MR cardiac data. In this thesis, kt-PCA was employed for the generation of spatially resolved M0, T1 and T2 maps from a single accelerated IRTrueFISP or IR-Snapshot FLASH measurement. In contrast to cardiac dynamic data, MR relaxometry experiments exhibit signal at all temporal frequencies, which makes their reconstruction more challenging. However, since relaxometry measurements can be represented by only few parameters, the use of few principal components (PC) in the kt-PCA algorithm can significantly simplify the reconstruction. Furthermore, it was found that due to high redundancy in relaxometry data, PCA can efficiently extract the required information from just a single line of training data. It has been demonstrated in this thesis that auto-calibrating kt-SENSE is able to obtain high temporal fidelity dynamic cardiac reconstructions from moderate accelerated data avoiding the extra acquisition of training data. Additionally, kt-PCA has been proved to be a suitable method for the reconstruction of highly accelerated MR relaxometry data. Furthermore, a single central training line is necessary to obtain accurate reconstructions. Both reconstruction methods are promising for the optimization of training data acquisition and seem to be feasible for several clinical applications. N2 - Dynamische Bildgebung mithilfe der Magnetresonanztomographie stellt eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Für klinische Anwendungen benötigt man Bilder mit hoher räumlicher und bei schnellen Bewegungen auch zeitlicher Auflösung. Technologische Fortschritte in den letzten Jahrzehnten konnten MRT-Experimente erheblich beschleunigen. Ein wichtiger Beitrag lieferte die parallele Bildgebung (pMRT), die durch die Entwicklung von Spulenarrays für den Empfang des MR-Signals ermöglicht wurde. In paralleler Bildgebung wird nur ein Teil der eigentlich benötigten Daten aufgenommen. Diese Unterabtastung des k-Raum führt zu Bildern mit Aliasing-Artefakten. Verschiedenste Algorithmen wurden entwickelt, um mittels der zusätzlichen räumlichen Informationen der Spulenarrays anschließend Bilder zu rekonstruieren. Heute spielen Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE) und Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) eine große und bilden eine Grundlage für eine Vielzahl anderer Algorithmen. Einen Großteil aller pMRT Methoden erfordern für optimale Ergebnisse zusätzliche räumliche oder zeitliche Informationen zur Kalibrierung. Diese Kalibrations- oder Trainingsdaten werden in der Regel durch einen zusätzlichen Scan erzeugt oder in die beschleunigte Messung eingebettet aufgenommen. Das ist eine unerwünschte Verlängerung der Messzeit die Folge. In dieser Arbeit konnten wir kt-SENSE und kt-PCA Rekonstruktionen dynamischer MRT Daten mit hoher zeitlicher Genauigkeit erzielen bei gleichzeitiger Reduktion bzw. sogar Beseitigung der benötigten Menge an Trainingsdaten. Um die in beiden Methoden benötigten Spulensensitivitäten zu berechnen, kann bei bestimmten Abtastschemata mit dem Mittelwert der dynamischen Daten ein weitgehend Artefakt-freies Bild erzeugt werden. Dieser zeitliche Mittelwert enthält jedoch kleine Fehler, die durch die Anwendung von Methoden wie kt-SENSE zu Signalauslöschungen im Spektrum der rekonstruierten Daten führen können. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anwendung eines GRAPPA Filter auf den zeitlichen Mittelwert die Fehler in den Spulensensitivitäten reduziert und die Rekonstruktion von Daten aller Frequenzen ermöglicht. Eine weitere aufgezeigte Möglichkeit ist die Verwendung einer radialen Akquisition, die dank der inkohärenten Aliasing-Artefakte ebenfalls zu einer erheblich genaueren Abschätzung des zeitlichen Mittelwerts führt. Dies verhindert zeitliche Ungenauigkeiten in den rekonstruierten Bildern. Zusätzliche zu Spulensensitivitäten verwenden Rekonstruktionsmethoden wie kt-SENSE Vorkenntnisse über räumlich-zeitliche Korrelationen, um Artefakte zu entfernen. Informationen darüber werden gewöhnlich aus voll aufgenommenen Trainingsdaten mit geringer Auflösung extrahiert. Die separate Akquisitions dieser Trainingsdaten verursacht eine unerwünschte Verlängerung der Messzeit. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass die niedrige Auflösung der Trainingsdaten zu zeitlichen Filterungseffekten in den rekonstruierten Daten führen kann. Um dies zu verhindern und um die zusätzliche Aufnahme von Trainingsdaten zu vermeiden, wurde eine Autokalibrierung für kt-SENSE vorgeschlagen und untersucht. Hierbei werden die benötigten Trainingsdaten in einem ersten Schritt durch eine TSENSE Rekonstruktion aus den unterabgetasteten Daten selbst erzeugt. Dank der vollen Auflösung dieser Trainingsdaten kann das Auftreten eines zeitlichen Filters verhindert werden. Die Leistung der Auto-kalibration wird lediglich durch einen Einfluss des SNRs der TSENSE Trainingsdaten auf die finalen Rekonstruktionen beeinträchtigt. Ein weiteres Verfahren für die dynamische MRT ist kt-PCA, das zunächst für die Rekonstruktion von MR-Herzdaten vorgeschlagen wurde. In dieser Arbeit wurde kt-PCA für die neurologische MR Relaxometrie verwendet. Hierbei konnten aus beschleunigten IRTrueFISP und IR-Snapshot-FLASH Messungen genaue M0, T1 und T2 Karten gewonnen werden. Im Gegensatz zur Herzbildgebung weisen MR Relaxometrie Datensätze Signal auf alles zeitlichen Frequenzen auf, was ihre Rekonstruktion mit konventionellen Methoden erschwert. Andererseits können die zeitlichen Signalverläufe mit einigen wenigen Parametern dargestellt werden und die Rekonstruktion mittels kt-PCA vereinfacht sich erheblich aufgrund der geringen Anzahl benötigter Hauptkomponenten (PC). Weiter wurde gezeigt, dass aufgrund der hohen Redundanz ein Trainingsdatensatz bestehend aus einer einzigen Zeile ausreicht, um alle relevanten Informationen zu erhalten. In dieser Thesis wurde demonstriert, dass mit dem Ansatz einer auto-kalibrierten kt-SENSE Rekonstruktion Bilder mit hoher zeitlicher Genauigkeit aus beschleunigten Datensätzen des Herzens gewonnen werden können. Dies vermeidet die gewöhnlich benötigte zusätzliche Aufnahme von Trainingsdaten. Weiterhin hat sich kt-PCA als geeignetes Verfahren zur Rekonstruktion hochbeschleunigter MR Relaxometrie Datensätze erwiesen. In diesem Fall war ein Trainingsdatensatz bestehend aus einer einzelnen Zeile ausreichend für Ergebnisse mit hoher Genauigkeit. KW - Kernspintomografie KW - Dynamische Messung KW - Magnetic resonance KW - Magnetische Resonanz KW - Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging KW - Dynamische MR Bildgebung KW - DNMR-Spektroskopie KW - Bildgebendes Verfahren Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-162622 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gador, Eva T1 - Strategies to improve the biological performance of protein therapeutics T1 - Strategien zur Verbesserung der biologischen Wirkung von Proteintherapeutika N2 - During the last decades the number of biologics increased dramatically and several biopharmaceutical drugs such as peptides, therapeutic proteins, hormones, enzymes, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates conquered the market. Moreover, administration and local delivery of growth factors has gained substantial importance in the field of tissue engineering. Despite progress that has been made over the last decades formulation and delivery of therapeutic proteins is still a challenge. Thus, we worked on formulation and delivery strategies of therapeutic proteins to improve their biological performance. Phase I of this work deals with protein stability with the main focus on a liquid protein formulation of the dimeric fusion protein PR-15, a lesion specific platelet adhesion inhibitor. In order to develop an adequate formulation ensuring the stability and bioactivity of PR-15 during storage at 4 °C, a pH screening, a forced degradation and a Design of Experiments (DoE) was performed. First the stability and bioactivity of PR-15 in 50 mM histidine buffer in relation to pH was evaluated in a short-term storage stability study at 25 °C and 40 °C for 4 and 8 weeks using different analytical methods. Additionally, potential degradation pathways of PR-15 were investigated under stressed conditions such as heat treatment, acidic or basic pH, freeze-thaw cycles, light exposure, induced oxidation and induced deamidation during the forced degradation study. Moreover, we were able to identify the main degradation product of PR-15 by performing LC/ESI-MS analysis. Further optimization of the injectable PR 15 formulation concerning pH, the choice of buffer and the addition of excipients was studied in the following DoE and finally an optimal PR-15 formulation was found. The growth factors BMP-2, IGF-I and TGF-β3 were selected for the differentiation of stem cells for tissue engineering of cartilage and bone in order to prepare multifunctionalized osteochondral implants for the regeneration of cartilage defects. Silk fibroin (SF) was chosen as biomaterial because of its biocompatibility, mechanical properties and its opportunity for biofunctionalization. Ideal geometry of SF scaffolds with optimal porosity was found in order to generate both tissues on one scaffold. The growth factors BMP-2 and IGF-I were modified to allow spatially restricted covalent immobilization on the generated porous SF scaffolds. In order to perform site-directed covalent coupling by the usage of click chemistry on two opposite sides of the scaffold, we genetically engineered BMP-2 (not shown in this work; performed by Barbara Tabisz) and IGF-I for the introduction of alkyne or azide bearing artificial amino acids. TGF β3 was immobilized to beads through common EDC/NHS chemistry requiring no modification and distributed in the pores of the entire scaffold. For this reason protein modification, protein engineering, protein immobilization and bioconjugation are investigated in phase II. Beside the synthesis the focus was on the characterization of such modified proteins and its conjugates. The field of protein engineering offers a wide range of possibilities to modify existing proteins or to design new proteins with prolonged serum half-life, increased conformational stability or improved release rates according to their clinical use. Site-directed click chemistry and non-site-directed EDC/NHS chemistry were used for bioconjugation and protein immobilization with the aim to underline the preferences of site-directed coupling. We chose three strategies for the incorporation of alkyne or azide functionality for the performance of click reaction into the protein of interest: diazonium coupling reaction, PEGylation and genetic engineering. Azido groups were successfully introduced into SF by implementation of diazonium coupling and alkyne, amino or acid functionality was incorporated into FGF-2 as model protein by means of thiol PEGylation. The proper folding of FGF-2 after PEGylation was assessed by fluorescence spectroscopy, WST-1 proliferation assay ensured moderate bioactivity and the purity of PEGylated FGF-2 samples was monitored with RP-HPLC. Moreover, the modification of native FGF-2 with 10 kDa PEG chains resulted in enhanced thermal stability. Additionally, we genetically engineered one IGF-I mutant by incorporating the unnatural amino acid propargyl-L-lysine (plk) at position 65 into the IGF-I amino acid sequence and were able to express hardly verifiable amounts of plk-IGF-I. Consequently, plk-IGF-I expression has to be further optimized in future studies in order to generate plk-IGF-I with higher yields. Bioconjugation of PEGylated FGF-2 with functionalized silk was performed in solution and was successful for click as well as EDC/NHS chemistry. However, substantial amounts of unreacted PEG-FGF-2 were adsorbed to SF and could not be removed from the reaction mixture making it impossible to expose the advantages of click chemistry in relation to EDC/NHS chemistry. The immobilization of PEG-FGF-2 to microspheres was a trial to increase product yield and to remove unreacted PEG-FGF-2 from reaction mixture. Bound PEG-FGF-2 was visualized by fluorescence imaging or flow cytometry and bioactivity was assessed by analysis of the proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells. However, immobilization on beads raised the same issue as in solution: adsorption caused by electrostatic interactions of positively charged FGF-2 and negatively charged SF or beads. Finally, we were not able to prove superiority of site-directed click chemistry over non-site-directed EDC/NHS. The skills and knowledge in protein immobilization as well as protein characterization acquired during phase II helped us in phase III to engineer cartilage tissue in biofunctionalized SF scaffolds. The approach of covalent immobilization of the required growth factors is relevant because of their short in vivo half-lives and aimed at controlling their bioavailability. So TGF-β3 was covalently coupled by means of EDC/NHS chemistry to biocompatible and biostable PMMA beads. Herein, we directly compared bioactivity of covalently coupled and adsorbed TGF-β3. During the so-called luciferase assay bioactivity of covalent coupled as well as adsorbed TGF-β3 on PMMA beads was ensured. In order to investigate the real influence of EDC/NHS chemistry on TGF-β3’s bioactivity, the amount of immobilized TGF-β3 on PMMA beads was determined. Therefore, an ELISA method was established. The assessment of total amount of TGF-β3 immobilized on the PMMA beads allowed as to calculate coupling efficiency. A significantly higher coupling efficiency was determined for the coupling of TGF-β3 via EDC/NHS chemistry compared to the reaction without coupling reagents indicating a small amount of adsorbed TGF-β3. These results provide opportunity to determine the consequence of coupling by means of EDC/NHS chemistry for TGF β3 bioactivity. At first sight, no statistically significant difference between covalent immobilized and adsorbed TGF-β3 was observed regarding relative luciferase activities. But during comparison of total and active amount of TGF-β3 on PMMA beads detected by ELISA or luciferase assay, respectively, a decrease of TGF-β3’s bioactivity became apparent. Nevertheless, immobilized TGF β3 was further investigated in combination with SF scaffolds in order to drive BMSCs to the chondrogenic lineage. According to the results obtained through histological and immunohistochemical studies, biochemical assays as well as qRT-PCR of gene expression from BMSCs after 21 days in culture immobilized TGF-β3 was able to engineer cartilage tissue. These findings support the thesis that local presentation of TGF β3 is superior towards exogenous TGF β3 for the development of hyaline cartilage. Furthermore, we conclude that covalent immobilized TGF β3 is not only superior towards exogenously supplemented TGF-β3 but also superior towards adsorbed TGF-β3 for articular hyaline cartilage tissue engineering. Diffusion processes were inhibited through covalent immobilization of TGF-β3 to PMMA beads and thereby a stable and consistent TGF-β3 concentration was maintained in the target area. With the knowledge acquired during phase II and III as well as during the studies of Barbara Tabisz concerning the expression and purification of plk-BMP-2 we made considerable progress towards the formation of multifunctionalized osteochondral implants for the regeneration of cartilage defects. However, further studies are required for the translation of these insights into the development of multifunctionalized osteochondral SF scaffolds. N2 - In den letzten Jahrzehnten stieg die Zahl der Biologika dramatisch an und mehrere biopharmazeutische Arzneimittel wie Peptide, therapeutische Proteine, Hormone, Enzyme, Impfstoffe, monoklonale Antikörper und Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugate eroberten den Markt. Darüber hinaus hat die Applikation und lokale Verabreichung von Wachstumsfaktoren im Bereich des Tissue Engineerings eine wesentliche Bedeutung erlangt. Trotz der in den letzten Jahrzehnten erzielten Fortschritte ist die Formulierung und Verabreichung therapeutischer Proteine noch immer eine Herausforderung. Daher haben wir uns in dieser Arbeit mit der Formulierung und Verabreichung therapeutischer Proteine beschäftigt und Strategien entwickelt, um deren biologische Wirkung zu verbessern. In Phase I dieser Arbeit konzentrieren wir uns auf die Stabilität des dimeren Fusionsproteins PR 15, einem Inhibitor der Adhäsion von Plättchen an arterielle Gefäßläsionen. Um eine geeignete flüssige Formulierung zu entwickeln, welche die Stabilität und Bioaktivität von PR-15 während der Lagerung bei 4 °C sicherstellt, wurde ein pH Screening, eine Forced Degradation Studie und ein Design of Experiments (DoE) durchgeführt. Zuerst wurde die Stabilität und Bioaktivität von PR-15 bei verschiedenen pH Werten in 50 mM Histidinpuffer in einer Kurzzeitstabilitätsstudie bei 25 °C und 40 °C nach 4 und 8 Wochen mit Hilfe verschiedener analytischer Methoden beobachtet. Des Weiteren wurden mögliche Abbauwege von PR-15 unter Stressbedingungen wie erhöhter Temperatur, saurem oder basischem pH-Wert, Einfrier-Auftau-Zyklen, Lichteinwirkung, induzierter Oxidation sowie induzierter Deamidierung während der Forced Degradation Studie untersucht. Darüber hinaus konnten wir das Hauptabbauprodukt von PR-15 durch LC/ESI-MS Analysen identifizieren. Im folgenden DoE wurde die injizierbare PR-15 Formulierung weiter optimiert und bezüglich pH, der Wahl des Puffers sowie der Zugabe von Hilfsstoffen analysiert, bis letztendlich eine optimale PR 15-Formulierung gefunden wurde. Die Wachstumsfaktoren BMP-2, IGF-I und TGF-β3 wurden zur Differenzierung von Stammzellen für das Tissue Engineering von Knochen und Knorpel ausgewählt, um multifunktionalisierte osteochondrale Implantate zur Regeneration von Knorpeldefekten herzustellen. Seidenfibroin (SF) wurde aufgrund seiner Biokompatibilität, seiner mechanischen Eigenschaften und seiner Möglichkeiten zur Biofunktionalisierung als Biomaterial gewählt. Zuerst wurden SF-Scaffolds mit idealer Geometrie und optimaler Porosität erzeugt, um sowohl Knochen also auch Knorpel auf einem Scaffold herzustellen. Um eine räumlich begrenzte kovalente Immobilisierung der Wachstumsfaktoren BMP-2 und IGF-I auf den porösen SF-Scaffolds zu ermöglichen, wurden diese mit unnatürlichen Aminosäuren genetisch modifiziert. Das Einführen von Alkin- bzw. Azidresten in die Aminosäuresequenz von BMP-2 (in dieser Arbeit nicht gezeigt; von Barbara Tabisz durchgeführt) und IGF-I erlaubt unter Verwendung der Click-Chemie eine ortsgerichtete kovalente Kopplung der Wachstumsfaktoren an zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten der Scaffolds. TGF-β3 wurde durch gewöhnliche EDC/NHS-Chemie, welche keine Modifikation erforderte, kovalent an Mikrosphären immobilisiert und in den Poren des gesamten SF-Scaffolds verteilt. Daher beschäftigen wir uns in Phase II mit der Modifikation von Proteinen, dem Protein Engineering, der Immobilisation von Proteinen und mit Biokonjugation. Neben der Synthese lag der Fokus auf der Charakterisierung modifizierter Proteine und deren Konjugaten. Das Gebiet des Protein Engineerings bietet eine Vielzahl von Möglichkeiten, bestehende Proteine zu modifizieren oder neue Proteine mit verlängerter Serumhalbwertszeit, erhöhter konformativer Stabilität oder verbesserten Freisetzungsraten entsprechend der klinischen Anwendung zu entwickeln. Die ortsspezifische Click-Chemie und die nicht-ortsspezifische EDC/NHS-Chemie wurden für die Biokonjugation und die Immobilisierung von Proteinen verwendet mit dem Ziel, die Vorzüge der ortsgerichteten Kopplung hervorzuheben. Für den Einbau der für die Durchführung der Click-Reaktion erforderlichen Alkin- bzw. Azidfunktionalität in das betreffende Protein wurden drei Strategien ausgewählt: die Azokupplung, die PEGylierung und die gentechnische Modifizierung. Azidgruppen wurden mittels Azokupplung erfolgreich in SF eingebaut und die Alkin-, Amino- oder Säurefunktionalität wurde mittels PEGylierung der Cysteine in das Modellprotein FGF-2 integriert. Die korrekte Faltung von FGF-2 nach erfolgreicher PEGylierung wurde durch Fluoreszenzspektroskopie bestätigt, im WST-1 Proliferationsassay wurde eine angemessene Bioaktivität festgestellt und die Reinheit von PEGylierten FGF-2 wurde mittels RP-HPLC analysiert. Darüber hinaus führte die Modifikation von nativem FGF-2 mit 10 kDa PEG-Ketten zu einer erhöhten thermischen Stabilität. Des Weiteren wurde ein IGF-I-Mutant gentechnisch hergestellt, indem die unnatürliche Aminosäure Propargyl-L-Lysin (Plk) an Position 65 in die IGF-I-Sequenz eingebaut wurde. Da letztendlich lediglich kaum nachweisbare Mengen an Plk-IGF-I exprimiert werden konnten, muss die Plk-IGF-I-Expression in anschließenden Studien weiter optimiert werden, um Plk-IGF-I mit höheren Ausbeuten erzeugen zu können. Die Biokonjugation von PEGyliertem FGF-2 und funktionalisierter Seide wurde sowohl mittels Click- als auch mittels EDC/NHS-Chemie erfolgreich durchgeführt. Allerdings wurden erhebliche Mengen PEG-FGF-2 lediglich an SF adsorbiert und nicht kovalent gekoppelt und konnten schlussendlich nicht aus dem Reaktionsgemisch entfernt werden. Die anschließende Immobilisierung von PEG-FGF-2 an Mikrosphären, war ein Versuch die Ausbeute der Reaktion zu erhöhen und adsorbiertes PEG-FGF-2 leichter zu entfernen. Immobilisiertes PEG-FGF-2 wurde mittels Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und/oder Durchflusszytometrie nachgewiesen und die Bioaktivität wurde durch die Analyse der Proliferation von NIH-3T3-Zellen ermittelt. Die Immobilisierung auf Mikrosphären führte jedoch zu demselben Problem wie in Lösung: Adsorption von positiv geladenem FGF-2 an negativ geladenes SF bzw. negativ geladenen Mikrosphären durch elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen. Schließlich waren wir nicht in der Lage, die Überlegenheit der ortsgerichteten Click-Chemie gegenüber der nicht-ortsgerichteten EDC/ NHS-Chemie zu beweisen. Die während Phase II erworbenen Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse im Bereich der Immobilisierung und Charakterisierung von Proteinen halfen uns in Phase III Knorpelgewebe in biofunktionalisierten SF-Scaffolds zu erzeugen. Der Ansatz der kovalenten Immobilisierung, der für das Tissue Engineering von Knorpel erforderlichen Wachstumsfaktoren, ist aufgrund ihrer kurzen in vivo Halbwertszeiten von Bedeutung und zielt darauf ab, ihre Bioverfügbarkeit zu kontrollieren. So wurde TGF-β3 mittels EDC/NHS-Chemie kovalent an biokompatible und biostabile PMMA-Mikrosphären gekoppelt. Mit Hilfe des sogenannten Luciferase-Assays wurden die Bioaktivitäten von kovalent gekoppeltem sowie von adsorbiertem TGF-β3 auf PMMA-Mikrosphären ermittelt. Um die Kopplungseffizienz zu berechnen und den tatsächlichen Einfluss der EDC/NHS-Chemie auf die Bioaktivität von TGF-β3 zu untersuchen, wurde die Menge an immobilisiertem TGF-β3 auf PMMA-Mikrosphären mittels ELISA bestimmt. Für die Kopplung von TGF-β3 mittels EDC/NHS-Chemie wurde eine signifikant höhere Kopplungseffizienz im Vergleich zu der Reaktion ohne Kopplungsreagenzien, welche eine geringe Menge an adsorbiertem TGF-β3 zeigte, bestimmt. Bei alleiniger Betrachtung der Ergebnisse des Luciferase-Assays, bei welchem kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zwischen kovalent immobilisiertem und adsorbiertem TGF-β3 bezüglich der relativen Luciferase-Aktivität beobachtet wurde, scheint es als hätte die EDC/NHS-Kopplung keinen Einfluss auf die Bioaktivität von TGF β3. Beim Vergleich der mittels ELISA bestimmten TGF β3 Gesamtmenge und der mittels Luciferase-Assay bestimmten Menge an aktivem TGF-β3 auf den PMMA-Mikrosphären, wurde jedoch ein Verlust der Bioaktivität von TGF-β3 durch die EDC/NHS-Kopplung deutlich. Ungeachtet dessen, wurde immobilisiertes TGF-β3 genutzt, um Knorpelgewebe in SF-Scaffolds aus BMSCs zu generieren. Nach den Ergebnissen der histologischen und immunhistochemischen Untersuchungen, der biochemischen Assays sowie der qRT-PCR der Genexpression von BMSCs nach 21 Tagen in Kultur, gelang es uns unter Verwendung von immobilisiertem TGF-β3 Knorpelgewebe aufzubauen. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen die These, dass die lokale Präsentation von TGF-β3 gegenüber exogen zugegebenem TGF-β3 für die Entwicklung von hyalinem Knorpel überlegen ist. Außerdem schließen wir daraus, dass kovalent immobilisiertes TGF-β3 nicht nur gegenüber exogen zugegebenem TGF-β3 für die Entwicklung von hyalinem Knorpelgewebe überlegen ist, sondern auch gegenüber adsorbiertem TGF-β3. Diffusionsprozesse konnten durch kovalente Immobilisierung von TGF-β3 an PMMA-Mikrosphären verhindert werden und damit eine stabile und gleichmäßige TGF β3-Konzentration am Wirkort aufrechterhalten werden. Mit den in Phase II und III gewonnenen Erkenntnissen und den Untersuchungen von Barbara Tabisz zur Expression und Aufreinigung von plk-BMP-2 haben wir erhebliche Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung multifunktionaler osteochondraler Implantate zur Regeneration von Knorpeldefekten gemacht. Für die Umsetzung dieser Erkenntnisse zur Herstellung multifunktionaler osteochondraler SF-Scaffolds sind jedoch weitere Studien erforderlich. KW - biologics KW - protein therapeutics KW - TGF-β3 KW - IGF-I KW - FGF-2 KW - injectable protein formulation KW - protein modification KW - bioconjugation KW - click chemistry KW - EDC-NHS chemistry KW - osteochondral implant KW - cartilage tissue engineering Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-161798 ER -