TY - JOUR A1 - Schliewen, U. A1 - Fricke, H. A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Epplen, Jörg T. A1 - Paabo, S. T1 - Which home for coelacanth? N2 - No abstract available KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61606 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Dieter A1 - Dimitrijevic, Nicola A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Tumor suppression in Xiphophorus by an accidentally acquired promoter N2 - Melanoma formation in the teleost Xiphophorus is caused by a dominant genetic locus, Tu. This locus includes the Xmrk oncogene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase. Tumor induction is. suppressed in wild-type fish by a tumor suppressor locus, R. Molecular genetic analyses revealed that the Tu locus emerged by nonhomologaus recombination of the Xmrk proto-oncogene with a previously uncharacterized sequence, D. This event generated an additional copy of Xmrk with a new promoter. Suppression of the new Xmrk promoter by R in parental fish and its deregulation in hybrids explain the genetics of melanoma formation in Xiphophorus. KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61630 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hong, Yunhan A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Sequence of the growth hormone (GH) gene from the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and evolution of GH genes in vertebrates N2 - The silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) growth hormone (GH) genewas isolated and sequenced following amplification from genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. The gene spans a region of approx. 2.5 kb nucleotides (nt) and consists of five exons. The sequence predicts a polypeptide of 210 amino acids (aa) including a putative signal peptide of 22 hydrophobic aa residues. The arrangement of exons and introns is identical to the GH genes of common carp, grass carp, and very similar to mammals and birds, but quite different from that for the GH genes of tilapia and salmonids. The silver carp GH gene shares a high homology at the nt and aa Ievels with those of grass carp (95.3% nt, 99.5% aa) and of common carp (81% nt, 95.7% aa). KW - Physiologische Chemie KW - Recombinant DNA ; Growth hormone gene ; PCR; Silver carp ; Fish Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61620 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Erbelding-Denk, Claudia A1 - Holter, Sabine A1 - Nanda, Indrajit A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Schroder, Johannes H. A1 - Epplen, Jörg T. T1 - Reproductive failure of dominant males in the poeciliid fish Limia perugiae determined by DNA fingerprinting N2 - Hierarchical structures among male indlviduals in a population are frequently reflected ln differences in aggressive and reproductive behavior and access to the females. In general, sodal dominance requires the Investments, which in turn then may have to be compensated for by high reproductive success. However, this hypothesls has so far only been sufficiently tested in small mating groups (one or two males with one or two females) due to the difficulties of determining paternity by conventional methods. DNA fingerprinting overcomes these problems by offering the possibility to determine genetic relationships and mating patterns within larger groups [Borke, T. (1989) Trends Ecol. Evol. 4, 139-144]. We show here that in the poecUiid fish Limia perugitu, in small matlng groups the dominant male has 8 mating success of 100%, whereas ln larger groups lts contribution to the offspring unexpectedly drops to zero. KW - Physiologische Chemie KW - reproductive success KW - sexual selection KW - size polymorpbism KW - sodal domlnance KW - simple repetitive sequences Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61643 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nanda, Indrajit A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Epplen, Jörg T. A1 - Feichtinger, Wolfgang A1 - Schmid, Michael T1 - Primitive sex chromosomes in poeciliid fishes harbor simple repetitive DNA sequences N2 - The demonstration ofthe chromosomal mode ofsex determinationvia genetic experiments as well as the absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes affirm poeciliid fishes as a unique group among vertebrates that are endowed with the mostprimitive form of sex chromosornes. In many different taxa the evolutionary process involved in the differentiation ofadvanced sex chromosomes is outlined through sex specifically organized repetitive sequences. In this investigation hydridization of synthetic probes specific to genomic simple repeat motifs uncovers a sex-specific hybridization pattern in certain viviparaus fishes ofthe family Poeciliidae. The hybridization pattern together with specific staining ofthe constitutive heterochromatin by C-banding reveals heterogamety in males (Poecilia reticulata) as weil as in females (P. sphenops). In P. velifera, however, C-banding alone fails to unravel the heterogametic status. The female specific W-chromosome can be detected by simple repetitive sequence probes. Therefore, the principal significance of heterochromatization as a means of generating differentiated sex chromosomes is evident. KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61659 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Wittbrodt, J. A1 - Mäueler, W. A1 - Raulf, F. A1 - Adam, D. A1 - Hannig, G. A1 - Telling, A. A1 - Storch, F. A1 - Andexinger, S. A1 - Robertson, S. M. T1 - Oncogenes and melanoma formation in Xiphoporus (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) N2 - In Xiphophorus melanoma formation has been attributed by classical genetic findings to the overexpression of a cellular oncogene (Tu) due to elimination of the corresponding regulatory gene locus in hybrids. We have attempted to elucidate this phenomenon on the molecular biological level. Studies on the structure and expression of known proto-oncogenes revealed that several of these genes, especially the c-src gene of Xiphophorus, may act as effectors in establishing the neoplastic phenotype of the melanoma cells . However, these genes appear more to participate in secondary steps of tumorigenesis. Another gene, being termed Xmrk, which represents obviously a so far unknown proto-oncogene but with a cons iderably high similarity to the epidermal growth-factorreceptor gene, was mapped to the Tu-containing region of the chromosome. This gene shows features with respect to its structure and expression that seem to justify it to be regarded as a candidate for a gene involved in the primary processes leading to neoplastic transformation of pigment cells in Xiphophorus. KW - Schwertkärpfling KW - Onkogen KW - Melanom Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87149 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Erbelding-Denk, C. A1 - Hölter, S. A1 - Nanda, I. A1 - Schmid, M. A1 - Schröder, J. H. A1 - Epplen, J. T. T1 - High mating success of low rank males in Limia perugiae (Pisces: Poeciliidae) as determined by DNA-fingerprinting N2 - Hierarchical structures among male individuals in a population are frequently reflected in differences in aggressive and reproductive behaviour and access to the females. In general social dominance requires large investments which in turn may have to be compensated for by high reproductive success. However, this hypothesis has so far only been sufficiently tested in small mating groups due to the difficulties of determining paternity by classical methods using non-molecular markers. DNA fingerprinting overcomes these problems offering the possibility to determine genetic relationships and mating patterns within larger groups. Using this approach we have recently shown (Schartl et al., 1993) that in the poeciliid fish Limia perugiae in small mating groups the dominant male has 100% mating success, while in larger groups its contribution to the offspring unexpectedly drops to zero. The reproductive failure under such social conditions is explained by the inability of the ex-male to protect all the females simultaneously against mating attempts of his numerous subordinate competitors. KW - DNS KW - Fingerprint-Verfahren KW - Lebendgebärende Zahnkarpfen Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87132 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cavari, Benzion A1 - Funkenstein, Bruria A1 - Chen, Thomas T. A1 - Gonzalez-Villasenor, Lucia Irene A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Effect of growth hormone on the growth rate of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and use of different constructs for the production of transgenic fish N2 - When bovine or human growth hormones (GH) were injected into 6 months old (about 10 g) gilthead seabream, the growth rate of the fish, as measured by changes in their weight, increased by only about 15% compared with the saline-injected control. No effect or even slight inhibition of the growth rate was obtained when chicken or porcine GHs were injected. In a preliminary experiment, it was found that injection ofthe native GH increased the growth rate ofthe fish by about 20% after treatment for only 2 weeks. An expression vector, using the pRE1 plasmid and transformation into MZl cells, produced the gilthead seabream GH, providing a supply for further experiments on the effect of the homologaus GH on growth. Two reporter genes, ß-galactosidase (lacZ) and melanoma oncogene of Xiphophorus (mrk YY), were microinjected into fertilized eggs of S. aurata. Expression of these two genes could be demonstrated in 2-day-old embryos, the lacZ gene by staining of its enzymatic product, and the mrk YY gene by its phenotypic expression. KW - Goldbrasse KW - Somatotropin KW - Wachstum KW - Transgene Tiere Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69765 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mäueler, Winfried A1 - Schartl, Angelika A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Different expression patterns of oncogenes and proto-oncogenes in hereditary and carcinogen-induced tumors of Xiphophorus N2 - Hereditary melanoma in Xiphophorus hybrids canying the melanoma·induclng Tu-Sd locus is caused by transcriptional activation of the Xmrk gene that resides at the Tu·Sd locus and encodes a novel member of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). ln this study, a total of 17 hereditary melanomas from various hybrid genotypes harbouring 7 different Tu alleles were also found to aver-express the correspondlng Xmrlc alleles. The Ievei of over-expression correlated with the degree of malignancy of the melanoma. ln addition, Xsrc expression was high ln many malignant melanomas. Expression pattems and Ieveis of the Xiphophorus EGF-receptor gene (Xerb B), the c-myc (Xmyc), and the PDGF (Xsls) gene(s) were not intriguing. Transcription of the ras gene(s) may be correlated to secondary events of melanoma progression. Expression pattems of Xfms, the Xiphophorus CSF-1 receptor homologue, can be explained by different contents of infiltrating macrophages in the tumors. ln carcinogen-induced tumors includlng one melanoma no significant expression of the Xmrk oncogene could be detected. Xsrc expression, however, was strikingly high. This indicates that activation of oncogenes other than Xmrk ls instrumental in tumorigenesls of neoplasia of non-hereditary origin. KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61592 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hong, Yunhan A1 - Winkler, Christoph A1 - Brem, Gottfried A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Development of a heavy metal-inducible fish-specific expression vector for gene transfer in vitro and in vivo N2 - The promoter of the rainbow trout metallothionein B gene ( tMTb) was isolated from genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR ), fused to the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) genein an expression vector, and functionally analyzed in one human cellline and four fish celllines. This promoter exhibited an extremely low basal expression in all celllines and was zincand cadmium-inducible except in the fish melanoma cell line where the promoter was completely inactive. The metal-induced expression patterns were cellline-specific. In general the fish promoter was more species- and cell type-specific than its human counterpart. In a transient assay it was functional in developing embryos of the medaka ( Oryzias /atipes). These properties make this promoter suitable for inducible, tissue-specific expression of transgenes and for in vivo studies of gene function and regulation. KW - Physiologische Chemie Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-61666 ER -