TY - JOUR A1 - Zetzl, Teresa A1 - Pittig, Andre A1 - Renner, Agnes A1 - van Oorschott, Birgitt A1 - Jentschke, Elisabeth T1 - Yoga therapy to reduce fatigue in cancer: effects of reminder e-mails and long-term efficacy JF - Supportive Care in Cancer N2 - Objective To examine the efficacy of reminder e-mails to continue yoga therapy on practice frequency and fatigue in cancer patients and long-term effects of yoga on fatigue, depression, and quality of life. Methology One hundred two cancer patients who completed an 8-week yoga therapy were randomly allocated to two groups: reminder (N = 51) vs. no-reminder group (N = 51). After completing yoga therapy, the reminder group received weekly e-mails for 24 weeks, which reminded them of practicing yoga, whereas the no-reminder group did not. Primary outcomes were fatigue and practice frequency, and long-term outcomes were fatigue, depression, and quality of life. Data were assessed using questionnaires after yoga therapy (T1) and 6 months after completing yoga therapy (T2). Result A significantly stronger reduction of general (p = 0.038, d = 0.42) and emotional fatigue (p = 0.004, d = 0.59) and a higher increase of practice frequency (p = 0.015, d = 0.52) between T1 and T2 were found for the reminder group compared to the no-reminder group. In the mediation model, practice frequency as a mediator partially explained the changes in emotional fatigue (indirect effect B =  - 0.10). Long-term effects of yoga therapy regarding fatigue, depression, and quality of life were found (F > 7.46, p < 0.001, d > 0.54). Conclusion Weekly reminder e-mails after yoga therapy can positively affect general and emotional fatigue and help cancer patients with fatigue establish a regular yoga practice at home. However, higher practice frequency did not lead to higher physical or cognitive fatigue improvement, suggesting other factors that mediate efficacy on physical or cognitive fatigue, such as mindfulness or side effects of therapy. KW - reminder e-mails KW - mind–body intervention KW - complementary alternative medicine KW - long-term effects KW - Yoga KW - fatigue Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-268415 SN - 1433-7339 VL - 29 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mitschke, Vanessa A1 - Eder, Andreas B. T1 - Facing the enemy: Spontaneous facial reactions towards suffering opponents JF - Psychophysiology N2 - The suffering of an opponent is an important social affective cue that modulates how aggressive interactions progress. To investigate the affective consequences of opponent suffering on a revenge seeking individual, two experiments (total N = 82) recorded facial muscle activity while participants observed the reaction of a provoking opponent to a (retaliatory) sound punishment in a laboratory aggression task. Opponents reacted via prerecorded videos either with facial displays of pain, sadness, or neutrality. Results indicate that participants enjoyed seeing the provocateur suffer: indexed by a coordinated muscle response featuring an increase in zygomaticus major (and orbicularis oculi muscle) activation accompanied by a decrease in corrugator supercilii activation. This positive facial reaction was only shown while a provoking opponent expressed pain. Expressions of sadness, and administration of sound blasts to nonprovoking opponents, did not modulate facial activity. Overall, the results suggest that revenge-seeking individuals enjoy observing the offender suffer, which could represent schadenfreude or satisfaction of having succeeded in the retaliation goal. KW - suffering KW - facial electromyography KW - facial expression KW - reactive aggression KW - revenge Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259672 VL - 58 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzog, Katharina A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Schneider, Kristina A1 - Schiele, Miriam A. A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Reducing Generalization of Conditioned Fear: Beneficial Impact of Fear Relevance and Feedback in Discrimination Training JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Anxiety patients over-generalize fear, possibly because of an incapacity to discriminate threat and safety signals. Discrimination trainings are promising approaches for reducing such fear over-generalization. Here we investigated the efficacy of a fear-relevant vs. a fear-irrelevant discrimination training on fear generalization and whether the effects are increased with feedback during training. Eighty participants underwent two fear acquisition blocks, during which one face (conditioned stimulus, CS+), but not another face (CS−), was associated with a female scream (unconditioned stimulus, US). During two generalization blocks, both CSs plus four morphs (generalization stimuli, GS1–GS4) were presented. Between these generalization blocks, half of the participants underwent a fear-relevant discrimination training (discrimination between CS+ and the other faces) with or without feedback and the other half a fear-irrelevant discrimination training (discrimination between the width of lines) with or without feedback. US expectancy, arousal, valence ratings, and skin conductance responses (SCR) indicated successful fear acquisition. Importantly, fear-relevant vs. fear-irrelevant discrimination trainings and feedback vs. no feedback reduced generalization as reflected in US expectancy ratings independently from one another. No effects of training condition were found for arousal and valence ratings or SCR. In summary, this is a first indication that fear-relevant discrimination training and feedback can improve the discrimination between threat and safety signals in healthy individuals, at least for learning-related evaluations, but not evaluations of valence or (physiological) arousal. KW - fear generalization KW - feedback KW - discrimination training KW - fear-relevant training KW - classical conditioning Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239970 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleih-Dahms, Sonja Christina A1 - Botrel, Loic A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - The influence of motivation and emotion on sensorimotor rhythm-based brain-computer interface performance JF - Psychophysiology N2 - While decades of research have investigated and technically improved brain–computer interface (BCI)-controlled applications, relatively little is known about the psychological aspects of brain–computer interfacing. In 35 healthy students, we investigated whether extrinsic motivation manipulated via monetary reward and emotional state manipulated via video and music would influence behavioral and psychophysiological measures of performance with a sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-based BCI. We found increased task-related brain activity in extrinsically motivated (rewarded) as compared with nonmotivated participants but no clear effect of emotional state manipulation. Our experiment investigated the short-term effect of motivation and emotion manipulation in a group of young healthy subjects, and thus, the significance for patients in the locked-in state, who may be in need of a BCI, remains to be investigated. KW - brain-computer interface KW - sensorimotor rhythm KW - psychological variables KW - motivation KW - emotional state KW - electroencephalogram Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259664 VL - 58 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seibel, Sebastian A1 - Volmer, Judith T1 - A Diary Study on Anticipated Leisure Time, Morning Recovery, and Employees’ Work Engagement JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Recovery during yesterday’s leisure time is beneficial for morning recovery, and morning recovery fosters employees’ work engagement, a positive, motivational state associated with job performance. We extended existing research by assuming that both, morning recovery (considered a resource) and anticipated leisure time (considered an anticipated resource gain), relate to work engagement. Anticipated leisure time comprises two constructs: general anticipation of leisure time, which refers to employees’ cognitive evaluation of their entire upcoming leisure time, and pleasant anticipation of a planned leisure activity, which describes a positive affective reaction because of one specific, upcoming leisure activity. We suggested that employees with high pleasant anticipation generate more thoughts of a planned leisure activity (ToPLA), which may distract them from their work, reducing their work engagement. A diary study over five days showed that morning recovery and general anticipation of leisure time were positively related to work engagement. Furthermore, employees with higher pleasant anticipation of a planned leisure activity reported more ToPLA. In contrast to our expectations, neither pleasant anticipation nor ToPLA was related to work engagement. In sum, this study introduced anticipated leisure time as a novel antecedent of work engagement and demonstrated that anticipated resource gains are important for high work engagement. KW - morning recovery KW - leisure time KW - pleasant anticipation KW - work engagement KW - thoughts of a planned leisure activity KW - diary study Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-246090 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 18 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Farmer, Adam D. A1 - Strzelczyk, Adam A1 - Finisguerra, Alessandra A1 - Gourine, Alexander V. A1 - Gharabaghi, Alireza A1 - Hasan, Alkomiet A1 - Burger, Andreas M. A1 - Jaramillo, Andrés M. A1 - Mertens, Ann A1 - Majid, Arshad A1 - Verkuil, Bart A1 - Badran, Bashar W. A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Gaul, Charly A1 - Beste, Christian A1 - Warren, Christopher M. A1 - Quintana, Daniel S. A1 - Hämmerer, Dorothea A1 - Freri, Elena A1 - Frangos, Eleni A1 - Tobaldini, Eleonora A1 - Kaniusas, Eugenijus A1 - Rosenow, Felix A1 - Capone, Fioravante A1 - Panetsos, Fivos A1 - Ackland, Gareth L. A1 - Kaithwas, Gaurav A1 - O'Leary, Georgia H. A1 - Genheimer, Hannah A1 - Jacobs, Heidi I. L. A1 - Van Diest, Ilse A1 - Schoenen, Jean A1 - Redgrave, Jessica A1 - Fang, Jiliang A1 - Deuchars, Jim A1 - Széles, Jozsef C. A1 - Thayer, Julian F. A1 - More, Kaushik A1 - Vonck, Kristl A1 - Steenbergen, Laura A1 - Vianna, Lauro C. A1 - McTeague, Lisa M. A1 - Ludwig, Mareike A1 - Veldhuizen, Maria G. A1 - De Couck, Marijke A1 - Casazza, Marina A1 - Keute, Marius A1 - Bikson, Marom A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - D'Agostini, Martina A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Betts, Matthew A1 - Prigge, Matthias A1 - Kaess, Michael A1 - Roden, Michael A1 - Thai, Michelle A1 - Schuster, Nathaniel M. A1 - Montano, Nicola A1 - Hansen, Niels A1 - Kroemer, Nils B. A1 - Rong, Peijing A1 - Fischer, Rico A1 - Howland, Robert H. A1 - Sclocco, Roberta A1 - Sellaro, Roberta A1 - Garcia, Ronald G. A1 - Bauer, Sebastian A1 - Gancheva, Sofiya A1 - Stavrakis, Stavros A1 - Kampusch, Stefan A1 - Deuchars, Susan A. A1 - Wehner, Sven A1 - Laborde, Sylvain A1 - Usichenko, Taras A1 - Polak, Thomas A1 - Zaehle, Tino A1 - Borges, Uirassu A1 - Teckentrup, Vanessa A1 - Jandackova, Vera K. A1 - Napadow, Vitaly A1 - Koenig, Julian T1 - International Consensus Based Review and Recommendations for Minimum Reporting Standards in Research on Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Version 2020) JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice. KW - transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation KW - minimum reporting standards KW - guidelines & recommendations KW - transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation KW - transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234346 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Postema, Merel C. A1 - Hoogman, Martine A1 - Ambrosino, Sara A1 - Asherson, Philip A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Bandeira, Cibele E. A1 - Baranov, Alexandr A1 - Bau, Claiton H.D. A1 - Baumeister, Sarah A1 - Baur‐Streubel, Ramona A1 - Bellgrove, Mark A. A1 - Biederman, Joseph A1 - Bralten, Janita A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Brem, Silvia A1 - Buitelaar, Jan K. A1 - Busatto, Geraldo F. A1 - Castellanos, Francisco X. A1 - Cercignani, Mara A1 - Chaim‐Avancini, Tiffany M. A1 - Chantiluke, Kaylita C. A1 - Christakou, Anastasia A1 - Coghill, David A1 - Conzelmann, Annette A1 - Cubillo, Ana I. A1 - Cupertino, Renata B. A1 - de Zeeuw, Patrick A1 - Doyle, Alysa E. A1 - Durston, Sarah A1 - Earl, Eric A. A1 - Epstein, Jeffery N. A1 - Ethofer, Thomas A1 - Fair, Damien A. A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Faraone, Stephen V. A1 - Frodl, Thomas A1 - Gabel, Matt C. A1 - Gogberashvili, Tinatin A1 - Grevet, Eugenio H. A1 - Haavik, Jan A1 - Harrison, Neil A. A1 - Hartman, Catharina A. A1 - Heslenfeld, Dirk J. A1 - Hoekstra, Pieter J. A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Høvik, Marie F. A1 - Jernigan, Terry L. A1 - Kardatzki, Bernd A1 - Karkashadze, Georgii A1 - Kelly, Clare A1 - Kohls, Gregor A1 - Konrad, Kerstin A1 - Kuntsi, Jonna A1 - Lazaro, Luisa A1 - Lera‐Miguel, Sara A1 - Lesch, Klaus‐Peter A1 - Louza, Mario R. A1 - Lundervold, Astri J. A1 - Malpas, Charles B A1 - Mattos, Paulo A1 - McCarthy, Hazel A1 - Namazova‐Baranova, Leyla A1 - Nicolau, Rosa A1 - Nigg, Joel T. A1 - Novotny, Stephanie E. A1 - Oberwelland Weiss, Eileen A1 - O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L. A1 - Oosterlaan, Jaap A1 - Oranje, Bob A1 - Paloyelis, Yannis A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Picon, Felipe A. A1 - Plessen, Kerstin J. A1 - Ramos‐Quiroga, J. Antoni A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Reneman, Liesbeth A1 - Rosa, Pedro G.P. A1 - Rubia, Katya A1 - Schrantee, Anouk A1 - Schweren, Lizanne J.S. A1 - Seitz, Jochen A1 - Shaw, Philip A1 - Silk, Tim J. A1 - Skokauskas, Norbert A1 - Soliva Vila, Juan C. A1 - Stevens, Michael C. A1 - Sudre, Gustavo A1 - Tamm, Leanne A1 - Tovar‐Moll, Fernanda A1 - van Erp, Theo G.M. A1 - Vance, Alasdair A1 - Vilarroya, Oscar A1 - Vives‐Gilabert, Yolanda A1 - von Polier, Georg G. A1 - Walitza, Susanne A1 - Yoncheva, Yuliya N. A1 - Zanetti, Marcus V. A1 - Ziegler, Georg C. A1 - Glahn, David C. A1 - Jahanshad, Neda A1 - Medland, Sarah E. A1 - Thompson, Paul M. A1 - Fisher, Simon E. A1 - Franke, Barbara A1 - Francks, Clyde T1 - Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets JF - Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry N2 - Objective Some studies have suggested alterations of structural brain asymmetry in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but findings have been contradictory and based on small samples. Here, we performed the largest ever analysis of brain left‐right asymmetry in ADHD, using 39 datasets of the ENIGMA consortium. Methods We analyzed asymmetry of subcortical and cerebral cortical structures in up to 1,933 people with ADHD and 1,829 unaffected controls. Asymmetry Indexes (AIs) were calculated per participant for each bilaterally paired measure, and linear mixed effects modeling was applied separately in children, adolescents, adults, and the total sample, to test exhaustively for potential associations of ADHD with structural brain asymmetries. Results There was no evidence for altered caudate nucleus asymmetry in ADHD, in contrast to prior literature. In children, there was less rightward asymmetry of the total hemispheric surface area compared to controls (t = 2.1, p = .04). Lower rightward asymmetry of medial orbitofrontal cortex surface area in ADHD (t = 2.7, p = .01) was similar to a recent finding for autism spectrum disorder. There were also some differences in cortical thickness asymmetry across age groups. In adults with ADHD, globus pallidus asymmetry was altered compared to those without ADHD. However, all effects were small (Cohen’s d from −0.18 to 0.18) and would not survive study‐wide correction for multiple testing. Conclusion Prior studies of altered structural brain asymmetry in ADHD were likely underpowered to detect the small effects reported here. Altered structural asymmetry is unlikely to provide a useful biomarker for ADHD, but may provide neurobiological insights into the trait. KW - attention‐deficit KW - hyperactivity disorder KW - brain asymmetry KW - brain laterality KW - structural MRI KW - large‐scale data Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-239968 VL - 62 IS - 10 SP - 1202 EP - 1219 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Marzban, Dorna A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - The influence of mental imagery expertise of pen and paper players versus computer gamers upon performance and electrocortical correlates in a difficult mental rotation task JF - Symmetry N2 - We investigated the influence of mental imagery expertise in 15 pen and paper role-players as an expert group compared to the gender-matched control group of computer role-players in the difficult Vandenberg and Kuse mental rotation task. In this task, the participants have to decide which two of four rotated figures match the target figure. The dependent measures were performance speed and accuracy. In our exploratory investigation, we further examined midline frontal theta band activation, parietal alpha band activation, and parietal alpha band asymmetry in EEG as indicator for the chosen rotation strategy. Additionally, we explored the gender influence on performance and EEG activation, although a very small female sample section was given. The expected gender difference concerning performance accuracy was negated by expertise in pen and paper role-playing women, while the gender-specific difference in performance speed was preserved. Moreover, gender differences concerning electro-cortical measures revealed differences in rotation strategy, with women using top-down strategies compared to men, who were using top-down strategies and active inhibition of associative cortical areas. These strategy uses were further moderated by expertise, with higher expertise leading to more pronounced activation patters, especially during successful performance. However, due to the very limited sample size, the findings of this explorative study have to be interpreted cautiously. KW - mental rotation KW - expertise in visual imagery KW - pen and paper vs. computer role-players KW - midline frontal theta band frequency activation KW - parietal alpha band frequency activation KW - gender influence KW - EEG Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-252253 SN - 2073-8994 VL - 13 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Mitschke, Vanessa A1 - Eder, Andreas B. T1 - Self-reported mask-related worrying reduces relative avoidance bias toward unmasked faces in individuals with low Covid19 anxiety syndrome JF - Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications N2 - Facial masks have become and may remain ubiquitous. Though important for preventing infection, they may also serve as a reminder of the risks of disease. Thus, they may either act as cues for threat, priming avoidance-related behavior, or as cues for a safe interaction, priming social approach. To distinguish between these possibilities, we assessed implicit and explicit evaluations of masked individuals as well as avoidance bias toward relatively unsafe interactions with unmasked individuals in an approach-avoidance task in an online study. We further assessed Covid19 anxiety and specific attitudes toward mask-wearing, including mask effectiveness and desirability, hindrance of communication from masks, aesthetic appeal of masks, and mask-related worrying. Across one sample of younger (18–35 years, N = 147) and one of older adults (60+ years, N = 150), we found neither an average approach nor avoidance bias toward mask-wearing compared to unmasked individuals in the indirect behavior measurement task. However, across the combined sample, self-reported mask-related worrying correlated with reduced avoidance tendencies toward unmasked individuals when Covid19 anxiety was low, but not when it was high. This relationship was specific to avoidance tendencies and was not observed in respect to explicit or implicit preference for mask-wearing individuals. We conclude that unsafe interaction styles may be reduced by targeting mask-related worrying with public interventions, in particular for populations that otherwise have low generalized Covid19 anxiety. KW - approach-avoidance KW - Covid19 KW - masks KW - anxiety Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265720 VL - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Riechelmann [verh. Steinbacher], Eva Katharina T1 - Gaze interaction: Cognitive mechanisms of oculomotor action control T1 - Blickinteraktion: Kognitive Mechanismen der okulomotorischen Handlungskontrolle N2 - Humans use their eyes not only as visual input devices to perceive the environment, but also as an action tool in order to generate intended effects in their environment. For instance, glances are used to direct someone else's attention to a place of interest, indicating that gaze control is an important part of social communication. Previous research on gaze control in a social context mainly focused on the gaze recipient by asking how humans respond to perceived gaze (gaze cueing). So far, this perspective has hardly considered the actor’s point of view by neglecting to investigate what mental processes are involved when actors decide to perform an eye movement to trigger a gaze response in another person. Furthermore, eye movements are also used to affect the non-social environment, for instance when unlocking the smartphone with the help of the eyes. This and other observations demonstrate the necessity to consider gaze control in contexts other than social communication whilst at the same time focusing on commonalities and differences inherent to the nature of a social (vs. non-social) action context. Thus, the present work explores the cognitive mechanisms that control such goal-oriented eye movements in both social and non-social contexts. The experiments presented throughout this work are built on pre-established paradigms from both the oculomotor research domain and from basic cognitive psychology. These paradigms are based on the principle of ideomotor action control, which provides an explanatory framework for understanding how goal-oriented, intentional actions come into being. The ideomotor idea suggests that humans acquire associations between their actions and the resulting effects, which can be accessed in a bi-directional manner: Actions can trigger anticipations of their effects, but the anticipated resulting effects can also trigger the associated actions. According to ideomotor theory, action generation involves the mental anticipation of the intended effect (i.e., the action goal) to activate the associated motor pattern. The present experiments involve situations where participants control the gaze of a virtual face via their eye movements. The triggered gaze responses of the virtual face are consistent to the participant’s eye movements, representing visual action effects. Experimental situations are varied with respect to determinants of action-effect learning (e.g., contingency, contiguity, action mode during acquisition) in order to unravel the underlying dynamics of oculomotor control in these situations. In addition to faces, conditions involving changes in non-social objects were included to address the question of whether mechanisms underlying gaze control differ for social versus non-social context situations. The results of the present work can be summarized into three major findings. 1. My data suggest that humans indeed acquire bi-directional associations between their eye movements and the subsequently perceived gaze response of another person, which in turn affect oculomotor action control via the anticipation of the intended effects. The observed results show for the first time that eye movements in a gaze-interaction scenario are represented in terms of their gaze response in others. This observation is in line with the ideomotor theory of action control. 2. The present series of experiments confirms and extends pioneering results of Huestegge and Kreutzfeldt (2012) with respect to the significant influence of action effects in gaze control. I have shown that the results of Huestegge and Kreutzfeldt (2012) can be replicated across different contexts with different stimulus material given that the perceived action effects were sufficiently salient. 3. Furthermore, I could show that mechanisms of gaze control in a social gaze-interaction context do not appear to be qualitatively different from those in a non-social context. All in all, the results support recent theoretical claims emphasizing the role of anticipation-based action control in social interaction. Moreover, my results suggest that anticipation-based gaze control in a social context is based on the same general psychological mechanisms as ideomotor gaze control, and thus should be considered as an integral part rather than as a special form of ideomotor gaze control. N2 - Der Mensch nutzt die Augen nicht nur zur Wahrnehmung seiner Umwelt, sondern auch als Handlungsinstrument, um intendierte Effekte in seiner Umwelt zu erzeugen. So werden Blicke beispielsweise dazu verwendet, die Aufmerksamkeit eines anderen auf einen bestimmten Ort zu lenken. Dies weist darauf hin, dass Blickkontrolle einen wichtigen Bestandteil in der sozialen Kommunikation darstellt. Die Forschung zu Blickkontrolle im sozialen Kontext hat sich bisher hauptsächlich auf den Blick-Empfänger konzentriert, um die Frage zu beantworten, wie Menschen auf wahrgenommene Blicke reagieren (Gaze Cueing). Dieser Ansatz hat dementsprechend bisher kaum den Standpunkt des Blick-Senders berücksichtigt. So wurde beispielsweise noch nicht untersucht, welche mentalen Prozesse der Ausübung einer Augenbewegung zugrunde liegen, die zum Ziel hat, bei einer anderen Person eine bestimmte Blickreaktion auszulösen. Darüber hinaus werden zielgerichtete Augenbewegungen auch im nicht-sozialen Kontext eingesetzt, beispielsweise beim Entsperren des Smartphones mithilfe der Augen. Diese und andere Beobachtungen zeigen allerdings klar die Notwendigkeit, Blickkontrolle sowohl in der sozialen Kommunikation als auch in anderen, nicht-sozialen Kontexten zu berücksichtigen und dabei gleichzeitig auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zu achten, die der Natur eines sozialen (vs. nicht-sozialen) Handlungskontextes innewohnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht daher die kognitiven Mechanismen, die solchen zielgerichteten Blickbewegungen in sozialen wie in nicht-sozialen Kontexten zugrunde liegen. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellten Experimente bauen auf bereits etablierten Paradigmen aus der Forschung zu Okulomotorik und zu basalen kognitiven Prozessen auf. Diese Paradigmen basieren auf dem Prinzip der ideomotorischen Handlungskontrolle, das eine Erklärung für die Entstehung zielgerichteter und beabsichtigter Handlungen liefert. Der ideomotorische Gedanke legt nahe, dass Menschen Assoziationen zwischen ihren Handlungen und den daraus resultierenden Effekten erwerben, die in zwei Richtungen wirken können: Eine Handlung kann die Antizipation ihrer Effekte auslösen, aber die aktive Antizipation eines Handlungseffektes kann auch die damit verbundene Handlung auslösen. Nach der ideomotorischen Theorie beinhaltet Handlungsgenerierung die mentale Antizipation des beabsichtigten Handlungseffektes, um das zugehörige motorische Muster zu aktivieren. Die vorliegenden Experimente beinhalten Situationen, in denen die Probanden den Blick eines virtuellen Gesichts mithilfe ihre eigenen Augenbewegungen steuern. Die im virtuellen Gesicht ausgelösten Blickreaktionen repräsentieren die visuellen Handlungseffekte. Die Situationen werden in Bezug auf die Determinanten von Handlungs-Effekt-Lernen (Kontingenz, Kontiguität, Handlungsmodus während des Lernens) variiert, um die zugrundeliegende Dynamik der okulomotorischen Handlungskontrolle in diesen Situationen zu verstehen. Zusätzlich zu den Gesichtern wurden Handlungseffekte in nicht-sozialen Objekten untersucht, um die Frage zu klären, ob sich die der Blickkontrolle zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen für soziale und nicht-soziale Kontextsituationen unterscheiden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit lassen sich in drei Hauptergebnisse zusammenfassen. 1. Meine Resultate legen nahe, dass Menschen bi-direktionale Assoziationen zwischen ihren Augenbewegungen und der darauf folgenden Blickreaktion einer anderen Person erwerben, was über die Antizipation der beabsichtigten Effekte die okulomotorische Handlungssteuerung beeinflusst. Die beobachteten Ergebnisse zeigen zum ersten Mal, dass Augenbewegungen in einem Blickinteraktionsszenario in Form einer bei der anderen Person ausgelösten Blickreaktion repräsentiert werden. Diese Beobachtung steht im Einklang mit dem ideomotorischen Prinzip der Handlungskontrolle. 2. Die vorliegende Versuchsreihe belegt und erweitert die wegweisenden Ergebnisse von Huestegge und Kreutzfeldt (2012) in Bezug auf den bedeutenden Einfluss von Handlungseffekten in der okulomotorischen Handlungskontrolle. Ich konnte zeigen, dass sich die Ergebnisse von Huestegge und Kreutzfeldt (2012) über verschiedene Kontexte mit unterschiedlichem Stimulus-Material replizieren lassen unter der Bedingung, dass die wahrgenommenen Handlungseffekte ausreichend stark ausgeprägt waren. 3. Zudem konnte ich zeigen, dass sich Mechanismen der Blickkontrolle in einem sozialen Blickinteraktionskontext vermutlich nicht qualitativ von denen in einem nicht-sozialen Kontext unterscheiden. Zusammenfassend unterstützen die Ergebnisse die jüngsten theoretischen Überlegungen, die die Rolle von antizipativen Prozessen in der Handlungssteuerung in sozialen Interaktionskontexten betonen. Darüber hinaus legen meine Ergebnisse nahe, dass antizipationsbasierte Blickkontrolle im sozialen Kontext auf den gleichen allgemeinen psychologischen Mechanismen wie ideomotorische Blickkontrolle basiert und somit als integraler Bestandteil, und nicht als eine spezielle Form der ideomotorischen Blickkontrolle, betrachtet werden sollte. KW - Verhaltenskontrolle KW - Blickbewegung KW - Kognition KW - Ideomotorische Blickkontrolle KW - Soziomotorische Blickkontrolle KW - Blickinteraktion KW - Soziale Handlungseffekte KW - Effektantizipation KW - Ideomotor gaze control KW - Sociomotor gaze control KW - Gaze interaction KW - Social action effects KW - Effect anticipation KW - Ideomotorik Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215279 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krishna, Anand A1 - Ried, Sophia A1 - Meixner, Marie T1 - State-trait interactions in regulatory focus determine impulse buying behavior JF - PLoS One N2 - Little research has focused on motivational state-trait interactions to explain impulse buying. Although the trait chronic regulatory focus has been linked to impulse buying, no evidence yet exists for an effect of situational regulatory focus and no research has examined whether the fit of chronic and situational regulatory focus can influence impulse buying with actual consumptive consequences rather than purchase intentions. Two laboratory experiments (total N = 250) manipulated situational regulatory focus before providing opportunities for impulse buying. In addition, cognitive constraint was manipulated as a potential boundary condition for regulatory focus effects. Situational promotion focus increased impulse buying relative to situational prevention focus in participants with strong chronic promotion, consistent with regulatory fit theory and independently of cognitive constraint. Surprisingly, situational promotion focus also increased impulse buying in participants with strong chronic prevention, but only under low cognitive constraint. These results may be explained by diverging mediating cognitive processes for promotion vs. prevention focus' effect on impulse buying. Future research must focus more on combining relevant states and traits in predicting consumer behavior. Marketing implications are discussed. KW - behavior KW - cognition KW - cognitive psychology KW - motivation KW - open science KW - emotions KW - marketing KW - owls Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261206 VL - 16 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodrigues, Johannes A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Hewig, Johannes A1 - Allen, John J. B. T1 - EPOS: EEG Processing Open-Source Scripts JF - Frontiers in Neuroscience N2 - Background: Since the replication crisis, standardization has become even more important in psychological science and neuroscience. As a result, many methods are being reconsidered, and researchers’ degrees of freedom in these methods are being discussed as a potential source of inconsistencies across studies. New Method: With the aim of addressing these subjectivity issues, we have been working on a tutorial-like EEG (pre-)processing pipeline to achieve an automated method based on the semi-automated analysis proposed by Delorme and Makeig. Results: Two scripts are presented and explained step-by-step to perform basic, informed ERP and frequency-domain analyses, including data export to statistical programs and visual representations of the data. The open-source software EEGlab in MATLAB is used as the data handling platform, but scripts based on code provided by Mike Cohen (2014) are also included. Comparison with existing methods: This accompanying tutorial-like article explains and shows how the processing of our automated pipeline affects the data and addresses, especially beginners in EEG-analysis, as other (pre)-processing chains are mostly targeting rather informed users in specialized areas or only parts of a complete procedure. In this context, we compared our pipeline with a selection of existing approaches. Conclusion: The need for standardization and replication is evident, yet it is equally important to control the plausibility of the suggested solution by data exploration. Here, we provide the community with a tool to enhance the understanding and capability of EEG-analysis. We aim to contribute to comprehensive and reliable analyses for neuro-scientific research. KW - EEG KW - electroencephalography KW - event-related potentials-ERP KW - EEG processing KW - EEG preprocessing KW - EEG frequency band analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240221 SN - 1662-453X VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir T1 - On the relevance of task instructions for the influence of action on perception JF - Attention, Perception & Psychophysics N2 - The present study explored how task instructions mediate the impact of action on perception. Participants saw a target object while performing finger movements. Then either the size of the target or the size of the adopted finger postures was judged. The target judgment was attracted by the adopted finger posture indicating sensory integration of body-related and visual signals. The magnitude of integration, however, depended on how the task was initially described. It was substantially larger when the experimental instructions indicated that finger movements and the target object relate to the same event than when they suggested that they are unrelated. This outcome highlights the role of causal inference processes in the emergence of action specific influences in perception. KW - perception and action KW - multisensory processing KW - finger movements Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273185 SN - 1943-393X VL - 83 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Seger, Benedikt Thomas T1 - Children's Comprehension of Illustrated Narrative Text: The Role of Tripartite Representations and Perceptual Simulation T1 - Verständnis illustrierter narrativer Texte bei Kindern: Die Rolle von drei Repräsentationsebenen und perzeptueller Simulation N2 - This doctoral thesis is part of a research project on the development of the cognitive compre-hension of film at Würzburg University that was funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) between 2013 and 2019 and awarded to Gerhild Nied-ing. That project examined children’s comprehension of narrative text and its development in illustrated versus non-illustrated formats. For this purpose, van Dijk and Kintsch’s (1983) tri-partite model was used, according to which text recipients form text surface and textbase rep-resentations and construct a situation model. In particular, predictions referring to the influ-ence of illustrations on these three levels of text representation were derived from the inte-grated model of text and picture comprehension (ITPC; Schnotz, 2014), which holds that text-picture units are processed on both text-based (descriptive) and picture-based (depictive) paths. Accordingly, illustrations support the construction of a situation model. Moreover, in line with the embodied cognition account (e.g., Barsalou, 1999), it was assumed that the situa-tion model is grounded in perception and action; text recipients mentally simulate the situation addressed in the text through their neural systems related to perception (perceptual simulation) and action (motor resonance). Therefore, the thesis also examines whether perceptual simula-tion takes place during story reception, whether it improves the comprehension of illustrated stories, and whether motor resonance is related to the comprehension of text accompanied by dynamic illustrations. Finally, predictions concerning the development of comprehending illus-trated text were made in line with Springer’s (2001) hypotheses according to which younger children, compared with older children and adults, focus more on illustrations during text comprehension (perceptual boundedness) and use illustrations for the development of cogni-tive skills (perceptual support). The first research question sought to validate the tripartite model in the context of children’s comprehension of narrative text, so Hypothesis 1 predicted that children yield representations of the text surface, the textbase, and the situation model during text reception. The second research question comprised the assumptions regarding the impact of illustrations on text comprehension. Accordingly, it was expected that illustrations improve the situation model (Hypothesis 2a), especially when they are processed before their corresponding text passages (Hypothesis 2b). Both hypotheses were derived from the ITPC and the assumption that per-ceptual simulation supports the situation model. It was further predicted that dynamic illustra-tions evoke more accurate situation models than static ones (Hypothesis 2c); this followed from the assumption that motor resonance supports the situation model. In line with the ITPC, it was assumed that illustrations impair the textbase (Hypothesis 2d), especially when they are presented after their corresponding text passages (Hypothesis 2e). In accordance with earlier results, it was posited that illustrations have a beneficial effect for the text surface (Hypothesis 2f). The third research question addressed the embodied approach to the situation model. Here, it was assumed that perceptual simulation takes place during text reception (Hypothesis 3a) and that it is more pronounced in illustrated than in non-illustrated text (Hypothesis 3b); the latter hypothesis was related to a necessary premise of the assumption that perceptual sim-ulation improves the comprehension of illustrated text. The fourth research question was relat-ed to perceptual boundedness and perceptual support and predicted age-related differences; younger children were expected to benefit more from illustrations regarding the situation model (Hypothesis 4a) and to simulate vertical object movements in a more pronounced fash-ion (Hypothesis 4b) than older children. In addition, Hypothesis 4c held that perceptual simu-lation is more pronounced in younger children particularly when illustrations are present. Three experiments were conducted to investigate these hypotheses. Experiment 1 (Seger, Wannagat, & Nieding, submitted).compared the tripartite representations of written text without illustrations, with illustrations presented first, and with illustrations presented after their corresponding sentences. Students between 7 and 13 years old (N = 146) took part. Ex-periment 2 (Seger, Wannagat, & Nieding, 2019) investigated the tripartite representations of auditory text, audiovisual text with static illustrations, and audiovisual text with dynamic il-lustrations among children in the same age range (N = 108). In both experiments, a sentence recognition method similar to that introduced by Schmalhofer and Glavanov (1986) was em-ployed. This method enables the simultaneous measurement of all three text representations. Experiment 3 (Seger, Hauf, & Nieding, 2020) determined the perceptual simulation of vertical object movements during the reception of auditory and audiovisual narrative text among chil-dren between 5 and 11 years old and among adults (N = 190). For this experiment, a picture verification task based on Stanfield and Zwaan’s (2001) paradigm and adapted from Hauf (2016) was used. The first two experiments confirmed Hypothesis 1, indicating that the tripartite model is appli-cable to the comprehension of auditory and written narrative text among children. A benefi-cial effect of illustrations to the situation model was observed when they were presented syn-chronously with auditory text (Hypotheses 2a), but not when presented asynchronously with written text (Hypothesis 2b), so the ITPC is partly supported on this point. Hypothesis 2c was rejected, indicating that motor resonance does not make an additional contribution to the comprehension of narrative text with dynamic illustrations. Regarding the textbase, a general negative effect of illustrations was not observed (Hypothesis 2d), but a specific negative effect of illustrations that follow their corresponding text passages was seen (Hypothesis 2e); the latter result is also in line with the ITPC. The text surface (Hypothesis 2f) appears to benefit from illustrations in auditory but not written text. The results obtained in Experiment 3 sug-gest that children and adults perceptually simulate vertical object movements (Hypothesis 3a), but there appears to be no difference between auditory and audiovisual text (Hypothesis 3b), so there is no support for a functional relationship between perceptual simulation and the situ-ation model in illustrated text. Hypotheses 4a–4c were investigated in all three experiments and did not receive support in any of them, which indicates that representations of illustrated and non-illustrated narrative text remain stable within the age range examined here. N2 - Die vorliegende Doktorthesis ist Teil eines Forschungsprojektes zur Entwicklung des kogni-tiven Filmverständnisses an der Universität Würzburg, das von der Deutschen Forschungs-gemeinschaft im Zeitraum 2013 – 2019 als Zuwendung an Gerhild Nieding finanziert wurde. In diesem Projekt wurde das Verständnis narrativer Texte mit und ohne Illustrationen bei Kindern sowie dessen Entwicklung untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde van Dijk und Kintschs (1983) Drei-Ebenen-Modell verwendet, demzufolge Textrezipient*innen eine Re-präsentation der Textoberfläche und der Textbasis bilden sowie ein Situationsmodell kon-struieren. Im Speziellen wurden Vorhersagen in Bezug auf den Einfluss von Illustrationen auf diese drei Textrepräsentationsebenen vom integrierten Modell des Text- und Bildver-ständnisses (ITPC; Schnotz, 2014) abgeleitet; dieses nimmt an, dass Text-Bild-Einheiten sowohl auf einem textbasierten (deskriptiven) als auch auf einem bildbasierten (depiktiven) Pfad verarbeitet werden. Demzufolge unterstützen Illustrationen den Aufbau eines Situati-onsmodells. Darüber hinaus wurde mit Bezug auf den Ansatz der verkörperten Kognition (z.B. Barsalou, 1999) angenommen, dass das Situationsmodell im Wahrnehmen und Han-deln begründet ist; Textrezipient*innen simulieren demnach die im Text dargestellte Situati-on durch die neuronalen Systeme, die mit Wahrnehmung (perzeptuelle Simulation) und Handlung (motorische Resonanz) in Verbindung stehen. Deshalb untersucht diese Thesis auch, ob perzeptuelle Simulation während der Textrezeption stattfindet, ob diese das Verste-hen illustrierter Geschichten verbessert und ob motorische Resonanz einen Bezug zum Ver-stehen von Texten mit dynamischen Illustrationen aufweist. Schließlich wurden Vorhersagen bezüglich der Entwicklung des Verständnisses illustrierter Texte anhand von Springers (2001) Hypothesen getroffen, wonach jüngere Kinder während des Textverstehens stärker auf Illustrationen fokussieren als ältere Kinder und Erwachsene (perzeptuelle Gebundenheit) und wonach sie Illustrationen für die Entwicklung kognitiver Fertigkeiten nutzen (perzeptu-elle Unterstützung). Die erste Forschungsfrage zielte darauf ab, das Drei-Ebenen-Modell im Zusammenhang mit dem Verständnis narrativer Texte bei Kindern zu validieren, daher sagte Hypothese 1 voraus, dass Kinder während der Textrezeption Repräsentationen der Textoberfläche, der Textbasis und des Situationsmodells aufweisen. Die zweite Forschungsfrage umfasste Annahmen be-züglich des Einflusses von Illustrationen auf das Textverständnis. Demnach wurde erwartet, dass Illustrationen das Situationsmodell verbessern (Hypothese 2a), vor allem, wenn diese vor den ihr jeweils zugeordneten Textpassagen verarbeitet werden (Hypothese 2b). Beide Hypothesen wurden hergeleitet aus dem ITPC sowie aus der Annahme, dass perzeptuelle Simulation das Situationsmodell unterstützt. Es wurde ferner vorhergesagt, dass dynamische Illustrationen genauere Situationsmodelle hervorrufen als statische (Hypothese 2c); dies folg-te aus der Annahme, dass motorische Resonanz das Situationsmodell unterstützt. In Überein-stimmung mit dem ITPC wurde angenommen, dass Illustrationen die Textbasis beeinträchti-gen (Hypothese 2d), vor allem, wenn diese nach den ihnen zugeordneten Textpassagen prä-sentiert werden (Hypothese 2e). Basierend auf früheren Ergebnissen wurde für die Textober-fläche die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Illustrationen sich günstig auswirken (Hypothese 2f). Die dritte Forschungsfrage nahm Bezug auf den verkörperten Ansatz des Situationsmodells. Hierbei wurde postuliert, dass perzeptuelle Simulationen während der Textrezeption stattfin-den (Hypothese 3a) und dass diese stärker ausgeprägt sind bei illustriertem im Gegensatz zu nicht-illustriertem Text (Hypothese 3b); letztere Hypothese stand in Zusammenhang mit ei-ner notwendigen Voraussetzung der Annahme, dass perzeptuelle Simulation das Verständnis illustrierter Texte erhöht. Die vierte Forschungsfrage stand im Kontext der Annahmen perzeptueller Gebundenheit und perzeptueller Unterstützung und sagte Altersunterschiede voraus; es wurde erwartet, dass jüngere im Gegensatz älteren Kindern in Bezug auf das Situa-tionsmodell mehr von Illustrationen profitieren (Hypothese 4a) und vertikale Objektbewe-gungen stärker simulieren (Hypothese 4b). Zudem nahm Hypothese 4c an, dass die perzeptu-elle Simulation bei jüngeren Kindern vor allem dann stärker ausgeprägt ist, wenn Illustratio-nen gezeigt werden. Zur Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen wurden drei Experimente durchgeführt. Experiment 1 (Seger, Wannagat & Nieding, eingereicht) verglich die drei Repräsentationsebenen bei schriftlichem Text ohne Illustrationen, schriftlichem Text mit Illustrationen, die vor dem jeweiligen Text erschienen und schriftlichem Text mit Illustrationen, die danach erschienen. Schüler*innen im Alter von 7 bis 13 Jahren (N = 146) nahmen daran teil. Experiment 2 (Se-ger, Wannagat & Nieding, 2019) erforschte die drei Repräsentationsebenen bei auditivem Text, audiovisuellem Text mit statischen Illustrationen und audiovisuellem Text mit dyna-mischen Illustrationen in einer Stichprobe von Kindern desselben Alters (N = 108). In bei-den Experimenten wurde eine Satzrekognitionsmethode ähnlich der von Schmalhofer und Glavanov (1986) angewendet. Diese Methode ermöglicht die simultane Messung aller drei Repräsentationsebenen. Experiment 3 (Seger, Hauf & Nieding, 2020) untersuchte die perzep-tuelle Simulation von vertikalen Objektbewegungen bei der Rezeption auditiver und audio-visueller narrativer Texte bei Kindern im Alter von 5 bis 11 Jahren sowie bei Erwachsenen (N = 190). Hierbei wurde eine Bildverifikationsaufgabe verwendet, die auf Stanfield und Zwaans (2001) Paradigma aufbaut und von Hauf (2016) adaptiert wurde. Die ersten beiden Experimente bestätigen Hypothese 1, was darauf hindeutet, dass das Drei-Ebenen-Modell auf den Kontext des Verständnisses auditiver und schriftlicher narrativer Texte bei Kindern angewendet werden kann. Eine günstige Auswirkung von Illustrationen auf das Situationsmodell wurde beobachtet, wenn diese synchron mit auditivem Text (Hypo-these 2a), jedoch nicht wenn diese asynchron mit schriftlichem Text präsentiert wurden (Hy-pothese 2b); dies stellt eine partielle Bestätigung der ITPC in diesem Punkt dar. Hypothese 2c wurde verworfen, demnach trägt motorische Resonanz nicht zusätzlich zum Verständnis narrativer Texte mit dynamischen Illustrationen bei. Im Hinblick auf die Textbasis wurde kein genereller negativer Effekt von Illustrationen beobachtet (Hypothese 2d), jedoch ein spezifischer negativer Effekt wenn diese der ihnen jeweils zugeordneten Textpassage folgten (Hypothese 2e); letzteres Ergebnis steht ebenfalls im Einklang mit der ITPC. Die Textober-fläche (Hypothese 2f) scheint von Illustrationen bei auditivem, jedoch nicht bei schriftlichem Text zu profitieren. Die Ergebnisse von Experiment 3 legen nahe, dass Kinder und Erwach-sene vertikale Objektbewegungen perzeptuell simulieren (Hypothese 3a), es scheint jedoch diesbezüglich keinen Unterschied zwischen auditivem und audiovisuellem Text zu geben (Hypothese 3b); folglich wird die Annahme nicht unterstützt, dass perzeptuelle Simulationen beim Aufbau des Situationsmodells bei illustrierten Texten eine funktionale Rolle spielen. Die Hypothesen 4a–4c wurden in allen drei Experimenten untersucht und in keinem davon bestätigt; daraus folgt, dass Repräsentationen illustrierter und nicht illustrierter narrativer Texte innerhalb des untersuchten Altersbereichs stabil bleiben. KW - Textverstehen KW - Grundschulkind KW - Audiovisuelle Medien KW - Illustration KW - text comprehension KW - situation model KW - narrative text KW - perceptual simulation KW - perceptual support KW - Illustration Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242280 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liesner, Marvin A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Environment-Related and Body-Related Components of the Minimal Self JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Perceptual changes that an agent produces by efferent activity can become part of the agent’s minimal self. Yet, in human agents, efferent activities produce perceptual changes in various sensory modalities and in various temporal and spatial proximities. Some of these changes occur at the “biological” body, and they are to some extent conveyed by “private” sensory signals, whereas other changes occur in the environment of that biological body and are conveyed by “public” sensory signals. We discuss commonalties and differences of these signals for generating selfhood. We argue that despite considerable functional overlap of these sensory signals in generating self-experience, there are reasons to tell them apart in theorizing and empirical research about development of the self. KW - active self KW - exteroception KW - ideomotor theory KW - interoception KW - minimal self KW - self-construction KW - sense of agency KW - sense of ownership Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250007 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Georg C. A1 - Ehlis, Ann-Christine A1 - Weber, Heike A1 - Vitale, Maria Rosaria A1 - Zöller, Johanna E. M. A1 - Ku, Hsing-Ping A1 - Schiele, Miriam A. A1 - Kürbitz, Laura I. A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Kalisch, Raffael A1 - Zwanzger, Peter A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter T1 - A Common CDH13 Variant is Associated with Low Agreeableness and Neural Responses to Working Memory Tasks in ADHD JF - Genes N2 - The cell—cell signaling gene CDH13 is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and major depression. CDH13 regulates axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, substantiating its relevance for neurodevelopmental processes. Several studies support the influence of CDH13 on personality traits, behavior, and executive functions. However, evidence for functional effects of common gene variation in the CDH13 gene in humans is sparse. Therefore, we tested for association of a functional intronic CDH13 SNP rs2199430 with ADHD in a sample of 998 adult patients and 884 healthy controls. The Big Five personality traits were assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Assuming that altered neural correlates of working memory and cognitive response inhibition show genotype-dependent alterations, task performance and electroencephalographic event-related potentials were measured by n-back and continuous performance (Go/NoGo) tasks. The rs2199430 genotype was not associated with adult ADHD on the categorical diagnosis level. However, rs2199430 was significantly associated with agreeableness, with minor G allele homozygotes scoring lower than A allele carriers. Whereas task performance was not affected by genotype, a significant heterosis effect limited to the ADHD group was identified for the n-back task. Heterozygotes (AG) exhibited significantly higher N200 amplitudes during both the 1-back and 2-back condition in the central electrode position Cz. Consequently, the common genetic variation of CDH13 is associated with personality traits and impacts neural processing during working memory tasks. Thus, CDH13 might contribute to symptomatic core dysfunctions of social and cognitive impairment in ADHD. KW - ADHD KW - CDH13 KW - neurodevelopment KW - executive functions KW - working memory KW - Big Five KW - agreeableness Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245220 SN - 2073-4425 VL - 12 IS - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zetzl, Teresa Margarete T1 - Cancer-related fatigue intervention T1 - Interventionen gegen krebsbedingte Fatigue N2 - The incidence of cancer cases is rising steadily, while improved early detection and new cancer-specific therapies are reducing the mortality rate. In addition to curing cancer or prolonging life, increasing the quality of life is thus an important goal of oncology, which is why the burdens of cancer and treatment are becoming more important. A common side effect of cancer and its therapy is cancer-related fatigue, a tiredness that manifests itself on physical, emotional and cognitive levels and is not in proportion to previous physical efforts. Since the etiology of fatigue has not yet been fully clarified, symptom-oriented therapy is preferable to cause-specific therapy. In addition to activity management, sleep hygiene, and cognitive behavioral therapy, mind-body interventions such as yoga are recommended for reducing fatigue. Previous studies with small sample sizes were able to examine the efficacy of yoga regarding fatigue predominantly in patients with breast cancer. Long-term effects of yoga have rarely been studied and there have been no attempts to increase long-term effects through interventions such as reminder e-mails. This dissertation takes a closer look at these mentioned aspects of the study sample and long-term effects. An 8-week randomized controlled yoga intervention was conducted, including patients with different cancer types reporting mild to severe fatigue. Following the 8-week yoga therapy, a randomized group of participants received weekly reminder e-mails for 6 months for regular yoga practice, whereas the control group did not receive reminder e-mails. The first paper is a protocol article, which addresses the design and planned implementation of the research project this dissertation is based upon. This serves to ensure better replicability and comparability with other yoga studies. Due to a very low consent rate of patients in the pilot phase, it was necessary to deviate from the protocol article in the actual implementation and the planned inclusion criterion of fatigue >5 was reduced to fatigue >1. The second paper examines the efficacy of the eight-week yoga intervention. Patients in the intervention group who participated in the yoga classes seven times or more showed a significantly greater reduction in general and physical fatigue than those who participated less often. The efficacy of yoga was related to the number of attended yoga sessions. Women with breast cancer who participated in yoga reported greater reductions in fatigue than women with other cancer types. There was also an improvement for depression and quality of life after eight weeks of yoga therapy compared to no yoga therapy. These results imply that yoga is helpful in reducing depression and cancer-related fatigue, especially in terms of physical aspects and improving quality of life. The third paper focuses on the efficacy of reminder e-mails in terms of fatigue and practice frequency. Patients who received reminder e-mails reported greater reductions in general and emotional fatigue, as well as significant increases in practice frequency, compared to patients who did not receive reminder e-mails. Compared to fatigue scores before yoga, significantly lower fatigue and depression scores and higher quality of life were reported after yoga therapy and at follow-up six months later. Weekly e-mail reminders after yoga therapy may have positive effects on general and emotional fatigue and help cancer patients with fatigue establish a regular yoga practice at home. However, higher practice frequency did not lead to higher improvement in physical fatigue as found in Paper 2. This may indicate other factors that influence the efficacy of yoga practice on physical fatigue, such as mindfulness or side effects of therapy. This research project provides insight into the efficacy of yoga therapy for oncology patients with fatigue. It is important that such interventions be offered early, while fatigue symptoms are not too severe. Regular guided yoga practice can reduce physical fatigue, but subsequent yoga practice at home does not further reduce physical fatigue. Reminder emails after completed yoga therapy could only reduce patients' emotional fatigue. It may be that physical fatigue was reduced as much as possible by the previous yoga therapy and that there was a floor effect, or it may be that reminder emails are not suitable as an intervention to reduce physical fatigue at all. Further research is needed to examine the mechanisms of the different interventions in more detail and to find appropriate interventions that reduce all levels of fatigue equally. N2 - Die Anzahl der Krebs-Neuerkrankungen steigt stetig, während durch verbesserte Früherkennung und neue krebsspezifische Therapien die Sterberate sinkt. Neben der Heilung von Krebs oder Verlängerung der Lebenszeit ist somit eine Erhöhung der Lebensqualität wichtige Aufgabe der Onkologie, weshalb Nebenwirkungen der Krebsbehandlung näher betrachtet werden müssen. Eine häufige Folge von Krebserkrankungen und deren Therapie ist die krebsbedingte Fatigue, eine Müdigkeit, die sich auf physischer, emotionaler und kognitiver Ebene zeigt und nicht im Verhältnis zu vorhergehenden Anstrengungen steht. Da die Ätiologie der Fatigue bisher nicht vollständig geklärt ist, ist eine symptomorientierte Therapie der ursachenspezifischen Therapie vorzuziehen. Neben Aktivitätsmanagement, Schlafhygiene und kognitiver Umstrukturierung werden Mind-Body-Interventionen wie Yoga zur Reduktion von krebsbedingter Fatigue empfohlen. Bisherige Studien mit geringer Stichprobengröße konnten die Wirksamkeit von Yoga hinsichtlich Fatigue überwiegend bei Brustkrebspatientinnen überprüfen. Langfristige Effekte von Yoga wurden nur selten überprüft. Es gibt bisher keine Interventionen, wie beispielsweise Erinnerungs-E-Mails, die darauf zielen, derartige langfristige Effekte zu erhöhen. In dieser Dissertation werden auf die Aspekte Stichprobe und langfristige Effekte, näher eingegangen. Es wurde eine achtwöchige randomisierte, kontrollierte Yoga-Intervention durchgeführt, die in die Stichprobe alle PatientInnen mit onkologischen Erkrankungen einschloss, die leichte bis schwere Fatigue berichteten. Im Anschluss an die achtwöchige Yogatherapie erhielt eine randomisierte Gruppe der Teilnehmenden für sechs Monate wöchentliche Erinnerungs-E-Mails für die regelmäßige Yogapraxis, die die Kontrollgruppe nicht erhielt. Das erste Paper befasst sich als Protokollartikel genauer mit dem Aufbau und der geplanten Durchführung des gesamten Forschungsprojekts. Dies dient der Sicherung einer besseren Replizierbarkeit und Vergleichbarkeit mit anderen Yogastudien. Aufgrund einer sehr geringen Zustimmungsrate der PatientInnen in der Pilotphase musste vom Protokollartikel abgewichen werden und das geplante Einschlusskriterium der Fatigue >5 auf Fatigue >1 gesetzt werden. Das zweite Paper beschäftigt sich mit der Wirksamkeit der achtwöchigen Yoga-Intervention. PatientInnen in der Interventionsgruppe, die sieben Mal oder häufiger an der Yogaintervention teilgenommen haben, zeigten eine signifikant stärkere Reduktion der allgemeinen und physischen Fatigue als die PatientInnen der Kontrollgruppe. Die Wirksamkeit der Yoga-Intervention stand im Zusammenhang mit der Anzahl der teilgenommenen Yogastunden. Frauen mit Brustkrebs, die am Yoga teilnahmen, berichteten eine stärkere Reduktion der Fatigue als Frauen mit anderen Krebsarten. Auch für Depression und Lebensqualität konnte durch die achtwöchige Yogatherapie eine Verbesserung erzielt werden. Diese Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Yoga hilfreich ist, krebsbedingte Fatigue zu reduzieren, vor allem hinsichtlich physischer Aspekte. Das dritte Paper beschäftigt sich mit der Wirksamkeit von Erinnerungs-E-Mails hinsichtlich der Fatigue und Übungshäufigkeit. PatientInnen, die Erinnerungs-E-Mails erhielten, berichteten von einer stärkeren Reduktion der allgemeinen und emotionalen Fatigue, sowie einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Übungshäufigkeit. Im Vergleich zu den Werten vor der Yogatherapie wurden nach Yogatherapie und im Follow-Up sechs Monate später signifikant geringere Fatigue und Depressionswerte sowie eine höhere Lebensqualität berichtet. Wöchentliche Erinnerungs-E-Mails nach einer Yogatherapie können positive Effekte auf die allgemeine und emotionale Fatigue haben und KrebspatientInnen mit Fatigue helfen, eine regelmäßige Yogapraxis zu Hause zu etablieren. Eine höhere Übungshäufigkeit führte jedoch nicht zu einer höheren Verbesserung der physischen Fatigue, wie es in Paper 2 zu finden war. Dies kann auf andere Faktoren hindeuten, die die Wirksamkeit der Yogapraxis auf die physische Fatigue beeinflussen, wie Achtsamkeit oder Nebenwirkungen der Therapie. Dieses Forschungsprojekt gibt Aufschluss über die Wirksamkeit der Yogatherapie bei onkologischen PatientInnen mit Fatigue. Wichtig ist, dass derartige Interventionen früh angeboten werden, solange die Fatigue-Symptomatik nicht stark ausgeprägt ist. Regelmäßige geleitete Yogapraxis kann die physische Fatigue verringern, anschließend mehr Yogapraxis zu Hause reduzierte jedoch die physische Fatigue in diesem Forschungsprojekt nicht mehr weiter. Erinnerungs-E-Mails nach abgeschlossener Yogatherapie wirkten sich nur positiv auf die emotionale Fatigue der PatientInnen aus. Dies kann daran liegen, dass physische Fatigue durch die vorhergehende Yogatherapie bereits so stark wie möglich reduziert wurde und ein Boden-Effekt vorlag oder auch daran, dass die Erinnerungs-E-Mails als Intervention zur Reduktion von physischer Fatigue nicht ausreichend geeignet sind. Weitere Forschung ist notwendig, um die Mechanismen der verschiedenen Interventionen genauer zu überprüfen und geeignete Interventionen zu entwickeln, die alle Ebenen der Müdigkeit gleichermaßen reduzieren. KW - Ermüdungssyndrom KW - Krebs KW - yoga KW - cancer-related fatigue KW - cancer KW - fatigue KW - e-mail Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-251662 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmidts, Constantin T1 - Affective regulation of cognitive conflict T1 - Affektive Regulation von kognitivem Konflikt N2 - Kognitive Kontrolle beschreibt Prozesse die nötig sind um zielgerichtetes Handeln im Angesicht von internen oder externen Widerständen zu ermöglichen. Wenn wir aus eigenen Stücken oder inspiriert durch unsere Umwelt Handlungen vorbereiten die unseren aktuellen Zielen entgegen stehen, kommt es zu Konflikten. Solche Konflikte können sich auf nachfolgendes Erleben und Verhalten auswirken. Aversive Konsequenzen von Konflikt könnten in einem Konfliktüberwachungsmodul registriert werden, welches anschließend Aufmerksamkeitsänderungen und Handlungstendenzen zur Reduzierung dieses negativen Affektes in Gang setzt. Wenn das der Fall wäre, könnten die vielfach beobachteten Verhaltensanpassungen an kognitiven Konflikt ein Ausdruck von Emotionsregulation sein. Ein theoretischer Eckpfeiler der gegenwärtigen Forschung zur Emotionsregulation ist das Prozessmodell der Emotionsregulation, das aus den Regulationsstrategien Situationsauswahl, Situationsmodifikation, Aufmerksamkeitslenkung, kognitiven Veränderungen und Reaktionsmodulation besteht. Unter der Annahme, dass Konfliktanpassung und Affektregulation auf gemeinsamen Mechanismen fußen, habe ich aus dem Prozessmodell der Emotionsregulation Vorhersagen zur kognitiven Kontrolle abgeleitet und diese in elf Experimenten getestet (N = 509). Die Versuchsteilnehmer zeigten Situationsauswahl in Bezug auf Konflikte, allerdings nur dann, wenn sie ausdrücklich auf Handlungs- und Ergebniskontingenzen hingewiesen wurden (Experimente 1 bis 3). Ich fand Anzeichen für einen Mechanismus, der der Situationsmodifikation ähnelt, aber keine Hinweise auf eine Beteiligung von Affekt (Experimente 4 bis 10). Eine Änderung der Konfliktbewertung hatte keinen Einfluss auf das Ausmaß der Konfliktadaptation (Experiment 11). Insgesamt gab es Hinweise auf eine explizite Aversivität kognitiver Konflikte, jedoch weniger auf implizite Aversivität, was darauf hindeutet, dass Konflikte vor allem dann Affektregulationsprozesse auslösen, wenn Menschen explizit Affektregulationsziele vor Augen haben. N2 - Cognitive control is what makes goal-directed actions possible. Whenever the environment or our impulses strongly suggests a response that is incompatible with our goals, conflict arises. Such conflicts are believed to cause negative affect. Aversive consequences of conflict may be registered in a conflict monitoring module, which subsequently initiates attentional changes and action tendencies to reduce negative affect. This association suggests that behavioral adaptation might be a reflection of emotion regulation. The theoretical cornerstone of current research on emotion regulation is the process model of emotion regulation, which postulates the regulation strategies situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. Under the assumption that conflict adaptation and affect regulation share common mechanisms, I derived several predictions regarding cognitive control from the process model of emotion regulation and tested them in 11 experiments (N = 509). Participants engaged in situation selection towards conflict, but only when they were explicitly pointed to action-outcome contingencies (Experiments 1 to 3). I found support for a mechanism resembling situation modification, but no evidence for a role of affect (Experiments 4 to 10). Changing the evaluation of conflict had no impact on the extent of conflict adaptation (Experiment 11). Overall, there was evidence for an explicit aversiveness of cognitive conflict, but less evidence for implicit aversiveness, suggesting that conflict may trigger affect regulation processes, particularly when people explicitly have affect regulation goals in mind. KW - Affekt KW - Kognition KW - Emotionsregulation KW - Cognitive conflict KW - Affect regulation KW - Cognitive control KW - Experimentelle Psychologie Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-219897 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brych, Mareike A1 - Murali, Supriya A1 - Händel, Barbara T1 - The Role of Blinks, Microsaccades and their Retinal Consequences in Bistable Motion Perception JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Eye-related movements such as blinks and microsaccades are modulated during bistable perceptual tasks. However, if they play an active role during internal perceptual switches is not known. We conducted two experiments involving an ambiguous plaid stimulus, wherein participants were asked to continuously report their percept, which could consist of either unidirectional coherent or bidirectional component movement. Our main results show that blinks and microsaccades did not facilitate perceptual switches. On the contrary, a reduction in eye movements preceded the perceptual switch. Blanks, on the other hand, thought to mimic the retinal consequences of a blink, consistently led to a switch. Through the timing of the blank-introduced perceptual change, we were able to estimate the delay between the internal switch and the response. This delay further allowed us to evaluate that the reduction in blink probability co-occurred with the internal perceptual switch. Additionally, our results indicate that distinct internal processes underlie the switch to coherent vs. component percept. Blanks exclusively facilitated a switch to the coherent percept, and only the switch to coherent percept was followed by an increase in blink rate. In a second study, we largely replicated the findings and included a microsaccade analysis. Microsaccades only showed a weak relation with perceptual switches, but their direction was correlated with the perceived motion direction. Nevertheless, our data suggests an interaction between microsaccades and blinks by showing that microsaccades were differently modulated around blinks compared with blanks. This study shows that a reduction in eye movements precedes internal perceptual switches indicating that the rate of blinks can set the stage for a reinterpretation of sensory input. While a perceptual switch based on changed sensory input usually leads to an increase in blink rate, such an increase was only present after the perceptual switch to coherent motion but absent after the switch to component percept. This provides evidence of different underlying mechanism or internal consequence of the two perceptual switches and suggests that blinks can uncover differences in internal percept-related processes that are not evident from the percept itself. KW - eye movements KW - spontaneous eye blink KW - microsaccade rate KW - microsaccade direction KW - bistable perception KW - ambiguous plaid 4 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235217 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brych, Mareike A1 - Händel, Barbara F. A1 - Riechelmann, Eva A1 - Pieczykolan, Aleksandra A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Effects of vocal demands on pupil dilation JF - Psychophysiology N2 - Pupil dilation is known to be affected by a variety of factors, including physical (e.g., light) and cognitive sources of influence (e.g., mental load due to working memory demands, stimulus/response competition etc.). In the present experiment, we tested the extent to which vocal demands (speaking) can affect pupil dilation. Based on corresponding preliminary evidence found in a reanalysis of an existing data set from our lab, we setup a new experiment that systematically investigated vocal response‐related effects compared to mere jaw/lip movement and button press responses. Conditions changed on a trial‐by‐trial basis while participants were instructed to keep fixating a central cross on a screen throughout. In line with our prediction (and previous observation), speaking caused the pupils to dilate strongest, followed by nonvocal movements and finally a baseline condition without any vocal or muscular demands. An additional analysis of blink rates showed no difference in blink frequency between vocal and baseline conditions, but different blink dynamics. Finally, simultaneously recorded electromyographic activity showed that muscle activity may contribute to some (but not all) aspects of the observed effects on pupil size. The results are discussed in the context of other recent research indicating effects of perceived (instead of executed) vocal action on pupil dynamics. KW - blink rate KW - eye movements KW - movement interaction KW - pupil dilation KW - vocal responses Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-224425 VL - 58 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Stegmann, Yannik T1 - Electrocortical mechanisms of sustained attention during the acquisition and interaction of conditioned fear and anxiety T1 - Elektrokortikale Mechanismen der Aufmerksamkeit während der Akquisition und Interaktion konditionierter Furcht und Angst N2 - Adapting defensive behavior to the characteristics of a threatening situation is a fundamental function of the brain. Particularly, threat imminence plays a major role for the organization of defensive responses. Acute threat prompts phasic physiological responses, which are usually associated with an intense feeling of fear. In contrast, diffuse and potentially threatening situations elicit a sustained state of anxious apprehension. Detection of the threatening stimulus defines the key event in this framework, initiating the transition from potential to acute threat. Consequently, attention to threat is crucial for supporting defensive behavior. The functions of attention are finely tuned to the characteristics of a threatening situation. Potential threat is associated with hypervigilance, in order to facilitate threat detection. Once a threatening stimulus has been identified, attention is selectively focused on the source of danger. Even though the concepts of selective attention and hypervigilance to threat are well established, evidence for their neural correlates remain scarce. Therefore, a major goal of this thesis is to elucidate the neural correlates of selective attention to acute threat and hypervigilance during potential threat. A second aim of this thesis is to provide a mechanistic account for the interaction of fear and anxiety. While contemporary models view fear and anxiety as mutually exclusive, recent findings for the neural networks of fear and anxiety suggest potential interactions. In four studies, aversive cue conditioning was used to induce acute threat, while context conditioning served as a laboratory model of potential threat. To quantify neural correlates of selective attention and hypervigilance, steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) were measured as an index of visuocortical responding. Study 1 compared visuocortical responses to acute and potential threat for high versus low trait-anxious individuals. All individuals demonstrated enhanced electrocortical responses to the central cue in the acute threat condition, suggesting evidence for the neural correlate of selective attention. However, only low anxious individuals revealed facilitated processing of the contexts in the potential threat condition, reflecting a neural correlate of hypervigilance. High anxious individuals did not discriminate among contexts. These findings contribute to the notion of aberrational processing of potential threat for high anxious individuals. Study 2 and 3 realized orthogonal combinations of cue and context conditioning to investigate potential interactions of fear and anxiety. In contrast to Study 1 and 2, Study 3 used verbal instructions to induce potentially threatening contexts. Besides ssVEPs, threat ratings and skin conductance responses (SCRs) were recorded as efferent indices of defensive responding. None of these studies found further evidence for the neural correlates of hypervigilance and selective attention. However, results for ratings and SCRs revealed additive effects of fear and anxiety, suggesting that fear and anxiety are not mutually exclusive, but interact linearly to organize and facilitate defensive behavior. Study 4 tested ssVEPs to more ecologically valid forms of context conditioning, using flickering video stimuli of virtual offices to establish context representations. Contrary to expectations, results revealed decreased visuocortical responses during sustained presentations of anxiety compared to neutral contexts. A disruption of ssVEP signals eventually suggests interferences by continuously changing video streams which are enhanced as a function of motivational relevance. In summary, this thesis provided evidence for the neural correlates of attention only for isolated forms of fear and anxiety, but not for their interaction. In contrast, an additive interaction model of fear and anxiety for measures of defensive responding offers a new perspective on the topography of defensive behavior. N2 - ZusammenfassungDie Anpassung defensiver Verhaltensweisen an die Anforderungen bedrohlicher Sit-uationen ist eine fundamentale Funktion des Gehirns. Akute Bedrohung führt in der Regel zu kurz-anhaltenden, physiologischen Reaktionen, die mit einem Gefühlintensiver Furcht einhergehen, während Situationen potenzieller Bedrohung zu einem anhaltenden Zustand erhöhter Angst führen. Dabei spielt das Erkennen der Gefahr eine besondere Rolle, da sie den Übergang von potenzieller zu akuter Bedrohung initiiert. Demnach kommt der Aufmerksamkeit eine wichtige Funktion bei der Unterstützung defensiver Verhaltensweisen zu. Mechanismen der Aufmerksamkeit sind dabei präzise auf die jeweilige Situation abgestimmt. Potenzielle Bedrohung führt zu Hypervigilanz, um bedrohliche Reize schneller zu entdecken ... KW - Furcht KW - Angst KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - ssVEP KW - EEG KW - Conditioning KW - Visuelle Aufmerksamkeit Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237700 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Kunde, Wilfried A1 - Herbort, Oliver T1 - Impact of proprioception on the perceived size and distance of external objects in a virtual action task JF - Psychonomic Bulletin & Review N2 - Previous research has revealed changes in the perception of objects due to changes of object-oriented actions. In present study, we varied the arm and finger postures in the context of a virtual reaching and grasping task and tested whether this manipulation can simultaneously affect the perceived size and distance of external objects. Participants manually controlled visual cursors, aiming at reaching and enclosing a distant target object, and judged the size and distance of this object. We observed that a visual-proprioceptive discrepancy introduced during the reaching part of the action simultaneously affected the judgments of target distance and of target size (Experiment 1). A related variation applied to the grasping part of the action affected the judgments of size, but not of distance of the target (Experiment 2). These results indicate that perceptual effects observed in the context of actions can directly arise through sensory integration of multimodal redundant signals and indirectly through perceptual constancy mechanisms. KW - visual perception KW - motor control KW - object-oriented actions Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273235 SN - 1531-5320 VL - 28 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Madeira, Octavia A1 - Gromer, Daniel A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Effects of Acrophobic Fear and Trait Anxiety on Human Behavior in a Virtual Elevated Plus-Maze JF - Frontiers in Virtual Reality N2 - The Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) is a well-established apparatus to measure anxiety in rodents, i.e., animals exhibiting an increased relative time spent in the closed vs. the open arms are considered anxious. To examine whether such anxiety-modulated behaviors are conserved in humans, we re-translated this paradigm to a human setting using virtual reality in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) system. In two studies, we examined whether the EPM exploration behavior of humans is modulated by their trait anxiety and also assessed the individuals’ levels of acrophobia (fear of height), claustrophobia (fear of confined spaces), sensation seeking, and the reported anxiety when on the maze. First, we constructed an exact virtual copy of the animal EPM adjusted to human proportions. In analogy to animal EPM studies, participants (N = 30) freely explored the EPM for 5 min. In the second study (N = 61), we redesigned the EPM to make it more human-adapted and to differentiate influences of trait anxiety and acrophobia by introducing various floor textures and lower walls of closed arms to the height of standard handrails. In the first experiment, hierarchical regression analyses of exploration behavior revealed the expected association between open arm avoidance and Trait Anxiety, an even stronger association with acrophobic fear. In the second study, results revealed that acrophobia was associated with avoidance of open arms with mesh-floor texture, whereas for trait anxiety, claustrophobia, and sensation seeking, no effect was detected. Also, subjects’ fear rating was moderated by all psychometrics but trait anxiety. In sum, both studies consistently indicate that humans show no general open arm avoidance analogous to rodents and that human EPM behavior is modulated strongest by acrophobic fear, whereas trait anxiety plays a subordinate role. Thus, we conclude that the criteria for cross-species validity are met insufficiently in this case. Despite the exploratory nature, our studies provide in-depth insights into human exploration behavior on the virtual EPM. KW - elevated plus-maze KW - EPM KW - anxiety KW - virtual reality KW - translational neuroscience KW - acrophobia KW - trait anxiety Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258709 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Kitzmann, Tim A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Action affects perception through modulation of attention JF - Attention, Perception & Psychophysics N2 - The present study explored the origin of perceptual changes repeatedly observed in the context of actions. In Experiment 1, participants tried to hit a circular target with a stylus movement under restricted feedback conditions. We measured the perception of target size during action planning and observed larger estimates for larger movement distances. In Experiment 2, we then tested the hypothesis that this action specific influence on perception is due to changes in the allocation of spatial attention. For this purpose, we replaced the hitting task by conditions of focused and distributed attention and measured the perception of the former target stimulus. The results revealed changes in the perceived stimulus size very similar to those observed in Experiment 1. These results indicate that action's effects on perception root in changes of spatial attention. KW - perception KW - action KW - attention Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-273176 SN - 1943-393X VL - 83 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hein, Grit A1 - Gamer, Matthias A1 - Gall, Dominik A1 - Gründahl, Marthe A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Social cognitive factors outweigh negative emotionality in predicting COVID-19 related safety behaviors JF - Preventive Medicine Reports N2 - Emotion-motivation models propose that behaviors, including health behaviors, should be predicted by the same variables that also predict negative affect since emotional reactions should induce a motivation to avoid threatening situations. In contrast, social cognitive models propose that safety behaviors are predicted by a different set of variables that mainly reflect cognitive and socio-structural aspects. Here, we directly tested these opposing hypotheses in young adults (N = 4134) in the context of COVID-19-related safety behaviors to prevent infections. In each participant, we collected measures of negative affect as well as cognitive and socio-structural variables during the lockdown in the first infection wave in Germany. We found a negative effect of the pandemic on emotional responses. However, this was not the main predictor for young adults’ willingness to comply with COVID-19-related safety measures. Instead, individual differences in compliance were mainly predicted by cognitive and socio-structural variables. These results were confirmed in an independent data set. This study shows that individuals scoring high on negative affect during the pandemic are not necessarily more likely to comply with safety regulations. Instead, political measures should focus on cognitive interventions and the societal relevance of the health issue. These findings provide important insights into the basis of health-related concerns and feelings as well as behavioral adaptations. KW - social cognitive KW - negative affect KW - safety behavior KW - survey KW - COVID-19 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-265008 VL - 24 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stegmann, Yannik A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. T1 - Associative learning shapes visual discrimination in a web-based classical conditioning task JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Threat detection plays a vital role in adapting behavior to changing environments. A fundamental function to improve threat detection is learning to differentiate between stimuli predicting danger and safety. Accordingly, aversive learning should lead to enhanced sensory discrimination of danger and safety cues. However, studies investigating the psychophysics of visual and auditory perception after aversive learning show divergent findings, and both enhanced and impaired discrimination after aversive learning have been reported. Therefore, the aim of this web-based study is to examine the impact of aversive learning on a continuous measure of visual discrimination. To this end, 205 participants underwent a differential fear conditioning paradigm before and after completing a visual discrimination task using differently oriented grating stimuli. Participants saw either unpleasant or neutral pictures as unconditioned stimuli (US). Results demonstrated sharpened visual discrimination for the US-associated stimulus (CS+), but not for the unpaired conditioned stimuli (CS-). Importantly, this finding was irrespective of the US's valence. These findings suggest that associative learning results in increased stimulus salience, which facilitates perceptual discrimination in order to prioritize attentional deployment. KW - classical conditioning KW - fear conditioning KW - psychology KW - sensory processing KW - visual system Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260480 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Paelecke, Marko A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - In Your Face(t) — Personality Traits Interact With Prototypical Personality Faces in Economic Decision Making JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In everyday life, assumptions about our peers' as well as our own personality shape social interactions. We investigated whether self-rated personality and inferences drawn from partners' faces influence economic decisions. Participants (N = 285) played the trust game in the role of the trustor as well as the ultimatum game in the role of the proposer and interacted with trustees and receivers represented by prototypical personality faces. Participants also evaluated both their own traits and the personality of the faces. In the trust game, trustees represented by faces rated higher on agreeableness yielded higher transferred amounts. This effect was more pronounced for trustors low on dispositional trust, whereas trustors high on dispositional trust did not relate their decisions to the faces. Trustees represented by faces rated higher on conscientiousness yielded higher transferred amounts only for trustors high on dispositional anxiety. In the ultimatum game, receivers represented by faces rated higher on conscientiousness yielded lower offers only for proposers high on dispositional assertiveness. These results extend previous findings on the inferences drawn from facial features and the influence of personality on decision making. They highlight the importance of considering the personality of both interaction partner, as well as potential interactions of players' traits. KW - big five KW - personality KW - trust game KW - personality faceaurus KW - ultimatum game Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-237051 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiemer, Julian A1 - Rauner, Milena M. A1 - Stegmann, Yannik A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Reappraising fear: is up-regulation more efficient than down-regulation? JF - Motivation and Emotion N2 - Catastrophizing thoughts may contribute to the development of anxiety, but functional emotion regulation may help to improve treatment. No study so far directly compared up- and down-regulation of fear by cognitive reappraisal. Here, healthy individuals took part in a cued fear experiment, in which multiple pictures of faces were paired twice with an unpleasant scream or presented as safety stimuli. Participants (N = 47) were asked (within-subjects) to down-regulate, to up-regulate and to maintain their natural emotional response. Valence and arousal ratings indicated successful up- and down-regulation of the emotional experience, while heart rate and pupil dilation increased during up-regulation, but showed no reduction in down-regulation. State and trait anxiety correlated with evaluations of safety but not threat stimuli, which supports the role of deficient safety learning in anxiety. Reappraisal did not modulate this effect. In conclusion, this study reveals evidence for up-regulation effects in fear, which might be even more efficient than down-regulation on a physiological level and highlights the importance of catastrophizing thoughts for the maintenance of fear and anxiety. KW - anxiety KW - fear conditioning KW - cognitive reappraisal KW - pupil diameter KW - heart rate Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269187 SN - 1573-6644 VL - 45 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winter, Carla A1 - Kern, Florian A1 - Gall, Dominik A1 - Latoschik, Marc Erich A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Käthner, Ivo T1 - Immersive virtual reality during gait rehabilitation increases walking speed and motivation: a usability evaluation with healthy participants and individuals with multiple sclerosis and stroke JF - Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation N2 - Background: The rehabilitation of gait disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke is often based on conventional treadmill training. Virtual reality (VR)-based treadmill training can increase motivation and improve therapy outcomes. The present study evaluated an immersive virtual reality application (using a head-mounted display, HMD) for gait rehabilitation with patients to (1) demonstrate its feasibility and acceptance and to (2) compare its short-term effects to a semi-immersive presentation (using a monitor) and a conventional treadmill training without VR to assess the usability of both systems and estimate the effects on walking speed and motivation. Methods: In a within-subjects study design, 36 healthy participants and 14 persons with MS or stroke participated in each of the three experimental conditions (VR via HMD, VR via monitor, treadmill training without VR). Results: For both groups, the walking speed in the HMD condition was higher than in treadmill training without VR and in the monitor condition. Healthy participants reported a higher motivation after the HMD condition as compared with the other conditions. Importantly, no side effects in the sense of simulator sickness occurred and usability ratings were high. No increases in heart rate were observed following the VR conditions. Presence ratings were higher for the HMD condition compared with the monitor condition for both user groups. Most of the healthy study participants (89%) and patients (71%) preferred the HMD-based training among the three conditions and most patients could imagine using it more frequently. Conclusions For the first time, the present study evaluated the usability of an immersive VR system for gait rehabilitation in a direct comparison with a semi-immersive system and a conventional training without VR with healthy participants and patients. The study demonstrated the feasibility of combining a treadmill training with immersive VR. Due to its high usability and low side effects, it might be particularly suited for patients to improve training motivation and training outcome e. g. the walking speed compared with treadmill training using no or only semi-immersive VR. Immersive VR systems still require specific technical setup procedures. This should be taken into account for specific clinical use-cases during a cost-benefit assessment. KW - rehabilitation KW - gait disorder KW - virtual reality KW - multiple sclerosis KW - stroke KW - head-mounted display KW - motivation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258698 SN - 1743-0003 VL - 18 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liesner, Marvin A1 - Hinz, Nina-Alisa A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - How Action Shapes Body Ownership Momentarily and Throughout the Lifespan JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Objects which a human agent controls by efferent activities (such as real or virtual tools) can be perceived by the agent as belonging to his or her body. This suggests that what an agent counts as “body” is plastic, depending on what she or he controls. Yet there are possible limitations for such momentary plasticity. One of these limitations is that sensations stemming from the body (e.g., proprioception) and sensations stemming from objects outside the body (e.g., vision) are not integrated if they do not sufficiently “match”. What “matches” and what does not is conceivably determined by long–term experience with the perceptual changes that body movements typically produce. Children have accumulated less sensorimotor experience than adults have. Consequently, they express higher flexibility to integrate body-internal and body-external signals, independent of their “match” as suggested by rubber hand illusion studies. However, children’s motor performance in tool use is more affected by mismatching body-internal and body-external action effects than that of adults, possibly because of less developed means to overcome such mismatches. We review research on perception-action interactions, multisensory integration, and developmental psychology to build bridges between these research fields. By doing so, we account for the flexibility of the sense of body ownership for actively controlled events and its development through ontogeny. This gives us the opportunity to validate the suggested mechanisms for generating ownership by investigating their effects in still developing and incomplete stages in children. We suggest testable predictions for future studies investigating both body ownership and motor skills throughout the lifespan. KW - body ownership KW - attentional reweighting KW - children KW - haptic neglect KW - ideomotor theory KW - ontogeny KW - perception and action Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241869 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 15 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Robert A1 - Klaffehn, Annika L. A1 - Kalckert, Andreas A1 - Kunde, Winfried A1 - Dignath, David T1 - How to lose a hand: Sensory updating drives disembodiment JF - Psychonomic Bulletin & Review N2 - Body representations are readily expanded based on sensorimotor experience. A dynamic view of body representations, however, holds that these representations cannot only be expanded but that they can also be narrowed down by disembodying elements of the body representation that are no longer warranted. Here we induced illusory ownership in terms of a moving rubber hand illusion and studied the maintenance of this illusion across different conditions. We observed ownership experience to decrease gradually unless participants continued to receive confirmatory multisensory input. Moreover, a single instance of multisensory mismatch – a hammer striking the rubber hand but not the real hand – triggered substantial and immediate disembodiment. Together, these findings support and extend previous theoretical efforts to model body representations through basic mechanisms of multisensory integration. They further support an updating model suggesting that embodied entities fade from the body representation if they are not refreshed continuously. KW - body representation KW - embodiment KW - disembodiment KW - moving rubber-hand illusion Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235195 SN - 1069-9384 VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muth, Felicitas V. A1 - Wirth, Robert A1 - Kunde, Winfried T1 - Temporal binding past the Libet clock: testing design factors for an auditory timer JF - Behavior Research Methods N2 - Voluntary actions and causally linked sensory stimuli are perceived to be shifted towards each other in time. This so-called temporal binding is commonly assessed in paradigms using the Libet Clock. In such experiments, participants have to estimate the timing of actions performed or ensuing sensory stimuli (usually tones) by means of a rotating clock hand presented on a screen. The aforementioned task setup is however ill-suited for many conceivable setups, especially when they involve visual effects. To address this shortcoming, the line of research presented here establishes an alternative measure for temporal binding by using a sequence of timed sounds. This method uses an auditory timer, a sequence of letters presented during task execution, which serve as anchors for temporal judgments. In four experiments, we manipulated four design factors of this auditory timer, namely interval length, interval filling, sequence predictability, and sequence length, to determine the most effective and economic method for measuring temporal binding with an auditory timer. KW - temporal binding KW - auditory timer KW - experimental design KW - measures KW - intentional binding Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-234922 VL - 53 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirschmann, Nicole A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang A1 - Suggate, Sebastian T1 - Influences from working memory, word and sentence reading on passage comprehension and teacher ratings JF - Journal of Research in Reading N2 - Reading fluency is a major determinant of reading comprehension but depends on moderating factors such as auditory working memory (AWM), word recognition and sentence reading skills. We investigated how word and sentence reading skills relate to reading comprehension differentially across the first 6 years of schooling and tested which reading variable best predicted teacher judgements. We conducted our research in a rather transparent language, namely, German, drawing on two different data sets. The first was derived from the normative sample of a reading comprehension test (ELFE-II), including 2056 first to sixth graders with readings tests at the word, sentence and text level. The second sample included 114 students from second to fourth grade. The latter completed a series of tests that measured word and sentence reading fluency, pseudoword reading, AWM, reading comprehension, self-concept and teacher ratings. We analysed the data via hierarchical regression analyses to predict reading comprehension and teacher judgements. The impact of reading fluency was strongest in second and third grade, afterwards superseded by sentence comprehension. AWM significantly contributed to reading comprehension independently of reading fluency, whereas basic decoding skills disappeared after considering fluency. Students' AWM and reading comprehension predicted teacher judgements on reading fluency. Reading comprehension judgements depended both on the students' self-concept and reading comprehension. Our results underline that the role of word reading accuracy for reading comprehension quickly diminishes during elementary school and that teachers base their assessments mainly on the current reading comprehension skill. KW - word recognition KW - reading skills KW - reading comprehension KW - teacher assessments KW - passage comprehension Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-258043 VL - 44 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muñoz Centifanti, Luna C. A1 - Stickle, Timothy R. A1 - Thomas, Jamila A1 - Falcón, Amanda A1 - Thomson, Nicholas D. A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Reflexive Gaze Shifts and Fear Recognition Deficits in Children with Callous-Unemotional Traits and Impulsivity/Conduct Problems JF - Brain Sciences N2 - The ability to efficiently recognize the emotions on others’ faces is something that most of us take for granted. Children with callous-unemotional (CU) traits and impulsivity/conduct problems (ICP), such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, have been previously described as being “fear blind”. This is also associated with looking less at the eye regions of fearful faces, which are highly diagnostic. Previous attempts to intervene into emotion recognition strategies have not had lasting effects on participants’ fear recognition abilities. Here we present both (a) additional evidence that there is a two-part causal chain, from personality traits to face recognition strategies using the eyes, then from strategies to rates of recognizing fear in others; and (b) a pilot intervention that had persistent effects for weeks after the end of instruction. Further, the intervention led to more change in those with the highest CU traits. This both clarifies the specific mechanisms linking personality to emotion recognition and shows that the process is fundamentally malleable. It is possible that such training could promote empathy and reduce the rates of antisocial behavior in specific populations in the future. KW - callous-unemotional traits KW - eye-tracking KW - emotions KW - conduct problems KW - emotion recognition Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248536 SN - 2076-3425 VL - 11 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gromer, Daniel A1 - Kiser, Dominik P. A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Thigmotaxis in a virtual human open field test JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Animal models are used to study neurobiological mechanisms in mental disorders. Although there has been significant progress in the understanding of neurobiological underpinnings of threat-related behaviors and anxiety, little progress was made with regard to new or improved treatments for mental disorders. A possible reason for this lack of success is the unknown predictive and cross-species translational validity of animal models used in preclinical studies. Re-translational approaches, therefore, seek to establish cross-species translational validity by identifying behavioral operations shared across species. To this end, we implemented a human open field test in virtual reality and measured behavioral indices derived from animal studies in three experiments (N=31, N=30, and N=80). In addition, we investigated the associations between anxious traits and such behaviors. Results indicated a strong similarity in behavior across species, i.e., participants in our study-like rodents in animal studies-preferred to stay in the outer region of the open field, as indexed by multiple behavioral parameters. However, correlational analyses did not clearly indicate that these behaviors were a function of anxious traits of participants. We conclude that the realized virtual open field test is able to elicit thigmotaxis and thus demonstrates cross-species validity of this aspect of the test. Modulatory effects of anxiety on human open field behavior should be examined further by incorporating possible threats in the virtual scenario and/or by examining participants with higher anxiety levels or anxiety disorder patients. KW - anxiety KW - human behavior KW - anciety-like behavior KW - approach-avoidance conflict KW - elevated plus-maze KW - spatial navigation KW - mental disorders KW - fear KW - threat KW - circuits KW - reality KW - metaanalysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259850 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greving, Carla Elisabeth A1 - Richter, Tobias T1 - Beyond the Distributed Practice Effect: Is Distributed Learning Also Effective for Learning With Non-repeated Text Materials? JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Distributed learning is often recommended as a general learning strategy, but previous research has established its benefits mainly for learning with repeated materials. In two experiments, we investigated distributed learning with complementary text materials. 77 (Experiment 1) and 130 (Experiment 2) seventh graders read two texts, massed vs. distributed, by 1 week (Experiment 1) or 15 min (Experiment 2). Learning outcomes were measured immediately and 1 week later and metacognitive judgments of learning were assessed. In Experiment 1, distributed learning was perceived as more difficult than massed learning. In both experiments, massed learning led to better outcomes immediately after learning but learning outcomes were lower after 1 week. No such decrease occurred for distributed learning, yielding similar outcomes for massed and distributed learning after 1 week. In sum, no benefits of distributed learning vs. massed learning were found, but distributed learning might lower the decrease in learning outcomes over time. KW - distributed practice KW - learning from text KW - retention interval KW - spacing effect KW - reading Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-247944 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cao, Liyu A1 - Steinborn, Michael B. A1 - Haendel, Barbara F. T1 - Delusional thinking and action binding in healthy individuals JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Action binding is the effect that the perceived time of an action is shifted towards the action related feedback. A much larger action binding effect in schizophrenia compared to normal controls has been shown, which might be due to positive symptoms like delusions. Here we investigated the relationship between delusional thinking and action binding in healthy individuals, predicting a positive correlation between them. The action binding effect was evaluated by comparing the perceived time of a keypress between an operant (keypress triggering a sound) and a baseline condition (keypress alone), with a novel testing method that massively improved the precision of the subjective timing measurement. A positive correlation was found between the tendency of delusional thinking (measured by the 21-item Peters et al. delusions inventory) and action binding across participants after controlling for the effect of testing order between operant and baseline conditions. The results indicate that delusional thinking in particular influences action time perception and support the notion of a continuous distribution of schizotypal traits with normal controls at one end and clinical patients at the other end. KW - cognitive neuroscience KW - psychology Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-264707 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riechelmann, Eva A1 - Gamer, Matthias A1 - Böckler, Anna A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - How ubiquitous is the direct-gaze advantage? Evidence for an averted-gaze advantage in a gaze-discrimination task JF - Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics N2 - Human eye gaze conveys an enormous amount of socially relevant information, and the rapid assessment of gaze direction is of particular relevance in order to adapt behavior accordingly. Specifically, previous research demonstrated evidence for an advantage of processing direct (vs. averted) gaze. The present study examined discrimination performance for gaze direction (direct vs. averted) under controlled presentation conditions: Using a backward-masking gaze-discrimination task, photographs of faces with direct and averted gaze were briefly presented, followed by a mask stimulus. Additionally, effects of facial context on gaze discrimination were assessed by either presenting gaze direction in isolation (i.e., by only showing the eye region) or in the context of an upright or inverted face. Across three experiments, we consistently observed a facial context effect with highest discrimination performance for faces presented in upright position, lower performance for inverted faces, and lowest performance for eyes presented in isolation. Additionally, averted gaze was generally responded to faster and with higher accuracy than direct gaze, indicating an averted-gaze advantage. Overall, the results suggest that direct gaze is not generally associated with processing advantages, thereby highlighting the important role of presentation conditions and task demands in gaze perception. KW - social cognition KW - gaze processing KW - averted gaze KW - direct gaze KW - gaze discrimination Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235268 SN - 1943-3921 VL - 83 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Böckler, Anne A1 - Rennert, Annika A1 - Raettig, Tim T1 - Stranger, Lover, Friend? BT - The Pain of Rejection Does Not Depend JF - Social Psychology N2 - Social exclusion, even from minimal game-based interactions, induces negative consequences. We investigated whether the nature of the relationship with the excluder modulates the effects of ostracism. Participants played a virtual ball-tossing game with a stranger and a friend (friend condition) or a stranger and their romantic partner (partner condition) while being fully included, fully excluded, excluded only by the stranger, or excluded only by their close other. Replicating previous findings, full exclusion impaired participants’ basic-need satisfaction and relationship evaluation most severely. While the degree of exclusion mattered, the relationship to the excluder did not: Classic null hypothesis testing and Bayesian statistics showed no modulation of ostracism effects depending on whether participants were excluded by a stranger, a friend, or their partner. KW - interpersonal relationships KW - ostracism KW - rejection KW - social exclusion KW - social interaction Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-238721 SN - 1864-9335 SN - 2151-2590 VL - 52 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wittkowski, Joachim A1 - Scheuchenpflug, Rainer T1 - Evidence on the Conceptual Distinctness of Normal Grief From Depression BT - A Multi-Faceted Analysis of Differential Validity JF - European Journal of Health Psychology N2 - Background: The distinctness of grief from depression has been the subject of a long scholarly debate, even influencing definitions of diagnostic criteria. Aims: This study aims at clarifying the issue by a multifaceted analysis of data from a large German sample. Method: A community sample of 406 bereaved persons answered the Wuerzburg Grief Inventory (WGI), a multidimensional grief questionnaire designed to measure normal grief in the German language, and the General Depression Scale – Short Version (GDS-S), a self-report depression scale. Data were analyzed by factor analysis to identify structural (dis-)similarities of the constructs, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the influence of the factors relationship to the deceased, type of death, and time since loss on grief measures and depression scores. Results: Factor analysis clustered items referring to grief-related impairments and depression into one factor, items referring to other dimensions of grief on separate factors, however. Relationship to the deceased influenced the grief measures impairments and nearness to the deceased, but not depression scores if controlled for impairments. Type of death showed specific effects on grief scores, but not on depression scores. Time since loss influenced grief scores, but not depression scores. Limitations: The analysis is based on a self-selected community sample of grieving persons, self-report measures, and in part, on cross-sectional data. Conclusion: Factor analysis and objective data show a clear distinction of dimensions of grief and depression. The human experience of grief contains a sense of nearness to the lost person, feelings of guilt, and positive aspects of the loss experience in addition to components resembling depression. KW - depression KW - grief KW - time since loss KW - type of death KW - Wuerzburg Grief Inventory (WGI) Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-236531 SN - 2512-8442 SN - 2512-8450 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 101-110 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wannagat, Wienke A1 - Waizenegger, Gesine A1 - Niedling, Gerhild T1 - Coherence formation during narrative text processing: a comparison between auditory and audiovisual text presentation in 9- to 12-year-old children JF - Cognitive Processing N2 - In an experiment with 114 children aged 9–12 years, we compared the ability to establish local and global coherence of narrative texts between auditory and audiovisual (auditory text and pictures) presentation. The participants listened to a series of short narrative texts, in each of which a protagonist pursued a goal. Following each text, we collected the response time to a query word that was either associated with a near or a distant causal antecedent of the final sentence. Analysis of these response times indicated that audiovisual presentation has advantages over auditory presentation for accessing information relevant for establishing both local and global coherence, but there are indications that this effect may be slightly more pronounced for global coherence. KW - text comprehension KW - multimodal narratives KW - coherence KW - children Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235744 SN - 1612-4782 VL - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rubo, Marius A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Stronger reactivity to social gaze in virtual reality compared to a classical laboratory environment JF - British Journal of Psychology N2 - People show a robust tendency to gaze at other human beings when viewing images or videos, but were also found to relatively avoid gaze at others in several real‐world situations. This discrepancy, along with theoretical considerations, spawned doubts about the appropriateness of classical laboratory‐based experimental paradigms in social attention research. Several researchers instead suggested the use of immersive virtual scenarios in eliciting and measuring naturalistic attentional patterns, but the field, struggling with methodological challenges, still needs to establish the advantages of this approach. Here, we show using eye‐tracking in a complex social scenario displayed in virtual reality that participants show enhanced attention towards the face of an avatar at near distance and demonstrate an increased reactivity towards her social gaze as compared to participants who viewed the same scene on a computer monitor. The present study suggests that reactive virtual agents observed in immersive virtual reality can elicit natural modes of information processing and can help to conduct ecologically more valid experiments while maintaining high experimental control. KW - reactive virtual agents KW - social attention KW - social gaze KW - virtual reality Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-215972 VL - 112 IS - 1 SP - 301 EP - 314 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seger, Benedikt T. A1 - Wannagat, Wienke A1 - Nieding, Gerhild T1 - Children’s surface, textbase, and situation model representations of written and illustrated written narrative text JF - Reading and Writing N2 - According to the tripartite model of text representation (van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983), readers form representations of the text surface and textbase, and construct a situation model. In this study, an experiment was conducted to investigate whether these levels of representation would be affected by adding illustrations to narrative text and whether the order of text and illustrations would make a difference. Students aged between 7 and 13 years (N = 146) read 12 narrative texts, 4 of them with illustrations presented before their corresponding sentences, 4 with illustrations presented after, and 4 without any illustration. A sentence recognition task was used to assess the accuracy for text surface, textbase, and situation model. For the text surface and situation model, neither the presence of illustrations nor the order of text and illustrations influenced accuracy. However, the textbase was negatively affected by illustrations when they followed their corresponding sentences. We suggest that illustrations can initiate model inspection after situation model construction (Schnotz, 2014), a process that can make substantial changes to the textbase representation. KW - piicture comprehension KW - text comprehension KW - narrative text KW - children Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269813 SN - 1573-0905 VL - 34 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zetzl, Teresa A1 - Renner, Agnes A1 - Pittig, Andre A1 - Jentschke, Elisabeth A1 - Roch, Carmen A1 - van Oorschot, Birgitt T1 - Yoga effectively reduces fatigue and symptoms of depression in patients with different types of cancer JF - Supportive Care in Cancer N2 - Purpose Examine the effects of an 8-week yoga therapy on fatigue in patients with different types of cancer. Methods A total of 173 cancer patients suffering from mild to severe fatigue were randomly allocated to yoga intervention (n = 84) (IG) versus waitlist control group (CG) (n = 88). Yoga therapy consisted of eight weekly sessions with 60 min each. The primary outcome was self-reported fatigue symptoms. Secondary outcomes were symptoms of depression and quality of life (QoL). Data were assessed using questionnaires before (T0) and after yoga therapy for IG versus waiting period for CG (T1). Results A stronger reduction of general fatigue (P = .033), physical fatigue (P = .048), and depression (P < .001) as well as a stronger increase in QoL (P = .002) was found for patients who attended 7 or 8 sessions compared with controls. Within the yoga group, both higher attendance rate and lower T0-fatigue were significant predictors of lower T1-fatigue (P ≤ .001). Exploratory results revealed that women with breast cancer report a higher reduction of fatigue than women with other types of cancer (P = .016) after yoga therapy. Conclusion The findings support the assumption that yoga therapy is useful to reduce cancer-related fatigue, especially for the physical aspects of fatigue. Women with breast cancer seem to benefit most, and higher attendance rate results in greater reduction of fatigue. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00016034 KW - yoga KW - complementary alternative medicine KW - mind-body intervention KW - fatigue KW - depression KW - quality of live Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235415 SN - 0941-4355 VL - 29 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbort, Oliver A1 - Krause, Lisa-Marie A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Perspective determines the production and interpretation of pointing gestures JF - Psychonomic Bulletin & Review N2 - Pointing is a ubiquitous means of communication. Nevertheless, observers systematically misinterpret the location indicated by pointers. We examined whether these misunderstandings result from the typically different viewpoints of pointers and observers. Participants either pointed themselves or interpreted points while assuming the pointer’s or a typical observer perspective in a virtual reality environment. The perspective had a strong effect on the relationship between pointing gestures and referents, whereas the task had only a minor influence. This suggests that misunderstandings between pointers and observers primarily result from their typically different viewpoints. KW - pointing gestures KW - pointing production and interpretation KW - deictic reference KW - virtual reality Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235293 SN - 1069-9384 VL - 28 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lawitschka, Anita A1 - Brunmair, Matthias A1 - Bauer, Dorothea A1 - Zubarovskaya, Natalia A1 - Felder-Puig, Rosemarie A1 - Strahm, Brigitte A1 - Bader, Peter A1 - Strauss, Gabriele A1 - Albert, Michael A1 - Luettichau, Irene von A1 - Greinix, Hildegard A1 - Wolff, Daniel A1 - Peters, Christina T1 - Psychometric properties of the Activities Scale for Kids-performance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adolescents and children BT - Results of a prospective study on behalf of the German-Austrian-Swiss GVHD Consortium JF - Wiener klinische Wochenschrift N2 - Background The psychometric properties of an instrument, the Activity Scale for Kids-performance (ASKp), were assessed which was proposed to capture physical functioning after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Additionally, this multicenter observational prospective study investigated the influence of clinical correlates focusing on chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Methods Patient-reported ASKp, clinician-reported Karnofsky/Lansky status (KPS/PSS), patient characteristics and cGVHD details were assessed of 55 patients with a median age of 12 years at baseline after day +100 post-HSCT and every 3 months during the next 18 months. The psychometric properties were evaluated and ASKp and KPS/PSS status was compared using ANOVAS and multiple regression models. Results The German version of the ASKp showed good psychometric properties except for ceiling effects. Discrimination ability of the ASKp was good regarding the need for devices but failed to predict cGVHD patients. Both the ASKp and the KPS/PSS were associated with patients after adoptive cell therapy being in need for devices, suffering from overlap cGVHD and from steroid side effects but not with patients’ age and gender. In contrast to the KPS/PSS the ASKp only showed significant differences after merging moderate and severe cGHVD patients when comparing them to No-cGVHD (F = 4.050; p = 0.049), being outperformed by the KPS/PSS (F = 20.082; p < 0.001). Conclusion The ASKp showed no clear advantages compared to KPS/PSS even though economical and patients’ effort was higher. Further application range may be limited through ceiling effects. Both should be taken into consideration. Therefore, the results may not support the usage of ASKp after HSCT and rather suggest KPS/PSS, both patient and clinician reported. KW - physical functioning KW - cancer patients KW - AYAs KW - GVHD Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281100 VL - 133 IS - 1-2 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hauf, Juliane E. K. A1 - Nieding, Gerhild A1 - Seger, Benedikt T. T1 - Correction to: The development of dynamic perceptual simulations during sentence comprehension T2 - Cognitive Processing N2 - No abstract available. KW - Erratum Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-352611 N1 - The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-020-00959-7 VL - 22 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ghafoor, Hina T1 - Coping with Psychosocial Stress: Examining the Roles of Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies in Germany and Pakistan T1 - Coping mit Psychosozialem Stress: Eine Untersuchung zur Rolle Emotionaler Intelligenz und Bewältigungsstrategien in Deutschland und Pakistan N2 - Maladaptive coping mechanisms influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of individuals facing acute and chronic stress. Trait emotional intelligence (EI) may provide a protective shield against the debilitating effects of maladaptive coping thus contributing to maintained HRQoL. Low trait EI, on the other hand, may predispose individuals to apply maladaptive coping, consequently resulting in lower HRQoL. The current research is comprised of two studies. Study 1 was designed to investigate the protective effects of trait EI and its utility for efficient coping in dealing with the stress caused by chronic heart failure (CHF) in a cross-cultural setting (Pakistan vs Germany). N = 200 CHF patients were recruited at cardiology institutes of Multan, Pakistan and Würzburg as well as Brandenburg, Germany. Path analysis confirmed the expected relation between low trait EI and low HRQoL and revealed that this association was mediated by maladaptive metacognitions and negative coping strategies in Pakistani but not German CHF patients. Interestingly, also the specific coping strategies were culture-specific. The Pakistani sample considered religious coping to be highly important, whereas the German sample was focused on adopting a healthy lifestyle such as doing exercise. These findings are in line with cultural characteristics suggesting that German CHF patients have an internal locus of control as compared to an external locus of control in Pakistani CHF patients. Finally, the findings from study 1 corroborate the culture-independent validity of the metacognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. In addition to low trait EI, high interoception accuracy (IA) may predispose individuals to interpret cardiac symptoms as threatening, thus leading to anxiety. To examine this proposition, Study 2 compared individuals with high vs low IA in dealing with a psychosocial stressor (public speaking) in an experimental lab study. In addition, a novel physiological intervention named transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (t-VNS) and cognitive reappraisal (CR) were applied during and after the anticipation of the speech in order to facilitate coping with stress. N= 99 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Results showed interesting descriptive results that only reached trend level. They suggested a tendency of high IA individuals to perceive the situation as more threatening as indicated by increased heart rate and reduced heart rate variability in the high-frequency spectrum as well as high subjective anxiety during anticipation of and actual performance of the speech. This suggests a potential vulnerability of high IA individuals for developing anxiety disorders, specifically social anxiety disorder, in case negative self-focused attention and negative evaluation is applied to the (more prominently perceived) increased cardiac responding during anticipation of and the actual presentation of the public speech. The study did not reveal any significant protective effects of t-VNS and CR. In summary, the current research suggested that low trait EI and high IA predicted worse psychological adjustment to chronic and acute distress. Low trait EI facilitated maladaptive metacognitive processes resulting in the use of negative coping strategies in Study 1; however, increased IA regarding cardioceptions predicted high physiological arousal in study 2. Finally, the German vs. the Pakistani culture greatly affected the preference for specific coping strategies. These findings have implications for caregivers to provide culture-specific treatments on the one hand. On the other hand, they highlight high IA as a possible vulnerability to be targeted for the prevention of (social) anxiety. N2 - Maladaptive Copingmechanismen beeinflussen die auf die Gesundheit bezogene Lebensqualität (HRQoL) von Individuen, die akutem oder chronischem Stress ausgesetzt sind. Emotionale Intelligenz (EI) im Sinne eines Persönlichkeitsmerkmals (Trait) könnte gegen schwächende Einflüsse maladaptiven Copings schützen und so zur Aufrechterhaltung einer hohen HRQoL beitragen. Andererseits könnte niedrige EI Personen dazu prädisponieren, dass sie maladaptives Coping anwenden, was wiederum eine niedrige HRQoL zur Folge hätte. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit umfasst zwei Studien. Studie 1 ist konzipiert, um schützende Einflüsse von Trait EI und deren Nutzen für wirkungsvolles Coping im Umgang mit Stress zu untersuchen, welcher durch chronische Herzinsuffizienz (CHF) verursacht wurde. Für diese kulturvergleichende Stude (Pakistan vs. Deutschland) wurden 200 Patienten mit CHF an kardiologischen Kliniken in Multan (Pakistan), sowie in Würzburg und Brandenburg (Deutschland) rekrutiert. Eine Pfadanalyse bestätigte den erwarteten Zusammenhang zwischen niedriger Trait EI und niedriger HRQoL. Bei Patienten aus Pakistan, nicht aber bei deutschen CHF Patienten, wurde diese Assoziation durch maladaptive Metakognitionen und schlechte Coping Strategien mediiert. Interessanterweise waren auch die spezifischen Coping Strategien stark kulturspezifisch. Die pakistanischen Probanden bewerteten religiöses Coping als sehr wichtig, wohingegen die deutschen Teilnehmer darauf bedacht waren, einen gesunden Lebensstil zu entwickeln, wie z.B. Sport zu treiben. Diese Befunde entsprechen kulturellen Charakteristika: Während deutsche CHF Patienten eher einen internen „Locus of Control“ haben (d.h. Patienten such die Ursache für Probleme eher bei sich selbst), ist für die pakistanische Kluter ein externer „Locus of Control“ typisch (d.h. Patienten schreiben eher den Umständen die Verantwortung für Probleme zu). Die Ergebnisse von Studie 1 untermauern auperdem kulturunabhängig die Validität des metakognitiven Models der generalisierten Angststörung. Neben zu niedriger Trait EI könnte eine hohe Genauigkeit der Wahrnehmung von Körpersignalen, d.h. Interozzeption (IA), Personen dafür prädisponieren, kardiale Symptome als bedrohlich zu interpretieren, was wiederum zu Angstzuständen führen kann. Um diese Hypothese zu prüfen, wurde in Studie 2 der Umgang von Personen mit hoher vs. niedriger IA mit einer psychosozialen Stresssituation (öffentliches Sprechen) in einem Laborexeriment verglichen. Zusätzlich wurde eine innovative, physiologische Intervention, die transkutane Vagus Nerv Stimulation (t-VNS), sowie kognitives Reappraisal (CR) während der Antizipation und der Durchführung der öffentlichen Rede durchgeführt, um den Umgang mit Stress zu verbessern. N=99 Freiwillige nahmen an der Studie teil. Einige Ergebnisse waren erreichten Trend Nivea, waren deskriptiv aber sehr interessant und wiesen konsistent in eine Richtung, die im Einklang mit einschlägigen Theorien steht. Demnach tendierten Personen mit hoher IA dazu, die Situation als bedrohlicher wahrzunehmen. Dies schlug sich in einem erhöhten Puls, reduzierter Herzfrequenzvariabilität im Hochfrequenzspektrum sowie hoher subjektive Angst während Erwartung und tatsächlichen Darbietung der Rede nieder. Dies deutet auf eine mögliche Vulnerabilität von Personen mit hoher IA hin, Angststörungen zu entwickeln, besonders eine soziale Angststörung. Falls Personen mit hoher IA und dementsprechend einer stärkeren Wahrnehmung der stärker auftretenden physiologischen Symptome während der Antizipation von sozialem Stress diese aufgrund von selbstfokussierter Aufmerksamkeit hypervigilant beobachten und negativ bewerten, könnte dies zu Vermeidung führen, die durch operante Verstärkung in soziale Angst münden könnte. Die Studie fand keine signifikanten protektiven Effekte von t-VNS und CR. Zusammenfassend legen die vorliegenden Studien nahe, dass niedrige Trait EI und hohe IA eine schlechte psychologische Anpassung an chronischen und akuten Stress voraussagen. Low Trait EI begünstigte maladaptive metakognitive Prozesse, die sich in Studie 1 in dem Gebrauch ungünstiger Coping Strategien zeigten. Weiterhin prädizierte in Studie 2 eine erhöhte IA in Bezug auf die Wahrnehmung der eigenen Herztätigkeit eine hohe physiologische Erregung. Schließlich beeinflusste die deutsche bzw. pakistanische Kultur stark die Wahl der spezifischen Bewältigungsstrategien. Diese Befunde unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit kulturspezifischer Anapssungen von Psychotherapie und Prävention. Weiterhin betonen sie die Rolle hoher IA als mögliche Vulnerabilität für (soziale) Ängstlichkeit, so dass hohe IA als Indikator für präventive Maßnahmen genutzt werden könnte um ein eventuelles Aufkeimen (soziale) Ängstlichkeit zu verhindern. KW - Psychosocial stress KW - Psychosozialer Stress KW - coping KW - trait emotional intelligence KW - cross-cultural differences KW - interoception KW - emotionale intelligenz KW - interkulturelle Unterschiede KW - stress reactivity KW - Deutschland KW - Pakistan KW - Stress KW - Bewältigung Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-193519 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hörmann, Markus T1 - Analyzing and fostering students' self-regulated learning through the use of peripheral data in online learning environments T1 - Analyse und Förderung des selbstgesteuerten Lernens durch die Verwendung von peripheren Daten in Online-Lernumgebungen N2 - Learning with digital media has become a substantial part of formal and informal educational processes and is gaining more and more importance. Technological progress has brought overwhelming opportunities for learners, but challenges them at the same time. Learners have to regulate their learning process to a much greater extent than in traditional learning situations in which teachers support them through external regulation. This means that learners must plan their learning process themselves, apply appropriate learning strategies, monitor, control and evaluate it. These requirements are taken into account in various models of self-regulated learning (SRL). Although the roots of research on SRL go back to the 1980s, the measurement and adequate support of SRL in technology-enhanced learning environments is still not solved in a satisfactory way. An important obstacle are the data sources used to operationalize SRL processes. In order to support SRL in adaptive learning systems and to validate theoretical models, instruments are needed which meet the classical quality criteria and also fulfil additional requirements. Suitable data channels must be measurable "online", i.e., they must be available in real time during learning for analyses or the individual adaptation of interventions. Researchers no longer only have an interest in the final results of questionnaires or tasks, but also need to examine process data from interactions between learners and learning environments in order to advance the development of theories and interventions. In addition, data sources should not be obtrusive so that the learning process is not interrupted or disturbed. Measurements of physiological data, for example, require learners to wear measuring devices. Moreover, measurements should not be reactive. This means that other variables such as learning outcomes should not be influenced by the measurement. Different data sources that are already used to study and support SRL processes, such as protocols on thinking aloud, screen recording, eye tracking, log files, video observations or physiological sensors, meet these criteria to varying degrees. One data channel that has received little attention in research on educational psychology, but is non-obtrusive, non-reactive, objective and available online, is the detailed, timely high-resolution data on observable interactions of learners in online learning environments. This data channel is introduced in this thesis as "peripheral data". It records both the content of learning environments as context, and related actions of learners triggered by mouse and keyboard, as well as the reactions of learning environments, such as structural or content changes. Although the above criteria for the use of the data are met, it is unclear whether this data can be interpreted reliably and validly with regard to relevant variables and behavior. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to examine this data channel from the perspective of SRL and thus further close the existing research gap. One development project and four research projects were carried out and documented in this thesis. N2 - Lernen mit digitalen Medien ist ein substantieller Bestandteil formeller und informeller Bildungsprozesse geworden und gewinnt noch immer an Bedeutung. Technologischer Fortschritt hat überwältigende Möglichkeiten für Lernende geschaffen, stellt aber gleichzeitig auch große Anforderungen an sie. Lernende müssen ihren Lernprozess sehr viel stärker selbst regulieren als in traditionellen Lernsituationen, in denen Lehrende durch externe Regulation unterstützen. Das heißt, Lernende müssen ihren Lernprozess selbst planen, geeignete Lernstrategien anwenden, ihn überwachen, steuern und evaluieren. Diesen Anforderungen wird in verschiedenen Modellen des selbst-regulierten Lernens (SRL) Rechnung getragen. Obwohl die Wurzeln der Forschung zu SRL bis in die 1980er Jahren zurück reichen, ist die Messung und adäquate Unterstützung von SRL in technologie-gestützten Lernumgebungen noch immer nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst. Eine wichtige Hürde sind dabei die Datenquellen, die zur Operationalisierung von SRL-Prozessen herangezogen werden. Um SRL in adaptiven Lernsystemen zu unterstützen und theoretische Modelle zu validieren, werden Instrumente benötigt, die klassischen Gütekriterien genügen und darüber hinaus weitere Anforderungen erfüllen. Geeignete Datenkanäle müssen „online“ messbar sein, das heißt bereits während des Lernens in Echtzeit für Analysen oder die individuelle Anpassung von Interventionen zur Verfügung stehen. Forschende interessieren sich nicht mehr nur für die Endergebnisse von Fragebögen oder Aufgaben, sondern müssen auch Prozessdaten von Interaktionen zwischen Lernenden und Lernumgebungen untersuchen, um die Entwicklung von Theorien und Interventionen voranzutreiben. Zudem sollten Datenquellen nicht intrusiv sein, sodass der Lernprozess nicht unterbrochen oder gestört wird. Dies ist zum Beispiel bei Messungen physiologischer Daten der Fall, zu deren Erfassung die Lernenden Messgeräte tragen müssen. Außerdem sollten Messungen nicht reaktiv sein – andere Variablen (z.B. der Lernerfolg) sollten also nicht von der Messung beeinflusst werden. Unterschiedliche Datenquellen die zur Untersuchung und Unterstützung von SRL-Prozessen bereits verwendet werden, wie z.B. Protokolle über lautes Denken, Screen-Recording, Eye Tracking, Log-Files, Videobeobachtungen oder physiologische Sensoren erfüllen diese Kriterien in jeweils unterschiedlichem Ausmaß. Ein Datenkanal, dem in der pädagogische-psychologischen Forschung bislang kaum Beachtung geschenkt wurde, der aber nicht-intrusiv, nicht-reaktiv, objektiv und online verfügbar ist, sind detaillierte, zeitlich hochauflösende Daten über die beobachtbare Interkation von Lernenden in online Lernumgebungen. Dieser Datenkanal wird in dieser Arbeit als „peripheral data“ eingeführt. Er zeichnet sowohl den Inhalt von Lernumgebungen als Kontext auf, als auch darauf bezogene Aktionen von Lernenden, ausgelöst durch Maus und Tastatur, sowie die Reaktionen der Lernumgebungen, wie etwa strukturelle oder inhaltliche Veränderungen. Zwar sind die oben genannten Kriterien zur Nutzung der Daten erfüllt, allerdings ist unklar, ob diese Daten auch reliabel und valide hinsichtlich relevanten Variablen und Verhaltens interpretiert werden können. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es daher, diesen Datenkanal aus Perspektive des SRL zu untersuchen und damit die bestehende Forschungslücke weiter zu schließen. Dafür wurden eine Entwicklungs- sowie vier Forschungsarbeiten durchgeführt und in dieser Arbeit dokumentiert. KW - Selbstgesteuertes Lernen KW - Computerunterstütztes Lernen KW - self-regulated learning KW - process analysis KW - online learning KW - mouse tracking KW - keyboard tracking KW - learning KW - selfregulated Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-180097 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lenhart, Jan Niklas Peter T1 - Learning Words from Stories: How Method of Story Delivery and Questioning Styles Influence Children’s Vocabulary Learning T1 - Worterwerb aus Geschichten: Wie die Methode der Geschichtendarbietung und Fragestile das kindliche Wortlernen beeinflussen N2 - Sharing stories has become increasingly popular as a means to foster young children’s vocabulary development and to target early vocabulary gaps between disadvantaged children and their better-equipped peers. Although, in general, the beneficial effects of story interventions have been demonstrated (Marulis & Neuman, 2010, 2013), many factors possibly moderating those effects – including method of story delivery as well as questioning style – merit further examination (R. L. Walsh & Hodge, 2018). The aim of the present doctoral thesis was to test predictions from different theories on methods of story delivery and questioning styles regarding their influence on children’s vocabulary learning from listening to stories. Method of story delivery refers to the general way of how stories can be conveyed, with reading aloud and free-telling of stories (i.e., the narrator telling stories without reading from text) representing different approaches that are assumed to differ regarding narrator behavior and linguistic complexity. Questioning styles refer to different combinations of questions’ cognitive demand level (low vs. high vs. scaffolding-like increasing from low to high) and/or placement (within the story vs. after the story) during story sessions. In the present doctoral thesis, the first two studies (Studies 1 and 2) compared reading aloud and free-telling of stories as different methods of story delivery. Study 1 consisted of two experiments utilizing a within-subjects design with 3- to 6-year-old preschool children (Nexperiment1 = 83; Nexperiment2 = 48) listening to stories once either presented read aloud or freely told. Study 2 extended the first study by examining effects on story comprehension and additionally including audiotape versions of both story-delivery methods as experimental conditions, which allowed separating narrator behavior and linguistic complexity. With the second study being conducted as a between-subjects design, 4- to 6-year-old preschool children (N = 60) heard each of the stories twice, but listened only to one type of story delivery. The results of Study 1 indicated that no differences between methods of story delivery regarding word learning and child engagement were observable when narrator behavior in terms of eye contact and gesticulation was similar. However in Study 2, when free-telling was operationalized in a more naturalistic way, marked by higher rates of eye contact and gesticulation, it resulted in better child engagement, greater vocabulary learning, and better story comprehension than reading aloud. In contrast, as indicated by both studies, differences in linguistic complexity had no short-term impact on learning and comprehension. The studies, however, could not isolate the influence of eye contact versus gesture usage and could not distinguish between different types of gestures. The second set of studies (Studies 3 and 4) contrasted the effects of different types of question demand level (low vs. high vs. scaffolding-like increasing from low to high) and placement (within the story vs. after the story) and examined potential interactions with children’s cognitive skills. In one-to-one reading sessions (Study 3; N = 86) or small-group reading sessions (Study 4; N = 91) 4- to 6-year-old preschool children heard stories three times marked by different types of question demand level and placement or simply read-aloud without questions. The adult narrators encouraged the children to reflect on and answer questions (Study 1) and to give feedback on other children’s comments (Study 2), but in both studies, to ensure fidelity of the experimental conditions, the adult narrators did not provide corrective feedback or elaborate on the children’s answers. Results on measures of different facets of word learning indicated that asking questions resulted in better vocabulary learning than simply reading the stories aloud. However, in contrast to proposed hypotheses and across both studies, different types of question demand level and placement did not exert differential effects and they did not interact with children’s general vocabulary knowledge or memory skills. Thus, both studies suggest that those two types of questions features have no impact on children’s vocabulary learning, if questions are not followed up by narrator feedback and elaborations. However, whether different types of question placement and demand level produce differential learning gains through adult-child discussion following different questioning styles has still to be determined. Taken together, the four studies of the present doctoral thesis underline the central role that adults play for successful story sessions with young children not only for engaging children in the story but also for extending and for correcting their utterances. Although the presented studies extend existing knowledge about methods of story delivery and questioning styles during story sessions, further research needs to examine the impact of questioning styles on word learning through subsequent adult-child discussion and to gain a better understanding of the role of nonverbal narrator behavior during story delivery. N2 - Die Verwendung von Geschichten zur Sprachförderung ist weitverbreitet. Einerseits zielen sie auf eine allgemeine Förderung der Wortschatzentwicklung von Kindern, andererseits sollen mit ihrer Hilfe auch Rückstände in der Wortschatzentwicklung von Risikokindern aufgeholt werden. Während der förderliche Effekt von geschichtenbasierten Interventionen bereits gut dokumentiert ist (Marulis & Neuman, 2010, 2013), besteht eine Forschungslücke zum Einfluss einzelner Faktoren, wie zum Beispiel der allgemeinen Darbietungsart der Geschichten oder dem Einsatz von Fragen (R. L. Walsh & Hodge, 2018). Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war es, verschiedene Hypothesen in Bezug auf die Effekte unterschiedlicher Darbietungsarten und Fragestile auf den kindlichen Worterwerb durch Geschichten zu untersuchen. Die Darbietungsart bezieht sich in der vorliegenden Arbeit auf die Frage, ob Geschichten vorgelesen oder frei erzählt vorgetragen werden. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich Vorlesen und freies Erzählen hinsichtlich des Erzählerverhaltens und der sprachlichen Komplexität unterscheiden. Bei den Fragestilen handelt es sich um Unterschiede im kognitiven Anspruchsniveau (niedrig vs. hoch vs. „scaffolding“-artig aufsteigend von niedrig zu hoch) und bei der Platzierung der Fragen (innerhalb der Geschichte vs. nach der Geschichte). In den ersten beiden Studien der vorliegenden Dissertation (Studien 1 und 2) wurden Vorlesen und freies Erzählen hinsichtlich ihrer Effekte untersucht und verglichen. Studie 1 bestand aus zwei Experimenten und war als Messwiederholungsdesign konzipiert. Drei- bis sechsjährige Kindergartenkinder (NExperiment1 = 83; NExperiment2 = 48) bekamen Geschichten je einmal vorgelesen oder frei erzählt präsentiert. In Studie 2 wurde das Design der ersten Studie durch ein Between-Subjects-Format ersetzt und durch den Einbezug eines Geschichtenverständnismaßes sowie durch zwei weitere Experimentalbedingungen, die aus Audioaufnahmen beider Geschichtendarbietungsarten bestanden, erweitert. Letzteres erlaubte es, Unterschiede in der sprachlichen Komplexität zwischen den Darbietungsarten vom Erzählerverhalten experimentell zu trennen. Den vier- bis sechsjährigen Kindergartenkindern (N = 60) wurden die Geschichten jeweils zweimal gemäß der jeweiligen Experimentalbedingung präsentiert. Studie 1 ergab, dass keine Unterschiede zwischen freiem Erzählen und Vorlesen hinsichtlich der kindlichen Aufmerksamkeit und des Wortlernens bestanden, wenn sich die Erzähler beider Bedingungen nicht hinsichtlich des Erzählerverhaltens im Sinne von Augenkontakt und Gestikulation unterschieden. Studie 2 zeigte hingegen, dass eine naturalistischere Operationalisierung des freien Erzählens mit mehr Augenkontakt und Gestikulation zu höherer Aufmerksamkeit, höherem Wortlernen und besserem Geschichtenverständnis führte. Die Ergebnisse aus beiden Studien legen zudem nahe, dass Unterschiede in der sprachlichen Komplexität keinen Einfluss auf die kurzfristigen Lerneffekte hatten. Eine Aussage über die Bedeutung des Augenkontaktes verglichen mit der Gestikulation im Allgemeinen oder mit verschiedenen Arten von Gesten zu treffen, erlauben die beiden Studien aufgrund ihres Designs jedoch nicht. Die letzten beiden Studien der vorliegenden Dissertation (Studien 3 und 4) untersuchten den Einfluss des kognitiven Anspruchsniveaus (niedrig vs. hoch vs. „scaffolding“-artig aufsteigend von niedrig zu hoch) und der Platzierung von Fragen (innerhalb der Geschichte vs. nach der Geschichte) sowie mögliche Interaktionen mit den kognitiven Fähigkeiten der Kinder. Den vier- bis sechsjährigen Kindergartenkindern wurden Geschichten im Einzel- (Studie 3; N = 86) oder Kleingruppensetting (Studie 4; N = 91) jeweils dreimal auf die gleiche Weise dargeboten. Je nach Versuchsbedingung wurden den Kindern die Geschichten mit den unterschiedlichen Fragetypen oder ohne Fragen vorgelesen. In beiden Studien ermunterte der Erzähler die Kinder, über die Fragen nachzudenken und sie zu beantworten. In Studie 2 sollten die Kinder zudem die Beiträge der anderen Kinder aufgreifen und diskutieren. Zur Sicherstellung der internen Validität der Experimentalbedingungen durfte der Erzähler hingegen nur unterstützend tätig werden und sich nicht inhaltlich an der Diskussion beteiligen. Beide Studien ergaben, dass der Einbezug von Fragen hinsichtlich verschiedener Aspekte des Wortlernens einen positiven Einfluss hatte. Im Widerspruch zu unterschiedlichen Hypothesen zeigten sich jedoch weder Lernunterschiede in Abhängigkeit vom kognitiven Anspruchsniveau oder der Platzierung von Fragen, noch ergab sich eine Interaktion mit dem Wortschatz oder der Gedächtnisleistung der Kinder. Die Ergebnisse beider Studien legen daher nahe, dass Unterschiede im kognitiven Anspruchsniveau und bei der Platzierung von Fragen keinen Einfluss auf das kindliche Wortlernen haben – zumindest, wenn den Fragen und den Antworten der Kinder keine weiterführenden Erklärungen und Verbesserungen durch den Erzähler folgen. Es ist jedoch noch nicht geklärt, ob eine durch verschiedene Fragetypen ausgelöste differenzielle Interaktion zwischen Kind und Erzähler zu unterschiedlichen Lernzuwächsen führen könnte. Zusammengefasst betonen die vier Studien der vorliegenden Dissertation die zentrale Rolle des Erzählers für den Erfolg von geschichtenbasierten Interventionen. Der Erzähler muss nicht nur die Kinder in die Geschichte involvieren, sondern sollte auch die kindlichen Äußerungen korrigieren und weiterentwickeln, um Geschichten als besonders förderliche Lernumwelt zu gestalten. Die vorliegenden Studien erweitern somit das Wissen hinsichtlich der Gestaltung von Geschichten durch Fragen und durch unterschiedliche Darbietungsarten. Es bleibt jedoch zukünftiger Forschung vorbehalten, insbesondere die Bedeutung verschiedener Fragetypen für differenzielle Erzähler-Kind-Diskussionen sowie die Rolle des nonverbalen Erzählerverhaltens weiter zu untersuchen. KW - Sprachförderung KW - Erzählen KW - Vorschulkind KW - book reading KW - reading aloud KW - storytelling KW - vocabulary development KW - Vorlesen KW - Wortschatzerwerb Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-185919 ER -