TY - JOUR A1 - Krause, Stefan A1 - Weber, Silvana T1 - Lift me up by looking down: social comparison effects of narratives JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Stories are a powerful means to change recipients’ views on themselves by being transported into the story world and by identifying with story characters. Previous studies showed that recipients temporarily change in line with a story and its characters (assimilation). Conversely, assimilation might be less likely when recipients are less identified with story protagonists or less transported into a story by comparing themselves with a story character. This may lead to changes, which are opposite to a story and its characters (contrast). In two experiments, we manipulated transportation and experience taking via two written reviews (Experiment 1; N = 164) and by varying the perspective of the story’s narrator (Experiment 2; N = 79) of a short story about a negligent student. Recipients’ self-ratings in comparison to others, motives, and problem-solving behavior served as dependent variables. However, neither the review nor the perspective manipulation affected transportation or experience taking while reading the story. Against our expectations, highly transported recipients (in Study 1) and recipients with high experience taking (in Study 2) showed more persistency working on an anagram-solving task, even when controlling for trait conscientiousness. Our findings are critically discussed in light of previous research. KW - self KW - self-concept KW - transportation KW - identification KW - experience taking KW - narratives KW - social comparison Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190624 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wienrich, Carolin A1 - Komma, Philipp A1 - Vogt, Stephanie A1 - Latoschik, Marc E. T1 - Spatial Presence in Mixed Realities – Considerations About the Concept, Measures, Design, and Experiments JF - Frontiers in Virtual Reality N2 - Plenty of theories, models, measures, and investigations target the understanding of virtual presence, i.e., the sense of presence in immersive Virtual Reality (VR). Other varieties of the so-called eXtended Realities (XR), e.g., Augmented and Mixed Reality (AR and MR) incorporate immersive features to a lesser degree and continuously combine spatial cues from the real physical space and the simulated virtual space. This blurred separation questions the applicability of the accumulated knowledge about the similarities of virtual presence and presence occurring in other varieties of XR, and corresponding outcomes. The present work bridges this gap by analyzing the construct of presence in mixed realities (MR). To achieve this, the following presents (1) a short review of definitions, dimensions, and measurements of presence in VR, and (2) the state of the art views on MR. Additionally, we (3) derived a working definition of MR, extending the Milgram continuum. This definition is based on entities reaching from real to virtual manifestations at one time point. Entities possess different degrees of referential power, determining the selection of the frame of reference. Furthermore, we (4) identified three research desiderata, including research questions about the frame of reference, the corresponding dimension of transportation, and the dimension of realism in MR. Mainly the relationship between the main aspects of virtual presence of immersive VR, i.e., the place-illusion, and the plausibility-illusion, and of the referential power of MR entities are discussed regarding the concept, measures, and design of presence in MR. Finally, (5) we suggested an experimental setup to reveal the research heuristic behind experiments investigating presence in MR. The present work contributes to the theories and the meaning of and approaches to simulate and measure presence in MR. We hypothesize that research about essential underlying factors determining user experience (UX) in MR simulations and experiences is still in its infancy and hopes this article provides an encouraging starting point to tackle related questions. KW - mixed reality KW - virtual-reality-continuum KW - spatial presence KW - place-illusion KW - plausibility-illusion KW - transportation KW - realism Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260328 VL - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Winkler, Julia T1 - The Experience of Emotional Shifts as a Narrative Process: Investigating the Relationship of Emotional Shifts and Transportation and Their Roles in Narrative Persuasion T1 - Das Erleben von emotionalen Wechseln als narrativer Prozess: Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen emotional dynamischem Erleben von Geschichten und Transportation sowie ihrer Rolle im Kontext narrativer Persuasion N2 - Emotional shifts are often a fundamental part of the narrative experience and engrained into the schematic structures of stories. Recent theoretical work suggests that these shifts are key for narrative influence and are interconnected with transportation, a known mechanism of narrative effects. Empirical research examining this proposition is still scarce, inconclusive, and lacking measures that assess the experience of emotional shifts throughout a narrative to explain effects. This thesis aims to contribute to this research lacuna and investigates the link between emotional shifts, transportation, and story-consistent outcomes using different methods to measure emotional shifts in the moment they occur (Manuscript #1 and #2), and using various narrative stimuli (audiovisual, written, auditive). Manuscript #1 uses real-time-response (RTR) measurement to examine the relationship of valence shifts experienced during film viewing with transportation and post-exposure self-reported emotional flow. Manuscript #2 reports a pilot study and two experiments in which a self-probed emotional retrospection task is used to measure the number and intensity of emotional shifts during reading. I investigate the effect of reviews on transportation, the link between transportation and emotional shifts, and their respective associations with story-consistent attitudes, social sharing intentions, and donation behavior. In Manuscript #3, narrative structures are manipulated. Two experiments examine the effects of audio stories with shifting (positive-negative-positive) vs. positive-only emotional trajectories on the experience of happiness- and sadness-shifts, transportation, and post-exposure emotional flow. Transportation was positively linked to valence shifts (M#1), and the number and intensity of emotional shifts (M#2), and emotional flow (M#1, M#3). In M#3, transportation was predicted by shifts in happiness, but not sadness. Emotional flow was linked to shifts in happiness, sadness, and RTR valence (M#1, M#3). Emotional shifts and transportation were associated with social sharing intentions, but only transportation was linked to some story-consistent attitudes (affective attitudes in particular). N2 - Dynamisches emotionales Erleben ist oft charakteristisch für die Rezeption von Geschichten. Aktuelle theoretische Arbeiten postulieren, dass diese emotionalen Wechsel für den Einfluss von Narrationen entscheidend und mit Transportation, einem bekannten Mechanismus für narrative Wirkungen, verflochten sind. Empirische Evidenz zu dieser These ist noch rar, inkonsistent, und es kommt meist kein Prozessmaß emotionaler Wechsel zum Einsatz, um Effekte zu erklären. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zu dieser Forschungslücke leisten und untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen emotionalen Wechseln, Transportation und persuasiven Wirkungen unter Verwendung verschiedener Stimuli (audiovisuell, schriftlich, auditiv) und Methoden zur Messung emotionaler Veränderungen im Moment ihres Auftretens (Manuskript 1 und 2). Manuskript #1 verwendet Real-Time-Response Messung (RTR) zur Untersuchung der Beziehung zwischen Valenzverschiebungen während der Filmrezeption, Transportation und retrospektiv selbstberichtetem Emotional Flow. Manuskript #2 berichtet eine Pilotstudie und zwei Experimente, die eine Self-Probed Emotional Retrospection Task zur Messung der Anzahl und Intensität emotionaler Wechsel während des Lesens verwenden. Die Experimente untersuchen die Wirkungen einer Rezensions-Manipulation auf Transportation sowie die Zusammenhänge zwischen Transportation, emotionalen Wechseln, Einstellungen, Absichten zum sozialen Teilen und Spendenverhalten. In Manuskript #3 werden Erzählstrukturen manipuliert. In zwei Experimenten werden die Wirkungen auditiver Geschichten mit wechselnden (positiv-negativ-positiv) bzw. nur positiven Strukturen auf erlebte Veränderungen von Freude und Trauer, Transportation, und Emotional Flow untersucht. Transportation stand in positivem Zusammenhang mit Valenzverschiebungen (M#1), der Anzahl und Intensität emotionaler Wechsel (M#2) und Emotional Flow (M#1, M#3). In M#3 wurde Transportation durch Veränderungen von Freude, aber nicht Trauer vorhergesagt. Emotional Flow war mit Veränderungen von Freude, Trauer und RTR-Valenzverschiebungen korreliert (M#1, M#3). Mehr und intensivere emotionale Wechsel und Transportation gingen mit einer erhöhten Absicht einher, Inhalte zu teilen bzw. über Inhalte zu reden. Nur Transportation war jedoch mit einigen der untersuchten (insbesondere affektiven) Einstellungen assoziiert. KW - Gefühl KW - Erzählung KW - Rezeptionsforschung KW - emotional shifts KW - emotion measurement KW - narrative effects KW - narrative persuasion KW - transportation KW - Medienwirkungsforschung KW - Massenmedien + Wirkung KW - Medien + Psychologie Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-321794 ER -