TY - THES A1 - Filin, Daniel T1 - The Princes’ War in South Germany 1458-1463 T1 - Der Fürstenkrieg in Süddeutschland (1458-1463) N2 - The Princes’ War in South Germany (1458-1463) was the biggest military collision in the German lands in the middle of the fifteenth century. The most prominent princes of southern Germany participated in this struggle. Due to its significant scope, this conflict provides a valuable case study for achieving a better understanding of the conditions at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire at the sunset of the Middle Ages. The purpose of this study was to fill an existing gap in the modern research literature and provide a comprehensive up-to date monograph on the subject. The study was realized mainly on the basis of archival work and primary sources. Thousands of letters and documents exchanged between the princes, their advisors and the city representatives were carefully studied and analysed. Extensive use of printed sources as well as scientific literature also greatly facilitated this research. The first part of the dissertation provides a detailed description of the war itself and the events that led to it. In the initial phase of the struggle, Albrecht Achilles used his position as the imperial captain to advance his own interests. His actions enraged both Duke Ludwig and Elector Friedrich and made the war unavoidable. For more than two years two major coalitions of princes exchanged blows but as the dust settled the status quo ante bellum was restored in the eastern theatre of actions, while at the western front Elector Friedrich forced each of his opponents to make serious concessions. The second part of the dissertation is devoted to honor and reputation. It explores how these two constituents affected the actions and decision-making of the princes. The lack of a powerful arbiter allowed each of the princes to interpret the meaning of “right” and “justice” as most suited him, although they hardly intentionally misused these terms. Thus, more often than not, the important actors seemed to believe in the appropriateness of their deeds. Nevertheless, despite frequent emotional response, in the competition between emotions and cold calculation the latter usually prevailed. The conflict showed the confines of each of its major participants and the modus operandi of the Empire that prevented change and was tuned to keep the old order of things. N2 - Der Fürstenkrieg in Süddeutschland (1458-1463) war die größte militärische Auseinandersetzung in den deutschen Landen in der Mitte des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts. An diesem Kampf nahmen die bedeutendsten Fürsten Süddeutschlands teil. Aufgrund seines bedeutenden Umfangs stellt dieser Konflikt eine wertvolle Fallstudie dar, um ein besseres Verständnis für die Verhältnisse im Herzen des Heiligen Römischen Reiches am Ausgang des Mittelalters zu erlangen. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, eine bestehende Lücke in der modernen Forschungsliteratur zu schließen und eine umfassende, aktuelle Monographie zu diesem Thema bereitzustellen. Die Studie wurde hauptsächlich auf der Grundlage von Archivarbeit und Primärquellen realisiert. Tausende von Briefen und Dokumenten, die zwischen den Fürsten, ihren Beratern und den Vertretern der Städte ausgetauscht wurden, wurden sorgfältig studiert und analysiert. Die umfangreiche Nutzung gedruckter Quellen sowie wissenschaftlicher Literatur erleichterte diese Forschung ebenfalls sehr. Der erste Teil der Dissertation liefert eine detaillierte Beschreibung des Krieges selbst und der Ereignisse, die zu ihm führten. In der Anfangsphase des Kampfes nutzte Albrecht Achilles seine Position als kaiserlicher Hauptmann, um seine eigenen Interessen durchzusetzen. Sein Handeln erzürnte sowohl Herzog Ludwig als auch Kurfürst Friedrich und machte den Krieg unausweichlich. Mehr als zwei Jahre lang lieferten sich zwei große Fürstenkoalitionen einen Schlagabtausch, doch als sich der Staub gelegt hatte, wurde auf dem östlichen Kriegsschauplatz der Status quo ante bellum wiederhergestellt, während Kurfürst Friedrich an der Westfront jeden seiner Gegner zu ernsthaften Zugeständnissen zwang. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation ist der Ehre und dem Ansehen gewidmet. Es wird untersucht, wie diese beiden Bestandteile das Handeln und die Entscheidungsfindung der Fürsten beeinflussten. Das Fehlen eines mächtigen Schiedsrichters erlaubte es jedem der Fürsten, die Bedeutung von "Recht" und "Gerechtigkeit" so zu interpretieren, wie es ihm am besten passte, obwohl sie diese Begriffe kaum absichtlich missbrauchten. So schienen die wichtigen Akteure meistens an die Angemessenheit ihrer Taten zu glauben. Dennoch, trotz häufiger emotionaler Ansprache, setzte sich im Wettstreit zwischen Emotionen und kalter Berechnung meist letztere durch. Der Konflikt zeigte die Grenzen der einzelnen Hauptbeteiligten und den Modus Operandi des Imperiums, der Veränderungen verhinderte und auf die Beibehaltung der alten Ordnung der Dinge abgestimmt war. KW - Fürstenkrieg <1458-1463> KW - Bavarian War KW - Bayern KW - Geschichte 1458-1463 KW - conflict KW - honour KW - honor KW - Ludwig der Reiche KW - reputation KW - War in south Germany KW - Emperor Friedrich III KW - 1458-1463 KW - Elector of Brandenburg KW - emotions KW - Princes' War in South Germany KW - Duke Ludwig the Rich KW - the Elector Friedrich KW - Albrecht Achilles KW - Count Ulrich Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-231236 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gall, Dominik A1 - Roth, Daniel A1 - Stauffert, Jan-Philipp A1 - Zarges, Julian A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich T1 - Embodiment in Virtual Reality Intensifies Emotional Responses to Virtual Stimuli JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Modulating emotional responses to virtual stimuli is a fundamental goal of many immersive interactive applications. In this study, we leverage the illusion of illusory embodiment and show that owning a virtual body provides means to modulate emotional responses. In a single-factor repeated-measures experiment, we manipulated the degree of illusory embodiment and assessed the emotional responses to virtual stimuli. We presented emotional stimuli in the same environment as the virtual body. Participants experienced higher arousal, dominance, and more intense valence in the high embodiment condition compared to the low embodiment condition. The illusion of embodiment thus intensifies the emotional processing of the virtual environment. This result suggests that artificial bodies can increase the effectiveness of immersive applications psychotherapy, entertainment, computer-mediated social interactions, or health applications. KW - embodiment KW - virtual body ownership KW - avatars KW - agency KW - immersive interfaces KW - human-computer interaction KW - affective computing KW - emotions Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245624 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Ried, Sophia A1 - Meixner, Marie T1 - State-trait interactions in regulatory focus determine impulse buying behavior JF - PLoS One N2 - Little research has focused on motivational state-trait interactions to explain impulse buying. Although the trait chronic regulatory focus has been linked to impulse buying, no evidence yet exists for an effect of situational regulatory focus and no research has examined whether the fit of chronic and situational regulatory focus can influence impulse buying with actual consumptive consequences rather than purchase intentions. Two laboratory experiments (total N = 250) manipulated situational regulatory focus before providing opportunities for impulse buying. In addition, cognitive constraint was manipulated as a potential boundary condition for regulatory focus effects. Situational promotion focus increased impulse buying relative to situational prevention focus in participants with strong chronic promotion, consistent with regulatory fit theory and independently of cognitive constraint. Surprisingly, situational promotion focus also increased impulse buying in participants with strong chronic prevention, but only under low cognitive constraint. These results may be explained by diverging mediating cognitive processes for promotion vs. prevention focus' effect on impulse buying. Future research must focus more on combining relevant states and traits in predicting consumer behavior. Marketing implications are discussed. KW - behavior KW - cognition KW - cognitive psychology KW - motivation KW - open science KW - emotions KW - marketing KW - owls Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261206 VL - 16 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muñoz Centifanti, Luna C. A1 - Stickle, Timothy R. A1 - Thomas, Jamila A1 - Falcón, Amanda A1 - Thomson, Nicholas D. A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Reflexive Gaze Shifts and Fear Recognition Deficits in Children with Callous-Unemotional Traits and Impulsivity/Conduct Problems JF - Brain Sciences N2 - The ability to efficiently recognize the emotions on others’ faces is something that most of us take for granted. Children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits and impulsivity/conduct problems (ICP), such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, have been previously described as being “fear blind”. This is also associated with looking less at the eye regions of fearful faces, which are highly diagnostic. Previous attempts to intervene into emotion recognition strategies have not had lasting effects on participants’ fear recognition abilities. Here we present both (a) additional evidence that there is a two-part causal chain, from personality traits to face recognition strategies using the eyes, then from strategies to rates of recognizing fear in others; and (b) a pilot intervention that had persistent effects for weeks after the end of instruction. Further, the intervention led to more change in those with the highest CU traits. This both clarifies the specific mechanisms linking personality to emotion recognition and shows that the process is fundamentally malleable. It is possible that such training could promote empathy and reduce the rates of antisocial behavior in specific populations in the future. KW - callous-unemotional traits KW - eye-tracking KW - emotions KW - conduct problems KW - emotion recognition Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248536 SN - 2076-3425 VL - 11 IS - 10 ER -