TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fazeli, Gholamreza
A1  - Beer, Katharina B.
A1  - Geisenhof, Michaela
A1  - Tröger, Sarah
A1  - König, Julia
A1  - Müller-Reichert, Thomas
A1  - Wehman, Ann M.
T1  - Loss of the Major Phosphatidylserine or Phosphatidylethanolamine Flippases Differentially Affect Phagocytosis
JF  - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
N2  - The lipids phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEth) are normally asymmetrically localized to the cytosolic face of membrane bilayers, but can both be externalized during diverse biological processes, including cell division, cell fusion, and cell death. Externalized lipids in the plasma membrane are recognized by lipid-binding proteins to regulate the clearance of cell corpses and other cell debris. However, it is unclear whether PtdSer and PtdEth contribute in similar or distinct ways to these processes. We discovered that disruption of the lipid flippases that maintain PtdSer or PtdEth asymmetry in the plasma membrane have opposite effects on phagocytosis in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. Constitutive PtdSer externalization caused by disruption of the major PtdSer flippase TAT-1 led to increased phagocytosis of cell debris, sometimes leading to two cells engulfing the same debris. In contrast, PtdEth externalization caused by depletion of the major PtdEth flippase TAT-5 or its activator PAD-1 disrupted phagocytosis. These data suggest that PtdSer and PtdEth externalization have opposite effects on phagocytosis. Furthermore, externalizing PtdEth is associated with increased extracellular vesicle release, and we present evidence that the extent of extracellular vesicle accumulation correlates with the extent of phagocytic defects. Thus, a general loss of lipid asymmetry can have opposing impacts through different lipid subtypes simultaneously exerting disparate effects.
KW  - phagocytosis
KW  - lipid asymmetry
KW  - flippase
KW  - phosphatidylserine
KW  - phosphatidylethanolamine
KW  - extracellular vesicle
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-208771
SN  - 2296-634X
VL  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fraunholz, Martin
A1  - Sinha, Bhanu
T1  - Intracellular staphylococcus aureus: Live-in and let die
JF  - Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
N2  - Staphylococcus aureus uses a plethora of virulence factors to accommodate a diversity of niches in its human host. Aside from the classical manifestations of S. aureus-induced diseases, the pathogen also invades and survives within mammalian host cells. The survival strategies of the pathogen are as diverse as strains or host cell types used. S. aureus is able to replicate in the phagosome or freely in the cytoplasm of its host cells. It escapes the phagosome of professional and non-professional phagocytes, subverts autophagy, induces cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis and pyronecrosis, and even can induce anti-apoptotic programs in phagocytes. The focus of this review is to present a guide to recent research outlining the variety of intracellular fates of S. aureus.
KW  - staphylococcus aureus
KW  - bacterial persistence
KW  - host cell death
KW  - autophagy
KW  - phagocytosis
KW  - phagosomalescape
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123374
VL  - 2
IS  - 43
ER  -