TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ünzelmann, M.
A1  - Bentmann, H.
A1  - Figgemeier, T.
A1  - Eck, P.
A1  - Neu, J. N.
A1  - Geldiyev, B.
A1  - Diekmann, F.
A1  - Rohlf, S.
A1  - Buck, J.
A1  - Hoesch, M.
A1  - Kalläne, M.
A1  - Rossnagel, K.
A1  - Thomale, R.
A1  - Siegrist, T.
A1  - Sangiovanni, G.
A1  - Di Sante, D.
A1  - Reinert, F.
T1  - Momentum-space signatures of Berry flux monopoles in the Weyl semimetal TaAs
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - Since the early days of Dirac flux quantization, magnetic monopoles have been sought after as a potential corollary of quantized electric charge. As opposed to magnetic monopoles embedded into the theory of electromagnetism, Weyl semimetals (WSM) exhibit Berry flux monopoles in reciprocal parameter space. As a function of crystal momentum, such monopoles locate at the crossing point of spin-polarized bands forming the Weyl cone. Here, we report momentum-resolved spectroscopic signatures of Berry flux monopoles in TaAs as a paradigmatic WSM. We carried out angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at bulk-sensitive soft X-ray energies (SX-ARPES) combined with photoelectron spin detection and circular dichroism. The experiments reveal large spin- and orbital-angular-momentum (SAM and OAM) polarizations of the Weyl-fermion states, resulting from the broken crystalline inversion symmetry in TaAs. Supported by first-principles calculations, our measurements image signatures of a topologically non-trivial winding of the OAM at the Weyl nodes and unveil a chirality-dependent SAM of the Weyl bands. Our results provide directly bulk-sensitive spectroscopic support for the non-trivial band topology in the WSM TaAs, promising to have profound implications for the study of quantum-geometric effects in solids. Weyl semimetals exhibit Berry flux monopoles in momentum-space, but direct experimental evidence has remained elusive. Here, the authors reveal topologically non-trivial winding of the orbital-angular-momentum at the Weyl nodes and a chirality-dependent spin-angular-momentum of the Weyl bands, as a direct signature of the Berry flux monopoles in TaAs.
KW  - electronic properties and materials
KW  - topological insulators
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260719
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zwirner, Johann
A1  - Bohnert, Simone
A1  - Franke, Heike
A1  - Garland, Jack
A1  - Hammer, Niels
A1  - Möbius, Dustin
A1  - Tse, Rexson
A1  - Ondruschka, Benjamin
T1  - Assessing protein biomarkers to detect lethal acute traumatic brain injuries in cerebrospinal fluid
JF  - Biomolecules
N2  - Diagnosing traumatic brain injury (TBI) from body fluids in cases where there are no obvious external signs of impact would be useful for emergency physicians and forensic pathologists alike. None of the previous attempts has so far succeeded in establishing a single biomarker to reliably detect TBI with regards to the sensitivity: specificity ratio in a post mortem setting. This study investigated a combination of body fluid biomarkers (obtained post mortem), which may be a step towards increasing the accuracy of biochemical TBI detection. In this study, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 30 acute lethal TBI cases and 70 controls without a TBI-related cause of death were evaluated for the following eight TBI-related biomarkers: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ferritin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), neuron-specific enolase and S100 calcium-binding protein B. Correlations among the individual TBI biomarkers were assessed, and a specificity-accentuated threshold value analysis was conducted for all biomarkers. Based on these values, a decision tree modelling approach was performed to assess the most accurate biomarker combination to detect acute lethal TBIs. The results showed that 92.45% of acute lethal TBIs were able to be diagnosed using a combination of IL-6 and GFAP in CSF. The probability of detecting an acute lethal TBI was moderately increased by GFAP alone and considerably increased by the remaining biomarkers. BDNF and NGAL were almost perfectly correlated (p = 0.002; R\(^2\) = 0.944). This study provides evidence that acute lethal TBIs can be detected to a high degree of statistical accuracy using forensic biochemistry. The high inter-individual correlations of biomarkers may help to estimate the CSF concentration of an unknown biomarker, using extrapolation techniques.
KW  - biomarker combination
KW  - glial fibrillary acidic protein
KW  - interleukin-6
KW  - post mortem biochemistry
KW  - traumatic brain injury
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248587
SN  - 2218-273X
VL  - 11
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zwirner, Johann
A1  - Anders, Sven
A1  - Bohnert, Simone
A1  - Burkhardt, Ralph
A1  - Da Broi, Ugo
A1  - Hammer, Niels
A1  - Pohlers, Dirk
A1  - Tse, Rexson
A1  - Ondruschka, Benjamin
T1  - Screening for fatal traumatic brain injuries in cerebrospinal fluid using blood-validated CK and CK−MB immunoassays
JF  - Biomolecules
N2  - A single, specific, sensitive biochemical biomarker that can reliably diagnose a traumatic brain injury (TBI) has not yet been found, but combining different biomarkers would be the most promising approach in clinical and postmortem settings. In addition, identifying new biomarkers and developing laboratory tests can be time-consuming and economically challenging. As such, it would be efficient to use established clinical diagnostic assays for postmortem biochemistry. In this study, postmortem cerebrospinal fluid samples from 45 lethal TBI cases and 47 controls were analyzed using commercially available blood-validated assays for creatine kinase (CK) activity and its heart-type isoenzyme (CK–MB). TBI cases with a survival time of up to two hours showed an increase in both CK and CK–MB with moderate (CK–MB: AUC = 0.788, p < 0.001) to high (CK: AUC = 0.811, p < 0.001) diagnostic accuracy. This reflected the excessive increase of the brain-type CK isoenzyme (CK–BB) following a TBI. The results provide evidence that CK immunoassays can be used as an adjunct quantitative test aid in diagnosing acute TBI-related fatalities.
KW  - cerebrospinal fluid
KW  - creatine kinase
KW  - fatal traumatic brain injury
KW  - postmortem biochemistry
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242769
SN  - 2218-273X
VL  - 11
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zwettler, Fabian Ulrich
T1  - Expansionsmikroskopie kombiniert mit hochauflösender Fluoreszenzmikroskopie
T1  - Expansion Microscopy combined with Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy
N2  - Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy that has developed during the 20th century and is nowadays a standard tool in Molecular and Cell biology for studying the structure and function of biological molecules. High-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques, such as dSTORM (direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) allow the visualization of cellular structures at the nanometre scale (10−9 m). This has already made it possible to decipher the composition and function of various biopolymers, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, up to the three-dimensional (3D) structure of entire organelles. In practice, however, it has been shown that these imaging methods and their further developments still face great challenges in order to achieve an effective resolution below ∼ 10 nm. This is mainly due to the nature of labelling biomolecules. For the detection of molecular structures, immunostaining is often performed as a standard method. Antibodies to which fluorescent molecules are coupled, recognize and bind specifcally and with high affnity to the molecular section of the target structure, also called epitope or antigen. The fluorescent molecules serve as reporter molecules which are imaged with the use of a fluorescence microscope. However, the size of these labels with a length of about 10-15 nm in the case of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, cause a detection of the fluorescent molecules shifted to the real position of the studied antigen. In dense regions where epitopes are located close to each other, steric hindrance between antibodies can also occur and leads to an insuffcient label density. Together with the shifted detection of fluorescent molecules, these factors can limit the achievable resolution of a microscopy technique. Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a recently developed technique that achieves a resolution improvement by physical expansion of an investigated object. Therefore, biological samples such as cultured cells, tissue sections, whole organs or isolated organelles are chemically anchored into a swellable polymer. By absorbing water, this so-called superabsorber increases its own volume and pulls the covalently bound biomolecules isotropically apart. Routinely, this method achieves a magnifcation of the sample by about four times its volume. But protocol variants have already been developed that result in higher expansion factors of up to 50-fold. Since the ExM technique includes in the frst instance only the sample treatment for anchoring and magnifcation of the sample, it can be combined with various standard methods of fluorescence microscopy. In theory, the resolution of the used imaging technique improves linearly with the expansion factor of the ExM treated sample. However, an insuffcient label density and the size of the antibodies can here again impair the effective achievable resolution. The combination of ExM with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy methods represents a promising strategy to increase the resolution of light microscopy. In this thesis, I will present several ExM variants I developed which show the combination of ExM with confocal microscopy, SIM (Structured Illumination Microscopy), STED (STimulated Emission Depletion) and dSTORM. I optimized existing ExM protocols and developed different expansion strategies, which allow the combination with the respective imaging technique. Thereby, I gained new structural insights of isolated centrioles from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by combining ExM with STED and confocal microscopy. In another project, I combined 3D-SIM imaging with ExM and investigated the molecular structure of the so-called synaptonemal complex. This structure is formed during meiosis in eukaryotic cells and contributes to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Especially in combination with dSTORM, the ExM method showed its high potential to overcome the limitations of modern fluorescence microscopy techniques. In this project, I expanded microtubules in mammalian cells, a polymer of the cytoskeleton as well as isolated centrioles from C. reinhardtii. By labelling after expansion of the samples, I was able to signifcantly reduce the linkage error of the label and achieve an improved label density. In future, these advantages together with the single molecule sensitivity and high resolution obtained by the dSTORM method could pave the way for achieving molecular resolution in fluorescence microscopy
N2  - Die Fluoreszenzmikroskopie ist eine Form der Lichtmikroskopie, die sich im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts entwickelt hat und heutzutage standardmäßig in der Molekular-und Zellbiologie zur Erforschung von Aufbau und Funktion biologischer Moleküle eingesetzt wird. Hochauflösende Verfahren der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie, wie die dSTORM (direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy) Technik, ermöglichen die Visualisierung zellulärer Strukturen im Nanometer-Größenbereich (10−9 m). Dadurch konnte bereits die Zusammensetzung und Funktion unterschiedlicher Biopolymere, wie die von Proteinen, Lipiden und Nukleinsäuren, bis hin zum dreidimensionalen (3D) Aufbau ganzer Organellen entschlüsselt werden.
In der Praxis zeigt sich jedoch, dass diese Bildgebungsverfahren und ihre Weiterentwicklungen immer noch vor großen Herausforderungen stehen, bevor eine effektive Auflösung von unter ∼10 nm erreicht werden kann. Die größte Hürde stellt die Art und Weise der Markierung von Biomolekülen dar. Bei dieser wird zum Nachweis molekularer Strukturen häufig die sogenannte Immunfärbung als Standardmethode eingesetzt. Antikörper, welche mit Fluoreszenzmolekülen gekoppelt werden, erkennen und binden hierbei spezifisch und mit hoher Affinität den Molekülabschnitt der Zielstruktur, auch Epitop oder Antigen genannt. Die Fluoreszenzmoleküle dienen als Reportermoleküle, welche mit Hilfe eines Fluoreszenzmikroskops abgebildet werden. Die Größe der Antikörper, mit einer Länge von etwa 10-15 nm im Falle von Immunglobulin G (IgG) Antikörpern, bewirkt jedoch eine Detektion der fluoreszierenden Moleküle verschoben zur eigentlichen Lage des untersuchten Antigens. In Regionen mit räumlich dicht nebeneinander liegenden Epitopen kann es zusätzlich zur sterischen Hinderung zwischen den Antikörpern kommen. Dies führt zu einer unzureichenden Markierungsdichte und stellt - zusammen mit der verschobenen Detektion der Fluoreszenzmoleküle - eine Limitierung der zu erreichenden Auflösung dar.
Die Expansionsmikroskopie (ExM) ist ein neu entwickeltes Verfahren, welches eine Auflösungsverbesserung durch die physikalische Expansion eines untersuchten Objekts erreicht. Hierbei werden biologische Proben, wie beispielsweise kultivierte Zellen, Gewebeschnitte, ganze Organe oder isolierte Organellen, chemisch in ein quellbares Polymer verankert. Durch Absorption von Wasser vergrößert dieser sogenannte Superabsorber sein eigenes Volumen und zieht während der räumlichen Expansion die kovalent gebundenen Biomoleküle isotrop auseinander. Standardmäßig wird durch dieses Verfahren eine Vergrößerung der Proben um etwa das vierfache Volumen erreicht, wobei bereits Protokollvarianten entwickelt wurden, die eine bis zu 50-fache Expansion erzielt haben.
Da die ExM-Technik zunächst nur die Probenbehandlung zur Verankerung und Vergrößerung der Probe selbst beinhaltet, kann sie mit unterschiedlichen Standardmethoden der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie kombiniert werden. Dadurch verbessert sich die Auflösung des verwendeten Bildgebungsverfahrens theoretisch linear um den Faktor der Volumenvergrößerung der ExM behandelten Probe. Eine unzureichende Markierungsdichte und die Größe der verwendeten Antikörper können auch hier die effektiv erreichbare Auflösung beeinträchtigen. Die Kombination der ExM mit hochauflösenden Verfahren der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie stellt eine vielversprechende Strategie zur Erhöhung der bisher erreichbaren Auflösung in der Lichtmikroskopie dar.
In dieser Arbeit werde ich mehrere von mir entwickelte ExM Varianten vorstellen, welche die Kombination von ExM mit konfokaler Mikroskopie, SIM (Structured Illumination Microscopy), STED (STimulated Emission Depletion) und dSTORM zeigen. Um die Verbindung mit dem jeweiligen Bildgebungsverfahren zu ermöglichen, optimierte ich bestehende ExM-Protokolle und entwickelte unterschiedliche Expansionsstrategien. Dadurch konnte ich neue strukturelle Erkenntnisse von isolierten Zentriolen aus der Grünalge Chlamydomonas reinhardtii durch die Verbindung von ExM mit STED und konfokaler Mikroskopie gewinnen. In einem weiteren Projekt kombinierte ich 3D-SIM mit ExM und untersuchte den molekularen Aufbau des sogenannten synaptonemalen Komplexes. Diese Struktur bildet sich in eukaryotischen Zellen während der Reifeteilung (Meiose) aus und trägt zum Austausch des genetischen Materials zwischen homologen Chromosomen bei.
Vor allem in Verbindung mit dSTORM zeigte sich das hohe Potential der ExM-Methode, die bisherigen Limitierungen moderner Techniken der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie zu überwinden. In diesem Projekt expandierte ich Mikrotubuli in Säugetierzellen, ein Polymer des Zytoskeletts, sowie isolierte Zentriolen aus C. reinhardtii. Dadurch, dass die Markierung erst nach dem Expandieren der Proben erfolgte, gelang es, den Abstandsfehler der Markierung deutlich zu verringern und eine verbesserte Markierungsdichte zu erreichen. Diese Vorteile könnten in Verbindung mit der Einzelmolekülsensititvität und hohen Auflösung der dSTORM Methode Wegbereiter zur Erreichung einer molekularen Auflösung sein
KW  - Fluoreszenzmikroskopie
KW  - Expansionsmikroskopie
KW  - Einzelmolekül-Lokalisationsmikroskopie
KW  - Zentriolen
KW  - Synaptonemaler Komplex
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212362
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zottnick, Sven H.
A1  - Sprenger, Jan A. P.
A1  - Finze, Maik
A1  - Müller‐Buschbaum, Klaus
T1  - Statistic Replacement of Lanthanide Ions in Bis‐salicylatoborate Coordination Polymers for the Deliberate Control of the Luminescence Chromaticity
JF  - ChemistryOpen
N2  - Based on the strand‐like coordination polymer (CP) type \(^{1}\)\(_{∞}\)[Ln(BSB)\(_{3}\)(py)\(_{2}\)], [BSB]−=bis‐salicylatoborate anion, mixed Eu/Tb‐containing compounds of the constitution \(^{1}\)\(_{∞}\)[Eu\(_{x}\)Tb\(_{1-x}\)(BSB)\(_{3}\)(py)\(_{2}\)] were synthesised ionothermally for a phase width of (x=0.25–0.75) and characterized regarding structure and optical properties. Previously, known only for other lanthanides, the mixed 1D−Eu/Tb‐CPs show excellent options for statistic replacement of the Ln‐cations during synthesis yielding solid solutions. The products are highly luminescent, with the chromaticity being a direct function of the amount of the respective Ln‐ions. Corresponding to an overall addition of emission intensities, the green Tb\(^{3+}\) emission and the red Eu\(^{3+}\) emission allow for a chromaticity control that also includes yellow emission. Control of the luminescence colour renders them suitable examples of the versatility of statistic replacement of metal ions in coordination chemistry. In addition, crystallization of [EMIm]\(_{2}\)[YCl\(_{5}\)(py)] illuminates possible other products of the ionothermal reactions of [EMIm][BSB] with LnCl\(_{3}\) constituted by components not being part of the main CPs.
KW  - borates
KW  - coordination polymers
KW  - ionic liquids
KW  - lanthanides
KW  - luminescence
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239953
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
SP  - 164
EP  - 170
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zipper, Catharina Tabea
T1  - Validierungsstudie des „SUBsON“ - Narbenhernien-Operationsmodell zur offenen retromuskulären Netzimplantation mit Präparation des Fatty-Triangles
T1  - Incisional hernia repair in a high‑fidelity silicone model “SUBsON” for open retro‑muscular mesh implantation with preparation of the fatty triangle: a validation study
N2  - Die Narbenhernie stellt eine häufige Komplikation nach Laparotomien dar. Die Therapie der Narbenhernie erfolgt mittels chirurgischer Netzimplantation. Dieses Verfahren erfordert detaillierte anatomische Kenntnisse. Dem ethischen Imperativ folgend, wurde ein kosten-effizientes Modell entwickelt, welches den humanen Situs imitiert und an dem sich eine retromuskuläre Netzimplantation durchführen lässt. Das High-Fidelity-Modell besteht zum Hauptteil aus 2-Komponenten-Silikon. Das Modell wurde entwickelt und im Rahmen dieser Studie validiert.  Zur Ermittlung der Testpersonenanzahl wurde die Methodik des sequentiellen Dreieckstests genutzt. Nachdem 6 Anfänger (PJ-Studierende) und 6 Könner (Fachärzte für Viszeralchirurgie) jeweils ein Modell operiert hatten, wurde die Kontent-, die Konstrukt- und die Kriterienvalidität untersucht. Anschließend wurde das Modell und die Operationsdurchführung mit drei Methoden untersucht. Zum einen füllten die Teilnehmenden einen Fragebogen bezüglich der Realitätsnahe des Modells direkt nach der Operation aus. Außerdem bewerteten drei verblindete Bewerter die Operationen anhand des Competency assessment tool (CAT), welcher eine modifizierte Version des Fragebogens nach Miskovic darstellt, nach den folgenden Subskalen: „Instrumentengebrauch“, „Umgang mit dem Gewebe“, „Mängel und Fehler“, „Qualität des Endprodukts“. Zuletzt wurden die operierten Modelle bezüglicher der „Endergebnisse“ autopsiert und bewertet. 
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass am SUBsON-Modell eine Narbenhernienoperation mit Netzimplantation authentisch durchgeführt werden kann. Die Testpersonen bewerteten das Modell als realitätsnah. Die Reliabilität war in allen Kategorien gut bis exzellent. Die Könner waren in allen Subskalen des CATs den Anfängern überlegen. Bei Betrachtung der Kriterienvalidität zeigte sich ein paradoxer Effekt: Bei der Präparation des Fatty Triangles erbrachten die Anfänger eine signifikant (p< 0,05) höhere Leistung als die Könner. Mögliche Erklärungen dafür sind mannigfaltig. 
Die Leistungsunterschiede zwischen Anfängern und Könnern bestätigen die Konstruktvalidität von Modell und Fragebogen sowie die Realitätsnähe des Modells. In dieser Studie konnten Defizite vor allem unter Könnern bezüglich anatomischer Kenntnisse bei der Präparation des Fatty Triangles aufgezeigt werden. Das Modell kann zukünftig genutzt werden, um die Netzimplantation und die Präparation des Fatty Triangles zu üben als auch um die chirurgischen Leistungen zu evaluieren.
N2  - Incisional hernia is a common complication after laparotomy. Therapy is carried out by means of surgical mesh repair. This requires detailed anatomic knowledge. The literature also explains the proper preparation of the fatty triangle as challenging. Following the ethical imperative, a cost-efficient model for open median retromuscular mesh repair resembling the human body was developed, including the main anatomical structures related to the procedure. Based on two-component silicone a high-fidelity model on open retromuscular mesh repair was created and validated in a subsequent study. Sample size for validation of the model was determined by a sequential triangular test approach. After performing the operation on the model by six beginners (medical students) and six experts (surgeons), the content, construct und criterion validity was investigated. The study consisted of three different evaluation methods. Firstly, the participants evaluated in a questionnaire how realistic they perceived the model and its compounds to be. Secondly, three blinded-raters assessed the operations using a modified version of the Competency assessment tool (CAT) developed by Miskovic for the criteria: “instrument use”, “tissue handling”, “near misses and errors”, and “end-product quality”. Finally, the operated models were autopsied and rated regarding “final results”.
The results show that the model authentically mimicked an open median retromuscular mesh repair. Participants considered the procedure to be realistic. Statistical reliability ranged from good to excellent in all categories. Construct-validity was confirmed with experts significantly outperforming beginners in all categories of the CAT. Criterion-validity revealed a paradox effect: beginners performed significantly better than experts (p < 0.05) when preparing the fatty triangle. Possible explanations for this are manifold.
Performance differences between beginners and experts confirm construct-validity and thereby the realism of the model. This study also revealed deficits in anatomical comprehension of the fatty triangle preparation especially among experts and presents a model on which the mesh implantation and preparation of the fatty triangle can be practiced and evaluated.
KW  - Narbenhernie
KW  - Validierung
KW  - Konstruktvalidität
KW  - Simulation
KW  - Hernie
KW  - Fatty Triangle
KW  - incisional hernia
KW  - Sublay
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219649
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zipf, Matthias
T1  - Berührungslose Temperaturmessung an Gasen und keramisch beschichteten Oberflächen bei hohen Temperaturen
T1  - Non-contact temperature measurement of gases and ceramic coated surfaces
N2  - Stationäre Gasturbinen können von großer Bedeutung für die Verlangsamung des Klima-wandels und bei der Bewältigung der Energiewende sein. Für die Weiterentwicklung von Gasturbinen zu höheren Betriebstemperaturen und damit einhergehend zu höheren Wirkungs-graden werden berührungslose Messverfahren zur Ermittlung der Oberflächentemperatur von Turbinenschaufeln und der Gastemperatur der heißen Verbrennungsgase während des Be-triebs benötigt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden daher Methoden der berührungslosen Tem-peraturmessung unter Verwendung von Infrarotstrahlung untersucht.
Die berührungslose Messung der Oberflächentemperatur moderner Turbinenschaufeln muss aufgrund derer infrarot-optischer Oberflächeneigenschaften im Wellenlängenbereich des mitt-leren Infrarots durchgeführt werden, in welchem die Turbinenbrenngase starke Absorptions-banden aufweisen. Zur Entwicklung eines adäquaten Strahlungsthermometers für diesen Zweck wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit daher durch Ermittlung von Transmissionsspektren von Kohlenstoffdioxid und Wasserdampf bei hohen Temperaturen und Drücken in einer ei-gens hierfür konstruierten Heißgas-Messzelle zunächst Wellenlängenbereiche identifiziert, in welchen die geplanten Messungen möglich sind. Anschließend wurde der Prototyp eines ent-sprechend konfigurierten Strahlungsthermometers im Zuge des Testlaufes einer vollskaligen Gasturbine erfolgreich erprobt.
Weiterhin wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zwei mögliche Verfahren zur berührungslosen Gastemperaturmessung untersucht. Das erste untersuchte Verfahren setzt ebenfalls auf Strah-lungsthermometrie. Dieses Verfahren sieht vor, aufgrund der Temperaturabhängigkeit des spektralen Transmissionsgrades in den Randbereichen von gesättigten Absorptionsbanden von Gasen aus der in diesen Bereichen transmittierten spektralen Strahldichte auf die Gastempera-tur zu schließen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Voruntersuchungen für dieses Tempera-turmessverfahren durchgeführt. So konnten auf der Grundlage von experimentell ermittelten Transmissionsspektren von Kohlenstoffdioxid bei Drücken zwischen 5 kPa und 600 kPa und Gastemperaturen zwischen Raumtemperatur und 1073 K für das geplante Verfahren nutzbare Wellenlängenintervalle insbesondere im Bereich der Kohlenstoffdioxid-Bande bei 4,26 µm identifiziert werden. 
Das zweite im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersuchte Verfahren zur berührungslosen Gastem-peraturmessung basiert auf der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Wellenlängenposition der Trans-missionsminima der Absorptionsbanden von infrarot-aktiven Gasen. Im Hinblick darauf wur-de dieses Phänomen anhand von experimentell bestimmten hochaufgelösten Transmissions-spektren von Kohlenstoffdioxid überprüft. Weiterhin wurden mögliche Wellenlängenbereiche identifiziert und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für das geplante Verfahren charakterisiert. Als am vielversprechendsten erwiesen sich hierbei Teilbanden in den Bereichen um 2,7 µm und um 9,2 µm. Unter Beimischung von Stickstoff mit Partialdrücken von bis zu 390 kPa erwies sich zudem auch die Bande bei 4,26 µm als geeignet.
Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit experimentell ermittelten Transmissionsspektren konnten dar-über hinaus schließlich durch Vergleich mit entsprechenden HITRAN-Simulationen verifiziert werden.
N2  - Stationary gas turbines can be of significant importance for slowing down climate change and for the handling of the energy transition. The goal of the further development of gas tur-bines is to increase the operating temperatures and in consequence the efficiency factor. For this purpose, non-contact measurement methods are required to determine the surface temper-ature of turbine blades and the gas temperature of the hot combustion gases during operation. Therefore, methods of non-contact temperature measurement using infrared radiation are in-vestigated in this work.
Due to the infrared-optical surface properties of modern turbine blades, non-contact tem-perature measurement has to be carried out in the mid-infrared wavelength range, where com-bustion gases of gas turbines have strong absorption bands. In order to develop an adequate radiation thermometer for this purpose, as a first step in this work, wavelength ranges were identified by determining the transmission spectra of carbon dioxide and water vapor at high temperatures and pressures in which the planned measurements are possible. Therefore, a spe-cial high-temperature high-pressure gas cell was developed. Then the prototype of a radiation thermometer, which was configured for measurements in the wavelength region identified before, was successfully tested in a full-scale gas turbine.
Furthermore, two possible methods for non-contact gas temperature measurement were in-vestigated in the scope of this work. The first method examined also relies on radiation ther-mometry. Within this method, it is planned to obtain the gas temperature from the measure-ment of the spectral radiance that is transmitted in the wavelength region of the edge of a sat-urated absorption band of the gas, due to the temperature dependence of the spectral transmit-tance in this wavelength region. In this work, preliminary investigations for this temperature measurement method were carried out. Based on experimentally determined transmission spectra of carbon dioxide at pressures between 5 kPa and 600 kPa and at temperatures be-tween room temperature and 1073 K, wavelength intervals were identified that are suitable for the planned measurement method. Especially in the region of the carbon dioxide band at 4.26 µm, appropriate intervals could be found.
The second method for non-contact gas temperature measurement investigated in this the-sis is based on the temperature dependence of the wavelength position of the transmission minima of the absorption bands of infrared-active gases. Therefore, this phenomenon was in-vestigated using experimentally determined high-resolution transmission spectra of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, suitable wavelength ranges with appropriate absorption bands were identified and characterized. The most promising sub-bands were found in the wavelength regions around 2.7 µm and 9.2 µm. Under addition of nitrogen with partial pressures up to 390 kPa, the carbon dioxide band at 4.26 µm also turned out to be suitable for the planned temperature measurement method.
Finally, the experimentally gathered transmission spectra, which were obtained in the scope of this work, could be verified by a comparison with corresponding HITRAN-simulations.
KW  - Pyrometrie
KW  - Gas
KW  - thermal barrier coating
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240248
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ziouti, Fani
A1  - Rummler, Maximilian
A1  - Steyn, Beatrice
A1  - Thiele, Tobias
A1  - Seliger, Anne
A1  - Duda, Georg N.
A1  - Bogen, Bjarne
A1  - Willie, Bettina M.
A1  - Jundt, Franziska
T1  - Prevention of bone destruction by mechanical loading is not enhanced by the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor CC-292 in myeloma bone disease
JF  - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
N2  - Limiting bone resorption and regenerating bone tissue are treatment goals in myeloma bone disease (MMBD). Physical stimuli such as mechanical loading prevent bone destruction and enhance bone mass in the MOPC315.BM.Luc model of MMBD. It is unknown whether treatment with the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor CC-292 (spebrutinib), which regulates osteoclast differentiation and function, augments the anabolic effect of mechanical loading. CC-292 was administered alone and in combination with axial compressive tibial loading in the MOPC315.BM.Luc model for three weeks. However, neither CC-292 alone nor its use in combination with mechanical loading was more effective in reducing osteolytic bone disease or rescuing bone mass than mechanical stimuli alone, as evidenced by microcomputed tomography (microCT) and histomorphometric analysis. Further studies are needed to investigate novel anti-myeloma and anti-resorptive strategies in combination with physical stimuli to improve treatment of MMBD.
KW  - multiple myeloma
KW  - cancer-induced bone disease
KW  - Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor CC-292
KW  - skeletal mechanobiology
KW  - bone adaptation
KW  - mechanical loading
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284943
SN  - 1422-0067
VL  - 22
IS  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zimniak, Melissa
A1  - Kirschner, Luisa
A1  - Hilpert, Helen
A1  - Geiger, Nina
A1  - Danov, Olga
A1  - Oberwinkler, Heike
A1  - Steinke, Maria
A1  - Sewald, Katherina
A1  - Seibel, Jürgen
A1  - Bodem, Jochen
T1  - The serotonin reuptake inhibitor Fluoxetine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human lung tissue
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - To circumvent time-consuming clinical trials, testing whether existing drugs are effective inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, has led to the discovery of Remdesivir. We decided to follow this path and screened approved medications "off-label" against SARS-CoV-2. Fluoxetine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 at a concentration of 0.8 mu g/ml significantly in these screenings, and the EC50 was determined with 387 ng/ml. Furthermore, Fluoxetine reduced viral infectivity in precision-cut human lung slices showing its activity in relevant human tissue targeted in severe infections. Fluoxetine treatment resulted in a decrease in viral protein expression. Fluoxetine is a racemate consisting of both stereoisomers, while the S-form is the dominant serotonin reuptake inhibitor. We found that both isomers show similar activity on the virus, indicating that the R-form might specifically be used for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. Fluoxetine inhibited neither Rabies virus, human respiratory syncytial virus replication nor the Human Herpesvirus 8 or Herpes simplex virus type 1 gene expression, indicating that it acts virus-specific. Moreover, since it is known that Fluoxetine inhibits cytokine release, we see the role of Fluoxetine in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of risk groups.
KW  - SARS-CoV-2
KW  - viral epidemiology
KW  - viral infection
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259820
VL  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ziegler, Mirjam
A1  - Kaiser, Anna
A1  - Igel, Christine
A1  - Geissler, Julia
A1  - Mechler, Konstantin
A1  - Holz, Nathalie E.
A1  - Becker, Katja
A1  - Döpfner, Manfred
A1  - Romanos, Marcel
A1  - Brandeis, Daniel
A1  - Hohmann, Sarah
A1  - Millenet, Sabina
A1  - Banaschewski, Tobias
T1  - Actigraphy-derived sleep profiles of children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) over two weeks — comparison, precursor symptoms, and the chronotype
JF  - Brain Sciences
N2  - Although sleep problems are common in children with ADHD, their extent, preceding risk factors, and the association between neurocognitive performance and neurobiological processes in sleep and ADHD, are still largely unknown. We examined sleep variables in school-aged children with ADHD, addressing their intra-individual variability (IIV) and considering potential precursor symptoms as well as the chronotype. Additionally, in a subgroup of our sample, we investigated associations with neurobehavioral functioning (n = 44). A total of 57 children (6–12 years) with (n = 24) and without ADHD (n = 33) were recruited in one center of the large ESCAlife study to wear actigraphs for two weeks. Actigraphy-derived dependent variables, including IIV, were analyzed using linear mixed models in order to find differences between the groups. A stepwise regression model was used to investigate neuropsychological function. Overall, children with ADHD showed longer sleep onset latency (SOL), higher IIV in SOL, more movements during sleep, lower sleep efficiency, and a slightly larger sleep deficit on school days compared with free days. No group differences were observed for chronotype or sleep onset time. Sleep problems in infancy predicted later SOL and the total number of movements during sleep in children with and without ADHD. No additional effect of sleep problems, beyond ADHD symptom severity, on neuropsychological functioning was found. This study highlights the importance of screening children with ADHD for current and early childhood sleep disturbances in order to prevent long-term sleep problems and offer individualized treatments. Future studies with larger sample sizes should examine possible biological markers to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
KW  - sleep
KW  - actigraphy
KW  - attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
KW  - intra-individual variability (IIV)
KW  - chronotype
KW  - children
KW  - continuous performance task (CPT)
KW  - precursor symptoms
KW  - ESCAlife
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250084
SN  - 2076-3425
VL  - 11
IS  - 12
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ziegler, Georg C.
A1  - Radtke, Franziska
A1  - Vitale, Maria Rosaria
A1  - Preuße, André
A1  - Klopocki, Eva
A1  - Herms, Stefan
A1  - Lesch, Klaus-Peter
T1  - Generation of multiple human iPSC lines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of two SLC2A3 deletion and two SLC2A3 duplication carriers
JF  - Stem Cell Research
N2  - Copy number variants of SLC2A3, which encodes the glucose transporter GLUT3, are associated with several neuropsychiatric and cardiac diseases. Here, we report the successful reprogramming of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from two SLC2A3 duplication and two SLC2A3 deletion carriers and subsequent generation of two transgene-free iPSC clones per donor by Sendai viral transduction. All eight clones represent bona fide hiPSCs with high expression of pluripotency genes, ability to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers and normal karyotype. The generated cell lines will be helpful to enlighten the role of glucometabolic alterations in pathophysiological processes shared across organ boundaries.
KW  - congenital heart-deffects
KW  - transporter gene SLC2A3
KW  - copy-number variation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-264696
VL  - 56
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ziegler, Georg C.
A1  - Ehlis, Ann-Christine
A1  - Weber, Heike
A1  - Vitale, Maria Rosaria
A1  - Zöller, Johanna E. M.
A1  - Ku, Hsing-Ping
A1  - Schiele, Miriam A.
A1  - Kürbitz, Laura I.
A1  - Romanos, Marcel
A1  - Pauli, Paul
A1  - Kalisch, Raffael
A1  - Zwanzger, Peter
A1  - Domschke, Katharina
A1  - Fallgatter, Andreas J.
A1  - Reif, Andreas
A1  - Lesch, Klaus-Peter
T1  - A Common CDH13 Variant is Associated with Low Agreeableness and Neural Responses to Working Memory Tasks in ADHD
JF  - Genes
N2  - The cell—cell signaling gene CDH13 is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and major depression. CDH13 regulates axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, substantiating its relevance for neurodevelopmental processes. Several studies support the influence of CDH13 on personality traits, behavior, and executive functions. However, evidence for functional effects of common gene variation in the CDH13 gene in humans is sparse. Therefore, we tested for association of a functional intronic CDH13 SNP rs2199430 with ADHD in a sample of 998 adult patients and 884 healthy controls. The Big Five personality traits were assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Assuming that altered neural correlates of working memory and cognitive response inhibition show genotype-dependent alterations, task performance and electroencephalographic event-related potentials were measured by n-back and continuous performance (Go/NoGo) tasks. The rs2199430 genotype was not associated with adult ADHD on the categorical diagnosis level. However, rs2199430 was significantly associated with agreeableness, with minor G allele homozygotes scoring lower than A allele carriers. Whereas task performance was not affected by genotype, a significant heterosis effect limited to the ADHD group was identified for the n-back task. Heterozygotes (AG) exhibited significantly higher N200 amplitudes during both the 1-back and 2-back condition in the central electrode position Cz. Consequently, the common genetic variation of CDH13 is associated with personality traits and impacts neural processing during working memory tasks. Thus, CDH13 might contribute to symptomatic core dysfunctions of social and cognitive impairment in ADHD.
KW  - ADHD
KW  - CDH13
KW  - neurodevelopment
KW  - executive functions
KW  - working memory
KW  - Big Five
KW  - agreeableness
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245220
SN  - 2073-4425
VL  - 12
IS  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ziebertz, Hans-Georg
T1  - Introduction to the special issue: Religion and human rights: complementary or contrary
JF  - Religions
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - human rights
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228798
SN  - 2077-1444
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhou, Yang
A1  - Ding, Meiqi
A1  - Duan, Xiaodong
A1  - Konrad, Kai R.
A1  - Nagel, Georg
A1  - Gao, Shiqiang
T1  - Extending the Anion Channelrhodopsin-Based Toolbox for Plant Optogenetics
JF  - Membranes
N2  - Optogenetics was developed in the field of neuroscience and is most commonly using light-sensitive rhodopsins to control the neural activities. Lately, we have expanded this technique into plant science by co-expression of a chloroplast-targeted β-carotene dioxygenase and an improved anion channelrhodopsin GtACR1 from the green alga Guillardia theta. The growth of Nicotiana tabacum pollen tube can then be manipulated by localized green light illumination. To extend the application of analogous optogenetic tools in the pollen tube system, we engineered another two ACRs, GtACR2, and ZipACR, which have different action spectra, light sensitivity and kinetic features, and characterized them in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and N. tabacum pollen tubes. We found that the similar molecular engineering method used to improve GtACR1 also enhanced GtACR2 and ZipACR performance in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The ZipACR1 performed in N. benthamiana mesophyll cells and N. tabacum pollen tubes with faster kinetics and reduced light sensitivity, allowing for optogenetic control of anion fluxes with better temporal resolution. The reduced light sensitivity would potentially facilitate future application in plants, grown under low ambient white light, combined with an optogenetic manipulation triggered by stronger green light.
KW  - optogenetics
KW  - rhodopsin
KW  - light-sensitive anion channel
KW  - surface potential recording
KW  - pollen tube
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236617
SN  - 2077-0375
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhou, Xiang
A1  - Bai, Tao
A1  - Meckel, Katharina
A1  - Song, Jun
A1  - Jin, Yu
A1  - Kortüm, Martin K.
A1  - Eisele, Hermann
A1  - Hou, Xiaohua
A1  - Rasche, Leo
T1  - COVID-19 infection in patients with multiple myeloma: a German-Chinese experience from Würzburg and Wuhan
JF  - Annals of Hematology
N2  - No abstract available.
KW  - COVID-19
KW  - patients with multiple myeloma
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235108
SN  - 0939-5555
VL  - 100
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zhang, Fangyuan
A1  - Radacki, Krzysztof
A1  - Braunschweig, Holger
A1  - Lambert, Christoph
A1  - Ravat, Prince
T1  - Zinc-[7]helicenocyanine and its discrete π-stacked homochiral Dimer
JF  - Angewandte Chemie International Edition
N2  - In this communication, we demonstrate a novel approach to prepare a discrete dimer of chiral phthalocyanine (Pc) by exploiting the flexible molecular geometry of helicenes, which enables structural interlocking and strong aggregation tendency of Pcs. Synthesized [7]helicene-Pc hybrid molecular structure, zinc-[7]helicenocyanine (Zn-7HPc), exclusively forms a stable dimeric pair consisting of two homochiral molecules. The dimerization constants were estimated to be as high as 8.96×10\(^6\) M\(^{−1}\) and 3.42×107 M\(^{−1}\) in THF and DMSO, respectively, indicating remarkable stability of dimer. In addition, Zn\(^{-7}\)HPc exhibited chiral self-sorting behavior, which resulted in preferential formation of a homochiral dimer also in the racemic sample. Two phthalocyanine subunits in the dimeric form strongly communicate with each other as revealed by a large comproportionation constant and observation of an IV-CT band for the thermodynamically stable mixed-valence state.
KW  - organic chemistry
KW  - supramolecular assembly
KW  - chirality
KW  - helicenes
KW  - homochiral dimer
KW  - phthalocyanines
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256534
VL  - 60
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zetzl, Teresa
A1  - Renner, Agnes
A1  - Pittig, Andre
A1  - Jentschke, Elisabeth
A1  - Roch, Carmen
A1  - van Oorschot, Birgitt
T1  - Yoga effectively reduces fatigue and symptoms of depression in patients with different types of cancer
JF  - Supportive Care in Cancer
N2  - Purpose
Examine the effects of an 8-week yoga therapy on fatigue in patients with different types of cancer.

Methods
A total of 173 cancer patients suffering from mild to severe fatigue were randomly allocated to yoga intervention (n = 84) (IG) versus waitlist control group (CG) (n = 88). Yoga therapy consisted of eight weekly sessions with 60 min each. The primary outcome was self-reported fatigue symptoms. Secondary outcomes were symptoms of depression and quality of life (QoL). Data were assessed using questionnaires before (T0) and after yoga therapy for IG versus waiting period for CG (T1).

Results
A stronger reduction of general fatigue (P = .033), physical fatigue (P = .048), and depression (P < .001) as well as a stronger increase in QoL (P = .002) was found for patients who attended 7 or 8 sessions compared with controls. Within the yoga group, both higher attendance rate and lower T0-fatigue were significant predictors of lower T1-fatigue (P ≤ .001). Exploratory results revealed that women with breast cancer report a higher reduction of fatigue than women with other types of cancer (P = .016) after yoga therapy.

Conclusion
The findings support the assumption that yoga therapy is useful to reduce cancer-related fatigue, especially for the physical aspects of fatigue. Women with breast cancer seem to benefit most, and higher attendance rate results in greater reduction of fatigue.

Trial registration
German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00016034
KW  - yoga
KW  - complementary alternative medicine
KW  - mind-body intervention
KW  - fatigue
KW  - depression
KW  - quality of live
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235415
SN  - 0941-4355
VL  - 29
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zetzl, Teresa
A1  - Pittig, Andre
A1  - Renner, Agnes
A1  - van Oorschott, Birgitt
A1  - Jentschke, Elisabeth
T1  - Yoga therapy to reduce fatigue in cancer: effects of reminder e-mails and long-term efficacy
JF  - Supportive Care in Cancer
N2  - Objective
To examine the efficacy of reminder e-mails to continue yoga therapy on practice frequency and fatigue in cancer patients and long-term effects of yoga on fatigue, depression, and quality of life.
Methology
One hundred two cancer patients who completed an 8-week yoga therapy were randomly allocated to two groups: reminder (N = 51) vs. no-reminder group (N = 51). After completing yoga therapy, the reminder group received weekly e-mails for 24 weeks, which reminded them of practicing yoga, whereas the no-reminder group did not. Primary outcomes were fatigue and practice frequency, and long-term outcomes were fatigue, depression, and quality of life. Data were assessed using questionnaires after yoga therapy (T1) and 6 months after completing yoga therapy (T2).
Result
A significantly stronger reduction of general (p = 0.038, d = 0.42) and emotional fatigue (p = 0.004, d = 0.59) and a higher increase of practice frequency (p = 0.015, d = 0.52) between T1 and T2 were found for the reminder group compared to the no-reminder group. In the mediation model, practice frequency as a mediator partially explained the changes in emotional fatigue (indirect effect B =  - 0.10). Long-term effects of yoga therapy regarding fatigue, depression, and quality of life were found (F > 7.46, p < 0.001, d > 0.54).
Conclusion
Weekly reminder e-mails after yoga therapy can positively affect general and emotional fatigue and help cancer patients with fatigue establish a regular yoga practice at home. However, higher practice frequency did not lead to higher physical or cognitive fatigue improvement, suggesting other factors that mediate efficacy on physical or cognitive fatigue, such as mindfulness or side effects of therapy.
KW  - reminder e-mails
KW  - mind–body intervention
KW  - complementary alternative medicine
KW  - long-term effects
KW  - Yoga
KW  - fatigue
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268415
SN  - 1433-7339
VL  - 29
IS  - 12
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zetzl, Teresa Margarete
T1  - Cancer-related fatigue intervention
T1  - Interventionen gegen krebsbedingte Fatigue
N2  - The incidence of cancer cases is rising steadily, while improved early detection and new cancer-specific therapies are reducing the mortality rate. In addition to curing cancer or prolonging life, increasing the quality of life is thus an important goal of oncology, which is why the burdens of cancer and treatment are becoming more important. A common side effect of cancer and its therapy is cancer-related fatigue, a tiredness that manifests itself on physical, emotional and cognitive levels and is not in proportion to previous physical efforts. Since the etiology of fatigue has not yet been fully clarified, symptom-oriented therapy is preferable to cause-specific therapy. In addition to activity management, sleep hygiene, and cognitive behavioral therapy, mind-body interventions such as yoga are recommended for reducing fatigue. 
Previous studies with small sample sizes were able to examine the efficacy of yoga regarding fatigue predominantly in patients with breast cancer. Long-term effects of yoga have rarely been studied and there have been no attempts to increase long-term effects through interventions such as reminder e-mails. This dissertation takes a closer look at these mentioned aspects of the study sample and long-term effects. An 8-week randomized controlled yoga intervention was conducted, including patients with different cancer types reporting mild to severe fatigue. Following the 8-week yoga therapy, a randomized group of participants received weekly reminder e-mails for 6 months for regular yoga practice, whereas the control group did not receive reminder e-mails. 
The first paper is a protocol article, which addresses the design and planned implementation of the research project this dissertation is based upon. This serves to ensure better replicability and comparability with other yoga studies. Due to a very low consent rate of patients in the pilot phase, it was necessary to deviate from the protocol article in the actual implementation and the planned inclusion criterion of fatigue >5 was reduced to fatigue >1.
The second paper examines the efficacy of the eight-week yoga intervention. Patients in the intervention group who participated in the yoga classes seven times or more showed a significantly greater reduction in general and physical fatigue than those who participated less often. The efficacy of yoga was related to the number of attended yoga sessions. Women with breast cancer who participated in yoga reported greater reductions in fatigue than women with other cancer types. There was also an improvement for depression and quality of life after eight weeks of yoga therapy compared to no yoga therapy. These results imply that yoga is helpful in reducing depression and cancer-related fatigue, especially in terms of physical aspects and improving quality of life. 
The third paper focuses on the efficacy of reminder e-mails in terms of fatigue and practice frequency. Patients who received reminder e-mails reported greater reductions in general and emotional fatigue, as well as significant increases in practice frequency, compared to patients who did not receive reminder e-mails. Compared to fatigue scores before yoga, significantly lower fatigue and depression scores and higher quality of life were reported after yoga therapy and at follow-up six months later. Weekly e-mail reminders after yoga therapy may have positive effects on general and emotional fatigue and help cancer patients with fatigue establish a regular yoga practice at home. However, higher practice frequency did not lead to higher improvement in physical fatigue as found in Paper 2. This may indicate other factors that influence the efficacy of yoga practice on physical fatigue, such as mindfulness or side effects of therapy.
This research project provides insight into the efficacy of yoga therapy for oncology patients with fatigue. It is important that such interventions be offered early, while fatigue symptoms are not too severe. Regular guided yoga practice can reduce physical fatigue, but subsequent yoga practice at home does not further reduce physical fatigue. Reminder emails after completed yoga therapy could only reduce patients' emotional fatigue. It may be that physical fatigue was reduced as much as possible by the previous yoga therapy and that there was a floor effect, or it may be that reminder emails are not suitable as an intervention to reduce physical fatigue at all. Further research is needed to examine the mechanisms of the different interventions in more detail and to find appropriate interventions that reduce all levels of fatigue equally.
N2  - Die Anzahl der Krebs-Neuerkrankungen steigt stetig, während durch verbesserte Früherkennung und neue krebsspezifische Therapien die Sterberate sinkt. Neben der Heilung von Krebs oder Verlängerung der Lebenszeit ist somit eine Erhöhung der Lebensqualität wichtige Aufgabe der Onkologie, weshalb Nebenwirkungen der Krebsbehandlung näher betrachtet werden müssen. Eine häufige Folge von Krebserkrankungen und deren Therapie ist die krebsbedingte Fatigue, eine Müdigkeit, die sich auf physischer, emotionaler und kognitiver Ebene zeigt und nicht im Verhältnis zu vorhergehenden Anstrengungen steht. Da die Ätiologie der Fatigue bisher nicht vollständig geklärt ist, ist eine symptomorientierte Therapie der ursachenspezifischen Therapie vorzuziehen. Neben Aktivitätsmanagement, Schlafhygiene und kognitiver Umstrukturierung werden Mind-Body-Interventionen wie Yoga zur Reduktion von krebsbedingter Fatigue empfohlen. 
Bisherige Studien mit geringer Stichprobengröße konnten die Wirksamkeit von Yoga hinsichtlich Fatigue überwiegend bei Brustkrebspatientinnen überprüfen. Langfristige Effekte von Yoga wurden nur selten überprüft. Es gibt bisher keine Interventionen, wie beispielsweise Erinnerungs-E-Mails, die darauf zielen, derartige langfristige Effekte zu erhöhen. In dieser Dissertation werden auf die Aspekte Stichprobe und langfristige Effekte, näher eingegangen. Es wurde eine achtwöchige randomisierte, kontrollierte Yoga-Intervention durchgeführt, die in die Stichprobe alle PatientInnen mit onkologischen Erkrankungen einschloss, die leichte bis schwere Fatigue berichteten. Im Anschluss an die achtwöchige Yogatherapie erhielt eine randomisierte Gruppe der Teilnehmenden für sechs Monate wöchentliche Erinnerungs-E-Mails für die regelmäßige Yogapraxis, die die Kontrollgruppe nicht erhielt. 
Das erste Paper befasst sich als Protokollartikel genauer mit dem Aufbau und der geplanten Durchführung des gesamten Forschungsprojekts. Dies dient der Sicherung einer besseren Replizierbarkeit und Vergleichbarkeit mit anderen Yogastudien. Aufgrund einer sehr geringen Zustimmungsrate der PatientInnen in der Pilotphase musste vom Protokollartikel abgewichen werden und das geplante Einschlusskriterium der Fatigue >5 auf Fatigue >1 gesetzt werden.
Das zweite Paper beschäftigt sich mit der Wirksamkeit der achtwöchigen Yoga-Intervention. PatientInnen in der Interventionsgruppe, die sieben Mal oder häufiger an der Yogaintervention teilgenommen haben, zeigten eine signifikant stärkere Reduktion der allgemeinen und physischen Fatigue als die PatientInnen der Kontrollgruppe. Die Wirksamkeit der Yoga-Intervention stand im Zusammenhang mit der Anzahl der teilgenommenen Yogastunden. Frauen mit Brustkrebs, die am Yoga teilnahmen, berichteten eine stärkere Reduktion der Fatigue als Frauen mit anderen Krebsarten. Auch für Depression und Lebensqualität konnte durch die achtwöchige Yogatherapie eine Verbesserung erzielt werden. Diese Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Yoga hilfreich ist, krebsbedingte Fatigue zu reduzieren, vor allem hinsichtlich physischer Aspekte. 
Das dritte Paper beschäftigt sich mit der Wirksamkeit von Erinnerungs-E-Mails hinsichtlich der Fatigue und Übungshäufigkeit. PatientInnen, die Erinnerungs-E-Mails erhielten, berichteten von einer stärkeren Reduktion der allgemeinen und emotionalen Fatigue, sowie einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Übungshäufigkeit. Im Vergleich zu den Werten vor der Yogatherapie wurden nach Yogatherapie und im Follow-Up sechs Monate später signifikant geringere Fatigue und Depressionswerte sowie eine höhere Lebensqualität berichtet. Wöchentliche Erinnerungs-E-Mails nach einer Yogatherapie können positive Effekte auf die allgemeine und emotionale Fatigue haben und KrebspatientInnen mit Fatigue helfen, eine regelmäßige Yogapraxis zu Hause zu etablieren. Eine höhere Übungshäufigkeit führte jedoch nicht zu einer höheren Verbesserung der physischen Fatigue, wie es in Paper 2 zu finden war. Dies kann auf andere Faktoren hindeuten, die die Wirksamkeit der Yogapraxis auf die physische Fatigue beeinflussen, wie Achtsamkeit oder Nebenwirkungen der Therapie.
Dieses Forschungsprojekt gibt Aufschluss über die Wirksamkeit der Yogatherapie bei onkologischen PatientInnen mit Fatigue. Wichtig ist, dass derartige Interventionen früh angeboten werden, solange die Fatigue-Symptomatik nicht stark ausgeprägt ist. Regelmäßige geleitete Yogapraxis kann die physische Fatigue verringern, anschließend mehr Yogapraxis zu Hause reduzierte jedoch die physische Fatigue in diesem Forschungsprojekt nicht mehr weiter. Erinnerungs-E-Mails nach abgeschlossener Yogatherapie wirkten sich nur positiv auf die emotionale Fatigue der PatientInnen aus. Dies kann daran liegen, dass physische Fatigue durch die vorhergehende Yogatherapie bereits so stark wie möglich reduziert wurde und ein Boden-Effekt vorlag oder auch daran, dass die Erinnerungs-E-Mails als Intervention zur Reduktion von physischer Fatigue nicht ausreichend geeignet sind. Weitere Forschung ist notwendig, um die Mechanismen der verschiedenen Interventionen genauer zu überprüfen und geeignete Interventionen zu entwickeln, die alle Ebenen der Müdigkeit gleichermaßen reduzieren.
KW  - Ermüdungssyndrom
KW  - Krebs <Medizin>
KW  - yoga
KW  - cancer-related fatigue
KW  - cancer
KW  - fatigue
KW  - e-mail
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251662
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zenk, Maria
T1  - MR-gestützte Lokalisation der dominanten intraprostatischen Läsion und Dosisanalyse im Rahmen der volumenmodulierten Radiotherapieplanung des Prostatakarzinoms
T1  - MRI-guided localization of the dominant intraprostatic lesion and dose analysis in the context of volumetric modulated arc therapy planning for prostate cancer
N2  - Die primäre Bestrahlung stellt eine kurative Therapieoption des lokalen Prostatakarzinoms dar. In den meisten Fällen weist das Prostatakarzinom Multifokalität auf. Studien zeigen, dass die dominante intraprostatische Läsion (DIL), oder Indexläsion, bedeutend für das Progressionsrisiko ist. Der Einbezug einer MRT-Bildgebung in das Management des Prostatakarzinoms ermöglicht hierbei eine überlegene Gewebebeurteilung. In dieser retrospektiven Arbeit wurden 54 Patientenfälle inkludiert, die im Zeitraum 03/2015 bis 03/2017 eine primäre, kurative Bestrahlung eines Prostatakarzinoms am Uniklinikum Würzburg erhalten haben. Es wurde evaluiert, ob im prätherapeutischen Bestrahlungsplanungs-MRT die Identifikation und Konturierung einer DIL möglich ist. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde die Dosisabdeckung der DIL im Bestrahlungsplan analysiert. Zudem wurden die MRT-Befunde mit den histopathologischen Stanzbiopsiebefunden bezüglich der Tumordetektion verglichen und auf Übereinstimmung geprüft.
N2  - Primary radiation therapy is a curative treatment option for localized prostate cancer. In most cases, prostate cancer is multifocal. Studies have shown that the dominant intraprostatic lesion (DIL), or index lesion, is relevant for the risk of progression. The inclusion of MR imaging in the management of prostate cancer provides superior soft tissue assessment in this regard. In this retrospective study 54 patient cases were included. All patients had undergone primary radiation therapy for prostate cancer at the University Hospital of Würzburg over a time span ranging from 03/2015 to 03/2017. It was evaluated whether the identification and delineation of the DIL in the pretherapeutic treatment planning MRI is possible. Subsequently dose distribution of the DIL was analysed in the treatment plans. In addition, the MRI findings were compared to the histopathologic punch biopsy findings with respect to tumor detection and examined for concordance.
KW  - Prostatakrebs
KW  - Strahlentherapie
KW  - Kernspintomographie
KW  - Bestrahlungsplan
KW  - Dominante intraprostatische Läsion
KW  - Dosisanalyse
KW  - Primäre Bestrahlung
KW  - Volumetric modulated arc therapy
KW  - Dominant intraprostatic lesion
KW  - Primary radiation therapy
KW  - Indexläsion
KW  - Index lesion
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237493
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zech, Linda D.
A1  - Scherf-Clavel, Maike
A1  - Daniels, Christine
A1  - Schwab, Michael
A1  - Deckert, Jürgen
A1  - Unterecker, Stefan
A1  - Herr, Alexandra S.
T1  - Patients with higher vitamin D levels show stronger improvement of self-reported depressive symptoms in psychogeriatric day-care setting
JF  - Journal of Neural Transmission
N2  - Depression is a common psychiatric disorder among geriatric patients that decreases the quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality. Vitamin D as a neuro-steroid hormone might play a role in the onset and treatment of depression. In the present study, the association between depressive symptoms and vitamin D concentration in serum was evaluated. 140 patients of a psychogeriatric day-care unit were included. The geriatric depression scale (GDS) and the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) were assessed at the beginning and end of treatment, GDS scores additionally 6 weeks after discharge from the day-care unit. Vitamin D levels were measured at the beginning of the treatment, routinely. Patients with levels below 30 µg/L were treated with 1000 IU vitamin D per day. There was no association between the severity of depressive symptoms and the concentration of vitamin D at the beginning of the treatment. Patients with higher vitamin D levels showed a stronger decline of depressive symptoms measured by the GDS during their stay in the day-care unit. We provide evidence that vitamin D serum levels might influence antidepressant therapy response in a geriatric population. Prospective studies are necessary to determine which patients may profit from add-on vitamin D therapy.
KW  - anti-depressive treatment
KW  - psycho-geriatrics
KW  - vitamin D deficiency
KW  - depression
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268525
SN  - 1435-1463
VL  - 128
IS  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zech, Linda
T1  - Vitamin-D-Status und depressive Symptome bei gerontopsychiatrischen Patienten
T1  - Vitamin d level and depressive symptoms in psychogeriatric patients
N2  - In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Zusammenhang des depressiven Syndroms mit dem Vitamin D-Spiegel an einer Stichprobe gerontopsychiatrischer Patienten (n = 140) der Neurogerontopsychiatrischen Tagesklinik Würzburg untersucht. Die Depressivität der Patienten zu Beginn und im Verlauf der Behandlung wurde zum einen mittels der ICD-10-Klassifikation, zum anderen mittels des Scores auf der GDS- und Hamilton-Skala zu Beginn und Ende des Aufenthalts in der Tagesklinik sowie bei einer poststationären Kontrolle bestimmt. Der Vitamin D-Spiegel wurde bei Behandlungsbeginn bestimmt und im Falle eines Mangels 1000 IU Vitamin D am Tag oral substituiert. Hierbei zeigte sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Ausprägung des depressiven Syndroms und dem Vitamin D-Spiegel zu Beginn der Behandlung. Dagegen stellte sich heraus, dass Patienten mit einem höheren Spiegel eine deutlichere Verbesserung der depressiven Symptome auf der GDS im Verlauf der Behandlung erfuhren. Außerdem bestand eine signifikante negative Korrelation zwischen BMI und Vitamin D-Spiegel sowie eine Abhängigkeit der Spiegelhöhe von der Jahreszeit. Vitamin D könnte nach den Ergebnissen dieser Studie möglicherweise eine wirkungssteigernde und nebenwirkungsarme Komedikation in der antidepressiven Therapie von älteren psychisch erkrankten Menschen darstellen. Es bedarf weiterer ausführlicher Forschung über den neurophysiologischen Zusammenhang zwischen Vitamin D und der Schwere einer depressiven Erkrankung. Besonders hinsichtlich der Verwendung von Vitamin D als Komedikation gilt es, weitere intensive Forschung in Form von gut designten, randomisierten Fall-Kontroll-Studien und prospektiven Interventionsstudien zu betreiben, um die Therapie von depressiven Patienten im höheren Lebensalter weiter zu verbessern.
N2  - Depression is a common psychiatric disorder among geriatric patients that decreases the quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality. Vitamin D as a neurosteroid hormone might play a role in the onset and treatment of depression. In the present study the association between depressive symptoms and vitamin D concentration in serum was evaluated. 140 patients of a psychogeriatric day-care unit were included. The geriatric depression score (GDS) and the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) were assessed at the beginning and end of treatment, GDS-scores additionally 6 weeks after discharge from the day-care unit. Vitamin D levels were measured at the beginning of the treatment. Patients with levels below 30 mg/l were treated with 1000 IU Vitamin D per day. There was no association between the severity of depression symptoms and the concentration of vitamin D at the beginning of the treatment. Patients with higher vitamin D levels showed a stronger decline of depressive symptoms measured by the GDS during their stay in the day-care unit. Although no association between vitamin D concentration and severity of depression symptoms was found, vitamin D substitution could improve the effectiveness of an antidepressive treatment in geriatric patients. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the neurophysiological association between the serum concentration of vitamin D and symptoms of depression.
KW  - Altersdepression
KW  - Depression
KW  - Vitamin-D-Mangel
KW  - Geriatrie
KW  - Alterspsychiatrie
KW  - depressive Symptome
KW  - Gerontopsychiatrie
KW  - Vitamin D
KW  - Altersmedizin
KW  - antidepressive Therapie
KW  - psychogeriatrics
KW  - old age depression
KW  - depression
KW  - depressive symptoms
KW  - vitamin d
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250745
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zapp, Benedikt Alexander
T1  - Einfluss der Nikotinamid N-Methyltransferase-Aktivität auf die Glukoseaufnahmerate weißer und brauner Adipozyten
T1  - Influence of nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase activity on glucose uptake rate in white and brown adipocytes
N2  - Die Nikotinamid N-Methyltransferase (NNMT) wurde als wichtiger Regulator des Energiemetabolismus in Fettzellen beschrieben. So bewahrt ein NNMT Knock-down Mäuse vor einer nahrungsinduzierten Adipositas und bei reduzierter NNMT-Expression in weißen 3T3-L1 Adipozyten zeigen diese einen erhöhten zellulären Sauerstoffverbrauch.
Für den Adipozytenstoffwechsel ist die insulinstimulierte Glukoseaufnahme wesentlich. Um den Einfluss eines NNMT-Knock-downs auf diese zu untersuchen wurde unter Nutzung der Substratspezifitäten des prokaryotischen und eukaryotischen Isoenzyms der Glukose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase ein enzymatisch-photometrischer Assay zur Messung der Glukoseaufnahmerate in adhärenten weißen 3T3-L1 und braunen Adipozytenkulturen entwickelt.
Mit lentiviraler Transduktion wurde in den Adipozytenkulturen ein persistenter NNMT-Knock-down induziert. Die NNMT-Aktivität wurde mit einem fluoreszenzbasierten Assay gemessen und die Glukoseaufnahmerate in deren Abhängigkeit bestimmt.
Die Reduktion der NNMT-Aktivität verminderte die Glukoseaufnahmerate der 3T3-L1 Adipozyten sowohl basal, wie auch unter Insulinstimulation. Braune Adipozyten hingegen zeigten bei verringerter NNMT-Aktivität eine erhöhte insulinstimulierte Glukoseaufnahmerate, aber keinen Unterschied der basalen Glukoseaufnahmerate.
Dieser differenzielle Einfluss auf die Glukoseaufnahme weißer und brauner Adipozyten stärkt die wichtige Rolle der NNMT, die ihr zur Regulation des Fettzellstoffwechsels zugeschrieben wird und enthüllt erstmals eine direkte Wirkung auf braune Adipozyten.
N2  - Nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT) was characterized as an important regulator of energy metabolism in adipocytes. NNMT knock-down in mice protected from diet induced obesity and white 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed elevated cellular oxygen consumption at reduced NNMT expression.
Insulin stimulated glucose uptake is essential for adipocyte metabolism. To analyze the influence of NNMT knock-down on insulin stimulated glucose uptake an enzymatic-photometric assay for cultured adherent white 3T3-L1 and brown adipocytes was developed, utilizing substrate specificities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
By lentiviral transduction a persistent NNMT knock-down was induced in both adipocyte cultures. In dependence of NNMT activity, measured by a fluorescence-based assay, glucose uptake rate was determined.
Reduction of NNMT activity diminished basal and insulin stimulated glucose uptake rate of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In contrast brown adipocytes showed elevated insulin stimulated glucose uptake rate at reduced NNMT activity, but no changes in basal glucose uptake rate.
The importance of NNMT in regulating adipocyte metabolism is supported by the finding of a differential influence on glucose uptake of white and brown adipocytes. For the first time a straight impact of NNMT on brown adipocytes is revealed.
KW  - Weiße Fettzelle
KW  - Braune Fettzelle
KW  - Glucosestoffwechsel
KW  - Glucosephosphatdehydrogenase
KW  - Fettsucht
KW  - Nicotinamid-N-Methyltransferase
KW  - Glukoseaufnahme
KW  - Adipositas
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219529
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zapf, Ludwig
A1  - Radius, Udo
A1  - Finze, Maik
T1  - 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazoline-2-ylidenate anion - a ditopic dianionic N-heterocyclic carbene ligand
JF  - Angewandte Chemie International Edition
N2  - The 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazolate anion 1 was obtained in high yield from lithium imidazolate and B(CN)\(_3\)−pyridine adduct. Anion 1 is chemically very robust and thus allowed the isolation of the corresponding H\(_5\)O\(_2\)\(^+\) salt. Furthermore, monoanion 1 served as starting species for the novel dianionic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), 1,3-bis(tricyanoborane)imidazoline-2-ylidenate anion 3 that acts as ditopic ligand via the carbene center and the cyano groups at boron. First reactions of this new NHC 3 with methyl iodide, elemental selenium, and [Ni(CO)\(_4\)] led to the methylated imidazolate ion 4, the dianionic selenium adduct 5, and the dianionic nickel tricarbonyl complex 6. These NHC derivatives provide a first insight into the electronic and steric properties of the dianionic NHC 3. Especially the combination of properties, such as double negative charge, different coordination sites, large buried volume and good σ-donor and π-acceptor ability, make NHC 3 a unique and promising ligand and building block.
KW  - inorganic chemistry
KW  - N-heterocyclic carbene
KW  - anioniccarbene
KW  - boron
KW  - cyanoborate
KW  - imidazolate
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256498
VL  - 60
IS  - 33
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zapf, Ludwig
A1  - Finze, Maik
T1  - The crystal structure of poly[(μ \(_3\)-imidazolato-κ \(^3\) N:N:N′)(tetrahydrofuran- κ \(^1\) O)lithium(I)], C\(_7\)H\(_{11}\)LiN\(_2\)O
JF  - Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures
N2  - C\(_7\)H\(_{11}\)LiN\(_2\)O, monoclinic, P2\(_1\)/c (no. 14), a = 8.9067(1) angstrom, b = 8.6975(1) angstrom, c = 10.2398(1) angstrom, beta = 101.900(3)degrees, V = 770.491(15) angstrom(3), Z = 4, R-gt (F) = 0.0338, wR(ref) (F\(^2\)) = 0.0925, T = 100 K.
KW  - acid sphingomyelinase
KW  - antidepressants
KW  - major depression
KW  - regulatory T cells
KW  - sphingolipids
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260745
VL  - 236
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zahoranová, Anna
A1  - Luxenhofer, Robert
T1  - Poly(2‐oxazoline)‐ and Poly(2‐oxazine)‐Based Self‐Assemblies, Polyplexes, and Drug Nanoformulations—An Update
JF  - Advanced Healthcare Materials
N2  - For many decades, poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s, two closely related families of polymers, have led the life of a rather obscure research topic with only a few research groups world‐wide working with them. This has changed in the last five to ten years, presumably triggered significantly by very promising clinical trials of the first poly(2‐oxazoline)‐based drug conjugate. The huge chemical and structural toolbox poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s has been extended very significantly in the last few years, but their potential still remains largely untapped. Here, specifically, the developments in macromolecular self‐assemblies and non‐covalent drug delivery systems such as polyplexes and drug nanoformulations based on poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s are reviewed. This highly dynamic field benefits particularly from the extensive synthetic toolbox poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s offer and also may have the largest potential for a further development. It is expected that the research dynamics will remain high in the next few years, particularly as more about the safety and therapeutic potential of poly(2‐oxazoline)s and poly(2‐oxazine)s is learned.
KW  - block copolymers
KW  - colloids
KW  - cytotoxicity
KW  - drug delivery
KW  - micelles
KW  - microphase separation
KW  - thermogelling
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225833
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zachary, Marie
T1  - Functional characterization of small non-coding RNAs of \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\)
T1  - Funktionelle Charakterisierung kleiner nicht-kodierender RNAs in \(Neisseria\) \(gonorrhoeae\)
N2  - During infection, bacteria need to adapt to a changing environment and have to endure various stress conditions. Small non-coding RNAs are considered as important regulators of bacterial gene expression and so allow quick adaptations by altering expression of specific target genes. Regulation of gene expression in the human-restricted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea, is only poorly understood. The present study aims a better understanding of gene regulation in N. gonorrhoeae by studying small non-coding RNAs.
The discovery of antisense RNAs for all opa genes led to the hypothesis of asRNA-mediated degradation of out-of-frame opa transcripts. Analysis of asRNA expression revealed a very low abundance of the transcripts and inclusion of another phase-variable gene in the study indicates that the asRNAs are not involved in degradation of out-of-frame transcripts.
This doctoral thesis focuses on the analysis of trans-acting sRNAs. The sibling sRNAs NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 were discovered as post-transcriptional regulators altering expression of genes involved in metabolic processes, amino acid uptake and transcriptional regulation. A more detailed analysis by in silico and transcriptomic approaches showed that the sRNAs regulate a broad variety of genes coding for proteins of central metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis and degradation and several transport processes. Expression levels of the sibling sRNAs depend on the growth phase of the bacteria and on the growth medium. This indicates that NgncR_162 and NgncR_163 are involved in the adaptation of the gonococcal metabolism to specific growth conditions.
This work further initiates characterisation of the sRNA NgncR_237. An in silico analysis showed details on sequence conservation and a possible secondary structure. A combination of in silico target prediction and differential RNA sequencing resulted in the identification of several target genes involved in type IV pilus biogenesis and DNA recombination. However, it was not successful to find induction conditions for sRNA expression. Interestingly, a possible sibling sRNA could be identified that shares the target interaction sequence with NgncR_237 and could therefore target the same mRNAs.
In conclusion, this thesis provides further insights in gene regulation by non-coding RNAs in N. gonorrhoeae by analysing two pairs of sibling sRNAs modulating bacterial metabolism or possibly type IV pilus biogenesis.
N2  - Bakterien müssen sich während des Infektionsprozesses an eine sich veränderte Umgebung anpassen und sind dabei zahlreichen Stressfaktoren ausgesetzt. Kleine, nicht-kodierende RNAs gelten als wichtige Regulatoren der bakteriellen Genexpression und ermöglichen daher eine schnelle Anpassung durch eine Veränderung der Expression spezifischer Ziel-Gene. Die Regulation der Genexpression des Humanpathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Auslöser der Geschlechtskrankheit Gonorrhö, ist bis jetzt kaum verstanden. Die vorliegende Studie soll durch die Analyse kleiner, nicht-kodierender RNAs zum besseren Verständnis der Genregulation in Gonokokken beitragen.
Durch die Entdeckung von antisense-RNAs für alle opa Gene wurde die Hypothese entwickelt, dass diese für den Abbau von opa Transkripten außerhalb des Leserahmens verantwortlich sind. Eine Analyse der asRNA Expression zeigte jedoch, dass diese sehr wenig exprimiert werden und auch die Untersuchung eines anderen phasenvariablen Gens weist darauf hin, dass die asRNAs keine Bedeutung für den Abbau von Transkripten außerhalb des Leserahmens haben.
Der Schwerpunkt der Doktorarbeit liegt auf der Untersuchung trans-codierter sRNAs. Die Zwillings-sRNAs NgncR_162 und NgncR_163 agieren als post-transkriptionelle Regulatoren, die die Expression von Genen verändern, die bei Stoffwechselprozessen, Aminosäureaufnahme und transkriptioneller Regulation eine Rolle spielen. Eine detailliertere Analyse durch in silico- und Transkriptom-Studien zeigte, dass die sRNAs ein großes Spektrum an Genen regulieren, die für Proteine des Zentralstoffwechsels, der Aminosäurebiosynthese und des –abbaus, sowie zahlreicher Transportprozesse kodieren. Die Expressionslevel der Zwillings-sRNAs hängen von der Wachstumsphase der Bakterien und dem Wachstumsmedium ab. Das weist darauf hin, dass NgncR_162 und NgncR_163 eine Rolle bei der Adaptation des Stoffwechsels von Gonokokken zu bestimmten Wachstumsbedingungen spielen.
In dieser Arbeit wird zudem die Charakterisierung der sRNA NgncR_237 initiiert. Im Rahmen von in silico Analysen wurde die Sequenzkonservierung und mögliche Sekundärstruktur untersucht. Eine Kombination aus in silico Zielgen-Vorhersage und differentieller RNA Sequenzierung führte zur Identifizierung zahlreicher Zielgene, die in der Biogenese von Typ IV Pili und DNA Rekombination eine Rolle spielen. Allerdings konnten keine Induktionsbedingungen für die sRNA Expression gefunden werden. Interessanterweise konnte eine mögliche Zwillings-sRNA identifiziert werden, die dieselbe Targetinteraktionsdomäne wie NgncR_237 hat und somit dieselben Zielgene regulieren könnte.
Zusammenfassend ermöglicht diese Arbeit neue Einblicke in die Genregulation durch nicht-kodierende RNAs in Gonokokken, indem zwei Paare Zwillings-sRNAs analysiert wurden, die den bakteriellen Stoffwechsel anpassen oder möglicherweise eine Rolle in der Typ IV Pilus Biogenese spielen.
KW  - Neisseria gonorrhoeae
KW  - Non-coding RNA
KW  - Genregulation
KW  - regulation of gene expression
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245826
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Yurdadogan, Tino
A1  - Malsch, Carolin
A1  - Kotseva, Kornelia
A1  - Wood, David
A1  - Leyh, Rainer
A1  - Ertl, Georg
A1  - Karmann, Wolfgang
A1  - Müller-Scholden, Lara
A1  - Morbach, Caroline
A1  - Breuning, Margret
A1  - Wagner, Martin
A1  - Gelbrich, Götz
A1  - Bots, Michiel L.
A1  - Heuschmann, Peter U.
A1  - Störk, Stefan
T1  - Functional versus morphological assessment of vascular age in patients with coronary heart disease
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - Communicating cardiovascular risk based on individual vascular age (VA) is a well acknowledged concept in patient education and disease prevention. VA may be derived functionally, e.g. by measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV), or morphologically, e.g. by assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether both approaches produce similar results. Within the context of the German subset of the EUROASPIRE IV survey, 501 patients with coronary heart disease underwent (a) oscillometric PWV measurement at the aortic, carotid-femoral and brachial-ankle site (PWVao, PWVcf, PWVba) and derivation of the aortic augmentation index (AIao); (b) bilateral cIMT assessment by high-resolution ultrasound at three sites (common, bulb, internal). Respective VA was calculated using published equations. According to VA derived from PWV, most patients exhibited values below chronological age indicating a counterintuitive healthier-than-anticipated vascular status: for VA(PWVao) in 68% of patients; for VA\(_{AIao}\) in 52% of patients. By contrast, VA derived from cIMT delivered opposite results: e.g. according to VA\(_{total-cIMT}\) accelerated vascular aging in 75% of patients. To strengthen the concept of VA, further efforts are needed to better standardise the current approaches to estimate VA and, thereby, to improve comparability and clinical utility.
KW  - arterial stiffening
KW  - atherosclerosis
KW  - calcification
KW  - carotid artery disease
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265810
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Yuan, Yijun
A1  - Borrmann, Dorit
A1  - Hou, Jiawei
A1  - Ma, Yuexin
A1  - Nüchter, Andreas
A1  - Schwertfeger, Sören
T1  - Self-Supervised point set local descriptors for Point Cloud Registration
JF  - Sensors
N2  - Descriptors play an important role in point cloud registration. The current state-of-the-art resorts to the high regression capability of deep learning. However, recent deep learning-based descriptors require different levels of annotation and selection of patches, which make the model hard to migrate to new scenarios. In this work, we learn local registration descriptors for point clouds
in a self-supervised manner. In each iteration of the training, the input of the network is merely one unlabeled point cloud. Thus, the whole training requires no manual annotation and manual selection of patches. In addition, we propose to involve keypoint sampling into the pipeline, which further improves the performance of our model. Our experiments demonstrate the capability of our self-supervised local descriptor to achieve even better performance than the supervised model, while being easier to train and requiring no data labeling.
KW  - point cloud registration
KW  - descriptors
KW  - self-supervised learning
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-223000
SN  - 1424-8220
VL  - 21
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Yu, Yidong
A1  - Wolf, Ann-Katrin
A1  - Thusek, Sina
A1  - Heinekamp, Thorsten
A1  - Bromley, Michael
A1  - Krappmann, Sven
A1  - Terpitz, Ulrich
A1  - Voigt, Kerstin
A1  - Brakhage, Axel A.
A1  - Beilhack, Andreas
T1  - Direct Visualization of Fungal Burden in Filamentous Fungus-Infected Silkworms
JF  - Journal of Fungi
N2  - Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are difficult to diagnose and to treat and, despite several available antifungal drugs, cause high mortality rates. In the past decades, the incidence of IFIs has continuously increased. More recently, SARS-CoV-2-associated lethal IFIs have been reported worldwide in critically ill patients. Combating IFIs requires a more profound understanding of fungal pathogenicity to facilitate the development of novel antifungal strategies. Animal models are indispensable for studying fungal infections and to develop new antifungals. However, using mammalian animal models faces various hurdles including ethical issues and high costs, which makes large-scale infection experiments extremely challenging. To overcome these limitations, we optimized an invertebrate model and introduced a simple calcofluor white (CW) staining protocol to macroscopically and microscopically monitor disease progression in silkworms (Bombyx mori) infected with the human pathogenic filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and Lichtheimia corymbifera. This advanced silkworm A. fumigatus infection model could validate knockout mutants with either attenuated, strongly attenuated or unchanged virulence. Finally, CW staining allowed us to efficiently visualize antifungal treatment outcomes in infected silkworms. Conclusively, we here present a powerful animal model combined with a straightforward staining protocol to expedite large-scale in vivo research of fungal pathogenicity and to investigate novel antifungal candidates.
KW  - fungal infection model
KW  - calcofluor white staining
KW  - Aspergillus
KW  - Lichtheimia
KW  - silkworm
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228855
SN  - 2309-608X
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Yorulmazel, Berrin
T1  - Der Einfluss des cysteinreichen Proteins 61 auf die Muskelregeneration nach akuter Beinverkürzung und anschließender Verlängerung
T1  - The effect of cysteine-rich protein 61 on muscle regeneration after acute limb-shortening and following distraction
N2  - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluss des lokal applizierten, proangiogenen Faktors CYR61 auf die Muskelkraftregeneration, die mögliche Reduktion der Fibrosierung und auf die Gefäßneubildung untersucht. Wir erzeugten ein standardisiertes Trauma des M. tibialis anterior durch Kontusion und Ischämie mit erhöhtem Kompartmentdruck bei 10 Kaninchen der Rasse Weiße Neuseeländer. Anschließend erfolgten die primäre Resektion der Tibia mit lokaler Einlage des CYR61-getränkten Kollagenträgers und die graduelle Distraktion zur Wiederherstellung der ursprünglichen Tibialänge.
N2  - In this study we examined the effect of the locally applied proangiogenic factor CYR61 on muscle force restoration, reduction of scar tissue formation and angiogenesis. We generated a standardized trauma of the tibialis anterior muscle with contusion and ischemia and increased compartment pressure in 10 New Zealand white rabbits. The limbs were shortened and a CYR61-coated collagen matrix was applied locally followed by gradual distraction to restore the original length.
KW  - Gen CCN1
KW  - Skelettmuskel
KW  - Regeneration
KW  - Muskelverletzung
KW  - Angiogenese
KW  - Muskelregeneration
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250347
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ye, Mingyu
A1  - Wilhelm, Martina
A1  - Gentschev, Ivaylo
A1  - Szalay, Aladár
T1  - A modified limiting dilution method for monoclonal stable cell line selection using a real-time fluorescence imaging system: A practical workflow and advanced applications
JF  - Methods and Protocols
N2  - Stable cell lines are widely used in laboratory research and pharmaceutical industry. They are mainly applied in recombinant protein and antibody productions, gene function studies, drug screens, toxicity assessments, and for cancer therapy investigation. There are two types of cell lines, polyclonal and monoclonal origin, that differ regarding their homogeneity and heterogeneity. Generating a high-quality stable cell line, which can grow continuously and carry a stable genetic modification without alteration is very important for most studies, because polyclonal cell lines of multicellular origin can be highly variable and unstable and lead to inconclusive experimental results. The most commonly used technologies of single cell originate monoclonal stable cell isolation in laboratory are fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) sorting and limiting dilution cloning. Here, we describe a modified limiting dilution method of monoclonal stable cell line selection using the real-time fluorescence imaging system IncuCyte\(^®\)S3.
KW  - monoclonal stable cell
KW  - limiting dilution cloning
KW  - ncuCyte\(^®\)S3
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228896
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ye, Mingyu
A1  - Keicher, Markus
A1  - Gentschev, Ivaylo
A1  - Szalay, Aladar A.
T1  - Efficient selection of recombinant fluorescent vaccinia virus strains and rapid virus titer determination by using a multi-well plate imaging system
JF  - Biomedicines
N2  - Engineered vaccinia virus (VACV) strains are used extensively as vectors for the development of novel cancer vaccines and cancer therapeutics. In this study, we describe for the first time a high-throughput approach for both fluorescent rVACV generation and rapid viral titer measurement with the multi-well plate imaging system, IncuCyte\(^®\)S3. The isolation of a single, well-defined plaque is critical for the generation of novel recombinant vaccinia virus (rVACV) strains. Unfortunately, current methods of rVACV engineering via plaque isolation are time-consuming and laborious. Here, we present a modified fluorescent viral plaque screening and selection strategy that allows one to generally obtain novel fluorescent rVACV strains in six days, with a minimum of just four days. The standard plaque assay requires chemicals for fixing and staining cells. Manual plaque counting based on visual inspection of the cell culture plates is time-consuming. Here, we developed a fluorescence-based plaque assay for quantifying the vaccinia virus that does not require a cell staining step. This approach is less toxic to researchers and is reproducible; it is thus an improvement over the traditional assay. Lastly, plaque counting by virtue of a fluorescence-based image is very convenient, as it can be performed directly on the computer.
KW  - fluorescent recombinant vaccinia virus
KW  - plaque isolation
KW  - IncuCyte\(^®\)S3
KW  - plaque assay
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245104
SN  - 2227-9059
VL  - 9
IS  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ye, Liqing
A1  - Ambi, Uddhav B.
A1  - Olguin-Nava, Marco
A1  - Gribling-Burrer, Anne-Sophie
A1  - Ahmad, Shazeb
A1  - Bohn, Patrick
A1  - Weber, Melanie M.
A1  - Smyth, Redmond P.
T1  - RNA structures and their role in selective genome packaging
JF  - Viruses
N2  - To generate infectious viral particles, viruses must specifically select their genomic RNA from milieu that contains a complex mixture of cellular or non-genomic viral RNAs. In this review, we focus on the role of viral encoded RNA structures in genome packaging. We first discuss how packaging signals are constructed from local and long-range base pairings within viral genomes, as well as inter-molecular interactions between viral and host RNAs. Then, how genome packaging is regulated by the biophysical properties of RNA. Finally, we examine the impact of RNA packaging signals on viral evolution.
KW  - RNA virus
KW  - RNA
KW  - RNA structure
KW  - genome packaging
KW  - viral assembly
KW  - evolution
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246101
SN  - 1999-4915
VL  - 13
IS  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Yang, Tao
T1  - Functional insights into the role of a bacterial virulence factor and a host factor in Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection
T1  - Funktionelle Einblicke in die Rolle eines bakteriellen Virulenzfaktors und eines Wirtsfaktors bei der Infektion mit Neisseria gonorrhoeae
N2  - Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) is a human specific pathogenic bacterium. Currently, N. gonorrhoeae developed resistance to virtually all the available antibiotics used for treatment. N. gonorrhoeae starts infection by colonizing the cell surface, followed by invasion of the host cell, intracellular persistence, transcytosis and exit into the subepithelial space. Subepithelial bacteria can reach the bloodstream and disseminate to other tissues causing systemic infections, which leads to serious conditions such as arthritis and pneumonia. A number of studies have well established the host-pathogen interactions during the initial adherence and invasion steps. However, the mechanism of intracellular survival and traversal is poorly understood so far. Hence, identification of novel bacterial virulence factors and host factors involved in the host-pathogen interaction is a crucial step in understanding disease development and uncovering novel therapeutic approaches. Besides, most of the previous studies about N. gonorrhoeae were performed in the conventional cell culture. Although they have provided insights into host-pathogen interactions, much information about the native infection microenvironment, such as cell polarization and barrier function, is still missing. 
This work focused on determining the function of novel bacterial virulence factor NGFG_01605 and host factor (FLCN) in gonococcal infection. NGFG_01605 was identified by Tn5 transposon library screening. It is a putative U32 protease. Unlike other proteins in this family, it is not secreted and has no ex vivo protease activity. NGFG_01605 knockout decreases gonococcal survival in the epithelial cell. 3D models based on T84 cell was developed for the bacterial transmigration assay. NGFG_01605 knockout does not affect gonococcal transmigration. 
The novel host factor FLCN was identified by shRNA library screening in search for factors that affected gonococcal adherence and/or internalization. We discovered that FLCN did not affect N. gonorrhoeae adherence and invasion but was essential for bacterial survival. Since programmed cell death is a host defence mechanism against intracellular pathogens, we further explored apoptosis and autophagy upon gonococcal infection and determined that FLCN did not affect apoptosis but inhibited autophagy. Moreover, we found that FLCN inhibited the expression of E-cadherin. Knockdown of E- cadherin decreased the autophagy flux and supported N. gonorrhoeae survival. Both non-polarized and polarized cells are present in the cervix, and additionally, E-cadherin represents different polarization properties on these different cells. Therefore, we established 3-D models to better understand the functions of FLCN. We discovered that FLCN was critical for N. gonorrhoeae survival in the 3-D environment as well, but not through inhibiting autophagy. Furthermore, FLCN inhibits the E-cadherin expression and disturbs its polarization in the 3-D models. Since N. gonorrhoeae can cross the epithelial cell barriers through both cell-cell junctions and transcellular migration, we further explored the roles FLCN and E-cadherin played in transmigration. FLCN delayed N. gonorrhoeae transmigration, whereas the knockdown of E-cadherin increased N. gonorrhoeae transmigration. 
In summary, we revealed roles of the NGFG_01605 and FLCN-E-cadherin axis play in N. gonorrhoeae infection, particularly in relation to intracellular survival and transmigration. This is also the first study that connects FLCN and human-specific pathogen infection.
N2  - Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) ist ein humanpathogenes Bakterium. Gegen jedes kommerziell erhältliche Antibiotikum konnten bereits Resistenzen entdeckt werden. Die Infektion von Neisserien startet mit der Kolonisierung der Zelloberfläche, gefolgt von der Invasion in die Zelle, intrazellulärer Persistenz, Transzytose und Verlassen des subepithelen Raums. Subepithele Bakterien können den Blutfluss erreichen und sich somit auf andere Gewebe verbreiten und dadurch schwerwiegende Erkrankungen wie Arthritis und Lungenentzündungen verursachen. Zahlreiche Studien haben die Interaktion zwischen Wirtszelle und Pathogen zwischen Adhärenz und Invasion gut charakterisiert. Allerdings ist der Mechanismus des intrazellulären Überlebens und der Transmigration weitestgehend unbekannt. Um neue therapeutische Ansätze zu definieren ist es deshalb wichtig weitere bakterielle und zelluläre Faktoren verantwortlich für Interaktionen zwischen Wirt und Pathogen zu identifizieren.
Außerdem wurden Studien über N. gonorrhoeae bisher in konventioneller Zellkultur durchgeführt. Auch wenn diese weitere Einsichten in Wirt-Pathogen Interaktionen geben, ist viel Information in der nativen Infektionsumgebung, wie Zellpolarisierung oder Barrierefunktionen, bisher nicht bekannt.

Diese Arbeit fokussiert sich auf die Bestimmung eines neuen bakteriellen Virulenzfaktors, NGFG_01605, und Wirtsfaktoren (FLCN) in der Infektion von Gonokokken. NGFG_01605 wurde über Screening einer Transposonsammlung identifiziert und ist eine vermeintliche U32 Protease. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Proteinen dieser Familie, wird diese Protease nicht sekretiert und hat keine ex vivo Proteaseaktivität. Der Knockout von NGFG_01605 vermindert die Überlebensrate von Gonokokken in Epithelzellen. 3D-Modelle basierend auf T84-Zellen wurden für die Analyse der bakteriellen Transmigration entwickelt. Der Knockout von NGFG_01605 hat keinen Einfluss auf die Transmigration.

Bei der Suche neuer Wirtsfaktoren, die für die Adhärenz und/oder Internalisierung wichtig sind, wurde FLCN durch ein Screening einer shRNA Sammlung entdeckt. Wir konnten zeigen, dass dieser Faktor zwar nicht für die Adhärenz oder Invasion von N. gonorrhoeae, aber für das Überleben der Bakterien in der Wirtszelle essenziell ist. Da der programmierte Zelltod ein typischer Abwehrmechanismus gegen intrazelluläre Bakterien ist, haben wir Apoptose und Autophagie weiter untersucht und konnten zeigen, dass FLCN zwar keinen Effekt auf Apoptose hat, aber Autophagie inhibiert.
Außerdem konnten wir zeigen, dass FLCN die Expression von E-cadherin inhibiert. Auch der Knockdown von E-cadherin verringerte Autophagie und erhöhte das Überleben von N. gonorrhoeae. Im Gebärmutterhals sind sowohl polarisierte als auch nicht-polarisierte Zellen präsent. E-cadherin hat zudem unterschiedliche Einflüsse auf diese unterschiedlichen Zellen. Aus diesem Grund haben wir ein 3D-Modell entwickelt, um die Funktionen von FLCN besser zu verstehen. Wir entdeckten, dass FLCN zwar auch im 3D Modell wichtig für das Überleben ist, aber nicht durch Inhibition von Autophagie. Außerdem inhibiert FLCN die Expression und Verteilung von E-cadherin in 3D-Modellen. Da N. gonorrhoeae die Epithelzellbarierre durch sowohl Zell-Zell-Kontakte als auch transzelluläre Migration überwinden kann, untersuchten wir daraufhin die Rollen von FLCN und E-cadherin in der transzellulären Migration. Diese wird durch FLCN verspätet und durch Knockdown von E-cadherin erhöht.

Zusammengefasst, haben wir die Rolle von NGFG_01605 und den Zusammenhang von FLCN und E-cadherin während der Infektion von N. gonorrhoeae untersucht. Unser Fokus war hierbei das intrazelluläre Überleben sowie zelluläre Transmigration. Diese Arbeit ist die Erste, die FLCN und humanpathogenspezifische Infektion miteinander in Verbindung bringt.
KW  - Folliculin
KW  - autophagy
KW  - polarized epithelium
KW  - protease
KW  - Gonococcal invasion
KW  - autophagocytose
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208959
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Würthner, Frank
A1  - Noll, Niklas
T1  - A Calix[4]arene‐Based Cyclic Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex for Light‐Driven Catalytic Water Oxidation
JF  - Chemistry - A European Journal
N2  - A cyclic dinuclear ruthenium(bda) (bda: 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6,6’‐dicarboxylate) complex equipped with oligo(ethylene glycol)‐functionalized axial calix[4]arene ligands has been synthesized for homogenous catalytic water oxidation. This novel Ru(bda) macrocycle showed significantly increased catalytic activity in chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation compared to the archetype mononuclear reference [Ru(bda)(pic)\(_2\)]. Kinetic investigations, including kinetic isotope effect studies, disclosed a unimolecular water nucleophilic attack mechanism of this novel dinuclear water oxidation catalyst (WOC) under the involvement of the second coordination sphere. Photocatalytic water oxidation with this cyclic dinuclear Ru complex using [Ru(bpy)\(_3\)]Cl\(_2\) as a standard photosensitizer revealed a turnover frequency of 15.5 s\(^{−1}\) and a turnover number of 460. This so far highest photocatalytic performance reported for a Ru(bda) complex underlines the potential of this water‐soluble WOC for artificial photosynthesis.
KW  - water
KW  - oxidation
KW  - ruthenium
KW  - dinuclear
KW  - catalytic
KW  - artificial photosynthesis
KW  - homogenous catalysis
KW  - photocatalysis
KW  - ruthenium complexes
KW  - water oxidation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230030
UR  - https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.202004486
VL  - 27
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Würthner, Frank
A1  - Meza-Chincha, Ana-Lucia
A1  - Schindler, Dorothee
A1  - Natali, Mirco
T1  - Effects of Photosensitizers and Reaction Media on Light‐Driven Water Oxidation with Trinuclear Ruthenium Macrocycles
JF  - ChemPhotoChem
N2  - Photocatalytic water oxidation is a promising process for the production of solar fuels and the elucidation of factors that influence this process is of high significance. Thus, we have studied in detail light‐driven water oxidation with a trinuclear Ru(bda) (bda: 2,2’‐bipyridine‐6,6’‐dicarboxylate) macrocycle MC3 and its highly water soluble derivative m‐CH\(_2\)NMe\(_2\)‐MC3 using a series of ruthenium tris(bipyridine) complexes as photosensitizers under varied reaction conditions. Our investigations showed that the catalytic activities of these Ru macrocycles are significantly affected by the choice of photosensitizer (PS) and reaction media, in addition to buffer concentration, light intensity and concentration of the sensitizer. Our steady‐state and transient spectroscopic studies revealed that the photocatalytic performance of trinuclear Ru(bda) macrocycles is not limited by their intrinsic catalytic activities but rather by the efficiency of photogeneration of oxidant PS\(^+\) and its ability to act as an oxidizing agent to the catalysts as both are strongly dependent on the choice of photosensitizer and the amount of employed organic co‐solvent.
KW  - photosenitizers
KW  - water oxidation
KW  - ruthenium complexes
KW  - macrocycles
KW  - trinuclear
KW  - homogenous catalysis
KW  - photocatalysis
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230116
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wyborski, Paweł
A1  - Musiał, Anna
A1  - Mrowiński, Paweł
A1  - Podemski, Paweł
A1  - Baumann, Vasilij
A1  - Wroński, Piotr
A1  - Jabeen, Fauzia
A1  - Höfling, Sven
A1  - Sęk, Grzegorz
T1  - InP-substrate-based quantum dashes on a DBR as single-photon emitters at the third telecommunication window
JF  - Materials
N2  - We investigated emission properties of photonic structures with InAs/InGaAlAs/InP quantum dashes grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a distributed Bragg reflector. In high-spatial-resolution photoluminescence experiment, well-resolved sharp spectral lines are observed and single-photon emission is detected in the third telecommunication window characterized by very low multiphoton events probabilities. The photoluminescence spectra measured on simple photonic structures in the form of cylindrical mesas reveal significant intensity enhancement by a factor of 4 when compared to a planar sample. These results are supported by simulations of the electromagnetic field distribution, which show emission extraction efficiencies even above 18% for optimized designs. When combined with relatively simple and undemanding fabrication approach, it makes this kind of structures competitive with the existing solutions in that spectral range and prospective in the context of efficient and practical single-photon sources for fiber-based quantum networks applications.
KW  - single-photon emitter
KW  - III–V quantum dot
KW  - telecommunication spectral range
KW  - photonic structure
KW  - extraction efficiency
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228773
SN  - 1996-1944
VL  - 14
IS  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Wurst, Catherina
T1  - Eingeschränktes Furchtlernen bei ängstlich und nicht-ängstlich depressiven Patienten
T1  - Impaired fear learning in anxious and non-anxious depression
N2  - Depressionen und Angststörungen sind die beiden häufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen. Für Angststörungen wurde in zahlreichen Untersuchungen die Bedeutung veränderter Muster in den basalen emotional-assoziativen Lernprozessen für die Ätiologie und Aufrechterhaltung der Erkrankung gezeigt. Hierzu zählen eine verstärkte Akquisitionsreaktion auf den konditionierten Stimulus, Defizite in der Inhibition der Furchtreaktion auf den Sicherheit signalisierenden Stimulus, Übergeneralisierung und Beeinträchtigungen in der Extinktion konditionierter Reaktionen.
Aufgrund der hohen Prävalenzen einer Komorbidität mit Depressionen rückte in den letzten Jahren zunehmend die Untersuchung der genannten Prozesse bei Depressionen in den Fokus. Hierfür konnten bisher keine einheitlichen Ergebnisse gezeigt werden.
Weiterhin wird der Subtyp der ängstlichen Depression einerseits mit hohen Prävalenzen beschrieben, andererseits zeigen Untersuchungen eine schlechtere Prognose, stärkere Einschränkungen in der Funktionalität und ein schlechteres Ansprechen auf die Therapie im Vergleich zu depressiven Patienten ohne hohes Ängstlichkeitsniveau.
In dieser Arbeit wurden die Akquisition, Generalisierung und Extinktion in einem differentiellen Konditionierungsparadigma bei schwer depressiven ängstlichen und nicht ängstlich-depressiven Patienten sowie einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe untersucht. Ängstliche und nicht ängstlich-depressive Patienten zeigten ein beeinträchtigtes Sicherheitslernen in der Akquisition und Beeinträchtigungen in der Extinktion der konditionierten Furcht. Es ergaben sich keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Stärke der Generalisierung zwischen Patienten und den gesunden Kontrollen und es konnten keine differenzierenden Muster zwischen den ängstlich- und den nicht ängstlich-depressiven Patienten gezeigt werden.
Zusammenfassend weisen die Ergebnisse auf Veränderungen im Furchtlernen bei Patienten mit Depressionen hin. Es konnten keine Belege für unterschiedliche Mechanismen im Furchtlernen von ängstlich- und nicht ängstlich-depressiven Patienten gefunden werden. Unsere Ergebnisse stützen somit die Klassifikation der ängstlichen Depression als Subtyp der Depression. Weiterhin weisen die Ergebnisse der beeinträchtigten Extinktion bei Patienten mit Depressionen darauf hin, dass Expositionselemente, welche bei der Therapie von Angststörungen als Verfahren der Wahl eingesetzt werden, auch bei der Behandlung von Depressionen integriert werden sollten, um so den Therapieerfolg zu verbessern.
N2  - Depression and anxiety disorders are the two most frequent mental disorders. Numerous studies have shown the importance of altered patterns in basic emotional-associative learning processes for etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. These alterations include an increased fear response to the conditioned stimulus in acquisition, deficits in the inhibition of fear response to the safety stimulus, over-generalization, and an impaired extinction of conditioned responses.
Due to the high prevalence of co-morbidity with depression, in recent years the focus has increasingly extended to the investigation of these processes in depression. To date, no consistent results have been obtained in this field.
The subtype of anxious depression is described with high prevalence. Furthermore, studies have shown a worse prognosis, stronger restrictions in functionality and a worse response to therapy compared to depressive patients without a high level of anxiety on the other.
In this thesis, acquisition, generalization and extinction in a differential conditioning paradigm in severely depressed patients with anxiety and non-anxious depressed patients as well as in a healthy control group were investigated. Anxious and non-anxious depressed patients showed impaired safety learning in acquisition and impaired extinction of conditioned fear. There were no differences in the strength of generalization between patients and healthy controls and no differentiating patterns between anxious and non-anxious depressed patients could be shown.
In summary, the results of this study indicate alterations of fear learning in patients with depression. No evidence could be found for different mechanisms in fear learning of anxious and non-anxious depressed patients. Thus, our results support the classification of anxious depression as a subtype of major depression. Furthermore, the results of impaired extinction in patients with depression indicate that exposure elements, which are applied in the treatment of anxiety disorders as the method of choice, should also be integrated in the treatment of depression in order to improve therapeutic effect.
KW  - Depression
KW  - Konditionierung
KW  - Angststörung
KW  - Furcht
KW  - Extinktion
KW  - Psychotherapie
KW  - Ängstliche Depression
KW  - Furchtkonditionierung
KW  - Furchtgeneralisierung
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205034
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wu, Zhu
A1  - Nitsch, Jörn
A1  - Marder, Todd B.
T1  - Persistent room-temperature phosphorence from purely organic molecules and multi-component systems
JF  - Advanced Optical Materials
N2  - Recently, luminophores showing efficient room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have gained tremendous interest due to their numerous applications. However, most phosphors are derived from transition metal complexes because of their intrinsic fast intersystem crossing (ISC) induced by strong spin–orbit coupling (SOC) constants of the heavy metal. 

Metal-free RTP materials are rare and have become a promising field because they are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. This review summarizes organic molecular materials with long triplet lifetimes at room temperature from the perspective of whether they stem from a molecular or multi-component system. Among purely organic phosphors, heteroatoms are usually introduced into the backbone in order to boost the singlet–triplet ISC rate constant. 

In multi-component systems, useful strategies such as host–guest, polymer matrix, copolymerization, and supramolecular assembly provide a rigid matrix to restrict nonradiative pathways thus realizing ultralong RTP.
KW  - inorganic chemistry
KW  - non-radiative  decay
KW  - polymer matrix
KW  - intersystem  crossing
KW  - luminescence
KW  - photophysics
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256415
VL  - 9
IS  - 20
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Wu, Dong
T1  - Aspects of Gender in The Unofficial History of the Scholars
T1  - Aspekte des Geschlechts am Roman《Rulin waishi》
N2  - The present study focuses on Rulin waishi 儒林外史 (The Unofficial History of the Scholars), a well-known Qing novel, from the perspective of gender. It attempts to contribute to the discussion about Chinese masculinity by identifying the representation of the scholars' masculinity in Rulin waishi and offer a better understanding of the novel's position regarding femininity and women.


This project shows that the novel nevertheless reflects rather than challenges gender ideologies of its time. The ideal manhood showed in the novel comprises real virtues and authentic learning. It goes against the traditional, orthodox Confucian masculinity which advocates that officialdom is the glorious path to fulfill a learned man's masculinity. It is mainly due to Wu Jingzi's own failure in the civil service examinations and official careers. Regarding the relation of masculinity and sexuality, the novel reveals that a masculine man is not tempted by female charm but can enjoy a harmonious and companionate marriage. Besides, scholars show great anxiety about their masculinity since they are in a marginal position in society. Their manliness is challenged by officials, merchants, and even commoners, as well as their colleagues. 


Through a careful examination of stories of Pinniang, Miss Lu, and Mrs. Wang, it reveals that the novel holds a conventional opinion on women although it criticizes widow suicide and shows an egalitarian husband-wife relationship. It praises Confucian womanly virtues, such as following and serving the husband, managing the household, and keeping chastity. Female sexuality is blamed as an evil temptation to lead men to go astray. Women’s learning gains legitimacy when serving to fulfill domestic responsibilities. It carries the Confucian message that men should take the lead and maintain order in the household and reinforces the rightful patriarchy. 


In a word, rather than go ahead of its time, Rulin waishi holds a conservative attitude towards gender issues.
N2  - Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Rulin waishi (Die inoffizielle Geschichte der Gelehrten), einen bekannten Qing-Roman aus der Perspektive des Geschlechts. Es versucht, zur Diskussion über die chinesische Männlichkeit beizutragen, indem es die Repräsentation der Männlichkeit der Gelehrten in Rulin waishi identifiziert und ein besseres Verständnis der Position des Romans in Bezug auf Weiblichkeit und Frauen bietet.

Dieses Projekt zeigt, dass der Roman die Geschlechterideologien seiner Zeit widerspiegelt und nicht in Frage stellt. Die im Roman gezeigte ideale Männlichkeit umfasst echte Tugenden und authentisches Lernen. Es widerspricht der traditionellen, orthodoxen konfuzianischen Männlichkeit, die befürwortet, dass das Amt der herrliche Weg ist, um die Männlichkeit eines gelehrten Mannes zu erfüllen. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf Wu Jingzis eigenes Versagen bei den Prüfungen im öffentlichen Dienst und bei offiziellen Karrieren zurückzuführen. In Bezug auf das Verhältnis von Männlichkeit und Sexualität zeigt der Roman, dass ein männlicher Mann nicht vom weiblichen Charme verführt wird, sondern eine harmonische und kameradschaftliche Ehe führen kann. Außerdem zeigen sich Wissenschaftler sehr besorgt über ihre Männlichkeit, da sie in der Gesellschaft eine marginale Position einnehmen. Ihre Männlichkeit wird von Beamten, Kaufleuten und sogar Bürgern sowie ihren Kollegen in Frage gestellt.

Durch eine sorgfältige Untersuchung der Geschichten von Pinniang, Miss Lu und Mrs. Wang wird deutlich, dass der Roman eine konventionelle Meinung zu Frauen vertritt, obwohl er den Selbstmord von Witwen kritisiert und eine egalitäre Beziehung zwischen Mann und Frau zeigt. Es lobt konfuzianische weibliche Tugenden, wie dem Ehemann zu folgen und ihm zu dienen, den Haushalt zu führen und die Keuschheit zu bewahren. Weibliche Sexualität wird als böse Versuchung beschuldigt, Männer in die Irre zu führen. Das Lernen von Frauen gewinnt an Legitimität, wenn es dazu dient, häusliche Pflichten zu erfüllen. Es trägt die konfuzianische Botschaft, dass Männer die Führung übernehmen und die Ordnung im Haushalt aufrechterhalten sollten, und stärkt das rechtmäßige Patriarchat.

Mit einem Wort, Rulin waishi ist seiner Zeit gegenüber konservativ eingestellt, anstatt seiner Zeit voraus zu sein.
KW  - Rulin waishi
KW  - The Unofficial History of the Scholars
KW  - gender
KW  - masculinity
KW  - femininity
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219202
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wroński, Piotr Andrzej
A1  - Wyborski, Paweł
A1  - Musiał, Anna
A1  - Podemski, Paweł
A1  - Sęk, Grzegorz
A1  - Höfling, Sven
A1  - Jabeen, Fauzia
T1  - Metamorphic Buffer Layer Platform for 1550 nm Single-Photon Sources Grown by MBE on (100) GaAs Substrate
JF  - Materials
N2  - We demonstrate single-photon emission with a low probability of multiphoton events of 5% in the C-band of telecommunication spectral range of standard silica fibers from molecular beam epitaxy grown (100)-GaAs-based structure with InAs quantum dots (QDs) on a metamorphic buffer layer. For this purpose, we propose and implement graded In content digitally alloyed InGaAs metamorphic buffer layer with maximal In content of 42% and GaAs/AlAs distributed Bragg reflector underneath to enhance the extraction efficiency of QD emission. The fundamental limit of the emission rate for the investigated structures is 0.5 GHz based on an emission lifetime of 1.95 ns determined from time-resolved photoluminescence. We prove the relevance of a proposed technology platform for the realization of non-classical light sources in the context of fiber-based quantum communication applications.
KW  - single-photon source
KW  - quantum dots
KW  - telecommunication spectral range
KW  - metamorphic buffer layer
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246145
SN  - 1996-1944
VL  - 14
IS  - 18
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Worresch, Vanessa
T1  - Evaluation aus systemtheoretischer Perspektive. Eine empirische Analyse zur Klassifikation stakeholderspezifischer Erwartungsstile
T1  - Evaluation from a systems theory perspective. An empirical analysis for the classification of stakeholder-specific expectation styles
N2  - Untersuchungsgegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Evaluationspraxis, welche als Bindeglied zwischen pädagogischer Theorie und Praxis verstanden wird. Es wird eine theoretische Betrachtung eines umfangreichen Evaluationsprojekts vorgenommen. Hierfür wird zunächst eine Sekundäranalyse bestehender empirischer Daten einer sechsjährigen Evaluation durchgeführt und anschließend die Evaluationspraxis aus einer Metaperspektive kritisch betrachtet. 
Ausgehend von der Theorie sozialer Systeme nach Luhmann (1984) werden drei Fragestellungen fokussiert, welche sich auf den Transfer und die Implementation von Evaluationsbefunden beziehen. Zunächst wird geprüft, ob sich die systemtheoretische Differenzierung von kognitiver und normativer Modalisierung von Erwartungen datengestützt nachweisen lässt. Daraufhin werden Veränderungen der Erwartungsstile über die Zeit betrachtet. Abschließend werden systemspezifische Logiken und deren Einfluss auf den Evaluationsprozess einerseits und die Nutzung von Evaluationsbefunden andererseits fokussiert. 
Zur Untersuchung der Forschungsfragen wird das empirische Material der sechsjährigen Evaluation des kommunalen Förderprogramms „Mannheimer Unterstützungssystem Schule“ herangezogen. Die qualitativen Daten der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung werden anhand der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring (2015) ausgewertet, bestehende quantitative Ergebnisse werden ergänzend einbezogen.
Die zentralen Befunde der Arbeit zeigen, dass über die Zusammenführung der Theorie sozialer Systeme nach Luhmann (1984) und empirischem Datenmaterial wesentliche Prozesse und Strukturen der Evaluationspraxis in gewissem Maß systematisch entflochten werden können. Als zwei entscheidende Faktoren gelingender Evaluation stellen sich dabei zum einen der Erwartungsstil der Systeme und zum anderen die strukturelle Kopplung zwischen evaluierendem und evaluiertem System heraus.
N2  - The thesis’ objective is to research evaluation practice, which is understood as a link between pedagogical theory and practice. A theoretical examination of an extensive evaluation project is undertaken. For this purpose, a secondary analysis of existing empirical data of a six-year evaluation is carried out. The evaluation practice is subsequently viewed critically from a metaperspective.
Based on the theory of social systems according to Luhmann (1984), three questions relating to the transfer and implementation of evaluation findings are focused on. First, it is examined whether the system-theoretical differentiation of cognitive and normative modalization of expectations can be demonstrated in a data-based manner. Secondly, changes in expectation styles over time are considered. Finally, system-specific logics and their influence on the evaluation process on the one hand and the use of evaluation findings on the other are focused on. 
The basis for this research is the empirical material of the six-year evaluation of the municipal support program “Mannheimer Unterstützungssystem Schule”. The qualitative data gathered as part of that evaluation is analyzed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring (2015) and supported by existing quantitative results.
The central findings of this thesis show, that by bringing together Luhmann’s (1984) theory of social systems with empirical data material, essential processes and structures of evaluation practice can, to a certain extent, be systematically unraveled. Two decisive factors for successful evaluation are the expectation style of the systems as well as the structural coupling between the evaluating and the evaluated system.
T3  - Schriftenreihe Empirische Bildungsforschung - 37 
KW  - Evaluationsforschung
KW  - Evaluationspraxis
KW  - Metaperspektive
KW  - Stakeholder
KW  - Theorie sozialer Systeme
KW  - Erwartungsstil
KW  - strukturelle Kopplung
KW  - Evaluation
KW  - Systemtheorie
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250605
SN  - 978-3-945459-37-9
SN  - 1867-9994
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Wolf, Norbert Richard
T1  - Der Duden, die Genera und die Geschlechter
T2  - Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology
T2  - ВЕСТНИК САМАРСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ИСТОРИЯ, ПЕДАГОГИКА, ФИЛОЛОГИЯ
N2  - Anlass für diesen Aufsatz ist die Tatsache, dass die Duden-Redaktion bei zahlreichen
Personenbezeichnungen das sog. ‚generische Maskulinum‘ wegdefiniert hat. Das Anfang 2021 erschienene online Wörterbuch gibt als Bedeutungserklärung des Substantiv Arzt folgende Beschreibung an: „männliche Person, die nach Medizinstudium und klinischer Ausbildung die staatliche Zulassung (Approbation) erhalten hat, Kranke zu behandeln (Berufsbezeichnung)“. Demgegenüber hieß es im Duden Universalwörterbuch von 2015: „jemand, der nach Medizinstudium und klinischer Ausbildung die staatliche Zulassung (Approbation) erhalten hat, Kranke zu behandeln (Berufsbezeichnung)“
Der Aufsatz versucht, wieder einmal zu überprüfen, ob es das generische Maskulinum als geschlechtsübergreifende oder besser: geschlechtsneutrale Bezeichnung gibt oder ob es, nicht zuletzt aufgrund des jahrhundertelangen Einflusses des Patriarchats auf die Sprachentwicklung, sich doch um den Ausdruck männlicher Vormacht handelt. Dabei werden sowohl das Problem ‚Genus‘ als auch der Begriff ‚generisch‘ untersucht und auf seine Bezeichnungsfunktion hin getestet. Schließlich soll auch überprüft werden, ob die Sprache tatsächlich die Wirklichkeit widerspiegelt und ob die Sprache wirklich alle Phänomene in der außersprachlichen Realität benennen muss. Dazu kommt natürlich auch die Frage, ob die Duden-Redaktion ihre Kompetenzen richtig interpretiert (hat).
KW  - Duden
KW  - Genus
KW  - Sexus
KW  - lexikalische Bedeutung
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241571
UR  - https://journals.ssau.ru/hpp/
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Wolf, Natalia
T1  - Synthese multifunktionaler Farbstoffe und Linker zur Visualisierung biologischer Strukturen
T1  - Synthesis of multifunctional dyes and linkers for visualization of biological structures
N2  - Durch stetige Entwicklung der Mikroskopiemethoden in den letzten Jahrzehnten ist es nun möglich Strukturen und Abläufe in biologischen Systemen detaillierter darzustellen als mit der von Abbe entdeckten maximalen Auflösungsgrenze. Oft werden dabei Fluoreszenzmarker benutzt, welche die unsichtbare Welt der Mikrobiologie und deren biochemische Prozesse illuminieren. Diese werden entweder durch Expression, wie z.B. das grün fluoreszierende Protein (GFP), in das zu untersuchende Objekt eingebracht oder durch klassische Markierungsmethoden mithilfe von fluoreszierenden Immunkonjugaten installiert. Jedoch gewinnt eine alternative Strategie, die von der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit zwischen Chemikern, Physikern und Biologen profitiert, immer mehr an Bedeutung – die bioorthogonale Click-Chemie. Sie ermöglicht eine effiziente Fluoreszenzmarkierung der biologischen Strukturen unter minimalem Eingriff in die Abläufe der Zelle. Dazu müssen allerdings sowohl Farbstoffe als auch die biologisch aktiven Substanzen chemisch modifiziert werden, da nur dadurch die Bioorthogonalität gewährleistet werden kann. 
Mittlerweile existiert eine breite Palette an fluoreszierenden Farbstoffen, die das komplette sichtbare Spektrum abdecken und sich für diverse Mikroskopiemethoden eignen. Allerdings gibt es zwei Farbstoffklassen, die sich aus der gesamten Fülle abheben und sich für hochauflösende bildgebende Experimente auf Einzelmolekülebene eignen. Zum einen ist es die Farbstofffamilie der Cyanine und insbesondere der wasserlöslichen Pentamethincyanine, die reversibel und kontrolliert zum Photoschalten animiert werden können und in der stochastisch optischen Rekonstruktionsmikroskopie Anwendung finden. Zum anderen ist es die Gruppe, der Rhodamine und Fluoresceine, die zu Xanthenfarbstoffen gehören und sich durch gute photophysikalische Eigenschaften auszeichnen. 
Trotz der Beliebtheit stellt ihre Darstellung immer noch eine Herausforderung dar und limitiert deren Einsatz. Deshalb war es notwendig im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit Möglichkeiten zur Syntheseoptimierung beider Farbstoffklassen zu finden, damit diese im Folgenden weiterentwickelt und an die biologische Fragestellung angepasst werden können. Die Arbeit unterteilt sich deshalb in Relation an die oben genannten Farbstoffklassen in zwei Bereiche. Im ersten Teil wurden Projekte basierend auf den wasserlöslichen Pentamethincyaninen behandelt. Im zweiten Teil beschäftigte sich die Arbeit mit Projekten, die auf Xanthen-Farbstoffen aufbauen.
N2  - Due to steady development in microscopy methods during the last decades its now possible to visualize biological structures in more detail than Abbes low would allow. Frequently fluorescence labeling is used to illuminate the world of microbiology and its processes. There are two classical methods to introduce fluorescent markers to the target of interest. The first way is to use the expression of fluorescent proteins like GFP (green fluorescent protein). The second one is the application of fluorescent immunoconjugates. However, an alternative strategy that benefits from the interdisciplinary cooperation between chemists, physicists and biologists is becoming increasingly important – bioorthogonal click chemistry. It enables efficient fluorescent labelling of biological structures with minimal influence in cell processes. But this requires chemical modification of both dyes and the biologically active substances, as this is the only way to guarantee bioorthogonal click reactions. 
In the meantime, a wide range of fluorescent dyes is available that cover the entire visible spectrum and are suitable for various microscopy methods. However, there are two classes of dyes that stand out from the rest and are suitable for high-resolution imaging experiments at the single molecule level. On the one hand, there is the dye family of cyanines and in particular the water-soluble pentamethine cyanines, which can be reversibly and in a controlled manner animated to photoswitch. Therefore, they are used in stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy like dStorm. On the other hand, there is the group of rhodamines and fluoresceins, which belong to xanthene dyes and are characterized by good photophysical properties.
Despite their popularity, their synthesis still poses a challenge and limits their use. Therefore, it was necessary to find ways to optimize the synthesis of both dye classes within the scope of the present work, so that they can be further developed and adapted to the biological question. This thesis is therefore divided into two parts in relation to the two above mentioned dye classes. In the first part three projects based on the water-soluble pentamethine cyanines were addressed. In the second part the work dealt with projects based on the HMSiR-dyes.
KW  - Farbstoff
KW  - Cyanin
KW  - Rhodaminderivate
KW  - Click-Chemie
KW  - Farbstoffsynthese
KW  - Pentamethincyanine
KW  - Siliziumrhodaminderivate
KW  - bioorthogonale Click-Chemie
KW  - Synthese
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-205312
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wolf, Matthias
T1  - How to teach about what is a species
JF  - Biology
N2  - To ask students what a species is always has something rhetorical about it. Too quickly comes the rote answer, often learned by heart without ever thinking about it: “A species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others), which occupies a specific niche in nature” (Mayr 1982). However, do two people look alike because they are twins or are they twins because they look alike? “Two organisms do not belong to the same species because they mate and reproduce, but they only are able to do so because they belong to the same species” (Mahner and Bunge 1997). Unfortunately, most biology (pre-university) teachers have no opinion on whether species are real or conceptual, simply because they have never been taught the question themselves, but rather one answer they still pass on to their students today, learned by heart without ever thinking about it. Species are either real or conceptual and, in my opinion, it is this “or” that we should teach about. Only then can we discuss those fundamental questions such as who or what is selected, who or what evolves and, finally, what is biodiversity and phylogenetics all about? Individuals related to each other by the tree of life.
KW  - biospecies
KW  - species as individuals
KW  - species as natural kinds
KW  - species concept
KW  - species problem
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241052
SN  - 2079-7737
VL  - 10
IS  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wohlwend, Michael R.
A1  - Craven, Dylan
A1  - Weigelt, Patrick
A1  - Seebens, Hanno
A1  - Winter, Marten
A1  - Kreft, Holger
A1  - Zurell, Damaris
A1  - Sarmento Cabral, Juliano
A1  - Essl, Franz
A1  - van Kleunen, Mark
A1  - Pergl, Jan
A1  - Pyšek, Petr
A1  - Knight, Tiffany M.
T1  - Anthropogenic and environmental drivers shape diversity of naturalized plants across the Pacific
JF  - Diversity and Distributions
N2  - Aim
The Pacific exhibits an exceptional number of naturalized plant species, but the drivers of this high diversity and the associated compositional patterns remain largely unknown. Here, we aim to (a) improve our understanding of introduction and establishment processes and (b) evaluate whether this information is sufficient to create scientific conservation tools, such as watchlists.

Location
Islands in the Pacific Ocean, excluding larger islands such as New Zealand, Japan, the Philippines and Indonesia.

Methods
We combined information from the most up‐to‐date data sources to quantify naturalized plant species richness and turnover across island groups and investigate the effects of anthropogenic, biogeographic and climate drivers on these patterns. In total, we found 2,672 naturalized plant species across 481 islands and 50 island groups, with a total of 11,074 records.

Results
Most naturalized species were restricted to few island groups, and most island groups have a low number of naturalized species. Island groups with few naturalized species were characterized by a set of widespread naturalized species. Several plant families that contributed many naturalized species globally also did so in the Pacific, particularly Fabaceae and Poaceae. However, many families were significantly over‐ or under‐represented in the Pacific naturalized flora compared to other regions of the world. Naturalized species richness increased primarily with increased human activity and island altitude/area, whereas similarity between island groups in temperature along with richness differences was most important for beta diversity.

Main conclusions
The distribution and richness of naturalized species can be explained by a small set of drivers. The Pacific region contains many naturalized plant species also naturalized in other regions in the world, but our results highlight key differences such as a stronger role of anthropogenic drivers in shaping diversity patterns. Our results establish a basis for predicting and preventing future naturalizations in a threatened biodiversity hotspot.
KW  - anthropogenic drivers
KW  - beta diversity
KW  - island biogeography
KW  - naturalized species
KW  - Pacific Ocean
KW  - plant invasion
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239925
VL  - 27
IS  - 6
SP  - 1120
EP  - 1133
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wohlfart, Jonas
A1  - Holzgrabe, Ulrike
T1  - Analysis of histamine and sisomicin in gentamicin: search for the causative agents of adverse effects
JF  - Archiv der Pharmazie
N2  - In 1998, the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin sulfate caused several cases of deaths in the United States, after the switch from twice- to once-daily application. Endotoxins were discussed as the cause for the adverse effects and sisomicin was identified as the lead impurity; batches containing sisomicin were contaminated with more impurities and were responsible for the fatalities. In 2016, anaphylactic reactions in horses, and later in humans with one fatality, were observed after application of gentamicin sulfate contaminated with histamine. To determine whether histamine was responsible for the 1990s death cases as well, histamine was quantified by means of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in 30 samples of gentamicin sulfate analyzed in previous studies. Furthermore, a relative quantification of sisomicin was performed to check for a correlation between histamine and the lead impurity. A maximum amount of 11.52 ppm histamine was detected, which is below the limit for anaphylactic reactions of 16 ppm, and no correlation of the two impurities was observed. However, the European Medicines Agency recommends a stricter limit with regard to the maximum single dose of gentamicin sulfate to reach a greater gap between the maximum histamine exposition of 4.3 µg and the quantity known to cause hypotension of 7 µg. The low amounts of histamine and the fact that there is no connection with the contamination with sisomicin showed that histamine was not the cause for the death cases in the United States in 1998, and endotoxins remain the most probable explanation.
KW  - chemistry
KW  - sisomicin
KW  - drug impurities
KW  - gentamicin sulfate
KW  - histamine
KW  - LC-MS/MS
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256596
VL  - 354
IS  - 12
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wobser, Marion
A1  - Roth, Sabine
A1  - Appenzeller, Silke
A1  - Houben, Roland
A1  - Schrama, David
A1  - Goebeler, Matthias
A1  - Geissinger, Eva
A1  - Rosenwald, Andreas
A1  - Maurus, Katja
T1  - Targeted deep sequencing of mycosis fungoides reveals intracellular signaling pathways associated with aggressiveness and large cell transformation
JF  - Cancers
N2  - Introduction: Large-cell transformation (LCT) of mycosis fungoides (MF) has been associated with a higher risk of relapse and progression and, consequently, restricted prognosis. Its molecular pathogenesis has not been elucidated yet. Materials and Methods: In order to address molecular mechanisms of LCT, we performed hybrid capture panel-based sequencing of skin biopsies from 10 patients suffering from MF with LCT versus 17 patients without LCT including follow-up biopsies during clinical course, respectively (51 samples in total). The analyzed patients were attributed to three different groups based on the presence of LCT and clinical behavior. Results: While indolent MF cases without LCT did not show pathogenic driver mutations, a high rate of oncogenic alterations was detected in patients with LCT and aggressive clinical courses. Various genes of different oncogenic signaling pathways, including the MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways, as well as epigenetic modifiers were affected. A high inter-individual and distinctive intra-individual mutation diversity was observed. Oncogenic RAS mutations were exclusively detected in patients with LCT. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that LCT transition of MF is associated with increased frequency of somatic mutations in cancer-associated genes. In particular, the activation of RAS signaling — together with epigenetic dysregulation — may crucially contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of the LCT phenotype, thus conveying its adverse clinical behavior.
KW  - mycosis fungoides
KW  - cutaneous T-cell-lymphoma
KW  - panel sequencing
KW  - large cell transformation
KW  - CD30
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250094
SN  - 2072-6694
VL  - 13
IS  - 21
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wittkowski, Joachim
A1  - Scheuchenpflug, Rainer
T1  - Evidence on the Conceptual Distinctness of Normal Grief From Depression
BT  - A Multi-Faceted Analysis of Differential Validity
JF  - European Journal of Health Psychology
N2  - Background: The distinctness of grief from depression has been the subject of a long scholarly debate, even influencing definitions of diagnostic criteria. Aims: This study aims at clarifying the issue by a multifaceted analysis of data from a large German sample. Method: A community sample of 406 bereaved persons answered the Wuerzburg Grief Inventory (WGI), a multidimensional grief questionnaire designed to measure normal grief in the German language, and the General Depression Scale – Short Version (GDS-S), a self-report depression scale. Data were analyzed by factor analysis to identify structural (dis-)similarities of the constructs, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the influence of the factors relationship to the deceased, type of death, and time since loss on grief measures and depression scores. Results: Factor analysis clustered items referring to grief-related impairments and depression into one factor, items referring to other dimensions of grief on separate factors, however. Relationship to the deceased influenced the grief measures impairments and nearness to the deceased, but not depression scores if controlled for impairments. Type of death showed specific effects on grief scores, but not on depression scores. Time since loss influenced grief scores, but not depression scores. Limitations: The analysis is based on a self-selected community sample of grieving persons, self-report measures, and in part, on cross-sectional data. Conclusion: Factor analysis and objective data show a clear distinction of dimensions of grief and depression. The human experience of grief contains a sense of nearness to the lost person, feelings of guilt, and positive aspects of the loss experience in addition to components resembling depression.
KW  - depression
KW  - grief
KW  - time since loss
KW  - type of death
KW  - Wuerzburg Grief Inventory (WGI)
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236531
SN  - 2512-8442
SN  - 2512-8450
VL  - 28
IS  - 3
SP  - 101-110
ER  -