TY  - THES
A1  - Aminake, Makoah Nigel
T1  - Towards malaria combination therapy: Characterization of hybrid molecules for HIV/malaria combination therapy and of thiostrepton as a proteasome-targeting antibiotic with a dual mode of action
T1  - Die Entwicklung von Malaria-Kombinationstherapien: Die Charakterisierung von Hybridmolekülen für eine HIV/Malaria-Kombinationstherapie und von Thiostrepton als ein gegen das Proteasom-gerichtetes Antibiotikum mit dualem Wirkmodus
N2  - Malaria and HIV are among the most important global health problems of our time and together are responsible for approximately 3 million deaths annually. These two diseases overlap in many regions of the world including sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, leading to a higher risk of co-infection. In this study, we generated and characterized hybrid molecules to target P. falciparum and HIV simultaneously for a potential HIV/malaria combination therapy. Hybrid molecules were synthesized by covalent fusion between azidothymidine (AZT) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), tetraoxane or chloroquine (CQ); and a small library was generated and tested for antiviral and antimalarial activity. Our data suggest that dihyate is the most potent molecule in vitro, with antiplasmodial activity comparable to that of DHA (IC50 = 26 nM, SI > 3000), a moderate activity against HIV (IC50 = 2.9 µM; SI > 35) and safe to HeLa cells at concentrations used in the assay (CC50 > 100 µM). Pharmacokinetic studies further revealed that dihyate is metabolically unstable and is cleaved following an O-dealkylation once in contact with cytochrome P450 enzymes. The later further explains the uneffectiveness of dihyate against the CQ-sensitive P. berghei N strain in mice when administered by oral route at 20 mg/kg. Here, we report on a first approach to develop antimalarial/anti-HIV hybrid molecules and future optimization efforts will aim at producing second generation hybrid molecules to improve activity against HIV as well as compound bioavailability. With the emergence of resistant parasites against all the counterpart drugs of artemisinin derivatives used in artemisinin based combination therapies (ACTs), the introduction of antibiotics in the treatment of malaria has renewed interest on the identification of antibiotics with potent antimalarial properties. In this study we also investigated the antiplasmodial potential of thiostrepton and derivatives, synthesized using combinations of tail truncation, oxidation, and addition of lipophilic thiols to the terminal dehydroamino acid. We showed that derivatives SS231 and SS234 exhibit a better antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 1 µM SI > 59 and SI > 77 respectively) than thiostrepton (IC50 = 8.95 µM, SI = 1.7). The antiplasmodial activity of these derivatives was observed at concentrations which are not hemolytic and non-toxic to human cell lines. Thiostrepton and derivatives appeared to exhibit transmission blocking properties when administered at their IC50 or IC90 concentrations and our data also showed that they attenuate proteasome activity of Plasmodium, which resulted in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins after incubation with their IC80 concentrations. Our results indicate that the parasite’s proteasome could be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In this regard, thiostrepton derivatives are promising candidates by dually acting on two independent targets, the proteasome and the apicoplast, with the capacity to eliminate both intraerythrocytic asexual and transmission stages of the parasite. To further support our findings, we evaluated the activity of a new class of antimalarial and proteasome inhibitors namely peptidyl sulfonyl fluorides on gametocyte maturation and analogues AJ34 and AJ38 were able to completely suppress gametocytogenesis at IC50 concentrations (0.23 µM and 0.17 µM respectively) suggesting a strong transmission blocking potential. The proteasome, a major proteolytic complex, responsible for the degradation and re-cycling of non-functional proteins has been studied only indirectly in P. falciparum. In addition, an apparent proteasome-like protein with similarity to bacterial ClpQ/hslV threonine-peptidases was predicted in the parasite. Antibodies were generated against the proteasome subunits alpha type 5 (α5-SU), beta type 5 (β5-SU) and pfhslV in mice and we showed that the proteasome is expressed in both sexual and asexual blood stages of P. falciparum, where they localize in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. However, expression of PfhslV was only observed in trophozoites and shizonts. The trafficking of the studied proteasome subunits was further investigated by generating parasites expressing GFP tagged proteins. The expression of α5-SU-GFP in transgenic parasite appeared to localize abundantly in the cytoplasm of all blood stages, and no additional information was obtained from this parasite line. In conclusion, our data highlight two new tools towards combination therapy. Hybrid molecules represent promising tools for the cure of co-infected individuals, while very potent antibiotics with a wide scope of activities could be useful in ACTs by eliminating resistant parasites and limiting transmission of both, resistances and disease.
N2  - Malaria und HIV gehören zu den wichtigsten weltweiten Gesundheitsproblemen unserer Zeit und verursachen jährlich zusammen fast drei Millionen Todesfälle. Das Verbreitungsgebiet beider Krankheit überschneidet sich in vielen Weltregionen wie Afrika südlich der Sahara, Südostasien und Südamerika, was zu einem erhöhten Risiko für Koinfektionen führt. Während der vorliegenden Arbeit stellten wir Hybridmoleküle her und charakterisierten diese in Bezug auf ihre gleichzeitige Wirksamkeit gegen P. falciparum und HIV mit dem Ziel einer möglichen Kombinationstherapie gegen beide Krankheiten. Diese Hybridmoleküle wurden durch kovalente Verbindung von Azidothymidin (AZT) mit Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), Tetraoxan und Chloroquin (CQ) hergestellt. Die dabei hergestellte kleine Molekülsammlung wurde auf antivirale Wirkung und Wirkung gegen Malaria getestet. In vitro ist, gemäß unserer Daten, Dihyate das wirksamste Molekül, mit einer dem DHA vergleichbaren Wirksamkeit gegen Plasmodium (IC50 = 26 nM, SI > 3000), einer mittelmäßigen Wirksamkeit gegen HIV (IC50 = 2.9 µM; SI > 35) und keiner Wirkung auf HeLa-Zellen bei den im Versuch verwendeten Konzentrationen (CC50 > 100 µM). Weiterhin ergaben pharmakokinetische Studien, dass Dihyate metabolisch instabil ist und nach einer O-Dealkylierung gespalten wird, sobald es in Kontakt mit Cytochrom P450 Enzymen kommt. Dies erklärt auch die Unwirksamkeit von Dihyate gegen dem CQ-sensitiven P. berghei N Stamm im Mausversuch bei oraler Gabe von 20mg/kg. Wir berichten hier von einem ersten Ansatz Hybridmoleküle gegen Malaria/ HIV zu entwickeln. Zukünftige Verbesserungen werden darauf abzielen Hybridmoleküle der zweiten Generation herzustellen um sowohl die Wirksamkeit gegen HIV als auch die Bioverfügbarkeit zu verbessern. Auf Grund der Entwicklung von Resistenzen gegenüber sämtliche Substanzen, die zusammen mit Artemisinin in Kombinationstherapien genutzt werden, hat die Verwendung von Antibiotika bei der Behandlung der Malaria das Interesse daran neu geweckt, Antibiotika mit starker Wirksamkeit gegenüber Plasmodium aufzuspüren. Während der vorliegenden Studie untersuchten wir die Wirksamkeit von Thiostrepton und seinen Derivaten gegenüber Plasmodium. Diese Derivate wurden durch Kombinationen von Verkürzung der Seitenkette, Oxidation und der Anbringung von lipophilen Thiolen an die endständige Dehydroaminosäure hergestellt. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die Derivate SS231 und SS234 (IC50 = 1 µM SI > 59 und SI > 77) eine bessere Wirksamkeit gegen Plasmodium besitzen als Thiostrepton (IC50 = 8.95 µM, SI = 1.7). Diese Wirksamkeit konnte bei Konzentrationen beobachtet werden, die nicht hämolytisch sind und ungiftig gegenüber menschlichen Zelllinien. Thiostrepton und seine Derivate zeigten transmissionsblockierende Eigenschaften, wenn sie in Konzentrationen, die ihren IC50- oder IC90-Werten entsprachen, eingesetzt wurden. Unsere Daten zeigen auch, dass diese Substanzen die Aktivität des Proteasoms von Plasmodium abschwächen, was zu einer Anreicherung von ubiquitinierten Proteinen führte, wenn die Parasiten mit den Substanzen in IC80-Konzentrationen inkubiert wurden. Unsere Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass das Proteasom ein attraktives Ziel für therapeutische Maßnahmen sein kann. In diesem Zusammenhang sind die Derivate des Thiostreptons vielversprechende Kandidaten, da sie gleichzeitig an zwei unabhängigen Zielstrukturen angreifen, dem Proteasom und dem Apicoplasten und die Fähigkeit besitzen, sowohl die asexuellen Blutstadien als auch diejenigen Blutstadien, die für die Weitergabe des Parasiten verantwortlich sind, zu beseitigen. Um unsere Ergebnisse weiter zu untermauern, untersuchten wir die Wirkung von Peptidyl-Sulfonyl-Fluoriden, einer neuen Klasse von Substanzen mit Wirksamkeit gegen Malaria und hemmender Wirkung gegenüber dem Proteasom auf die Reifung von Gametozyten. Die Substanzen AJ34 und AJ38 unterdrückten die Bildung von Gametozyten vollständig, wenn sie in Konzentrationen, die ihren IC50-Werten (0.23 µM und 0.17 µM) entsprachen, eingesetzt wurden. Dies spricht für ein starkes transmissionsblockierendes Potential dieser Substanzen. Das Proteasom, ein bedeutender proteinabbauender Komplex, der für den Abbau und die Wiedergewinnung nicht funktioneller Proteine verantwortlich ist, wurde bisher nur indirekt in P. falciparum untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde die Existenz eines, dem Proteasom-ähnlichen, Proteins mit Ähnlichkeiten zu bakteriellen ClpQ/hslV Threonin-Peptidasen in Plasmodium vermutet. Gegen die Untereinheiten alpha 5 (α5-SU), beta 5 (β5-SU) und gegen pfhslV wurden in Mäusen Antikörper generiert. Mit diesen konnten wir zeigen, dass das Proteasom sowohl in den asexuellen als auch in den sexuellen Blutstadien von P. falciparum exprimiert wird und im Zellkern und im Zytoplasma lokalisiert sind. Die Expression von PfhslV konnte jedoch nur in Trophozoiten und Schizonten beobachtet werden. Der Transport der Proteasomuntereinheiten wurde weiterhin durch die Herstellung von transgenen Parasiten, die GFP-markierte Proteine bilden, untersucht. Die Expression von α5-SU-GFP in transgenen Parasiten schien im Zytoplasma aller Blutstadien lokalisiert zu sein, wobei durch diese Parasiten keine zusätzlichen Informationen gewonnen werden konnten. Zusammengefasst sprechen unsere Daten für zwei neue Werkzeuge für Kombinationstherapien. Hybridmoleküle sind vielversprechende Werkzeuge zur Heilung von gleichzeitig mit Malaria und HIV infizierten Patienten. Sehr wirksame Antibiotika mit einem breiten Wirkungsspektrum könnten in Artemisinin-Kombinationstherapien nützlich werden, wenn es darum geht, resistente Parasiten zu beseitigen und die Übertragung sowohl der Resistenz als auch der Krankheit zu verringern.
KW  - Malaria
KW  - HIV
KW  - Thiostrepton
KW  - Arzneimitteldesign
KW  - Malaria
KW  - HIV
KW  - co-infection
KW  - drug
KW  - screening
KW  - hybrid
KW  - proteasome
KW  - thiostrepton
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-71841
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Federico, Stephanie
A1  - Redenti, Sara
A1  - Sturlese, Mattia
A1  - Ciancetta, Antonella
A1  - Kachler, Sonja
A1  - Klotz, Karl-Norbert
A1  - Cacciari, Barbara
A1  - Moro, Stefano
A1  - Spalluto, Giampiero
T1  - The Influence of the 1-(3-Trifluoromethyl-Benzyl)-1H-Pyrazole-4-yl Moiety on the Adenosine Receptors Affinity Profile of Pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-c]Pyrimidine Derivatives
JF  - PLoS One
N2  - A new series of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (PTP) derivatives has been developed in order to explore their affinity and selectivity profile at the four adenosine receptor subtypes. In particular, the PTP scaffold was conjugated at the C2 position with the 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1H-pyrazole, a group believed to confer potency and selectivity toward the human (h) A\(_{2B}\) adenosine receptor (AR) to the xanthine ligand 8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H, 7H)-dione (CVT 6975). Interestingly, the synthesized compounds turned out to be inactive at the hA\(_{2B}\) AR but they displayed affinity at the hA\(_3\) AR in the nanomolar range. The best compound of the series (6) shows both high affinity (hA\(_3\) AR K\(_i\) = 11 nM) and selectivity (A\(_1\)/A\(_3\) and A\(_{2A}\)/A\(_3\) > 9090; A\(_{2B}\)/A\(_3\) > 909) at the hA\(_3\) AR. To better rationalize these results, a molecular docking study on the four AR subtypes was performed for all the synthesized compounds. In addition, CTV 6975 and two close analogues have been subjected to the same molecular docking protocol to investigate the role of the 1-(3-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-1H-pyrazole on the binding at the four ARs.
KW  - drug
KW  - human A(3)
KW  - protein-coupled receptors
KW  - classification
KW  - subtypes
KW  - potent
KW  - antagonists
KW  - mast cells
KW  - targets
KW  - A(2B) receptors
KW  - international union
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137133
VL  - 10
IS  - 12
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Haarmann, Axel
A1  - Nehen, Mathias
A1  - Deiß, Annika
A1  - Buttmann, Mathias
T1  - Fumaric acid esters do not reduce inflammatory NF-\(\kappa\)B/p65 nuclear translocation, ICAM-1 expression and T-cell adhesiveness of human brain microvascular endothelial cells
JF  - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
N2  - Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is approved for disease-modifying treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Animal experiments suggested that part of its therapeutic effect is due to a reduction of T-cell infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by uncertain mechanisms. Here we evaluated whether DMF and its primary metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) modulate pro-inflammatory intracellular signaling and T-cell adhesiveness of nonimmortalized single donor human brain microvascular endothelial cells at low passages. Neither DMF nor MMF at concentrations of 10 or 50 \(\mu\)M blocked the IL-1\(\beta\)-induced nuclear translocation of NF-\(\kappa\)B/p65, whereas the higher concentration of DMF inhibited the nuclear entry of p65 in human umbilical vein endothelium cultured in parallel. DMF and MMF also did not alter the IL-1\(\beta\)-stimulated activation of p38 MAPK in brain endothelium. Furthermore, neither DMF nor MMF reduced the basal or IL-1\(\beta\)-inducible expression of ICAM-1. In accordance, both fumaric acid esters did not reduce the adhesion of activated Jurkat T cells to brain endothelium under basal or inflammatory conditions. Therefore, brain endothelial cells probably do not directly mediate a potential blocking effect of fumaric acid esters on the inflammatory infiltration of the CNS by T cells.
KW  - barrier integrity
KW  - proteins
KW  - multiple sclerosis
KW  - monomethyl fumarate
KW  - p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
KW  - cell adhesion
KW  - NF-\(\kappa\)B
KW  - dimethyl fumarate
KW  - blood-brain barrier
KW  - endothelial cells
KW  - potent inducer
KW  - gene
KW  - drug
KW  - VCAM-1
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148295
VL  - 16
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Markenstein, Lisa
A1  - Appelt-Menzel, Antje
A1  - Metzger, Marco
A1  - Wenz, Gerhard
T1  - Conjugates of methylated cyclodextrin derivatives and hydroxyethyl starch (HES): Synthesis, cytotoxicity and inclusion of anaesthetic actives
JF  - Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
N2  - The mono-6-deoxy-6-azides of 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and randomly methylated-beta-cyclodextrin (RAMEB) were conjugated to propargylated hydroxyethyl starch (HES) by Cu+-catalysed [2 + 3] cycloaddition. The resulting water soluble polymers showed lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) at 52.5 degrees C (DIMEB-HES) and 84.5 degrees C (RAMEB-HES), respectively. LCST phase separations could be completely avoided by the introduction of a small amount of carboxylate groups at the HES backbone. The methylated CDs conjugated to the HES backbone exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicities than the corresponding monomeric CD derivatives. Since the binding potentials of these CD conjugates were very high, they are promising candidates for new oral dosage forms of anaesthetic actives.
KW  - midazolam
KW  - supermolecular carrier systems
KW  - beta-cyclodextrin
KW  - pharmaceutical applications
KW  - gamma-cyclodextrin
KW  - anaesthetics
KW  - complexation
KW  - cyclodextrin
KW  - LCST
KW  - lower critical solution temperature
KW  - acid dissociation
KW  - drug
KW  - rat
KW  - cycloaddition
KW  - occupancy
KW  - polymer
KW  - sevoflurane
KW  - solubility
KW  - starch
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114280
SN  - 1860-5397
VL  - 10
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Spinner, Christoph D
A1  - Wille, Florian
A1  - Schwerdtfeger, Christiane
A1  - Thies, Philipp
A1  - Tanase, Ursula
A1  - Von Figura, Guido
A1  - Schmid, Roland M
A1  - Heinz, Werner J
A1  - Klinker, Hartwig Hf
T1  - Pharmacokinetics of chewed vs. swallowed raltegravir in a patient with AIDS and MAI infection: some new conflicting data
JF  - AIDS Research and Therapy
N2  - Background: 
While HIV, AIDS and atypical Mycobacterium infections are closely linked, the use of Integrase-Inhibitor based cART, notably raltegravir-based regimens is more widespread. RAL should be double-dosed to 800 mg semi-daily in situation of rifampicin co-medication, because RAL is more rapidly metabolized due to rifampicin-induced Uridine-5'-diphosph-gluronosyl-transferase (UGT1A1). Recently, it was speculated that chewed RAL might lead to increased absorption, which might compensate the inductive effect of rifampicin-rapid metabolized RAL, as part of cost-saving effects in countries with high-tuberculosis prevalence and less economic power. 

Methods: 
We report measurement of raltegravir pharmacokinetics in a 34-year AIDS-patient suffering from disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection with necessity of parenteral rifampicin treatment. RAL levels were measured with HPLC (internal standard: carbamazepine, LLQ 11 ng/ml, validation with Valistat 2.0 program (Arvecon, Germany)). For statistical analysis, a two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test for paired samples was used. 

Results: 
High intra-personal variability in raltegravir serum levels was seen. Comparable C\(_{max}\) concentrations were found for 800 mg chewed and swallowed RAL, as well as for 400 mg chewed and swallowed RAL. While C\(_{max}\) seems to be more dependent from overall RAL dosing than from swallowed or chewed tablets, increased AUC(12) is clearly linked to higher RAL dosages per administration. Anyway, chewed raltegravir showed a rapid decrease in serum levels. 

Conclusions: 
We found no evidence that chewed 400 mg semi-daily raltegravir in rifampicin co-medication leads to optimized pharmacokinetics. There is need for more data from randomized trials for further recommendations.
KW  - pharmacology
KW  - drug
KW  - HIV
KW  - chewed
KW  - Mycobacterium avium
KW  - raltegravir
KW  - pharmacokinetic
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144058
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Verma, Nidhi
A1  - Rai, Amit Kumar
A1  - Kaushik, Vibha
A1  - Brünnert, Daniela
A1  - Chahar, Kirti Raj
A1  - Pandey, Janmejay
A1  - Goyal, Pankaj
T1  - Identification of gefitinib off-targets using a structure-based systems biology approach; their validation with reverse docking and retrospective data mining
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - Gefitinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used as FDA approved drug in breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer treatment. However, this drug has certain side effects and complications for which the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. By systems biology based in silico analysis, we identified off-targets of gefitinib that might explain side effects of this drugs. The crystal structure of EGFR-gefitinib complex was used for binding pocket similarity searches on a druggable proteome database (Sc-PDB) by using IsoMIF Finder. The top 128 hits of putative off-targets were validated by reverse docking approach. The results showed that identified off-targets have efficient binding with gefitinib. The identified human specific off-targets were confirmed and further analyzed for their links with biological process and clinical disease pathways using retrospective studies and literature mining, respectively. Noticeably, many of the identified off-targets in this study were reported in previous high-throughput screenings. Interestingly, the present study reveals that gefitinib may have positive effects in reducing brain and bone metastasis, and may be useful in defining novel gefitinib based treatment regime. We propose that a system wide approach could be useful during new drug development and to minimize side effect of the prospective drug.
KW  - gefitinib
KW  - side effects
KW  - drug
KW  - off-targets
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167621
VL  - 6
IS  - 33949
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zirkel, J.
A1  - Cecil, A.
A1  - Schäfer, F.
A1  - Rahlfs, S.
A1  - Ouedraogo, A.
A1  - Xiao, K.
A1  - Sawadogo, S.
A1  - Coulibaly, B.
A1  - Becker, K.
A1  - Dandekar, T.
T1  - Analyzing Thiol-Dependent Redox Networks in the Presence of Methylene Blue and Other Antimalarial Agents with RT-PCR-Supported in silico Modeling
JF  - Bioinformatics and Biology Insights
N2  - BACKGROUND: In the face of growing resistance in malaria parasites to drugs, pharmacological combination therapies are important. There is accumulating evidence that methylene blue (MB) is an effective drug against malaria. Here we explore the biological effects of both MB alone and in combination therapy using modeling and experimental data.
RESULTS: We built a model of the central metabolic pathways in P. falciparum. Metabolic flux modes and their changes under MB were calculated by integrating experimental data (RT-PCR data on mRNAs for redox enzymes) as constraints and results from the YANA software package for metabolic pathway calculations. Several different lines of MB attack on Plasmodium redox defense were identified by analysis of the network effects. Next, chloroquine resistance based on pfmdr/and pfcrt transporters, as well as pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine resistance (by mutations in DHF/DHPS), were modeled in silico. Further modeling shows that MB has a favorable synergism on antimalarial network effects with these commonly used antimalarial drugs.
CONCLUSIONS: Theoretical and experimental results support that methylene blue should, because of its resistance-breaking potential, be further tested as a key component in drug combination therapy efforts in holoendemic areas.
KW  - methylene blue
KW  - malaria
KW  - elementary mode analysis
KW  - drug
KW  - resistance
KW  - combination therapy
KW  - pathway
KW  - metabolic flux
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123751
N1  - This is an open access article. Unrestricted non-commercial use is permitted provided the original work is properly cited.
VL  - 6
ER  -