TY - JOUR A1 - Thorn, Simon A1 - Chao, Anne A1 - Georgiev, Konstadin B. A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Bässler, Claus A1 - Campbell, John L. A1 - Jorge, Castro A1 - Chen, Yan-Han A1 - Choi, Chang-Yong A1 - Cobb, Tyler P. A1 - Donato, Daniel C. A1 - Durska, Ewa A1 - Macdonald, Ellen A1 - Feldhaar, Heike A1 - Fontaine, Jospeh B. A1 - Fornwalt, Paula J. A1 - Hernández Hernández, Raquel María A1 - Hutto, Richard L. A1 - Koivula, Matti A1 - Lee, Eun-Jae A1 - Lindenmayer, David A1 - Mikusinski, Grzegorz A1 - Obrist, Martin K. A1 - Perlík, Michal A1 - Rost, Josep A1 - Waldron, Kaysandra A1 - Wermelinger, Beat A1 - Weiß, Ingmar A1 - Zmihorski, Michal A1 - Leverkus, Alexandro B. T1 - Estimating retention benchmarks for salvage logging to protect biodiversity JF - Nature Communications N2 - Forests are increasingly affected by natural disturbances. Subsequent salvage logging, a widespread management practice conducted predominantly to recover economic capital, produces further disturbance and impacts biodiversity worldwide. Hence, naturally disturbed forests are among the most threatened habitats in the world, with consequences for their associated biodiversity. However, there are no evidence-based benchmarks for the proportion of area of naturally disturbed forests to be excluded from salvage logging to conserve biodiversity. We apply a mixed rarefaction/extrapolation approach to a global multi-taxa dataset from disturbed forests, including birds, plants, insects and fungi, to close this gap. We find that 757% (mean +/- SD) of a naturally disturbed area of a forest needs to be left unlogged to maintain 90% richness of its unique species, whereas retaining 50% of a naturally disturbed forest unlogged maintains 73 +/- 12% of its unique species richness. These values do not change with the time elapsed since disturbance but vary considerably among taxonomic groups. Salvage logging has become a common practice to gain economic returns from naturally disturbed forests, but it could have considerable negative effects on biodiversity. Here the authors use a recently developed statistical method to estimate that ca. 75% of the naturally disturbed forest should be left unlogged to maintain 90% of the species unique to the area. KW - natural disturbance KW - bird communities KW - forest KW - management KW - beetle KW - conservation KW - windthrow KW - diversity KW - impact KW - fire Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230512 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Ulyshen, Mike A1 - Seibold, Sebastian A1 - Cadotte, Marc A1 - Chao, Anne A1 - Bässler, Claus A1 - Vogel, Sebastian A1 - Hagge, Jonas A1 - Weiß, Ingmar A1 - Baldrian, Petr A1 - Tláskal, Vojtěch A1 - Thorn, Simon T1 - Primary determinants of communities in deadwood vary among taxa but are regionally consistent JF - Oikos N2 - The evolutionary split between gymnosperms and angiosperms has far‐reaching implications for the current communities colonizing trees. The inherent characteristics of dead wood include its role as a spatially scattered habitat of plant tissue, transient in time. Thus, local assemblages in deadwood forming a food web in a necrobiome should be affected not only by dispersal ability but also by host tree identity, the decay stage and local abiotic conditions. However, experiments simultaneously manipulating these potential community drivers in deadwood are lacking. To disentangle the importance of spatial distance and microclimate, as well as host identity and decay stage as drivers of local assemblages, we conducted two consecutive experiments, a 2‐tree species and 6‐tree species experiment with 80 and 72 tree logs, respectively, located in canopy openings and under closed canopies of a montane and a lowland forest. We sampled saproxylic beetles, spiders, fungi and bacterial assemblages from logs. Variation partitioning for community metrics based on a unified framework of Hill numbers showed consistent results for both studies: host identity was most important for sporocarp‐detected fungal assemblages, decay stage and host tree for DNA‐detected fungal assemblages, microclimate and decay stage for beetles and spiders and decay stage for bacteria. Spatial distance was of minor importance for most taxa but showed the strongest effects for arthropods. The contrasting patterns among the taxa highlight the need for multi‐taxon analyses in identifying the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of community composition. Moreover, the consistent finding of microclimate as the primary driver for saproxylic beetles compared to host identity shows, for the first time that existing evolutionary host adaptions can be outcompeted by local climate conditions in deadwood. KW - deadwood experiments KW - dispersal KW - forest management KW - habitat filter KW - wood-inhabiting fungi Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-228201 VL - 129 IS - 10 SP - 1579 EP - 1588 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thorn, Simon A1 - Chao, Anne A1 - Bernhardt-Römermann, Markus A1 - Chen, Yan-Han A1 - Georgiev, Kostadin B. A1 - Heibl, Christoph A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Schäfer, Hanno A1 - Bässler, Claus T1 - Rare species, functional groups, and evolutionary lineages drive successional trajectories in disturbed forests JF - Ecology N2 - Following natural disturbances, additional anthropogenic disturbance may alter community recovery by affecting the occurrences of species, functional groups, and evolutionary lineages. However, our understanding of whether rare, common, or dominant species, functional groups, or evolutionary lineages are most strongly affected by an additional disturbance, particularly across multiple taxa, is limited. Here, we used a generalized diversity concept based on Hill numbers to quantify the community differences of vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens, wood‐inhabiting fungi, saproxylic beetles, and birds in a storm‐disturbed, experimentally salvage logged forest. Communities of all investigated species groups showed dissimilarities between logged and unlogged plots. Most species groups showed no significant changes in dissimilarities between logged and unlogged plots over the first seven years of succession, indicating a lack of community recovery. In general, the dissimilarities of communities were mainly driven by rare species. Convergence of dissimilarities occurred more often than divergence during the early stages of succession for rare species, indicating a major role in driving decreasing taxonomic dissimilarities between logged and unlogged plots over time. Trends in species dissimilarities only partially match the trends in dissimilarities of functional groups and evolutionary lineages, with little significant changes in successional trajectories. Nevertheless, common and dominant species contributed to a convergence of dissimilarities over time in the case of the functional dissimilarities of wood‐inhabiting fungi. Our study shows that salvage logging following disturbances can alter successional trajectories in early stages of forest succession following natural disturbances. However, community changes over time may differ remarkably in different taxonomic groups and are best detected based on taxonomic, rather than functional or phylogenetic dissimilarities. KW - wood-inhabiting fungi KW - birds KW - bryophytes KW - climate change KW - forest succession KW - Hill numbers KW - natural disturbances KW - salvage logging KW - saproxylic beetles KW - vascular plants Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-212378 VL - 101 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Georgiev, Kostadin B. A1 - Chao, Anne A1 - Castro, Jorge A1 - Chen, Yan‐Han A1 - Choi, Chang‐Yong A1 - Fontaine, Joseph B. A1 - Hutto, Richard L. A1 - Lee, Eun‐Jae A1 - Müller, Jörg A1 - Rost, Josep A1 - Żmihorski, Michal A1 - Thorn, Simon T1 - Salvage logging changes the taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional successional trajectories of forest bird communities JF - Journal of Applied Ecology N2 - Salvage logging following natural disturbances may alter the natural successional trajectories of biological communities by affecting the occurrences of species, functional groups and evolutionary lineages. However, few studies have examined whether dissimilarities between bird communities of salvaged and unsalvaged forests are more pronounced for rare species, functional groups and evolutionary lineages than for their more common counterparts. We compiled data on breeding bird assemblages from nine study areas in North America, Europe and Asia, covering a 17‐year period following wildfire or windstorm disturbances and subsequent salvage logging. We tested whether dissimilarities based on non‐shared species, functional groups and evolutionary lineages (a) decreased or increased over time and (b) the responses of rare, common and dominant species varied, by using a unified statistical framework based on Hill numbers and null models. We found that dissimilarities between bird communities caused by salvage logging persisted over time for rare, common and dominant species, evolutionary lineages and for rare functional groups. Dissimilarities of common and dominant functional groups increased 14 years post disturbance. Salvage logging led to significantly larger dissimilarities than expected by chance. Functional dissimilarities between salvaged and unsalvaged sites were lower compared to taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarities. In general, dissimilarities were highest for rare, followed by common and dominant species. Synthesis and applications. Our research demonstrates that salvage logging did not decrease dissimilarities of bird communities over time and taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic dissimilarities persisted for over a decade. We recommend resource managers and decision makers to reserve portions of disturbed forest to enable unmanaged post‐disturbance succession of bird communities, particularly to conserve rare species found in unsalvaged disturbed forests. KW - biodiversity KW - breeding season KW - forest management KW - harvesting KW - Hill numbers KW - natural disturbance KW - successional trajectory Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-214887 VL - 57 IS - 6 SP - 1103 EP - 1112 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Viljur, Mari‐Liis A1 - Abella, Scott R. A1 - Adámek, Martin A1 - Alencar, Janderson Batista Rodrigues A1 - Barber, Nicholas A. A1 - Beudert, Burkhard A1 - Burkle, Laura A. A1 - Cagnolo, Luciano A1 - Campos, Brent R. A1 - Chao, Anne A1 - Chergui, Brahim A1 - Choi, Chang‐Yong A1 - Cleary, Daniel F. R. A1 - Davis, Thomas Seth A1 - Dechnik‐Vázquez, Yanus A. A1 - Downing, William M. A1 - Fuentes‐Ramirez, Andrés A1 - Gandhi, Kamal J. K. A1 - Gehring, Catherine A1 - Georgiev, Kostadin B. A1 - Gimbutas, Mark A1 - Gongalsky, Konstantin B. A1 - Gorbunova, Anastasiya Y. A1 - Greenberg, Cathryn H. A1 - Hylander, Kristoffer A1 - Jules, Erik S. A1 - Korobushkin, Daniil I. A1 - Köster, Kajar A1 - Kurth, Valerie A1 - Lanham, Joseph Drew A1 - Lazarina, Maria A1 - Leverkus, Alexandro B. A1 - Lindenmayer, David A1 - Marra, Daniel Magnabosco A1 - Martín‐Pinto, Pablo A1 - Meave, Jorge A. A1 - Moretti, Marco A1 - Nam, Hyun‐Young A1 - Obrist, Martin K. A1 - Petanidou, Theodora A1 - Pons, Pere A1 - Potts, Simon G. A1 - Rapoport, Irina B. A1 - Rhoades, Paul R. A1 - Richter, Clark A1 - Saifutdinov, Ruslan A. A1 - Sanders, Nathan J. A1 - Santos, Xavier A1 - Steel, Zachary A1 - Tavella, Julia A1 - Wendenburg, Clara A1 - Wermelinger, Beat A1 - Zaitsev, Andrey S. A1 - Thorn, Simon T1 - The effect of natural disturbances on forest biodiversity: an ecological synthesis JF - Biological Reviews N2 - Disturbances alter biodiversity via their specific characteristics, including severity and extent in the landscape, which act at different temporal and spatial scales. Biodiversity response to disturbance also depends on the community characteristics and habitat requirements of species. Untangling the mechanistic interplay of these factors has guided disturbance ecology for decades, generating mixed scientific evidence of biodiversity responses to disturbance. Understanding the impact of natural disturbances on biodiversity is increasingly important due to human‐induced changes in natural disturbance regimes. In many areas, major natural forest disturbances, such as wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks, are becoming more frequent, intense, severe, and widespread due to climate change and land‐use change. Conversely, the suppression of natural disturbances threatens disturbance‐dependent biota. Using a meta‐analytic approach, we analysed a global data set (with most sampling concentrated in temperate and boreal secondary forests) of species assemblages of 26 taxonomic groups, including plants, animals, and fungi collected from forests affected by wildfires, windstorms, and insect outbreaks. The overall effect of natural disturbances on α‐diversity did not differ significantly from zero, but some taxonomic groups responded positively to disturbance, while others tended to respond negatively. Disturbance was beneficial for taxonomic groups preferring conditions associated with open canopies (e.g. hymenopterans and hoverflies), whereas ground‐dwelling groups and/or groups typically associated with shady conditions (e.g. epigeic lichens and mycorrhizal fungi) were more likely to be negatively impacted by disturbance. Across all taxonomic groups, the highest α‐diversity in disturbed forest patches occurred under moderate disturbance severity, i.e. with approximately 55% of trees killed by disturbance. We further extended our meta‐analysis by applying a unified diversity concept based on Hill numbers to estimate α‐diversity changes in different taxonomic groups across a gradient of disturbance severity measured at the stand scale and incorporating other disturbance features. We found that disturbance severity negatively affected diversity for Hill number q = 0 but not for q = 1 and q = 2, indicating that diversity–disturbance relationships are shaped by species relative abundances. Our synthesis of α‐diversity was extended by a synthesis of disturbance‐induced change in species assemblages, and revealed that disturbance changes the β‐diversity of multiple taxonomic groups, including some groups that were not affected at the α‐diversity level (birds and woody plants). Finally, we used mixed rarefaction/extrapolation to estimate biodiversity change as a function of the proportion of forests that were disturbed, i.e. the disturbance extent measured at the landscape scale. The comparison of intact and naturally disturbed forests revealed that both types of forests provide habitat for unique species assemblages, whereas species diversity in the mixture of disturbed and undisturbed forests peaked at intermediate values of disturbance extent in the simulated landscape. Hence, the relationship between α‐diversity and disturbance severity in disturbed forest stands was strikingly similar to the relationship between species richness and disturbance extent in a landscape consisting of both disturbed and undisturbed forest habitats. This result suggests that both moderate disturbance severity and moderate disturbance extent support the highest levels of biodiversity in contemporary forest landscapes. KW - natural disturbance KW - diversity–disturbance relationship KW - disturbance severity KW - disturbance extent KW - intermediate disturbance hypothesis KW - forest communities KW - α‐diversity KW - β‐diversity Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-287168 VL - 97 IS - 5 SP - 1930 EP - 1947 ER -