TY - CHAP A1 - Peter, R. U. A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Anders, F. A1 - Duncker, H.-R. T1 - Pigment pattern formation during embryogenesis in Xiphophorus N2 - No abstract available. KW - Schwertkärpfling KW - Embryonalentwicklung KW - Pigmentmuster Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69370 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Riehl, Rüdiger A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Anders, Fritz T1 - An ultrastructural study of melanoma in Xiphophorus N2 - Melanotic melanoma (MM) of Xiphophorus (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) was studied by conventional preparations and freeze-etch preparations for electron microscopy. MM of Xiphophorus exhibits tightly packed pigment cells with prominent dendritic processes and interdigitations of their plasma membranes. The most impressive feature of MM cells is the occurrence of Iarge lobulated nuclei with numerous nuclear pores and some nuclear pockets. Abundant spheroidal or ellipsoidal melanosomes (diameter 200-650 nm) and vesicular structures are distributed throughout the cellular dendrites, whereas the perinucJear cytoplasm is free of melanosomes. A further characteristic feature of melanoma cells in fish is the occurrence of melanosome complexes (i.e., "compound melanosomes"). These melanosome complexes consist of a few to numerous melanosomes, which are enveloped by a separate rnembrane. Pinocytotic vesicles couJd be demonstrated with distinct differences in frequency and distribution patterns, indicating differences in the metabolic activities of the cells in the same melanoma. Intercellular junctions are lacking in the MM cells. The conventional TEM technique showed clear advantages in the demonstration of intemal architecture of organelles, whereas FE bad considerable potential in respect to the visualization of membrane surface specializations. KW - Schwertkärpfling KW - Krebs KW - Ultrastruktur Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70978 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Mäueler, Winfried A1 - Raulf, Friedrich A1 - Robertson, Scott M. T1 - Molecular aspects of melanoma formation in Xiphophorus N2 - No abstract available. KW - Schwertkärpfling KW - Krebs Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72689 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anders, F. A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Barnekow, A. A1 - Schmidt, C. R. A1 - Luke, W. A1 - Jaenel-Dess, G. A1 - Anders, A. T1 - The genes that carcinogens act upon N2 - No abstract available. KW - Onkogen Y1 - 1985 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72704 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Manfred K. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Pseudotropheus (Maylandia) hajomaylandi n. sp., a new taxon from Lake Malawi T1 - Pseudotropheus (Maylandia) hajomaylandi n. sp. un nouveau taxon du Lac Malawi N2 - Pseudotropheus hajomaylandi (loc. typ. Isle of Chisumulu, Lake Malawi) is described as a new species. It is compared with Ps. aurora, Ps. greshakei, Ps. livingstonii, Ps. lombardoi, and Ps. zebra. All these taxa, including Ps. hajomaylandi and Ps. heteropictus, are classified in the subgenus Maylandia. KW - Buntbarsche KW - Njassasee Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-70989 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anders, F. A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Scholl, E. T1 - Evaluation of environmental and hereditary factors in carcinogenesis, based on studies in Xiphophorus N2 - Neoplasia in Xiphophorus can be classified into a) a large group that is triggered by carcinogens; b) a large group triggered by promoters; c) a small group that develops "spontaneously" following interpopulational and interracial hybridizations; and d) a small group that develops "spontaneously" following germ line mutation. The process leading to susceptibility for neoplasia is represented by the disintegration of gene systems that normally protect the fish from neoplasia. Hybridization is the most effective process that leads to disintegration of the protection gene systems. Environmental factors may complete disintegration and thus may trigger neoplasia. It is discussed whether the findings on Xiphophorus may also apply to humans. KW - Schwertkärpfling KW - Gen KW - Umweltfaktor KW - Carcinogenese Y1 - 1981 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72741 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anders, F. A1 - Scholl, E. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Xiphophorus als Modell in der Krebsforschung N2 - No abstract available. KW - Schwertkärpfling KW - Krebsforschung KW - Modell Y1 - 1979 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-72752 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cavari, Benzion A1 - Funkenstein, Bruria A1 - Chen, Thomas T. A1 - Gonzalez-Villasenor, Lucia Irene A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Effect of growth hormone on the growth rate of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and use of different constructs for the production of transgenic fish N2 - When bovine or human growth hormones (GH) were injected into 6 months old (about 10 g) gilthead seabream, the growth rate of the fish, as measured by changes in their weight, increased by only about 15% compared with the saline-injected control. No effect or even slight inhibition of the growth rate was obtained when chicken or porcine GHs were injected. In a preliminary experiment, it was found that injection ofthe native GH increased the growth rate ofthe fish by about 20% after treatment for only 2 weeks. An expression vector, using the pRE1 plasmid and transformation into MZl cells, produced the gilthead seabream GH, providing a supply for further experiments on the effect of the homologaus GH on growth. Two reporter genes, ß-galactosidase (lacZ) and melanoma oncogene of Xiphophorus (mrk YY), were microinjected into fertilized eggs of S. aurata. Expression of these two genes could be demonstrated in 2-day-old embryos, the lacZ gene by staining of its enzymatic product, and the mrk YY gene by its phenotypic expression. KW - Goldbrasse KW - Somatotropin KW - Wachstum KW - Transgene Tiere Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69765 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kneitz, Burkhard A1 - Kalogirou, Charis A1 - Spahn, Martin A1 - Krebs, Markus A1 - Joniau, Steven A1 - Lerut, Evelyne A1 - Burger, Maximilian A1 - Scholz, Claus-Jürgen A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Riedmiller, Hubertus T1 - MiR-205 Is Progressively Down-Regulated in Lymph Node Metastasis but Fails as a Prognostic Biomarker in High-Risk Prostate Cancer JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - The treatment of high-risk prostate cancer (HRPCa) is a tremendous challenge for uro-oncologists. The identification of predictive moleculobiological markers allowing risk assessment of lymph node metastasis and systemic progression is essential in establishing effective treatment. In the current study, we investigate the prognostic potential of miR-205 in HRPCa study and validation cohorts, setting defined clinical endpoints for both. We demonstrate miR-205 to be significantly down-regulated in over 70% of the HRPCa samples analysed and that reconstitution of miR-205 causes inhibition of proliferation and invasiveness in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines. Additionally, miR-205 is increasingly down-regulated in lymph node metastases compared to the primary tumour indicating that miR-205 plays a role in migration of PCa cells from the original location into extraprostatic tissue. Nevertheless, down-regulation of miR-205 in primary PCa was not correlated to the synchronous presence of metastasis and failed to predict the outcome for HRPCa patients. Moreover, we found a tendency for miR-205 up-regulation to correlate with an adverse outcome of PCa patients suggesting a pivotal role of miR-205 in tumourigenesis. Overall, we showed that miR-205 is involved in the development and metastasis of PCa, but failed to work as a useful clinical biomarker in HRPCa. These findings might have implications for the use of miR-205 as a prognostic or therapeutic target in HRPCa. KW - high-risk prostate cancer KW - microRNA KW - miR-205 KW - prognosis KW - biomarker Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97321 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keller, Alexander A1 - Grimmer, Gudrun A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf T1 - Diverse Microbiota Identified in Whole Intact Nest Chambers of the Red Mason Bee Osmia bicornis (Linnaeus 1758) JF - PLoS One N2 - Microbial activity is known to have profound impact on bee ecology and physiology, both by beneficial and pathogenic effects. Most information about such associations is available for colony-building organisms, and especially the honey bee. There, active manipulations through worker bees result in a restricted diversity of microbes present within the colony environment. Microbial diversity in solitary bee nests remains unstudied, although their larvae face a very different situation compared with social bees by growing up in isolated compartments. Here, we assessed the microbiota present in nests and pre-adults of Osmia bicornis, the red mason bee, by culture-independent pyrosequencing. We found high bacterial diversity not comparable with honey bee colonies. We identified a variety of bacteria potentially with positive or negative interactions for bee larvae. However, most of the other diverse bacteria present in the nests seem to originate from environmental sources through incorporated nest building material and stored pollen. This diversity of microorganisms may cause severe larval mortality and require specific physiological or symbiotic adaptations against microbial threats. They may however also profit from such a diverse environment through gain of mutualistic partners. We conclude that further studies of microbiota interaction in solitary bees will improve the understanding of fitness components and populations dynamics. KW - bacteria KW - bacterial pathogens KW - bees KW - gut bacteria KW - honey bees KW - larvae KW - Pollen KW - Polymerase chain reaction Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97305 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiegering, Armin A1 - Pfann, Christina A1 - Uthe, Friedrich Wilhelm A1 - Otto, Christoph A1 - Rycak, Lukas A1 - Mäder, Uwe A1 - Gasser, Martin A1 - Waaga-Gasser, Anna-Maria A1 - Eilers, Martin A1 - Germer, Christoph-Thomas T1 - CIP2A Influences Survival in Colon Cancer and Is Critical for Maintaining Myc Expression JF - PLoS ONE N2 - The cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is an oncogenic factor that stabilises the c-Myc protein. CIP2A is overexpressed in several tumours, and expression levels are an independent marker for long-term outcome. To determine whether CIP2A expression is elevated in colon cancer and whether it might serve as a prognostic marker for survival, we analysed CIP2A mRNA expression by real-time PCR in 104 colon cancer samples. CIP2A mRNA was overexpressed in colon cancer samples and CIP2A expression levels correlated significantly with tumour stage. We found that CIP2A serves as an independent prognostic marker for disease-free and overall survival. Further, we investigated CIP2A-dependent effects on levels of c-Myc, Akt and on cell proliferation in three colon cancer cell lines by silencing CIP2A using small interfering (si) and short hairpin (sh) RNAs. Depletion of CIP2A substantially inhibited growth of colon cell lines and reduced c-Myc levels without affecting expression or function of the upstream regulatory kinase, Akt. Expression of CIP2A was found to be dependent on MAPK activity, linking elevated c-Myc expression to deregulated signal transduction in colon cancer. KW - caco-2 cells KW - carcinomas KW - colon KW - colorectal cancer KW - MAPK signaling cascades KW - metastasis KW - protein expression KW - small interferring RNA Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97252 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rudel, Thomas A1 - Mehlitz, Adrian T1 - Modulation of host signaling and cellular responses by Chlamydia JF - Cell Communication and Signaling N2 - Modulation of host cell signaling and cellular functions is key to intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria. Intracellular growth has several advantages e.g. escape from the humoral immune response and access to a stable nutrient rich environment. Growth in such a preferred niche comes at the price of an ongoing competition between the bacteria and the host as well as other microbes that compete for the very same host resources. This requires specialization and constant evolution of dedicated systems for adhesion, invasion and accommodation. Interestingly, obligate intracellular bacteria of the order Chlamydiales have evolved an impressive degree of control over several important host cell functions. In this review we summarize how Chlamydia controls its host cell with a special focus on signal transduction and cellular modulation. KW - Chlamydia KW - Invasion KW - Inclusion KW - Type III secretion KW - Tarp KW - Inc KW - Signaling KW - Trafficking Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97225 UR - http://www.biosignaling.com/content/11/1/90 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mueller, Thomas D. A1 - Fiebig, Juliane E. A1 - Weidauer, Stella E. A1 - Qiu, Li-Yan A1 - Bauer, Markus A1 - Schmieder, Peter A1 - Beerbaum, Monika A1 - Zhang, Jin-Li A1 - Oschkinat, Hartmut A1 - Sebald, Walter T1 - The Clip-Segment of the von Willebrand Domain 1 of the BMP Modulator Protein Crossveinless 2 Is Preformed JF - Molecules N2 - Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are secreted protein hormones that act as morphogens and exert essential roles during embryonic development of tissues and organs. Signaling by BMPs occurs via hetero-oligomerization of two types of serine/threonine kinase transmembrane receptors. Due to the small number of available receptors for a large number of BMP ligands ligand-receptor promiscuity presents an evident problem requiring additional regulatory mechanisms for ligand-specific signaling. Such additional regulation is achieved through a plethora of extracellular antagonists, among them members of the Chordin superfamily, that modulate BMP signaling activity by binding. The key-element in Chordin-related antagonists for interacting with BMPs is the von Willebrand type C (VWC) module, which is a small domain of about 50 to 60 residues occurring in many different proteins. Although a structure of the VWC domain of the Chordin-member Crossveinless 2 (CV2) bound to BMP-2 has been determined by X-ray crystallography, the molecular mechanism by which the VWC domain binds BMPs has remained unclear. Here we present the NMR structure of the Danio rerio CV2 VWC1 domain in its unbound state showing that the key features for high affinity binding to BMP-2 is a pre-oriented peptide loop. KW - bone morphogenetic proteins KW - TGF-β superfamily KW - BMP antagonist KW - protein-protein recognition KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - von Willebrand type C domain Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97196 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shannon, Graver A1 - Hein, Melanie T1 - Tumor cell response to bevacizumab single agent therapy in vitro JF - Cancer Cell International N2 - Background Angiogenesis represents a highly multi-factorial and multi-cellular complex (patho-) physiologic event involving endothelial cells, tumor cells in malignant conditions, as well as bone marrow derived cells and stromal cells. One main driver is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), which is known to interact with endothelial cells as a survival and mitogenic signal. The role of VEGFA on tumor cells and /or tumor stromal cell interaction is less clear. Condition specific (e.g. hypoxia) or tumor specific expression of VEGFA, VEGF receptors and co-receptors on tumor cells has been reported, in addition to the expression on the endothelium. This suggests a potential paracrine/autocrine loop that could affect changes specific to tumor cells. Methods We used the monoclonal antibody against VEGFA, bevacizumab, in various in vitro experiments using cell lines derived from different tumor entities (non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer (BC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC)) in order to determine if potential VEGFA signaling could be blocked in tumor cells. The experiments were done under hypoxia, a major inducer of VEGFA and angiogenesis, in an attempt to mimic the physiological tumor condition. Known VEGFA induced endothelial biological responses such as proliferation, migration, survival and gene expression changes were evaluated. Results Our study was able to demonstrate expression of VEGF receptors on tumor cells as well as hypoxia regulated angiogenic gene expression. In addition, there was a cell line specific effect in tumor cells by VEGFA blockade with bevacizumab in terms of proliferation; however overall, there was a limited measurable consequence of bevacizumab therapy detected by migration and survival. Conclusion The present study showed in a variety of in vitro experiments with several tumor cell lines from different tumor origins, that by blocking VEGFA with bevacizumab, there was a limited autocrine or cell-autonomous function of VEGFA signaling in tumor cells, when evaluating VEGFA induced downstream outputs known in endothelial cells. KW - Bevacizumab KW - NCI-60 KW - Tumor angiogenesis KW - VEGFA KW - Hypoxia KW - In vitro Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97185 UR - http://www.cancerci.com/content/13/1/94 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schultz, Jörg A1 - Terhoeven, Niklas T1 - The bilaterian roots of cordon-bleu JF - BMC Research Notes N2 - Background The actin cytoskeleton is essential for many physiological processes of eukaryotic cells. The emergence of new actin fibers is initiated by actin nucleators. Whereas most of them are evolutionary old, the cordon-bleu actin nucleator is classified as vertebrate specific. Findings Using sensitive methods for sequence similarity detection, we identified homologs of cordon-bleu not only in non-vertebrate chordates but also in arthropods, molluscs, annelids and platyhelminthes. These genes contain only a single WH2 domain and therefore resemble more the vertebrate cordon-bleu related 1 protein than the three WH2 domain containing cordon-bleu. Furthermore, we identified a homolog of the N-terminal, ubiquitin like, cobl domain of cordon-bleu in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. Conclusion Our results suggest that the ur-form of the cordon-bleu protein family evolved already with the emergence of the bilateria by the combination of existing cobl and WH2 domains. Following a vertebrate specific gene-duplication, one copy gained two additional WH2 domains leading to the actin nucleating cordon-bleu. The function of the ur-form of the cordon-bleu protein family is so far unknown. The identification of a homolog in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster could facilitate its experimental characterization. KW - Actin nucleation KW - WH2 domain KW - Cobl domain KW - Gene duplication Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97161 UR - http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/6/393 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buchner, Erich A1 - Blanco Redondo, Beatriz A1 - Bunz, Melanie A1 - Halder, Partho A1 - Sadanandappa, Madhumala K. A1 - Mühlbauer, Barbara A1 - Erwin, Felix A1 - Hofbauer, Alois A1 - Rodrigues, Veronica A1 - VijayRaghavan, K. A1 - Ramaswami, Mani A1 - Rieger, Dirk A1 - Wegener, Christian A1 - Förster, Charlotte T1 - Identification and Structural Characterization of Interneurons of the Drosophila Brain by Monoclonal Antibodies of the Würzburg Hybridoma Library JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Several novel synaptic proteins have been identified by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of the Würzburg hybridoma library generated against homogenized Drosophila brains, e.g. cysteine string protein, synapse-associated protein of 47 kDa, and Bruchpilot. However, at present no routine technique exists to identify the antigens of mAbs of our library that label only a small number of cells in the brain. Yet these antibodies can be used to reproducibly label and thereby identify these cells by immunohistochemical staining. Here we describe the staining patterns in the Drosophila brain for ten mAbs of the Würzburg hybridoma library. Besides revealing the neuroanatomical structure and distribution of ten different sets of cells we compare the staining patterns with those of antibodies against known antigens and GFP expression patterns driven by selected Gal4 lines employing regulatory sequences of neuronal genes. We present examples where our antibodies apparently stain the same cells in different Gal4 lines suggesting that the corresponding regulatory sequences can be exploited by the split-Gal4 technique for transgene expression exclusively in these cells. The detection of Gal4 expression in cells labeled by mAbs may also help in the identification of the antigens recognized by the antibodies which then in addition to their value for neuroanatomy will represent important tools for the characterization of the antigens. Implications and future strategies for the identification of the antigens are discussed. KW - cell staining KW - drosophila melanogaster KW - gene expression KW - hybridomas KW - immune serum KW - library screening KW - monoclonal antibodies KW - neurons Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97109 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schultz, Jörg A1 - Keller, Daniela Barbara T1 - Connectivity, Not Frequency, Determines the Fate of a Morpheme JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Morphemes are the smallest meaningful parts of words and therefore represent a natural unit to study the evolution of words. To analyze the influence of language change on morphemes, we performed a large scale analysis of German and English vocabulary covering the last 200 years. Using a network approach from bioinformatics, we examined the historical dynamics of morphemes, the fixation of new morphemes and the emergence of words containing existing morphemes. We found that these processes are driven mainly by the number of different direct neighbors of a morpheme in words (connectivity, an equivalent to family size or type frequency) and not its frequency of usage (equivalent to token frequency). This contrasts words, whose survival is determined by their frequency of usage. We therefore identified features of morphemes which are not dictated by the statistical properties of words. As morphemes are also relevant for the mental representation of words, this result might enable establishing a link between an individual’s perception of language and historical language change. KW - confidence intervals KW - evolutionary biology KW - culture KW - language KW - lexicography KW - linguistic morphology KW - network analysis KW - psycholinguistics Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97039 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Liang, Chunguang A1 - Krüger, Beate T1 - GoSynthetic database tool to analyse natural and engineered molecular processes JF - Database N2 - An essential topic for synthetic biologists is to understand the structure and function of biological processes and involved proteins and plan experiments accordingly. Remarkable progress has been made in recent years towards this goal. However, efforts to collect and present all information on processes and functions are still cumbersome. The database tool GoSynthetic provides a new, simple and fast way to analyse biological processes applying a hierarchical database. Four different search modes are implemented. Furthermore, protein interaction data, cross-links to organism-specific databases (17 organisms including six model organisms and their interactions), COG/KOG, GO and IntAct are warehoused. The built in connection to technical and engineering terms enables a simple switching between biological concepts and concepts from engineering, electronics and synthetic biology. The current version of GoSynthetic covers more than one million processes, proteins, COGs and GOs. It is illustrated by various application examples probing process differences and designing modifications. KW - Bioinformatik Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gaubatz, Stefan A1 - Esterlechner, Jasmina A1 - Reichert, Nina A1 - Iltzsche, Fabian A1 - Krause, Michael A1 - Finkernagel, Florian T1 - LIN9, a Subunit of the DREAM Complex, Regulates Mitotic Gene Expression and Proliferation of Embryonic Stem Cells JF - PLoS ONE N2 - The DREAM complex plays an important role in regulation of gene expression during the cell cycle. We have previously shown that the DREAM subunit LIN9 is required for early embryonic development and for the maintenance of the inner cell mass in vitro. In this study we examined the effect of knocking down LIN9 on ESCs. We demonstrate that depletion of LIN9 alters the cell cycle distribution of ESCs and results in an accumulation of cells in G2 and M and in an increase of polyploid cells. Genome-wide expression studies showed that the depletion of LIN9 results in downregulation of mitotic genes and in upregulation of differentiation-specific genes. ChIP-on chip experiments showed that mitotic genes are direct targets of LIN9 while lineage specific markers are regulated indirectly. Importantly, depletion of LIN9 does not alter the expression of pluripotency markers SOX2, OCT4 and Nanog and LIN9 depleted ESCs retain alkaline phosphatase activity. We conclude that LIN9 is essential for proliferation and genome stability of ESCs by activating genes with important functions in mitosis and cytokinesis. KW - cell cycle KW - cell division KW - cell differentation KW - DNA-binding proteins KW - gene expression KW - gene regulation KW - gene targeting KW - microarrays KW - pluripotency Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96922 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegener, Christian A1 - Karsai, Gergely A1 - Pollák, Edit A1 - Wacker, Matthias A1 - Vömel, Matthias A1 - Selcho, Mareike A1 - Berta, Gergely A1 - Nachman, Ronald J. A1 - Isaac, R. Elwyn A1 - Molnár, László T1 - Diverse in- and output polarities and high complexity of local synaptic and non-synaptic signaling within a chemically defined class of peptidergic Drosophila neurons JF - Frontiers in Neural Circuits N2 - Peptidergic neurons are not easily integrated into current connectomics concepts, since their peptide messages can be distributed via non-synaptic paracrine signaling or volume transmission. Moreover, the polarity of peptidergic interneurons in terms of in- and out-put sites can be hard to predict and is very little explored. We describe in detail the morphology and the subcellular distribution of fluorescent vesicle/dendrite markers in CCAP neurons (NCCAP), a well defined set of peptidergic neurons in the Drosophila larva. NCCAP can be divided into five morphologically distinct subsets. In contrast to other subsets, serial homologous interneurons in the ventral ganglion show a mixed localization of in- and output markers along ventral neurites that defy a classification as dendritic or axonal compartments. Ultrastructurally, these neurites contain both pre- and postsynaptic sites preferably at varicosities. A significant portion of the synaptic events are due to reciprocal synapses. Peptides are mostly non-synaptically or parasynaptically released, and dense-core vesicles and synaptic vesicle pools are typically well separated. The responsiveness of the NCCAP to ecdysis-triggering hormone may be at least partly dependent on a tonic synaptic inhibition, and is independent of ecdysteroids. Our results reveal a remarkable variety and complexity of local synaptic circuitry within a chemically defined set of peptidergic neurons. Synaptic transmitter signaling as well as peptidergic paracrine signaling and volume transmission from varicosities can be main signaling modes of peptidergic interneurons depending on the subcellular region. The possibility of region-specific variable signaling modes should be taken into account in connectomic studies that aim to dissect the circuitry underlying insect behavior and physiology, in which peptidergic neurons act as important regulators. KW - synaptic signaling KW - volume transmission KW - paracrine release KW - neuromodulation KW - ecdysis KW - bursicon KW - CCAP KW - myoinhibitory peptide Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96914 ER -