TY - JOUR A1 - Breeze, Tom D. A1 - Vaissiere, Bernhard E. A1 - Bommarco, Riccardo A1 - Petanidou, Theodora A1 - Seraphides, Nicos A1 - Kozak, Lajos A1 - Scheper, Jeroen A1 - Biesmeijer, Jacobus C. A1 - Kleijn, David A1 - Gyldenkærne, Steen A1 - Moretti, Marco A1 - Holzschuh, Andrea A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf A1 - Stout, Jane C. A1 - Pärtel, Meelis A1 - Zobel, Martin A1 - Potts, Simon G. T1 - Agricultural Policies Exacerbate Honeybee Pollination Service Supply-Demand Mismatches Across Europe JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Declines in insect pollinators across Europe have raised concerns about the supply of pollination services to agriculture. Simultaneously, EU agricultural and biofuel policies have encouraged substantial growth in the cultivated area of insect pollinated crops across the continent. Using data from 41 European countries, this study demonstrates that the recommended number of honeybees required to provide crop pollination across Europe has risen 4.9 times as fast as honeybee stocks between 2005 and 2010. Consequently, honeybee stocks were insufficient to supply >90% of demands in 22 countries studied. These findings raise concerns about the capacity of many countries to cope with major losses of wild pollinators and highlight numerous critical gaps in current understanding of pollination service supplies and demands, pointing to a pressing need for further research into this issue. KW - economy services KW - fruit set KW - sequential introduction KW - enhance KW - biodiversity KW - abundance KW - declines KW - crops KW - colonies KW - density Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117692 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ioakeimidis, Fotis A1 - Ott, Christine A1 - Kozjak-Pavlovic, Vera A1 - Violitzi, Foteini A1 - Rinotas, Vagelis A1 - Makrinou, Eleni A1 - Eliopoulos, Elias A1 - Fasseas, Costas A1 - Kollias, George A1 - Douni, Eleni T1 - A Splicing Mutation in the Novel Mitochondrial Protein DNAJC11 Causes Motor Neuron Pathology Associated with Cristae Disorganization, and Lymphoid Abnormalities in Mice JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Mitochondrial structure and function is emerging as a major contributor to neuromuscular disease, highlighting the need for the complete elucidation of the underlying molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Following a forward genetics approach with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-mediated random mutagenesis, we identified a novel mouse model of autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by a splice-site hypomorphic mutation in a novel gene of unknown function, DnaJC11. Recent findings have demonstrated that DNAJC11 protein co-immunoprecipitates with proteins of the mitochondrial contact site (MICOS) complex involved in the formation of mitochondrial cristae and cristae junctions. Homozygous mutant mice developed locomotion defects, muscle weakness, spasticity, limb tremor, leucopenia, thymic and splenic hypoplasia, general wasting and early lethality. Neuropathological analysis showed severe vacuolation of the motor neurons in the spinal cord, originating from dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum and notably from mitochondria that had lost their proper inner membrane organization. The causal role of the identified mutation in DnaJC11 was verified in rescue experiments by overexpressing the human ortholog. The full length 63 kDa isoform of human DNAJC11 was shown to localize in the periphery of the mitochondrial outer membrane whereas putative additional isoforms displayed differential submitochondrial localization. Moreover, we showed that DNAJC11 is assembled in a high molecular weight complex, similarly to mitofilin and that downregulation of mitofilin or SAM50 affected the levels of DNAJC11 in HeLa cells. Our findings provide the first mouse mutant for a putative MICOS protein and establish a link between DNAJC11 and neuromuscular diseases. KW - dominant optic atrophy KW - amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis KW - nervous system KW - membrane organization KW - mitofilin KW - data-bank KW - model KW - biogenesis KW - morphology KW - reveals Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115581 VL - 9 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baur, Stefanie A1 - Rautenberg, Maren A1 - Faulstich, Manuela A1 - Grau, Timo A1 - Severin, Yannik A1 - Unger, Clemens A1 - Hoffmann, Wolfgang H. A1 - Rudel, Thomas A1 - Autenrieth, Ingo B. A1 - Weidenmaier, Christopher T1 - A Nasal Epithelial Receptor for Staphylococcus aureus WTA Governs Adhesion to Epithelial Cells and Modulates Nasal Colonization JF - PLOS PATHOGENS N2 - Nasal colonization is a major risk factor for S. aureus infections. The mechanisms responsible for colonization are still not well understood and involve several factors on the host and the bacterial side. One key factor is the cell wall teichoic acid (WTA) of S. aureus, which governs direct interactions with nasal epithelial surfaces. We report here the first receptor for the cell wall glycopolymer WTA on nasal epithelial cells. In several assay systems this type F-scavenger receptor, termed SREC-I, bound WTA in a charge dependent manner and mediated adhesion to nasal epithelial cells in vitro. The impact of WTA and SREC-I interaction on epithelial adhesion was especially pronounced under shear stress, which resembles the conditions found in the nasal cavity. Most importantly, we demonstrate here a key role of the WTA-receptor interaction in a cotton rat model of nasal colonization. When we inhibited WTA mediated adhesion with a SREC-I antibody, nasal colonization in the animal model was strongly reduced at the early onset of colonization. More importantly, colonization stayed low over an extended period of 6 days. Therefore we propose targeting of this glycopolymer-receptor interaction as a novel strategy to prevent or control S. aureus nasal colonization. KW - SREC-I KW - clumping factor-B KW - scavender receptor KW - teichoic acids KW - surface proteins KW - cotton rats KW - carriage KW - determinant KW - infections KW - expression Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116280 SN - 1553-7374 VL - 10 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tomaszkiewicz, Marta A1 - Chalopin, Domitille A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Galiana, Delphine A1 - Volff, Jean-Nicolas T1 - A multicopy Y-chromosomal SGNH hydrolase gene expressed in the testis of the platyfish has been captured and mobilized by a Helitron transposon JF - BMC Genetics N2 - Background: Teleost fish present a high diversity of sex determination systems, with possible frequent evolutionary turnover of sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes. In order to identify genes involved in male sex determination and differentiation in the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, bacterial artificial chromosome contigs from the sex-determining region differentiating the Y from the X chromosome have been assembled and analyzed. Results: A novel three-copy gene called teximY (for testis-expressed in Xiphophorus maculatus on the Y) was identified on the Y but not on the X chromosome. A highly related sequence called texim1, probably at the origin of the Y-linked genes, as well as three more divergent texim genes were detected in (pseudo) autosomal regions of the platyfish genome. Texim genes, for which no functional data are available so far in any organism, encode predicted esterases/lipases with a SGNH hydrolase domain. Texim proteins are related to proteins from very different origins, including proteins encoded by animal CR1 retrotransposons, animal platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAFah) and bacterial hydrolases. Texim gene distribution is patchy in animals. Texim sequences were detected in several fish species including killifish, medaka, pufferfish, sea bass, cod and gar, but not in zebrafish. Texim-like genes are also present in Oikopleura (urochordate), Amphioxus (cephalochordate) and sea urchin (echinoderm) but absent from mammals and other tetrapods. Interestingly, texim genes are associated with a Helitron transposon in different fish species but not in urochordates, cephalochordates and echinoderms, suggesting capture and mobilization of an ancestral texim gene in the bony fish lineage. RT-qPCR analyses showed that Y-linked teximY genes are preferentially expressed in testis, with expression at late stages of spermatogenesis (late spermatids and spermatozeugmata). Conclusions: These observations suggest either that TeximY proteins play a role in Helitron transposition in the male germ line in fish, or that texim genes are spermatogenesis genes mobilized and spread by transposable elements in fish genomes. KW - sex determination KW - testis KW - Y chromosome KW - rolling-circle transposons KW - factor acetylhydrolase activity KW - platelet activation factor KW - xiphophorus maculatus KW - oryzias-latipes KW - sequence alignment KW - DM-domain gene KW - sex-determining region KW - evolution KW - fish KW - SGNH hydrolase KW - helitron KW - transposition KW - platyfish KW - sex chromosomes Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-116746 VL - 15 IS - 44 ER - TY - THES A1 - Xu, Jiajia T1 - A high-complexity lentiviral shRNA screen identifies synthetic lethal interactions with deregulated N-Myc in neuroblastoma cells T1 - Ein hoch-Komplexität Genom-weit RNAi Screen für synthetisch letale Interaktion mit dereguliertem N-Myc in Neuroblastomzellen N2 - In contrast to c-Myc, a deregulated expression of the MYCN gene is restricted to human neuroendocrine tumours. In most cases, the excessive activity of N-Myc results from a MYCN amplification. In neuroblastoma, amplification of MYCN is a predictor of poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. The inability to target the N-Myc protein directly necessitates the search for alternative targets. This project aimed at identifying genes specifically required for growth and survival of cells that express high levels of N-Myc using high-throughput shRNA screening combined with next generation sequencing. The identification and analysis of these genes will shed light on functional interaction partners of N-Myc. We screened a shRNA library containing 18,327 shRNAs and identified 148 shRNAs, which were selectively depleted in the presence of active N-Myc. In addition, shRNAs targeting genes that are involved in p53 and ARF turnover and apoptosis were depleted in the cell population during the screen. These processes are known to affect N-Myc-mediated apoptosis. Consequently, these results biologically validated the screen. The 148 shRNAs that showed a significant synthetic lethal interaction with high levels of N-Myc expression were further analysed using the bioinformatics program DAVID. We found an enrichment of shRNAs that target genes involved in specific biological processes. For example, we validated synthetic lethal interactions for genes such as, THOC1, NUP153 and LARP7, which play an important role in the process of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription elongation. We also validated genes that are involved in the neddylation pathway. In the screen we identified Cullin 3, which is a component of the BTB-CUL3-Rbx1 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the turnover of Cyclin E. Depletion of cullin 3 and activation of N-Myc was found to synergistically increase Cyclin E expression to supraphysiological levels, inducing S-phase arrest and a strong DNA damage response. Together with results from a proteomics analysis of N-Myc associated proteins, our results lead us to the following hypothesis: In a neuroblastoma cell, the high levels of N-Myc result in a conflict between RNA polymerase II and the replication machinery during S-phase. The newly identified interaction partners of N- Myc are required to solve this conflict. Consequently, loss of the interaction leads to a massive DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis. In addition, inhibition or depletion of the essential components of the neddylation pathway also results in an unresolvable problem during S-phase. N2 - 6.2 Zusammenfassung Im Gegensatz zu c-Myc findet man eine Deregulation von N-Myc nur in einer begrenzten Anzahl maligner Tumore die neuroektodermalen Ursprungs sind. Die übermäßige Aktivität ist dabei fast immer durch eine genomische Amplifikation von N-Myc begründet. Im Neuroblastom korreliert eine MYCN-Amplifikation mit einer schlechten Prognose. Da es auf Grund einer fehlenden katalytischen Domäne nicht möglich ist N-Myc direkt zu inhibieren, ist die Suche nach alternativen Targets notwendig. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es neue Gene zu identifizieren, die notwendig für das Wachstum und Überleben von MYCN amplifizierten Zellen sind. Dies wurde durch eine Kombination von Hochdurchsatz-RNAi-Screens und Next-Generation-Sequenzierung erreicht. Durch das Screenen einer shRNA-Bibliothek, die insgesamt 18327 shRNAs beinhaltet, konnten 148 shRNAs identifiziert werden, die selektiv nachteilig für das Überleben N-Myc überexpremierender Zellen sind. Die statistische Auswertung der Ergebnisse des Screens zeigte zusätzlich eine Anreichung von shRNAs gegen Gene, die p53-und ARF-abhängig Apoptose vermitteln. Da es bekannt ist, dass diese Gene in der N-Myc-vermittelten Apoptose involviert sind, konnte dadurch der Screen validiert werden. Die weitere Auswertung mit dem bioinformatischen Programm DAVID ergab, dass unter den 148 als synthetisch letal identifizierten shRNAs solche angereichert waren, die gegen Gene spezifischer biologischer Prozesse gerichtet sind. Zum einen wurden Gene wie THOC1, NUP153 und LARP7 validiert, die eine Rolle im Prozeß der Elongation der RNA Polymerase II spielen. Zum anderen konnten Gene validiert werden die einen Beitrag bei der Neddylierung von Proteinen leisten. Durch die Depletion von Cullin 3, ein Bestandteil des BTB-CUL3-Rbx1 Ubiquitin-Ligase-Komplexes, der am Abbau von Cyclin E beteiligt ist, konnte gezeigt werden, dass zusammen mit der Aktivierung von N-Myc eine supraphysiologische Erhöhung von Cyclin E induziert wird. Dies führt zu einem S-Phase Arrest in der Zelle, der die DNA-Schadens-Signalkaskade auslöst. Zusammen mit den Ergebnissen einer Proteomanalyse, bei der neue N-Myc-assoziierte Proteine identifiziert wurden, konnte folgende Hypothese aufgestellt werden: In einer Neuroblastomzelle helfen diese neuen Interaktionspartner den durch die N-Myc Überexpression in der S-phase entstehenden Konflikt zwischen RNA-Polymerase II und Replikationsmaschinerie zu lösen. Der Verlust dieser Interaktion führt zu einer massiven Schädigung der DNA, worauf in der Zelle Apoptose ausgelöst wird. Des Weiteren führen auch die Inhibition oder Ausschaltung wesentlicher Komponenten des Neddylierungs-Signalwegs zu unlösbaren Problemen in der S-Phase des Zellzyklus. KW - Neuroblastom KW - synthetic lethality KW - apoptosis KW - cul3 ring ligase KW - replicative stress KW - N-Myc KW - Deregulierung KW - RNS-Interferenz KW - synthetische Letalität Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-103157 ER -