TY - JOUR A1 - Randlkofer, Barbara A1 - Jordan, Florian A1 - Mitesser, Oliver A1 - Meiners, Torsten A1 - Obermaier, Elisabeth T1 - Effect of vegetation density, height, and connectivity on the oviposition pattern of the leaf beetle Galeruca tanaceti N2 - Vegetation structure can profoundly influence patterns of abundance, distribution, and reproduction of herbivorous insects and their susceptibility to natural enemies. The three main structural traits of herbaceous vegetation are density, height, and connectivity. This study determined the herbivore response to each of these three parameters by analysing oviposition patterns in the field and studying the underlying mechanisms in laboratory bioassays. The generalist leaf beetle, Galeruca tanaceti L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), preferentially deposits its egg clutches on non-host plants such as grasses. Earlier studies revealed that oviposition within structurally complex vegetation reduces the risk of egg parasitism. Consequently, leaf beetle females should prefer patches with dense, tall, or connected vegetation for oviposition in order to increase their reproductive success. In the present study, we tested the following three hypotheses on the effect of stem density, height, and connectivity on oviposition: (1) Within habitats, the number of egg clutches in areas with high stem densities is disproportionately higher than in low-density areas. The number of egg clutches on (2) tall stems or (3) in vegetation with high connectivity is higher than expected for a random distribution. In the field, stem density and height were positively correlated with egg clutch presence. Moreover, a disproportionately high presence of egg clutches was determined in patches with high stem densities. Stem height had a positive influence on oviposition, also in a laboratory two-choice bioassay, whereas stem density and connectivity did not affect oviposition preferences in the laboratory. Therefore, stem height and, potentially, density, but not connectivity, seem to trigger oviposition site selection of the herbivore. This study made evident that certain, but not all traits of the vegetation structure can impose a strong influence on oviposition patterns of herbivorous insects. The results were finally compared with data on the movement patterns of the specialised egg parasitoid of the herbivore in comparable types of vegetation structure. KW - Blattkäfer KW - Galeruca tanaceti KW - Hautflügler KW - Eulophidae KW - Oomyzus galerucivorus KW - Coleoptera KW - Chrysomelidae KW - tansy leaf beetle KW - vegetation structure KW - Oomyzus galerucivorus KW - Hymenoptera KW - Eulophidae Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49665 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heisswolf, Annette A1 - Ulmann, Sandra A1 - Obermaier, Elisabeth A1 - Mitesser, Oliver A1 - Poethke, Hans J. T1 - Host plant finding in the specialised leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata: an analysis of small-scale movement behaviour N2 - 1. Host plant finding in walking herbivorous beetles is still poorly understood. Analysis of small-scale movement patterns under semi-natural conditions can be a useful tool to detect behavioural responses towards host plant cues. 2. In this study, the small-scale movement behaviour of the monophagous leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was studied in a semi-natural arena (r = 1 m). In three different settings, a host (Salvia pratensis L., Lamiales: Lamiaceae), a non-host (Rumex conglomeratus Murr., Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), or no plant was presented in the centre of the arena. 3. The beetles showed no differences in the absolute movement variables, straightness and mean walking speed, between the three settings. However, the relative movement variables, mean distance to the centre and mean angular deviation from walking straight to the centre, were significantly smaller when a host plant was offered. Likewise, the angular deviation from walking straight to the centre tended to decline with decreasing distance from the centre. Finally, significantly more beetles were found on the host than on the non-host at the end of all the trials. 4. It is concluded that C. canaliculata is able to recognise its host plant from a distance. Whether olfactory or visual cues (or a combination of both) are used to find the host plant remains to be elucidated by further studies. KW - Käfer KW - Blattkäfer KW - Ampfer KW - Wiesensalbei KW - Arena experiment KW - Coleoptera KW - Chrysomelidae KW - olfaction KW - Rumex KW - Salvia pratensis KW - vision KW - walking Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49485 ER - TY - THES A1 - Heisswolf, Annette T1 - The distribution of leaf beetles on multiple spatial scales : causes and consequences T1 - Die Verteilung von Blattkäfern auf verschiedenen räumlichen Skalen: Ursachen und Konsequenzen N2 - Herbivorous insects are the major link between primary producers and a multitude of animals at higher trophic levels. Elucidating the causes and consequences of their distribution patterns in the "green world" is thus essential for our understanding of numerous ecological processes on multiple spatial scales. We can ask where and why a certain herbivore can be found in the landscape, within the habitat, on which plant within the habitat and finally, where on that plant. Depending on spatial scale the distribution of herbivores is shaped by different processes (fitness considerations, physiological abilities, population dynamics, dispersal behavior, history of the landscape etc.). Scaling down from fragmented landscapes to individual host plants this thesis analyzes the distribution patterns of the strictly monophagous herbivore Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which feeds and oviposits exclusively on meadow sage, Salvia pratensis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and compares it to those of the polyphagous tansy leaf beetle Galeruca tanaceti L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which does not oviposit on its host plants, but on dry non-host structures. The specialist Cassida canaliculata depended on all spatial scales (fragmented landscape, microhabitat and host plant individual) mainly on the distribution and quality of its single host plant species Salvia pratensis, whereas enemy-free-space - i.e. avoidance of parasitism and predation of egg clutches, larvae, and pupae - seemed to influence oviposition site choice only on the scale of the host plant individual. On this spatial scale, offspring of Cassida canaliculata had a higher chance of survival on large host plant individuals, which were also preferred for oviposition by the females. In contrast, the distribution patterns of the generalist Galeruca tanaceti was shaped by the interaction with its parasitoid regarding both microhabitat choice and egg distribution within individual host plants. On the microhabitat scale, beetles could escape from their parasitoids by ovipositing into high and dense vegetation. Regarding oviposition site choice within a host plant individual, females oviposited as high as possible in the vegetation and could thus reduce both the risk of parasitism and the probability of winter mortality. The results of my thesis show that the degree of specificity of a herbivore is of central importance for the resulting egg distribution pattern on all spatial scales. N2 - Herbivore Insekten sind das zentrale Bindeglied zwischen den Primärproduzenten und einer Vielzahl von Tieren höherer trophischer Ebenen. Daher ist es für unser Verständnis von unzähligen ökologischen Prozessen auf multiplen räumlichen Skalen essentiell, die Ursachen und Folgen ihrer Verteilungsmuster in der "grünen Welt" aufzuklären. Wir können fragen, wo und warum ein bestimmter Herbivor in der Landschaft, im Habitat, auf welcher Pflanze im Habitat und schließlich wo auf dieser Pflanze zu finden ist. In Abhängigkeit von der räumlichen Skala wird die Verteilung der Herbivoren von unterschiedlichen Prozessen (Fitness-Überlegungen, physiologische Fähigkeiten, Populationsdynamik, Dispersalverhalten, Geschichte der Landschaft etc.) geformt. Herunterskalierend von fragmentierten Landschaften zu individuellen Wirtspflanzen, habe ich in meiner Doktorarbeit die Verteilungsmuster des streng monophagen Blattkäfers Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) untersucht, der ausschließlich auf Wiesensalbei, Salvia pratensis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), frisst und Eier ablegt, und sie mit denen des polyphagen Rainfarnblattkäfers Galeruca tanaceti L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) verglichen, der seine Eier nicht auf Wirtspflanzen, sondern auf trockenen nicht-Wirtsstrukturen ablegt. Der Spezialist Cassida canaliculata war auf allen räumlichen Skalen (fragmentierte Landschaft, Mikrohabitat und Wirtspflanze) hauptsächlich von der Verteilung und Qualität seiner einzelnen Wirtspflanzenart Salvia pratensis abhängig, während Feind-freier Raum – d.h. die Vermeidung von Parasitierung und Prädation der Eigelege, Larven und Puppen – die Wahl des Eiablageplatzes nur bezüglich der Larvalentwicklung auf der Skala des Wirtspflanzenindividuums zu beeinflussen schien. Auf dieser räumlichen Skala hatten die Nachkommen von Cassida canaliculata eine höhere Überlebenschance auf großen Wirtspflanzenindividuen, die auch von den Weibchen zur Eiablage bevorzugt wurden. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde das Verteilungsmuster des Generalisten Galeruca tanaceti sowohl bezüglich der Wahl des Mikrohabitats als auch der Verteilung der Eigelege innerhalb individueller Pflanzen durch die Interaktionen mit seinem Eiparasitoiden geformt. Auf der Mikrohabitatebene konnten die Käfer ihren Parasitoiden dadurch entkommen, dass sie ihre Eigelege in hoher und dichter Vegetation ablegten. Bezüglich der Wahl des Eiablageplatzes innerhalb der Pflanze legten die Weibchen möglichst hoch in der Vegetation ab und konnten dadurch sowohl das Parasitierungsrisiko als auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wintermortalität reduzieren. Die Ergebnisse meiner Doktorarbeit zeigen, dass der Spezifizierungsgrad eines Herbivoren für das resultierende Verteilungsmuster seiner Eigelege auf allen räumlichen Skalen von zentraler Bedeutung ist. KW - Blattkäfer KW - Wirtspflanzen KW - Eiablage KW - Demökologie KW - Blattkäfer KW - räumliche Skala KW - Tier-Pflanze-Interaktion KW - Wirtspflanzenfindung KW - Eiablage KW - leaf beetle KW - spatial scale KW - plant animal interaction KW - host plant finding KW - oviposition Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-18945 ER -